Kali O Kalam August 2017 by Bengal Foundation

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/kaliokalam

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Av‡Q 1841 mv‡j ˆbwbZvj kn‡ii cËb nq, Zvj gv‡b m‡ivei| Zvi cÖvq Pwjøk eQi c‡i 1880 mv‡j GKwU fqsKi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM N‡U| wZbw`‡b AwekÖvšÍ †ZwÎk BwÂ e„wócvZ nq| m‡ive‡ii DËi w`‡K wf‡±vwiqv †nv‡U‡ji †cQb w`‡K eo cvnv‡o am bv‡g| wKQy †jvK gvwUPvcv c‡o| mKvj `kUv bvMv` D×viKvR ïiæ nq| †ejv GMv‡ivUv bvMv` wØZxq amwU bv‡g| Gevi wf‡±vwiqv †nv‡Uj, jvB‡eªwi Ges D×viKvix `‡ji mevB gvwUPvcv c‡o| G‡Zv eo f‚wgam †_‡K wKQyB D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| DË‡ii cvnvoI wbwðý n‡q †Mj| ˆbwbZv‡ji Avkcv‡k †QvU-eo A‡bK¸‡jv Zvj Av‡Q| cÖwZwU Zv‡ji `„k¨ AwZ g‡bvig Ñ Ny‡i †`Lvi gZ| cÖ`ÿ gœ`v Qwe Gu‡K eywS‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb Mvwo wb‡q †Kvb µgvbymv‡i Nyi‡j me Zvj GKw`‡b †`Lv hvq Ñ fxgZvj, †bŠKzwPqvZvj, gvjIqvZvj, mvZZvj Avi LyicvZvj| ˆbwbZvj kni †_‡K wZb wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i nbygvbMwo| GLv‡b wbgKv‡ivwj evevi gw›ì| gw›`‡ii cÖwZ AvKl©Y bv _vK‡jI m~‡h©v`q Avi m~hv© ‡¯Íi †kvfv Dc‡fvM Kivi Rb¨ hvIqv DwPZ| kni †_‡K Pvi wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i j¨vÛm GÛ, †mwUI Aek¨ `ªóe¨¯’j Ñ wb‡Pi mgZjf‚wgi my›ì `„k¨ GLvb †_‡K †`Lv hvq, cvBb e‡b †ewóZ LyicvZvjI fvjfv‡e †`Lv hvq| cÖ`ÿ gœ`v †P‡qwQ‡jb Avgiv ˆbwbZvj †_‡K ivgM‡o wM‡q iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯§„wZab¨ †mœv wfD evwowU, I Zvi wZb‡kv we‡Ni d‡ji evMvb †`‡L Avwm| ˆbwbZvj †_‡K gvÎ GKzk gvBj `~‡i ivgMo| †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvIqvi c‡ii eQi, 1914 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ ivgM‡o G‡mwQ‡jb| †mœv wfD evwowUi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb ˆngšÍx| IB wk‡ivbv‡g Iui †QvUMíwUI GLv‡bB †jLv (`ªóe¨ ÔˆngšÍxÕ, Mí¸”Q, Z…Zxq LÐ)| GKwU wejvmeûj †M÷ nvDmiƒ‡c †mœv wfD Av‡Rv myiwÿZ| MxwZgv‡jï bqwU KweZv GB mgq ivgM‡o e‡mB †jLv| ivgMo †_‡K †divi c‡_ Kwe j‡ÿèŠ‡Z AZzjcÖmv` †m‡bi m‡½ †`Lv K‡ib| ˆbwbZvj †_‡K Avgv‡ì c‡ii MšÍe¨ Avj‡gvov I Zvici †KŠkvbx| †divi c‡_ ivwb‡ÿZ n‡q Avevi ˆbwbZvj| DËivLÛ ZL‡bv MwVZ nqwb| GB RvqMv¸‡jv meB wQj DËicÖ‡`‡ki Ask, hwÌ Kzgvqyb Avi MvoIqv‡ji g‡a¨ fvM wQj| cÖ`ÿ gœ`v

e‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb Kzgvqy‡bi wZbwU †Rjv Ñ ˆbwbZvj, Avj‡gvov I wc‡_vivMo| MvoIqv‡ji AšÍf³ y© †Z‡nwi MvoIqvj, cvIwo, Pv‡gvwj Avi DËiKvkx| 1560 mv‡j Puv` ivRes‡ki fx®§Puv` LvMgviv cvnvo‡K wbe©vPb K‡i Avj‡gvov bv‡g Zuvi bZzb ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1815 mvj †_‡K Kzgvqyb weªwUk‡ì Aax‡b Av‡m| Avj‡gvov enb K‡i P‡j‡Q Pvi‡kv eQ‡ii cÖvPxb BwZnvm| kvmK‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq Avj‡gvovi wkÿv I ms¯‹w… Zi HwZn¨ LyeB mg„×| cÖ`ÿ gœ`vi Z_¨ Abyhvqx Avj‡gvovi mvÿiZvi nvi †Kivjv iv‡Rï c‡iB| cÖ`ÿ gœ`v e‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb, ÔAvj‡gvovq e„wó nq Kg| cvnvo iæÿ Ñ Av‡jvQvqvi †Ljv Lye ¯úó Ñ we‡bv`wenvixi AuvKv Qwe g‡b c‡o| GLvbKvi cyi‡bv evwoi Kv‡Vi KviæKvh© †`Lvi gZ| Avj‡gvov‡Z GKUv †QvÆ mgZjf‚wg Av‡Q, wVK cvnv‡oi gv_vq, evRvi †mLv‡bB e‡m| Avj‡gvovi wgwó weL¨vZ, we‡kl K‡i evjwgVvB I wksIwo| GQvov evm÷‡ci Kv‡Q cvÄvwe †nv‡U‡j fvj gvsm cvIqv hvq| Uz¨wi÷ j‡Ri Lvevi `ygj ~© ¨ Z‡e iæwU Avi Wvj my¯v^ `y|Õ Avj‡gvov †_‡K `y-wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i eªvBU GÛ Kb©vi Ñ ivgK…ò KzwU‡ii Kv‡Q exÿYgÂ| GLvb †_‡K ˆkj wkLi¸j cÖvq me¸‡jv †`Lv hvq| Avj‡gvov †_‡K †Kvkx evm hvq| †Kvkx‡Z †b‡g wKQyUv cvnv‡o D‡V GKUv Abe`¨ m~hg© w›ì Av‡Q (KUigj m~hg© w›ì, beg wLªóv‡ã wbwg©Z)| cÖvq wZwik eQi Av‡M cÖ`ÿ gœ`v GB gw›`‡i hvIqvi mnR Dcvq e‡j w`‡jb Kx K‡i? eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡bU NuvU‡j †`Lv hvq eøMviiv ej‡Q KUigj gw›`‡ii K_v Kg †jvKB Rv‡b Ges ILv‡b †cuŠQv‡bv KwVb| Avj‡gvov AÂjwU we‡eKvb›` I iex›`ªbv‡_i Dcw¯’wZi m‡½ Ggb m¤úwK©Z †h, ILv‡b hvIqvUvB GKUv †ivgnl©K AwfÁZv| 1890 mv‡j we‡eKvb›` ˆbwbZvj †_‡K Avj‡gvovi lvU wK‡jvwgUvi c_ †nu‡U wM‡qwQ‡jb| GB hvÎvq wZwb Kv‡KvwiNv‡U ivZhvcb K‡ib| GLv‡bB Zuvi we‡kl wè¨Ávb jvf nq Ñ wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡jb mgMÖ wek¦ ALÐ Ges GKB wbq‡g wbqwš¿Z| Zuvi GB AwfÁZv‡K †MŠZg ey‡×i †evwajv‡fi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq, ejv nq Kv‡KvwiNvU n‡jv we‡eKvb‡›ì Zc¯’jx Ñ †Kvkx Avi myqvj b`xi m½g¯’‡j GB ¯’vb| cÖ`ÿ gœ`v Rvbv‡jb, Ô†Kvkx‡K Avgiv evsjvq ewj Kzkx|Õ Avj‡gvov †_‡K Kmi‡èx gw›ì Qq wK‡jvwgUvi| cÖvPxb gw›ì I g‡bvig `„k¨ Ñ cyi‡bv Qvc Aek¨ Aaybvjyß| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv GKwU ¸nvq 1890 mv‡j we‡eKvb›` K‡Vvi Zcm¨v K‡iwQ‡jb| Zzixq Ae¯’vq †cuŠQv‡bvi ci Zuvi g‡b nj weï× Ava¨vwZ¥KZv bq, gvby‡li Kj¨vYmvabB Zuvi Afxó| wØZxqevi, 1898 mv‡j GKwU `xN© cwieªvR‡bi Ask iƒ‡c we‡eKvb›` Avj‡gvov hvb Ñ Zuvi hvÎvm~wP‡Z wQj `vwR©wjs, Avj‡gvov I Kvk¥xi| Gevi A‡bK‡K wb‡q hvÎv K‡ib Ñ g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj †`‡ki I we‡`‡ki wkl¨‡ì cÖwkÿY| we‡eKvb‡›ì m½x‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb fwMbx wb‡ew`Zv, kÖxgZx Iwj eyj, kÖxgZx †Rv‡mwdb g¨vKjvDW, K¨v‡Þb I kÖxgZx †mwfqi Ges kÖxgZx c¨vUvimb| GQvov wQ‡jb wbiÄbvb›`, Zzixqvb›`, m`vb›` I ¯îƒcvb›`| fviZxq m½xiv wQ‡jb Ugmb nvD‡m, hvi GLb fMœ`kv| we‡`wkiv wQ‡jb IKj¨vÛ nvD‡m, †hUv GLb Avj‡gvov K¬ve| GmeB cÖ`ÿ gœ`vi †Ìqv Z_¨| G-I Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb †h, ekx (ekxk¦i) †m‡bi evwo Avj‡gvovq| Zuvi we‡`wkbx ¯¿x †MïUªW y Ggvimb †mb wQ‡jb we‡eKvb‡›ì we‡kl cwiwPZ| mË‡ii `k‡K Ag„Z cwÎKvq Zuv‡ì cÎvjvc cÖKvwkZ nq| we‡eKvb›` I Avj‡gvovi K_v e¨vL¨v‡bi ci cÖ ` y ¨ gœ ` v

iex›`ªbv_ I Avj‡gvovi K_v ej‡jb| we‡eKvb‡›ì g‡Zv iex›`ªbv_I `yevi Avj‡gvov wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zuv‡KI GKevi KvV¸`vg †_‡K †nu‡U †h‡Z n‡qwQj| iex›`ªbv‡_i †gR‡g‡q †iYyKv (ivbx) ¸iæZi Amy¯’ nIqvq cÖ_‡g Zv‡K nvRvwievM I c‡i Avj‡gvov wb‡q hvIqv nq 1903 mv‡j| we‡kl Riæwi KvR _vKvq Avj‡gvovq †g‡q‡K †i‡L iex›`ªbv_‡K KjKvZvq wd‡i Avm‡Z nq| KjKvZvq Avmvi ci Lei cvb ivbxi ¯^v‡¯’ï AebwZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe Avevi Avj‡gvov iIbv n‡jb| KvV¸`v‡g †Kv‡bv hvbevnb †c‡jb bv| cÖvq mvZlwÆ wK‡jvwgUvi c_, KvV¸`vg †_‡K Avj‡gvov, Kwe †nu‡U P‡j †M‡jb| ¯^v‡¯’ï we‡kl DbœwZ bv nIqvq ivbx‡K KjKvZvq Avbv n‡jv| 1903 mv‡j ivbxi g„Z¨z nq| D‡jøL¨, 1902 mv‡j iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯¿x g„Yvwjbx ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| Avj‡gvovq e‡m Kwe †bŠKvWzwe Dcb¨vm wj‡LwQ‡jb, wj‡LwQ‡jb DrmM© Kve¨MÖ‡š’i A‡bK¸‡jv KweZv Avi wkïi KweZv¸‡jv| wbg©jKzgvix gnjvbwek‡K Kwe wjL‡Qb Ñ ÔAvgvi †gR †g‡q ivbxi K_v A‡bKevi †Zvgv‡K e‡jwQ| Zvi g„Z¨z i mgq Zvi gv †eu‡P wQ‡jb bv| mg¯Í Amy‡Li g‡a¨ AvwgB Zvi †mev K‡iwQjyg †kl ch©š|Í ... me©`v Zvi evev‡K Kv‡Q PvB| hwÌ Zvi we‡q n‡qwQj, Zey Zvi mg¯Í gb Ry‡o e‡m wQj Zvi evev| Avj‡gvov‡Z hLb Zv‡K †P‡Ä wb‡q hvB, ZLb Zvi AmyL Lye †ekx| Zv‡K Lywk ivLvi R‡b¨ †ivR †ivR KweZv wj‡L weQvbvi cv‡k e‡m †kvbvZzg, hv‡Z wKQyÿYI AšÍZ †iv‡Mi hš¿Yv fz‡j _v‡K| Ggwb K‡i Avgvi ÔwkïÕ eBLvbv †jLv n‡q‡Q Ñ I KweZv¸‡jv ivbxi Amy‡Li mgq wj‡LwQjygÕ (iex›`ª-iPbvejx, †lvok LÐ, MÖšc ’ wiPq, cwðge½ miKvi, c„ 200)| g„Yvwjbxi g„Z¨z i c‡ii eQi Avj‡gvov‡Z e‡m †jLv Drm‡M©i KweZv cÖ`ÿ gœ`v‡K we‡kl bvov w`Z| Avgv‡KI †mB g„Z¨z i cUf‚wgKvq wjwLZ KweZv¸‡jv co‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb, †`L‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb Kxfv‡e GB †kvK‡K AvZ¥¯’ Kivi AvcÖvY †Póv Ki‡Qb iex›`ªbv_, PvB‡Qb wngvj‡qi mvwbœ‡a¨ wb‡Ri Abyfe‡K cÖKw… Zi g‡a¨ †gkv‡Z, wjL‡Qb Ñ ÔI‡Mv †Zvgvi ìk jvwM/ I‡Mv †Zvgvi cik gvwM/ ¸g‡i †gvi wnqv|/ iwn iwn civb †e¨‡c/ Av¸b-†iLv †Ku‡c †Ku‡c/ hvq †h SjwKqv|/ Avgvi wPË-AvKvk Ry‡o/ ejvKv-`j hv‡”Q D‡o/ Rvwb †b †Kvb& `~i-mgy`-ª cv‡oÕ (ÔDrmM©Õ, iex›`ª-iPbvejx, `kg LÐ, 33 bs KweZv, wek¦fviZx, c„ 49)| 1937-Gi Avj‡gvov md‡i iex›`ªbv_ †Kvb †Kvb KweZv wj‡LwQ‡jb Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv K‡iwQ‡jb cÖ`ÿ gœ`v| †mB ZvwjKvq wQj, mvbvB‡qi ÔnVvr wgjbÕ, ÔbvixÕ, beRvZ‡Ki ÔKvwÐq bvPÕ Ges ÔBw÷kbÕ| cÖ`ÿ gœ`v Rvbv‡”Qb, 1937 mv‡j iex›`ªbv‡_i mdim½x wQ‡jb cÖwZgv †èx, bw›`bx, bw›`Zv I Awbj P›`| Gev‡i wZwb Avj‡gvov K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui ˆkjwkL‡i Ô†m›U gvK©mÕ bv‡g evwo‡Z _v‡Kb| iex›`ªbv‡_i mvZvËiZg Rb¥w`bwU GLv‡bB Kv‡U| Qovi Qwei wKQy KweZv GLv‡bB iwPZ| eBwU cÖwZgv †èx‡K DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb Kwe| ågYm~wP‡Z mvwnZ¨ I wPÎv¼‡bi Abyl½ †Mu‡_ GK ms‡e`x wb‡`©wkKv iPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb cÖ`ÿ gœ`v| ivR¯’vb hvIqvi mgq †LuvR w`‡qwQ‡jb `yjf © wgwb‡qPvi †cw›Us‡qi AcwiwPZ wVKvbvi (cyiv‡bv AvLi¸wj, c„ 32-4)| Av‡iv GKevi bv-Rvbv msev` †c‡qwQjvg e‡`vìv Avi Avn‡g`vev` n‡q †mŠivóª hvIqvi mgq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki fviZxq wPÎwkíx ivRv iwe eg©vi ÷zwW‡qv Ges Qwei mg„× m¤¢vi †h e‡`vìvi j²xwejvm c¨v‡j‡m i‡q‡Q, †m-Z_¨ wb‡Ri †Póvq KL‡bv D×vi Ki‡Z cviZvg bv| g‡b

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k¦mvwn‡Zï †miv `ywU eoMí n‡jv `¨ †W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP I †gUvgi‡dvwmm| iPwqZv wek^mvwn‡Zï `yB cÖfvekvjx †jLK Ñ wjI Zj¯Íq Ges d«vbrm KvdKv| iPbvKv‡ji gaëZx© eëavb cÖvq wZb `kK| Mí`ywU wfbœ `ywU Kvj, †`k I mgvRev¯ÍeZvi †cÖÿvc‡U (setting) iwPZ n‡jI M‡íi welqe¯‘, cÖavb `ywU Pwi‡Îi cwiYwZ, wbg©vY‰kjx Ges m‡e©vcwi †jL‡Ki eqvb¯^‡ii (tone) AšÍ¨wgj Mí`ywU‡K Zzjbvg~jK cv‡Vi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| `ywU MíB ˆbivkëv`x †PZbvi; ïiæ nq GK ai‡bi wech©‡qi ga¨ w`‡q| `¨ †W_ Ae Bfvb BwjP ïiæ nq GB M‡íi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ (protagonist) Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z Avi †gUvgi‡dvwmm ïiæ nq Gi g~j PwiÎ †MÖMi mvgmvi ˆ`wnK cwieZ©b A_©vr gvbyl †_‡K †cvKv nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q| †mB A‡_© KvdKv ïiæUv K‡i‡Qb GKUv d¨v›Uvwmi ga¨ w`‡q, Zj¯Í‡qi ïiæUv †mLv‡b Pig ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L| Gfv‡eB `ywU Mí ïiæ n‡jv Zv‡ì AwšÍg (ultimate) ev P‚ovšÍ (climax) cwiYwZ w`‡q| GLv‡b bvMwiK Rxe‡bi gb¯ÍvwË¡K I bMi‡Kw›`ªK mgvRev¯ÍeZvi fxlY RwUj I KzwUj welq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jI †jLKØ‡qi ejvi ¯î LyeB mij I ¯^vfvweK| GKw`b mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V †MÖMi mvgmv bv‡gi GK e¨w³i †cvKvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvi NUbvwU †hb wmuwo †_‡K c‡o cv‡q e¨_v cvIqvi g‡Zv AwZ mvaviY GKwU NUbv! AšÍZ KvdKv †hfv‡e †Kv‡bv fwbZv Qvov wbwj©ß fw½‡Z e‡j †dj‡jb Ñ As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect Ñ Zv‡Z †ZgbwUB g‡b nq| AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨ Gi †P‡q fqsKi m~Pbv Avi †bB e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb A‡bK mgv‡jvPK| GB evK¨ c‡oB ZiæY eq‡m weQvbv †_‡K D‡V e‡mwQ‡jb K_vmvwnwZ¨K M¨vweª‡qj Mviwmqv gv‡K©m| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔOne night a friend lent me a

book of short stories by Franz Kafka. I went back to the pension where I was staying and began to read The Metamorphosis. The first line almost knocked me off the bed. I was so surprised... when I read the line I thought to myself that I didn’t know anyone was allowed to write things like that. If I had known, I would have started writing a long time ago. So I immediately started writing.Õ Ab¨w`‡K `¨ †W_ Ae Bfvb Bwj‡PI Avgiv †`wL ïiæ‡ZB GKwU ˆ`wb‡K Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z msev` co‡Q Zvi Nwbô eÜziv| Avi cuvPUv Lei c‡o Av‡jvPbv Kivi g‡ZvB Zviv Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z msev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡i| †KD †KD Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z ‡Z Zvi Kg©¯‡’ j m„wó nIqv k~b¨c‡` Kv‡K emv‡bv hvq †m-cÖm½I †U‡b Av‡b| GB M‡íi ïiæ‡Z †gUvgi‡dvwm‡mi g‡Zv PgK bv _vK‡jI gvby‡li Ggb êlwqK AgvbweK PwiÎ Avgv‡ì †g‡b wb‡Z Kó nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPK GB m~Pbv‡K existential horror e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡eB `ywU M‡í GKwU mij AvL¨v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv Xy‡K cwo gvbe Rxe‡bi Mvp I M~p in‡mï g‡a¨| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU M‡íB KvVv‡gvMZ Avqiwbi cÖ‡qvM n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, AvL¨vbfvM AwZmij ev d¬¨vU g‡b n‡jI welqe¯‘ †gv‡UI Zv bq| cieZx©Kv‡j AvBwik K_vmvwnwZ¨K †Rvbv_b myBd&U GKB †UKwbK Aej¤^b K‡i iPbv K‡ib m¨v‡Uqvi cÖeÜ ÔA¨v g‡W÷ †cÖv‡cvRvjÕ| Mí`ywUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q mijfv‡e| bvg †_‡KB welqe¯‘ Av›`vR Kiv hvq| A_©vr Ô†W_ Ae Bfvb BwjPÕ bvg †_‡KB †evSv hvq Kvwnwbi †Kv_vI, we‡kl K‡i †k‡li w`‡K, Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z NU‡e Ges mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B MíwU ïiæ Ges †kl nq Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z w`‡q| †gUvgi‡dvwm‡m I Abyiƒcfv‡e †evSv hvq Ñ M‡íi

†Kv_vI iƒcvšÍ‡ii NUbv Av‡Q, Ges GwUB M‡íi †K›`ª¯’ welq| Gici cvVK Mí`ywUi cÖviw¤¢K c¨viv‡ZB g„Z¨z I iƒcvšÍ‡ii NUbv †R‡b hvb Ges ZLb M‡íi g~j Pwi‡Îi g„Z¨z wKsev †cvKvq iƒcvšÍi nIqvi NUbvwU Avi gyL¨ welq n‡q _v‡K bv| gyL¨ n‡q I‡V Ab¨wKQy| Z‡e †mwU Kx Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Mí`ywU †kl ch©šÍ c‡o †h‡Z nq| AvcvZ-A‡šÍi welq cÖviw¤¢‡K D‡b¥vPb K‡i G `yB gv÷vi K_vwkíx Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡ì †h wµwUK¨vj wfD Zv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Bfvb Bwj‡Pi RxeÏkvq wKsev †MÖMi mvgmvi †cvKvq iƒcvšÍic~e© Rxeb †_‡K Zv‡ì mvgvwRK Ae¯’vbUv hZUv bv †evSv hvq, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk †evSv hvq Zv‡ì g„Z¨z wKsev iƒcvšÍi-cieZx© mg‡q|

Ô`¨ Ae †W_ Bfvb BwjPÕ M‡íi d¬¨vke¨v‡K Zj¯Íq Avgv‡ì Bfvb Bwj‡Pi AZxZ Rxe‡b wb‡q hvb| GLv‡b wZwb GKUv K_v w`‡qB Bfvb Bwj‡Pi Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Zuvi †evSvcov ev ÷vwW A‡bKLvwb cwi®‹vi K‡i †Zv‡jb Ñ AwZmij, AwZmvaviY Ges †mB Kvi‡YB fxlY fqvbK (most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible)| Bfvb BwjP Zvi Rxebe¨vcx cÖPwjZ mgvReë¯’vi gvcKvwV‡Z myLx n‡Z †P‡qwQj| †m Zvi evevi Z…Zxq mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ wØZxqRb Ñ cÖ_gR‡bi g‡Zv AZ f`ª-kvšÍ bq, Avevi †QvUR‡bi g‡Zv AZ Af`ª-AkvšÍI bq| †Z‡iv eQi eq‡m †m AvB‡bi ¯‹‡z j fwZ© nq, GKRb Av`k© QvÎ wn‡m‡e †mLvbKvi wbqgKvbyb †g‡b P‡j| mgv‡Ri Av‡ivwcZ †Kv‡bv wbq‡gi evB‡i hvIqvi †Póv †m K‡iwb| †cvkvK c‡i‡Q, Lvevi †L‡q‡Q Ñ meB cÖPwjZ wbq‡g| we‡q K‡i‡Q cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡m| Zvi mšÍvb n‡q‡Q, msmvi n‡q‡Q; KviY mgv‡R GKRb myLx gvby‡li Gme _v‡K| Av‡iv hv _v‡K Zv n‡jv my›ì GKUv evwo| Bfvb Lye my›ì GKUv evwo Kivi †cQ‡b h‡_ó kÖg w`‡q‡Q| weev‡ni wKQy eQi ci Bfvb eyS‡Z cv‡i, weevn m¤ú‡K© Z_vKw_Z †h-aviYv Ñ Ôconducive to the pleasures and amenities of life,Õ Zv memgq Lv‡U bv| `v¤úZ¨ AkvwšÍi Kvi‡Y †m Av‡iv †ewk Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡i| mgvR-¯^xK…Z Rxebhvcb Kivi Rb¨ ¯¿xi m‡½ GKUv VvÛv m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L| Ggwbfv‡e Zj¯Íq Bfvb BwjP‡K Lye mvaviYfv‡e GKwU mgv‡Ri msL¨v¸iæi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| Bfvb n‡q D‡V‡Q GKwU mgv‡Ri ÔeverymanÕ| Bfvb ZrKvjxb ivwkqvi cuwy Rev`x mgv‡Ri g¯Í nvwZqvi n‡q D‡V‡Q Zvi ARv‡šÍB| mgv‡Ri myweavev`x †kÖwY (bourgeoisie) †_‡K wba©vwiZ Rxeb‡K mZ¨ e‡j †g‡b P‡j‡Q mvivUv Rxeb| Zj¯Íq GB ga¨weË †kÖwYi m‡½ D”PweË †kÖwYi m¤úK©‡K †gUvdi wn‡m‡e †`wL‡q‡Qb Ñ Ôthat of a fly being drawn to a bright light’| GKwU gvwQ †hgb Av‡jvi gvqvq Zvi Kv‡Q Qy‡U hvq Ges †mLv‡b †cuŠQv‡bv gvÎ gviv c‡o, †Zgwb Bfvb BwjP Rxeb †f‡e †h-Rxe‡bi †cQ‡b Qy‡U P‡j, †m-RxebB Zv‡K RxweZ †_‡KI g„‡Zi ¯^v` G‡b †`q|

Bfv‡bi g‡Zv †MÖMiI ga¨weË N‡ii mšÍvb| †mjmg¨v‡bi PvKwi K‡i †m| hwÌ PvKwiUv Zvi †gv‡UI fv‡jvjv‡M bv, Z_vwc cwiev‡ii K_v †f‡e Qvo‡ZI cv‡i bv| cÖwZwbqZ wb‡Ri g‡bi m‡½ Avcm K‡i †eu‡P _vK‡Z nq Zv‡K| Avcm Ki‡Z nq Awd‡mi em, cwievi Ges mgv‡Ri m‡½I| Avcm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKmgq †MÖMi nvwi‡q †d‡j Zvi gvbemËv‡K| Zvi ˆ`wnK cwieZ©bUv ZviB P‚ovšÍ ev cÖZxKx cÖwZdjb| †MÖM‡ii Awd‡m †h‡Z GK NÈv †`wi nIqvq Awd‡mi eoKZ©v †MÖM‡ii †LuvR wb‡Z evwo Av‡m Ñ A_©‡Kw›`ªK mgvReë¯’vq †MÖM‡ii cÖwZ NÈv wewµ n‡q hvq UvKvi Kv‡Q| AwZwi³ GK NÈv AwZevwnZ nIqv gv‡bB evwYR¨ †_‡K GK NÈv `~‡i _vKv| †MÖM‡ii ìRv Lyj‡Z †`wi n‡j †MÖM‡ii gv eoKZ©v‡K Avk¦¯Í K‡i Ñ †MÖMi mvivw`b Kv‡Ri g‡a¨B _v‡K, GgbwK mÜ¨vqI evB‡i hvq bv| †MÖM‡ii †cvKv n‡q hvIqvi ci cwievi wKsev mgv‡Ri Avi †Kv‡bv Kv‡R jv‡M bv †m| d‡j †m cwievi Ges mgvR †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Ô†W_ Ae Bfvb BwjPÕ n‡”Q Bfvb BwjP I Ô†gUvgi‡dvwmmÕ n‡”Q †MÖMi mvgmv bvgavix Lye mvaviY `yRb gvby‡li Mí| wKš‘ G‡½jm Ges gv‡·©i ÔHwZnvwmK Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev`Õ (Historical Dialectical Materialism) cvVmv‡c‡ÿ Rvbv hvq, Mí`ywU AvaywbK cywu R‡Kw›`ªK mgvReë¯’vi †gUv‡dvwiK Dc¯’vcb| Bfvb Avi †MÖMi n‡”Q GLv‡b kÖwgK †kÖwY (proletariat) Avi Awd‡mi eoKZ©viv n‡”Q ey‡R©vqv †kÖwYi (bourgeoisie) cÖwZwbwa| cywu R‡Kw›`ªK mgv‡R GKUv gvby‡li cwiPq I m¤§vb cÖwZwôZ nq Zvi Drcv`bÿgZvi wfwË‡Z| ZvB KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Zviv fz‡j hvq Zv‡ì gvbweK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v| ZrKvjxb cuwy Rev`x mgv‡Ri cÖwZwôZ wek¦vm I bxwZ‡K Pig mZ¨ †R‡b cig ggZvq jvjb K‡i‡Q Bfvb BwjP I †MÖMi mvgmv| wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ‡¡ K wejxb K‡i mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡m mgv‡Ri †Pv‡L myLx n‡Z †P‡q‡Q Zviv| wKš‘ Amy¯’ nIqvi ci Zviv cÖPwjZ mgv‡R Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Q wbR wbR mËvi Kv‡Q| mgvR †_‡K Zviv wew”Qbœ n‡q Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q IB mgvR‡K, †h-mgv‡R KvR bv _vK‡j Kv‡Qi gvbyl¸‡jv A‡Pbv n‡q hvq; †hb LvwiR n‡q hvq mgv‡Ri m`m¨c`|

Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z msev` ï‡b Zvi mnKvix eÜz‡ì gv_vq cÖ_‡gB †h-wPšÍvwU Av‡m Zv n‡jv Ñ Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z i d‡j m„ó Lvwj c‡` Kv‡K wbhy³ Kiv hvq| eÜz nviv‡bvi †kvK bq, c‡`vbœwZ Zv‡ì Av‡jvPbvi cÖv_wgK welq n‡q ùvovq| Ab¨ †h-welqwU Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ¯^w¯Í G‡b †`q, Zv n‡jv Ñ †h gviv †Mj †m Avwg bB, Ab¨ †KD (it is he who is dead and not I)| Bfvb Bwj‡Pi eÜziv Zvi †klK…Z¨ Abyôv‡b hvq †h‡Z nq ZvB| GUv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †KejB GKUv mvgvwRK ixwZ (ritual)| Bfvb Bwj‡Pi ¯¿x cÖvm‡KvfBqv †d‡`‡ivfbv Bfv‡bi g„Z‡`n GK N‡i

†i‡L Ab¨N‡i ¯^vgxi Nwbó eÜz wcUvi Bfv‡bvwf‡Pi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Kx K‡i Bfvb Bwj‡Pi †cbm‡bi UvKvi cwigvYUv evov‡bv hvq Ges †Kv‡bv Kei¯’v‡bi Rwgi `vg A‡cÿvK…Z Kg n‡e Gme welq wb‡q| d¬vke¨v‡K †`Lv hvq, Bfvb hLb Amy¯’ wQj ZLb ¯¿x I Kb¨v iæwUb K‡i Zv‡K †`L‡Z †hZ| Lye `ªæZB Amy¯’ Bfvb Bwj‡Pi †eu‡P _vKv Zv‡ì Rb¨ hš¿Yvi KviY n‡q ùvovq| mgvR I cwievi †_‡K D‡cwÿZ Bfvb Bwj‡Pi AvZ¥wRÁvmvi RvqMvUv †KDB Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwU Wv³viI Zv‡K †ive‡Ui g‡Zv †`‡L P‡j hvq| Bfvb BwjP eyS‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K †KDB eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv ev eyS‡Z Pv‡”Q bv| mevi Kv‡Q Zvi Amy¯Z ’ v Ges my¯’ _vKv mgvbfv‡e ¯^vfvweK n‡q D‡V‡Q| cwiev‡ii mevi aviYv, GB †iv‡Mi Rb¨ †m wb‡RB `vqx Ges wbqwgZ Ilya †me‡b †m‡i DV‡e| d‡j Bfv‡bi kvixwiK mgm¨vi †_‡KI fqsKi n‡q I‡V Zvi gvbwmK mgm¨v| ¯¿x-Kb¨v hLb Zv‡K Amy¯’ †i‡L mvRm¾v K‡i w_‡qUv‡i hvq, ZLb Zvi †kK&mwcq‡ii A¨vR BD jvBK BU bvU‡Ki PwiÎ R¨v‡Ki g‡Zv g‡b nq, RxebUv GKUv bvU¨gÂ, GLv‡b Pvicv‡ki mevB Awfbq K‡i P‡j‡Q Ges Zv‡ì RMrUv n‡”Q Ñ Ômesh of falsityÕ| Avgiv cieZx©Kv‡j †`L‡Z cvB, GB Z_vKw_Z AMÖmi mf¨Zvi wg_¨v I K…wÎgZv Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z i Rb¨ `vqx| gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖKZ … mZÜv Bfvb BwjP hLb Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZLb Zvi Dcjwä nq, Ôillness is not a question of health or sickness, but of life or death.Õ Ab¨w`‡K, †MÖMi mvgmvi †cvKv‡Z iƒcvšÍi NU‡j Zvi Pvicv‡ki gvbyl¸‡jvi ¯^v_©ci †Pnviv cwi®‹vi n‡q aiv †`q| gv-evev-†evb Ñ GB wb‡q †MÖM‡ii cwievi| †cvKv nIqvi AvM ch©šÍ Avi cuvPUv myLx cwiev‡ii g‡ZvB wQj me| †MÖM‡ii ˆ`wnK cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ wKsev AvqÿgZv nviv‡bvi m‡½ m‡½ cwieZ©b NUj cwiev‡ii Ab¨‡ì AvPi‡Yi| evev Av‡cj Qy‡o †MÖMi‡K N‡ii †fZi ew›` _vKvi Cw½Z †`q, gv †MÖMi‡K †`L‡j f‡q g~Qv© hvq, †evb cÖ_gw`‡K †MÖM‡ii Lvevi-`vev‡ii w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡jI c‡i Avi iv‡L bv| †MÖM‡ii eënvh© †Kv‡bvwKQy †KD ¯úk© K‡i bv| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z †MÖMi †cvKv n‡q hvq e‡U wKš‘ cÖKZ … c‡ÿ †m gbyl¨¸Yvewj nvivq bv eis Av‡kcv‡ki gvbylivB AvcvZ`„wó‡Z wVK _vK‡jI cÖKZ … c‡ÿ ZvivB gvbweK ¸Yk~b¨ n‡q I‡V| GwUB AvcvZev¯ÍeZvi Pig Avqiwb| †MÖMi hLb cïi g‡Zv LvUzwb †L‡U msmvi PvjvZ, evevi F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva KiZ, ZLb cwiev‡ii Avi mevB Av‡qk K‡i w`bhvcb KiZ| Avi †MÖMi †hBgvÎ KvR nvivj ZLbB Zv‡K Qy‡o †djv n‡jv Ave× K‡ÿ| cwiev‡ii mK‡ji Kv‡Q †MÖM‡ii g„Z¨z n‡q DVj GKgvÎ Kvg¨| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †MÖM‡ii iæg †_‡K AvmevecÎ mwi‡q evbv‡bv n‡jv †÷viiæg|

Ô`¨ †W_ Ae Bfvb BwjPÕ M‡í Avwd‡gi †Nv‡i hLb Bfv‡bi kvixwiK hš¿Yv wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ _g‡K _v‡K, Bfvb ZLb ¯^cœ †`‡L, Zv‡K GKwU Mfxi Kv‡jv e¯Ívi †fZi †V‡j XzKv‡bv n‡”Q| †m IB AÜKv‡i cwZZ nIqvi Kvgbv †hgb K‡i, †Zgb fqI K‡i| †hb †m mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv `y‡UvB K‡i| Nyg †f‡O †M‡j †m Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z Ck¦i‡K e‡j, ÔWhy hast Thou done all this? Why have Thou brought me here? Why, why dost Thou torment me so terribly?Õ Zvici †m bxie n‡q hvq, Zvi †fZi †_‡K †K †hb e‡j I‡V, ÔWhat is it you want?Õ Bfvb DËi †`q, †m fv‡jvfv‡e Ges kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z Pvq, †hgbwU †m mvivRxeb †P‡q‡Q| Gici †m Zvi AZxZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZ `„wó wb‡ÿc K‡i| Abyfe K‡i, hZ‡ewk †m

Zvi evj¨Kvj †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q‡Q, ZZ‡ewk nZvk n‡q c‡o‡Q| g~j¨nxb n‡q D‡V‡Q Zvi Rxeb| Bfv‡bi ¯^‡cœi Kv‡jv e¯Ív‡K hw` Kei ev g„Z¨z i m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e †m g„Z¨z ‡K mv`‡i MÖnY Ki‡Q Avevi Zxeªfv‡e `~‡i †V‡j w`‡”Q| Avevi e¯ÍvwU‡K hw` gvZ…M‡f©i m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e, wPšÍv‡PZbvi RM‡Z Bfv‡bi cybR©b¥ NU‡Q| e¯Ívq cÖ‡ekgyn‡~ Z© †h-hš¿Yv †m Abyfe Ki‡Q Zv n‡jv Rb¥gyn‡~ Z©i hš¿Yv| d‡j †hUv‡K Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g„Z¨z e‡j g‡b n‡”Q, †mUv Avm‡j Zvi AvZ¥vi ev Ava¨vZ¥‡ev‡ai cybR©b¥| Avgiv Rvwb, Zj¯Íq wb‡RI Abyiƒc Kbfvik‡bi †fZi w`‡q hvb| GiciB wZwb †j‡Lb G-MíwU| Bfvb Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb w`‡q †h Abyfe K‡i Ñ ÔLife, a series of increasing sufferings, flies further and further towards its end Ñ the most terrible sufferingÕ Ñ Zv Zj¯Í‡qi wb‡Ri Rxe‡biI Abyfw~ Z|

Bfvb LwZ‡q †`L‡Z Pvq Ñ Ôwhat it is all for.Õ Ges Rxe‡bi mg¯Í Aa¨vq †Nu‡U g„Z¨z i wVK AvMgyn‡~ Z© eyS‡Z cv‡i, Zvi mg¯Í Rxeb a‡i †m hv mwVK e‡j MY¨ I gvb¨ K‡i‡Q Zv meB wQj fzj| †m wQj myLx Ñ mgv‡Ri †Pv‡L Ges †m †mUvB n‡Z †P‡qwQj| Bfv‡bi Aa¨vZ¥‡eva hLb e¯‘ev`x RMr‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq, ZLb †m g„Z¨z ‡K Rq K‡i bZzb Rxeb AR©b K‡i, Ges GB gyn‡~ Z© hLb †m wb‡R‡K cÖkœ K‡i Ñ ÔWhat is the right thing?Õ wVK ZLbB Zvi GKwU nvZ Zvi †Q‡j fvm&qvi gv_v ¯úk© K‡i| fvm&qvi g‡a¨ Bfvb Zvi evj¨Kv‡ji cÖwZ”Qwe †`L‡Z cvq, †m Zvi Rb¨ `ytL Abyfe K‡i| Ges Zvi Kv‡Q ÿgv Pvq| gvby‡li kvixwiK ms¯ú‡k© G‡m Bfvb Abyfe K‡i, mg¯Í Rxebe¨vcx †m ïay wb‡Ri Pvicv‡k GKwU †`qvj ¯’vcb K‡i G‡m‡Q, m‡i †M‡Q A_©cY~ © gvbweK m¤úK© †_‡K| hLb †m gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖKw… Z ev Ôthe truth of life and deathÕ D˜NvUb Ki‡Z mg_© nq, ZLbB Zvi cybR©b¥ N‡U Ñ †m gviv hvq kvwšÍcY~ f © v‡e| Ab¨w`‡K Ô†gUvgi‡dvwmmÕ M‡í cÖ_g ev‡K¨B †MÖMi mvgmvi g„Z¨z †NvwlZ nq Ges mg¯Í Mí Ry‡o †m µgk g„Z¨z i w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g‡Zv †MÖMi mvgmvI g„Z¨z wPšÍvi m‡½ jovB K‡i P‡j cÖwZwbqZ| mgv‡jvPK gvwU©b wMÖbev‡M©i g‡Z, Ô... Tolstoy’s work is about death literally and existentially; Kafka’s is about death in life.Õ| hZÿY bv Bfvb BwjP Zvi hvwcZ Rxeb‡K wg_¨v e‡j †g‡b †bq Ges ¯^xKvi K‡i GUv †hgbwU nIqvi K_v wQj †ZgbwU nqwb, ZZÿY †m Zvi Avmbœ g„Z¨z m¤ú‡K© mRvM n‡Z cv‡i bv| †kl gyn‡~ Z© †m Avwe®‹vi K‡i Ñ Rxeb Ges g„Z¨z i mZ¨| Zvici Zvi g„Z¨z N‡U| †MÖMi mvgmvi †ÿ‡Î, RxweZ †_‡KI †m g„Z, Kv‡RB gyw³ †g‡j bv mn‡R| GK †fv‡i †MÖMi Zvi †h Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡q I‡V, †mUvB n‡”Q Zvi †ÿ‡Î Ñ Ôthe truth of life and deathÕ| G‡ÿ‡Î, Ôthe dream reveals the realityÕ Ñ K_vwU Df‡qi †ÿ‡Î mZ¨ e‡j Lv‡U|

GKwesk kZ‡K Avgiv †`LwQ gvbyl Av‡iv †ewk hvwš¿K n‡q DV‡Q| wkíwecøe I cÖhwy ³we¯§‡qi P‚ovšÍ c‡e© Avgiv Dcw¯’Z Ñ gvbe cÖKw… Zi m‡½ m‡½ wek¦cK Ö w… Zi GK Pig wech©q †Ui cvw”Q| gvby‡li cwie‡Z© h‡š¿i m‡½ R‡g DV‡Q Avgv‡ì mL¨| Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ †MÖMi mvgmvi g‡Zv †cvKv n‡q hvw”Q Avgv‡ì ARv‡šÍB| Bfvb Bwj‡Pi g‡Zv mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ †mªv‡Z Mv fvwm‡q wQU‡K cowQ Avcb mËv †_‡K| e¨w³i GB msKUKv‡j Bfvb BwjP I †MÖMi mvgmvi RxebcvV Avgv‡ì Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡q D‡V‡Q| r

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47 mv‡ji †`kfvM †Zv †Kej f‚L‡Ði wefvRb bq, G †hb wf‡UgvwU †_‡K DrLvZ nIqv wQbœg~j gvby‡li ü`‡qi i³ÿiY Ñ †Kv_vq hve, Kx Kie Ñ Ggb wØav`xY© g‡bi wefvRb| GB wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g `yB evsjvi Rbgvbm cwZZ nq GK Acwimxg `ytL`n‡b| `xN©w`‡bi jvwjZ myL¯^‡cœi Ici AcÖZ¨vwkZ AvNv‡Z mewKQy jÐfÐ n‡q hvq,

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mvwn‡Zï f‚‡Mvj‡K, A‡b‡Ki Av‡eM I ˆkke¯§„wZ‡K K‡i‡Q wØLwÐZ Ges ÿZ-weÿZ Ñ †hgb K‡i‡Q †KZKx Kzkvixi| cwðge½ †Q‡o Avmv evOvwj gymjgvb Rxe‡bi mgxKiYwU †hgb RwUj g‡b nq, †Zgwb c~e©e½ †Q‡o hvIqv evOvwj wn›`yRxe‡bi RjQwewUI Kg RwUj I †e`bvi bq| †KZKx Kzkvixi Rxe‡bi KvwnwbUvI †e`bvi I †ek RwUjZi| 1947 mv‡j †`kfv‡Mi ci wZwb c~e©cyiæ‡li wf‡U Ges evevi Kg©¯’j Qv‡ob eva¨ n‡q| Zuvi evev wQ‡jb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A_©bxwZ wefv‡Mi GKKv‡ji K…Zx QvÎ Ges WvKmvB‡U wmwfwjqvb| †`kfv‡Mi ci †KZKx Kzkvix wKQy mgq KjKvZvq, Zvici 1964 mvj †_‡K ej‡Z †M‡j ¯’vqxfv‡e hy³iv‡R¨ w¯’Z nb| ˆkk‡ei ¯§„wZweRwoZ †g‡nicyi I bxjdvgvix †Q‡o‡Qb 1947-G, Rb¥f‚wg KjKvZvi cvU PzwK‡q †`b 1964-†Z| Zvici 64 eQi ci 2011 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m iex›`ªmsMxZwkíx †iRIqvbv †PŠayix eb¨vi Avgš¿‡Y evsjv‡`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv‡_i mva©kZRb¥el© D`hvcb Ki‡Z| G‡mB iex›`ª¯§„wZab¨ wkjvB`n KzwVevwo, dwKi jvjb kv‡ni gvRvi †`L‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix‡K m‡½ wb‡q| Kzwóqv †_‡K wd‡i G‡mB êKvwjK Pv-AvÇvq †g‡Z I‡Vb evsjv GKv‡Wwgi gnvcwiPvjK kvgmy¾vgvb Lv‡bi AwdmK‡ÿ| †mŠfvM¨µ‡g †mw`‡bi †mB êKvwjK AvÇvq AvwgI Dcw¯’Z wQjvg| †mw`b wkí-mvwnZ¨ I `k©‡bi bvbv w`K wb‡q †KZKx K_v ejwQ‡jb cweÎ miKvi, †Mvjvg gyiwk`, kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb, Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix I iwdKzi ikx‡ì m‡½| Avwg †g‡nicy‡ii gvbyl †R‡b Avgvi m‡½I Avjvc Rwg‡q †dj‡jb wZwb| K_v ej‡jb Zuvi ¯§„wZi kni †g‡nicyi, kn‡ii Mv-†Nu‡l e‡q-hvIqv ˆfie b`, gnKzgv cÖkvm‡Ki jvj `vjvbmn Av‡iv KZ Kx wb‡q! MZ kZ‡Ki Pwjø‡ki `k‡K †g‡nicy‡ii MÖvg-M‡Äi iƒc †Kgb wQj †m-m¤ú‡K© KZ ARvbv K_v ej‡jb wZwb! †ZZvwjø‡ki gš^šÍ‡ii mgq wZwb †g‡nicy‡i evevi evs‡jvq _vK‡Zb, ZvI Avgv‡ì Rvbv‡jb| Avgvi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z wM‡q Av‡eMvcøyZ I ¯§„wZKvZi n‡q wZwb wd‡i hvw”Q‡jb mvZPwjøk-c~e© †g‡nicy‡i| mvwnwZ¨K I M‡elK †KZKx Kzkvix WvBm‡bi Rb¥ 23 Ryb, 1940 mv‡j gnvbMi KjKvZvq; ˆkke †K‡U‡Q ZrKvjxb c~e©e‡½i †g‡nicy‡i| eo n‡q‡Qb mvwnwZ¨K cwigÐ‡j; ey×‡è emy, AwRZ `Ë, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, weòz †` wQ‡jb Zuvi evevi Nwbô eÜz| evev Aebx‡gvnb Kzkvix wQ‡jb Awef³ b`xqv †Rjvi †g‡nicy‡ii gnKzgv cÖkvmK| wZwb 1942-45 mg‡q †g‡nicy‡ii gnKzgv cÖkvmK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib, cieZx©Kv‡j ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ bxjdvgvix‡Z| Aebx‡gvnb Kzkvix a‡g©i wfwË‡Z †`kfvM mg_©b K‡ibwb, ZviciI eva¨ n‡q †`kfv‡Mi ci gvj`v‡Z gnKzgv cÖkvmK wn‡m‡e †cvw÷s †bb| †KZKxi ˆcZ…K wf‡U XvKvi weµgcy‡i Ges gvZzjvjq dwi`cy‡i| gvZvi bvg AwgZv Kzkvix| Zuvi wcZvgn wQ‡jb †mKv‡ji L¨vwZgvb ¯‹zj-wkÿK| AMva cvwÐ‡Zï Rb¨ wZwb wkwÿZ gn‡j Ô†kK&mwcqi KzkvixÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| †KZKx Kzkvixi cÖ_g cyÎ fvwR©j c~Rvix WvBmb 1967 mv‡j Ges Kwbô cyÎ B‡Mvi bxjvw`ª WvBmb 1969 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| GKRb MÖvwdK wWRvBbvi I Ab¨Rb cÖ‡KŠkjx| QvÎx wn‡m‡e wKse`wšÍZzj¨ cÖwZfvi AwaKvix †KZKx Kzkvix K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb G›UªvÝ †_‡K GgG ch©šÍ| 1958 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ †iKW© gvK©m †c‡q mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib wZwb| gvÎ Dwbk eQi eq‡m Zuvi †Pv‡L wech©q N‡U| 1960 mv‡j ¯‹jviwkc †c‡q A·‡dv‡W© P‡j Av‡mb

Ges †mLv‡b 1963 mv‡j cybivq mœvZK wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| Zvici KjKvZvq wd‡i hvb, hvècyi wek¦we`¨vj‡q GK eQi Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| 1964 mv‡j KjKvZvq ievU© †WwfW WvBm‡bi m‡½ Zuvi we‡q nq; Gici †_‡K hy³iv‡Rï wKWwjsU‡b w¯’Z n‡q‡Qb| A·‡dv‡W©i G‡Kev‡i Mv-†Nu‡l †QvU MÖvg wKWwjsUb Qvwo‡q †mvRv GwM‡q P‡j‡Q †h-c_, †m-c‡_i bvg e¨vb‡ewi †ivW| †cv÷ Awdm, wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vwì †`vKvb, e¨vsK Avi †PŠgv_v Qvwo‡q †hLv‡b c_wU euvK wb‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b GKwU wQgQvg evwo i‡q‡Q| G-evwo‡Z †KZKx Kzkvix WvBmb evm K‡ib| we‡qi ci eQi‡`‡o‡Ki Rb¨ KvbvWvq wQ‡jb| 1968 mv‡ji †klw`‡K we‡j‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 1969-Gi †k‡l A·‡dv‡W© mœvZ‡KvËi cov‡kvbv Avi¤¢ K‡ib| cuvP-Qq eQi M‡elYvK‡g©i ci 1975 mv‡j wW. wdj wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi M‡elYvi welq wQj Ñ ÔG f¨vwiqvm qywbfvm© : G ÷vwW Ae `¨ Rvb©vj A¨vÛ †g‡gvwim Ae weªwUk †gb A¨vÛ DB‡gb, 1765-1856Õ| A·‡dvW© BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm, w`wjø Awfm›`f©wU 1978 mv‡j MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i| wZwbB cÖ_g fviZxq bvix, whwb A·‡dv‡W© Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †kÖwY cvb| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï GB †gavex, gb¯^x QvÎxwU evsjv I Bs‡iwR `yB fvlv‡ZB mgvb ¯^”Q›`| cÖvq cÂvk eQi a‡i GB Awfevmx †jwLKv Zuvi m„wókxjZv w`‡q cvVKKzj‡K Avweó K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ Ges Abyev`Kg©-m„wókxjZv I gbbkxjZvi me©‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi Aeva I Abvqvm wePiY| wZwb †mB ¯^ímsL¨K wØfvwlK Kwe‡ì GKRb, whwb evsjv I Bs‡iwR‡Z †gŠwjK KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges `yB fvlv‡ZB KweZv Abyev‡ì K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zuvi bvUK fviZ I weª‡U‡bi wewfbœ g‡Â AwfbxZ n‡q‡Q| G-Kvi‡YB †eva nq KjKvZv kn‡i GKwU c`¨ Pvjy wQj GKmgq Ñ ÔM‡`¨ c‡`¨ †avc`yi¯Í/ †KZKx Kzkvix WvBmb/ †dwgwb÷ wZwb Rei`¯Í/ Î¯Í cyiæl evBmbÕ| c`¨wU hZ jNy i‡miB †nvK bv †Kb, G-K_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, †KZKx Kzkvix evsjv I Bs‡iwR Dfq fvlv‡ZB Ô†avc`yi¯ÍÕ †jLvi †`Šj‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Qb Awfevmx evsjv mvwn‡Zï GK D¾¡jZg cÖwZwbwa‡Z| Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e †c‡q‡Qb GKvwaK cyi¯‹vi| `yevi Avb›` cyi¯‹vi, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fzeb‡gvwnbx ¯^Y©c`K QvovI m¤§vwbZ n‡q‡Qb 2009 mv‡ji †miv evOvwj wn‡m‡e| Zuvi iex›`ªbv_ I IKv‡¤úvi mÜv‡b (1985), Bb B‡qvi †eøv‡mvwgs d¬vIqvi Mv‡W©b ev i‡Oi iex›`ªbv_ (1997) BZ¨vw` MÖš’ Zuv‡K iex›`ª-M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvPbv I weZ‡K©i kx‡l© wb‡q †M‡Q| Zuvi Abyev`K‡g©i gva¨‡g cÖZx‡Pï mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPKiv †R‡b‡Qb, iex›`ªbv_ †Kej †ivgvw›UK Kwe bb, wZwb AvaywbK Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ AMÖMY¨| Zuviv Av‡iv †R‡b‡Qb, AvaywbKZvi me jÿY i‡q‡Q iex›`ªbv‡_| eéj (1977), mexR c„w_ex (1980), R‡ji KwiWi a‡i (1981), dzj dz‡U‡Q †`vjbPuvcvq cÖf…wZ KweZvMÖš’ Zuv‡K G‡b †`q KweL¨vwZ| †KZKx †gŠwjK iPbvi †ÿ‡Î †hgb, Abyev‡ì †ÿ‡ÎI †Zgb mcÖvY I ¯^”Q›`| eûcÖR GB †jLK evsjv I B‡iwR `y‡Uv fvlvB mgfv‡e eënv‡i we‡kl cvi`kx©| wZwb evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi `y¨wZ †hgb we‡k¦ Qwo‡q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb wek¦‡KI ê`»¨gq Dcjwä I Mfxi ggZv w`‡q evsjvq ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Mfxifv‡e| iv‡Zi †iv` (1997), †gvrmvU© P‡Kv‡jU (†m‡Þ¤î, 1998) bvUK `ywU wZwb wb‡RB Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv_ I ey×‡è emyi KweZvi Abyev` K‡ib wbôvi m‡½| Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z Pvi L‡Ði KweZvMÖš’ Zuv‡K fvi‡Zi Bs‡iwR Rvbv cvVK‡ì KvQvKvwQ

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Kv‡Q, GKw`b mgy`ª‰mKZ Aciƒc iƒ‡c aiv †`q †KZKxi Kv‡Q| wZwb †j‡Lb, Ô†`‡LwQ fv¯î/ AbšÍkq‡b weòz, eªþvÐ-AvswUi GKwU bxjv|Õ (Ôkx‡Zi kirÕ)| †K¤úUvD‡b †nwis gvQ wKb‡Z wM‡q Kwei g‡b c‡o hvq evOvwji wPivqZ iÜb HwZ‡nï K_v, Zuvi gv‡qi ivbœvN‡ii ¯§„wZ| ¯§„wZKvZi Kwe †j‡Lb Ñ Ôgv †Mv, †Zvgvi wkj‡bvov †e‡q GLbI njy`Rj c‡o,/ Dby‡b D_‡j-DVv Wv‡ji †Qvc,/ Lywi‡Z cuvP‡dvob, Kv‡jv wR‡iÕ| KweZvq AuvKv QwewU wkj‡bvov, Lywi‡Z cuvP‡dvob, Wv‡ji †Qv‡ci gZ GKev‡iB AvU‡cŠ‡i, mv`vgvUv wKsev m`¨ MvQ †_‡K †Zvjv KuvPvgwi‡Pi gZB m‡ZR I mRxe| 1981 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq †KZKx Kzkvix WvBm‡bi Z…Zxq KweZvMÖš’ R‡ji KwiWi a‡i| Ôhw` nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi nuvU‡Z nqÕ KweZvq Kwe Mfxi Ai‡Y¨ `xN©c_ nuvUevi Rb¨ mnhvÎx eÜz‡ì DrmvwnZ I AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Ñ Ôjvj dzUe‡ji g‡Zv †h-A¯Ím~h©Uv‡K/ jvdv‡Z jvdv‡Z Zvje‡b †b‡g †h‡Z †`‡LwQ,/ Dj‡Uv w`‡Ki gv‡V †`Šo‡Z †`Šo‡Z/ Avevi eZz©j Zv‡KB Lc K‡i a‡i †dj‡evÕ| Zuvi wek¦vm Ai‡Yï †klcÖv‡šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z cvi‡j Av‡Q me cÖwZKvinxb Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡×

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accomplishment. When they’re together, women’s longing for intimacy threatens, men’s desire for freedom and sidetracks the masculine quest to be one up in all relationships. †W‡eviv Uv‡bb h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, ÿgZv, gh©v`v BZ¨vw` cyiæl‡ì fvwlK RM‡Zi Acwinvh© welq| Avi bvix‡ì welq n‡jv m¤^Ü ¯’vcb I mse×Zv ˆZwi| wKš‘ Gi e¨wZµg †h †bB Zv bq| wKQy wKQy †ÿ‡Î jÿ Kiv hvq †h, bvixiv ÿgZvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Qb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g gh©v`vKi ¯’v‡b AwawôZ nIqvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Qb Avi Ab¨w`‡K cyiælMY ms‡hvM I eÜ‡bi Rb¨ wbišÍi cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Qb| Z‡e GI mZ¨ †h, bvixiv g‡b K‡ib Zv‡ì m½xiv Zv‡ì fvjevmyK Ges cyiæliv g‡b K‡i Zv‡ì m½xiv Zv‡ì m¤§vb KiæK|

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GKvšÍ AvjvcPvwiZv I cÖKvk¨ e³‡eï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ _v‡K| GB cv_©K¨ bvix-cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B GKvšÍ AvjvcPvwiZv I cÖKvk¨ e³‡e¨ evPbMZ wfbœZv m„wó K‡i| Z‡e GKvšÍ AvjvcPvwiZvq bvix‡ì f‚wgKv wb‡q bvbv ai‡bi †KŠZzK cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgb, GKRb ¯¿x Zvi ¯^vgx‡K ej‡Q, ÔMZ `k eQi a‡i Zzwg Avgv‡K †Zvgvi †Kv‡bv gZvgZ `vIwb|Õ ¯^vgx Rev‡e e‡j, ÔAvwg †Zvgvi K_vi gv‡S K_v ej‡Z PvBwb|Õ GRb¨ Bs‡iwR‡Z bvix‡ì ejv nq ‘wordy womenÕ A_©vr evPvj bvix Ges cyiæl‡ì ejv nq ‘mute male’ A_©vr g~K cyiæl| mvaviYZ ¯^vgx-¯¿xi Mvn©¯¨’ cwi‡e‡k G-ai‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| mgvR-fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖvq cÖwZwU M‡elYvq GB ev¯ÍeZv jÿ Kiv †M‡Q †h, e¨w³MZ AvjvcPvwiZvq cyiæl‡ì †P‡q bvixiv A‡bK †ewk K_v e‡j| bvix‡ì †ewk K_v ejvi GB ¯^fv‡ei Rb¨ ejv nq †h, †g‡qiv †Q‡j‡ì †cÖ‡g c‡o KviY †Q‡j‡ì Av‡Q Ôa giant earÕ| K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi g‡bv‡ivM wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK jy A¨vb eªvR¨vbWvBb GK M‡elYvq †`wL‡q‡Qb, gwnjviv cÖwZw`b M‡o 20 nvRvi kã eënvi K‡ib Ges cyiæliv eënvi K‡ib gvÎ 7 nvRvi kã| wKš‘ cÖKvk¨ e³‡e¨ cyiæliv gwnjv‡ì †P‡q A‡bK †ewk K_v e‡j| e¨w³MZ AvjvcPvwiZvq gwnjviv †Kb ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i? Gi KviY n‡jv, GKwU AšÍi½ cvwievwiK cwi‡ek ev eÜzZc ¡ Y~ © cwi‡ek bvix‡ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K Mo‡bi m‡½ fvjfv‡e Lvc Lvq| mvgvwRK gh©v`v, Avw_©K cÖwZôv I ÿgZvi bvbv cUf‚wg‡Z cyiæl‡K evP‡b †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq; wKš‘ e¨w³MZ AvjvcPvwiZvq bvix‡ì †m-ai‡bi †Kv‡bv †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j cÖ‡qvR‡bAcÖ‡qvR‡b, Avb‡›`-†e`bvq AwaKvsk bvix cÖPiz K_v e‡j| ˆÎ‡jvK¨bv_ gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi (1847-1919) igïPbv Ôwe`¨vaixi AiæwPÕ| G-M‡í we`¨vaix †K›`ªxq PwiÎ| wbišÍi K_v e‡j hvIqv Zvi ¯^fv‡ei Acwinvh© Ask| `xN© D×…wZ w`B| †Mvjvcx wS ejj, †`L we`¨vaix! eveyi gy‡L Zzwg Avi PzbKvwj wÌ bv| Avgv‡ì evey GKRb eo DKxj| bxjv¤î †Nv‡li bvg †K bv Rv‡b? Zuvi evwoi wS nBqv Zzwg gy`xi †`vKv‡b GKUz ¸o, D‡oi †`vKv‡b GKwU dzjiy x, gqivi †`vKv‡b GKUz wPwbi im, ivq evgbxi Kv‡Q GKUz †gvPvi NÈ, hvi Zvi Kv‡Q hv Zv wRwbm

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PZz¸Ÿ| gvb&‡li GB gb wb‡qB ZÕ hZ gvivgvwi, KvUvKvwU, cv‡ci Kvh©| DËgcyiæl e¨w³ I wciæi e³‡eï GB Mob wKQy‡ZB bvixi bq| cyiælevPKZvi me wPý gy‡Q w`‡jI †h-†KD Abygvb Ki‡Z cvi‡e †h, GB fvlv Aek¨B cyiæ‡li| Zvn‡j GB fvlvi Mo‡bi g‡a¨ cyiælevPKZvi DcKiY¸‡jv Kx? cÖ_gZ, fvlvi g‡a¨ †jvKR MíMv_vi †Kv‡bv wPý †bB hv bvixi evPbms¯‹w… Zi Ab¨Zg DcKiY| wØZxqZ, GB fvlvi g‡a¨ e³v I †kÖvZvi g‡a¨ AvZ¨wšÍK †Kv‡bv ms‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq bv| Z…ZxqZ, GB fvlvi g‡a¨ †h `vk©wbK cÖZ¨q cÖejfv‡e AbycwÖ eó n‡q‡Q bvix‡ì fvlvq Zv KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq| Ges m‡e©vcwi Mí ej‡Z wM‡q evievi wb‡Ri cvwÐZ¨ I Aw¯ÍZ¡ Rvwni Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv bvixi fvwlK ms¯‹w… Zi m¤ú~Y© cwicš’x| bvix‡ì g‡aÏ Mí Kivi cÖeYZv Av‡Q; wKš‘ Zvi cUf‚wg wfbœ| †mB Mí wb‡R‡K Rvwni Kivi Rb¨ bq, eis Ab¨‡K wewPÎ gvÎvq Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨| Z‡e AwaKvsk mgqB Zv‡ì K_v ejvi fw½i g‡a¨ †jvKR Rxe‡bi MíK_vi Av‡gR jÿ Kiv hvq| KL‡bv KL‡bv †kÖvZvi ¯Í‡i wb‡R‡K wb‡q G‡m cvi¯úwiK †evaMg¨ I †evSvcovi GKwU mgvb Avbyfw‚ gK †ÿÎ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Zviv M‡íi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K †evKv cÖwZcbœ Kivi ¯^fvemyjf †KŠk‡ji AvkÖq †bq| G‡Z Zvi cÖwZ †kÖvZvi AšÍi½Zv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv ˆZwi nq| bvix I cyiæ‡li †kvbvi fvlvI Avjv`v| bvix‡ì †kvbvi fvlv mn‡hvwMZvg~jK| †Kbbv, Zviv hLb †Kv‡bv Mí ev weeiY †kv‡b ZLb m¤§wZm~PK †hme kã eënvi K‡i Zvi gv‡b ÔAvwg †Zvgvi K_v ïbwQÕ wKsev ÔAvwg †Zvgvi m‡½ AvwQÕ wKsev ÔZzwg PgrKvi ejQÕ BZ¨vw`| Gme m¤§wZÁvcK g‡bvfve e¨³ Ki‡Z Zviv mn‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡Nœi (Co-operative overlap ev, Supportive interruption) AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î cyiælMY gvSc‡_ K_v e‡j Ñ mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ bq, eis AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi I DËgY©Zv cÖwZcbœ Kivi Rb¨| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv cyiælMYI mn‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡Nœi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i| we‡kl K‡i e³v I †kÖvZvi g‡a¨ hw` m¤úK© nq DËgY© I Aag‡Y©i| MÖvgxY Rxe‡b AwZ mvaviY gvby‡li g‡aÏ jÿ Kiv hvq †h, mnRvZ GK AvbyMZ¨ I wbivcËv‡ev‡ai †cÖiYv †_‡K cyiæ‡liv evPb-ms¯‹w… Zi GB Abykvmb †g‡b P‡j| wKš‘ gRvi welq n‡jv, ÿgZvnxb bvix‡ì g‡a¨ evPb-ms¯‹w… Zi Ab¨ GK weavb cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Avi Zv n‡jv, e¨w³ ch©vq †_‡K cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK ch©vq ch©šÍ eÜ‡bi GK †Mvcb †cÖiYv †_‡K Zviv K_bwe‡k¦ wPiKvj mn‡hvMx| ZË¡ bq, Z_¨ bq, we`¨v bq, eyw× bq, Ávb I cÖÁvI bq Ñ ïay w¯’wZkxjZv I eÜ‡bi †Mvcb Abyfe †_‡K bvixiv †kl ch©šÍ mn‡hvwMZvi f‚wgKvq _vK‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i| myKgz vi †mb cwðge‡½i bvix‡ì fvlv wb‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi cÖe‡Üi bvg ÔevOjvq bvix‡ì fvlvÕ| wZwb mgvR fvlvweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bv-†`‡L g~jZ e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K bvix‡ì fvlvi Abb¨ ¯îƒc we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z : cÖvPxb hyM †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i AvR Aewa me mgv‡RB bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ h‡_ó mvgvwRK eëavb Av‡Q| Aek¨ GB eëavb meŸ©Î mgvb bq| cyiæl I bvixi K¤§©‡ÿÎ Avi wkÿv-`xÿv m¤ú~Yïƒ‡c Avjv`v eÕ‡jB GB cv_©‡Kï D™¢e| Avi GB R‡b¨ mKj †`‡kB bvix I cyiæ‡li fvlvq Kg‡ekx cv_©K¨ iÕ‡q wM‡q‡Q| †Kv_vI Kg Avi †Kv_vI †ekx| mf¨ RM‡Z, †hLv‡b bvix I cyiæ‡li K¤§©‡ÿÎ cÖvq GK nÕ‡q G‡m‡Q ev Avm‡Q, †mLv‡b GB cv_©K¨ LyeB Kg †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ Amf¨ mgv‡R †hgb cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Øxccy‡Äi Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ GB cv_©K¨ LyeB my¯úó|

fvlv-e¨env‡i bvixiv A‡bK †ewk iÿYkxj

bvix‡ì mvgvwRK MwÐ I wePiY‡ÿÎ LyeB mxgve×| d‡j Rxe‡bi eûwea iÿYkxjZvi gZ fvlv-eënv‡iI bvixiv iÿYkxj I cÖvPxbcš’x| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Mviv Dcb¨v‡mi K…ò`qvj I Zvi ¯¿x Avb›`gqxi ga¨Kvi msjvc we‡ePbv Ki‡j fvlv-eënv‡i bvix‡ì cÖvPxb cš’vi welqwU Abyaveb Kiv hvq| kãPq‡b †Zv e‡UB evK¨ MV‡b Ges mvgwMÖK evPb-†KŠk‡j bvix‡ì iÿYkxj g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq cvIqv hvq| D`vniY w`B : K…ò`qvj| bv, I‡K G‡Kev‡i ewÂZ Kie bv, RvqwMiUv I‡K w`‡q †è Ñ Kv‡j Zvi gybvdv eQ‡i nvRvi UvKv n‡Z cvi‡e| GLb fvebv n‡”Q Ii [†Mviv] weevn †Ìqv wb‡q| c~‡e© hv K‡iwQ Zv K‡iwQ Ñ wKš‘ GLb †Zv wn›`yg‡Z eªvþ‡Yi N‡i Ii we‡q w`‡Z cvie bv Ñ Zv G‡Z Zzwg ZvB Ki Avi hvB Ki| Avb›`gqx| nvq nvq, Zzwg g‡b Ki †Zvgvi g‡Zv c„w_exgq M½vRj Avi †Mvei wQwU‡q †eovB †b e‡j Avgvi ag©Ávb †bB| eªvþ‡Yi N‡i Ii we‡qB ev †è †Kb, Avi ivM KieB ev Kx R‡b¨? jÿYxq †h, K…ò`qv‡ji fvlvi kãPqb I evK¨-MV‡b GK ai‡bi wb‡g©`, cÖZ¨ÿZv I ¯úóZv Av‡Q| G n‡jv AvaywbK fvlv-msMV‡bi c~ek © Z©| wKš‘ Avb›`gqx hLb eënvi K‡ib Ônvq nvqÕ, Ôc„w_exgqÕ, Ô†eovB †bÕ ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e †h fvlvi GB msMVb wKQzUv cyi‡bv auv‡Pi|

fvlv-e¨env‡i bvix‡`i g‡a¨ ïwPZv‡eva cÖLi

cyiæliv †hfv‡e Aejxjvq AK_¨ kã (slang), Akøxj kã wKsev Ag½jRbK kã eënvi K‡i _v‡K, bvixiv Zv K‡i bv| G †ÿ‡Î Zviv LyeB ms‡e`bkxj| we‡kl K‡i AšÍi½ eÜzgnj Qvov †jvKmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ Zviv G-ai‡bi k‡ãi eënvi K‡i bv ej‡jB P‡j| myfvwlZ k‡ãi HwZn¨ bvix‡ì Ae`vb ej‡j fzj ejv n‡e bv| ÔN‡i Pvj †bBÕ ejv †kvfb bq e‡j GKmgq bvixiv ej‡Zb ÔN‡i Pvj evošÍÕ, we`v‡qi mgq ÔhvBÕ bv-e‡j ÔAvwmÕ ejvi †ÿ‡ÎI bvix‡ì Kj¨vYKvgbvi fvebv RwoZ| weij wKQy Ackã Qvov bvixiv Ackã eënvi K‡i bv| Akøxjfv‡e nvmv A‡_© Ô†Kjv‡bvÕ, cÖnvi Kiv A‡_© Ôc¨v`v‡bvÕ, P‡j hvIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡Z Ô†dv‡UvÕ, Ajm mgq cvi Kiv A‡_© ÔMu¨vRv‡bvÕ, bKj Kiv A‡_© ÔUzKwjdvBÕ, `yócÖKw… Zi A‡_© Ôjvdv½vÕ, evovevwo A‡_© ÔZvdvwjsÕ, AevK nIqv A‡_© ÔUvmwK LvIqvÕ, AKviY cÖksmv Kiv A‡_© ÔcwÆ gvivÕ, AvÇv †Ìqv A‡_© ÔUvswK gvivÕ, `viæY A‡_© ÔdvUvdvwUÕ/ Ô†RvmÕ/ Ôn¨vweŸÕ/ ÔRwUjÕ, AmZ¨ ejv A‡_© Ô¸j gvivÕ/ Ôduvci gvivÕ BZvw` kã †Q‡j‡ì g‡a¨ wecyjfv‡e cÖPwjZ| G-ai‡bi Afe¨ kã †g‡qiv mvaviYZ eënvi K‡i bv| Z‡e Ah_v A‡_© ÔAvRvBivÕ, cvwÐZ¨ cÖ`k©b A‡_© Ô†Ki`vwbÕ, BZ¨vw` `y-GKwU Ackã †g‡q‡ì g‡a¨ eënvi Ki‡Z †kvbv hvq| Aek¨ AwkwÿZ, nZ`wi`ª I wbgœ‡kÖwYi gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨ AK_¨ fvlv I Ackã cÖPiz cwigv‡Y eënv‡ii cwiPq cvIqv hvq| AcivaRM‡Zi fvlv, mwnsmZvi fvlv, †hŠbZv I AkøxjZvi fvlv bvixi fvwlK RM‡Z wPiKvjB AcvO&‡³q| mnRvZ j¾vkxjZv, gvbweKZv I kvwšÍwcÖq e‡j bvix‡ì g‡a¨ cwikxwjZ I cÖwgZ fvlv-eënv‡ii cÖeYZv †ewk| Gme we‡ePbvq bvix‡ì Avjv`v fvwlK †kÖwYi (speech community) m`m¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb A‡bK fvlvweÁvbx| evsjv fvlvq bvix‡ì GB fvwlK RMr wb‡q AvR Aewa †Zgb †Kv‡bv M‡elYv n‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv †bB| Z‡e G-†ÿÎwUi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vPb Kiv †M‡j bvixi g‡bvRMr I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwigÐj Mfxifv‡e Rvbv hv‡e e‡j Avgv‡ì wek¦vm| r

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Aveyj nvmbvZ

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m¯¿xK KiæYvgq †Mv¯^vgx

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eLwZqvi Lv‡bi mvB‡Kj

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mvB‡KjIqvjv KvD‡iI †`wn b| ZvB¾e NUbv! eyBR‡Sbwb? †n‡ivBb‡Lvi mv‡jK ZLb m‡KŠZz‡K †nv †nv K‡i †n‡m D‡V Zvi wb‡Ri gšÍe¨ Qy‡o w`‡qwQj : KvBj ivB‡Z ZzgivI wK Avgvi gZb KBiv wbkv KiwQjv †bwK? MvÄvLywi K_v KI‡bi RvqMv cvI bv wgqviv! cuvP gvm Av‡M gBiv †M‡Q eLwZqvi fvB| n¨vq wK f‚Z nqv mvB‡Kj PvjvBe †bwK? mgeqmx mv‡j‡Ki gšÍe¨ ï‡b mwZ¨B †i‡M wM‡qwQj †LvKb| †fŠwZK mvB‡K‡ji AvMg‡bi g‡Zv Ggb GKUv ¸iæZi welq‡K nvjKv K‡i †`Lvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM bvB e‡j g‡b n‡qwQj †LvK‡bi| ZvB †m gyL SvgUv †g‡i mv‡jK‡K e‡jwQj : Avgv‡Mv K_vi †fZ‡i Z‡i AvB‡Z KB‡Q †KWv? GBnvb w_Kv fvM KBZvwQ! †n‡ivBb LvBZQm Ñ ZvB Lv wMqv ZzB! †LvK‡bi D®§v cÖZ¨¶ K‡i Av‡iv †ewk K‡i nvmwQj mv‡jK Ges †m-†bkvq Xzj‡Z Xzj‡Z wb‡Ri evmvi w`‡K iIbv w`‡qwQj| P‡j †h‡Z †h‡Z †cQb wd‡i †LvKb‡K mv‡jK e‡j wM‡qwQj : †LvKBb¨v! Z‡Mv meviB gv_vi ¯Œzc wXjv nqv †M‡QMv! KeŸi w_Kv DBVv AvBmv eLwZqvi fvB‡q wK Avi mvB‡Kj PvjvB‡Z cvie? GBWv KûbI nq, bvwK nBe Kzbyw`b? `yjv‡ji †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b mg‡eZ †jK mvK©vm GjvKvi KwZcq evwm›`v Aek¨ mv‡j‡Ki †m-K_vUv cvËvB †`qwb| Zv‡ì g‡b n‡qwQj, G †n‡ivBb‡Lvi‡ì wb‡q mgm¨v n‡jv GB †h, Zviv GšÍvi AmsjMœ K_v ej‡Z _vK‡e, †h¸‡jv ïb‡j gv_ vi Pvw›` Mig n‡q hv‡e m‡½ m‡½B| mv‡j‡Ki K_vq D‡ËwRZ nIqvi †P‡q †fŠwZK mvB‡K‡ji inm¨ Lyu‡R †ei KivUvB eis †mB gyn~‡Z© Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †ewk Riæwi e‡j g‡b n‡qwQj| wKš‘ we¯Íi Av‡jvPbvi ciI †fŠwZK mvB‡K‡ji inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡b e¨_© n‡qwQj Zviv| Kv‡RB Zviv gnjøvi e‡qv‡R¨ô‡ì m‡½ kjvcivgk© Kivi cwiKíbv wb‡qwQj Ges †mg‡Zv Zviv RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì kiYvcbœ n‡qwQj| RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì evmvq wM‡q Zviv †`L‡Z †c‡qwQj, emvi N‡ii †mvdvq cvkvcvwk e‡m Av‡Q g„Z eLwZqvi Lv‡bi Rv‡b wRMvi wZb eÜz Ñ RMjyj Avn‡g`, †Mvjvg dviæK Ges kwn`yj Avjg| RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì †Kv‡j wjW †Lvjv GKUv j¨vcUc| j¨vcU‡ci w`‡K ZvwK‡q Kx †hb †`L‡Q Zviv wZbR‡b wg‡j| ZLb RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì Kv‡Q †fŠwZK mvB‡Kj-welqK K_v cvo‡Z A¯^w¯ÍB n‡qwQj †LvK‡bi| ZvB †m Lv‡gvLv GKUv cÖkœ K‡i e‡mwQj : Kx KiZv‡Qb RMjy fvB? †LvK‡bi dvI cÖkœ ï‡b wei³ n‡q RMjyj Avn‡g` DËi w`‡qwQj : B›Uvi‡b‡U Akixix AvZ¥v jqv cov‡kvbv KiZvwQ| K¨vb, Kx nB‡Q? f‚Z‡cÖZ jqv B›Uvi‡b‡U Zviv Kx Kq? RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì K_vq Gevi DrmyK n‡q D‡VwQj †LvKb| Mfxi mskq wb‡q RMjyj Avn‡g` ZLb †LvKb‡K e‡jwQj : ZzB eyBSv †`L, Avgiv mK‡j wgjvB nq‡Zvev fzj KiZvwQ! nq‡Zv mvB‡K‡ji †ejB evRZv‡Q bv †Kv_vI! ZvB eBjv `k-ev‡ivRb gvby‡l GKj‡M fzj ïbe? GBWv Kx KB‡jb Avc‡b RMjy fvB? wew¯§Z n‡q cÖkœ K‡iwQj †LvKb| RMjyj Avn‡g` †di †LvKb‡K e‡jwQj : ZzB †Zv Rvbm bv, kZ kZ gvby‡l wgjv GKB UvB‡g fzj †`Levi cv‡i; fzj ïbeviI cv‡i| gnjøvi 28 b¤î evmvi wek¦we`¨vjqco–qv mywgZ ZLb RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì mg_©‡b †LvKb‡K e‡jwQj : GBUv‡i Kq Ôgvm n¨vjywm‡bkbÕ| GBUv Avc‡b eyS‡eb bv gvgv!

RMjyj Avn‡g` Ges mywg‡Zi K_vq a‡›` c‡o wM‡qwQj †LvKb Ges †m mcÖ‡kœ ZvwK‡qwQj wmivR wgqv, MwY, mvBdzj, nvwKg, wgjb Ges wkgy‡ji w`‡K| wKš‘ Zv‡ì †Pv‡LI †m Pig we¯§q Qvov Avi wKQyB cÖZ¨¶ K‡iwb| GgZve¯’vq †LvK‡bi g‡b n‡qwQj, gnjøvi mK‡ji mskq wbim‡bi Rb¨ g„Z eLwZqvi Lv‡bi cyi‡bv cvBb wMÖb mvB‡KjUvi w`‡KB Avm‡j bRi †Ìqv ìKvi| GgbI †Zv n‡Z cv‡i †h, iv‡Zi †ejvq jywK‡q jywK‡q eLwZqvi Lv‡bi mvB‡K‡ji †ej evRvq †K ev Kvnviv Ges kxZ-iv‡Zi wb¯ÍäZv Dc‡Pc‡o †mB KK©k AvIqvRUv mn‡RB Qwo‡q c‡o gnjøvi †Kv‡Y †Kv‡Y| ZvB †LvKb eLwZqvi Lv‡bi eÜz kwn`yj Avjg‡K wRÁvmv K‡iwQj : eLwZqvi fvB‡qi mvB‡KjLvb wK n¨vi evBo‡ZB Av‡Q †bwK fvB? †bwK Pvjv‡bvi wjMv jqv †M‡Q †KD? mvB‡KjLvb Avevi †eBPv †`q bvB †Zv gvwjnv fvwe? GKUz †f‡e DËi w`‡qwQj kwn`yj Avjg : †nBWv †Zv Avgiv †KDB Rvwb bv! GK Kvg Ki Ñ ZzB wMqv GKUz Lei wbqv †`L! eLwZqvi Lvb‡ì 44 b¤î evmvq †h‡Z n‡e Ñ Ggb GKUv m¤¢vebvq wKš‘ A¯^w¯Í‡ZB c‡o wM‡qwQj †LvKb| †LvKb Zvi e‡qv‡R¨ô RMjyj Avn‡g‡ì mvg‡b KuvPzgvPz n‡q ùvwo‡q KvZiK‡É e‡j D‡VwQj : IB evBo‡Z Avwg GKv hvB‡Z cviæg bv| gvwjnv fvwei †h ivM! mvB‡KjLvb m‡iRwgb †`Lvi K_v KB‡j c‡i gvwjnv fvwe hyw` Avevi †PBZv hvq!

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AjsKiY : me¨mvPx nvRiv

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`ywU KweZv Rvwn`yj nK †bf©vj, †Kv_vq hv‡”Qv †bf©vj, †Kv_vq hv‡”Qv? †Mva~wj †m‡R‡Q ea~, `xcÖ †mvbv gy‡o| ¯^cœ¸‡jv †h‡P Av‡m Nb gw¯Í‡®‹i `xN© `xN© c‡_ g`¨c, †ek¨vi `jmy× AcNv‡Z K‡Zv w`b, Pz¤^‡bi †kvKvZ© gyn~Z© g„Z nq : †kqv‡jiv Wv‡K ¯^Ztù‚Z©| †Kb hv‡e †nv‡U‡j wK mivBLvbv‡Z, AÜKvi mu¨vZ‡mu‡Z Mnb nvbv‡Z Zzwg eÜz? Zvi †P‡q Abyev`I fv‡jv! k¨v‡¤ú‡b AiæwP n‡j, Auvwa‡Z †m-Av‡jv jyß n‡j, cvixi bvix‡Z n‡j e¨_© wcQy wbI Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Amy‡L, Ae¨_© : G-hš¿Yv fqsKi, G-Rxebhy× : †bf©vj, †Kv_vq hv‡”Qv Ñ hvÎvq DØy×! 66

`v‡šÍi iv¯Ív GB wK `v‡šÍi iv¯Ív? we‡Kj Iobvq Xv‡K, Nb n‡”Q Av‡jvnxb Zviv| mÜ¨v mgvMZ| AvKv‡ki D‡Vv‡b †Mva~wj Zvi †mvbv-avb Qovw”Q‡jv †hb| `ytL bv‡g wmuwo †e‡q, †Quvqv jv‡M Kx `xN©k¦v‡mi! cyi‡bv G-cvovq †K euv‡a M„n? Kviv †d‡i N‡i ¯¿x‡ì †jvbv³ ¯ú‡k©, †cÖwgKvi wÿcÖ myMwÜ‡Z? †hb GLv‡bB †cÖZ Qvqv †d‡j, ev`y‡oiv I‡o; †Zvgvi ¯§„wZiv fv‡m mvgv‡ii g„`y GB kx‡Z| †KŠZ‚njx gb †Qv‡U : ¯§„wZ Lyu‡U ¯§„wZiv weeªZ| Avgv‡ìI n‡Z cvi‡Zv M„n, evwo, wb‡R‡ì Mwj| nqwb| Zv e‡j ÿzav jvM‡e bv, ü`q mZZ Qov‡e bv †`vjv? ev‡R Acvw_©e K_vi Avaywj| Uz¨wi‡÷i Xj bv‡g, Iiv †hb ¯^‡cœi †Mv‡q›`v| AvwgI I‡ìB g‡Zv ¯^cœ Lyuwo, fvmvB RvnvR| weqvwÎ‡P Avi Zvi wMR©vwU‡K †ciæ‡ZB mÜ¨v bv‡g wegl©Zvmn| cÖfz, cÖfz, Kx Auvavi AvR! Zey myevm bv‡g, Kx g„`y, cÖZ¨šÍ Ñ GB cÖv‡Y; AÜKviI GL‡bv †Zvgvi Rb¨ Kx J¾¡j¨ Av‡b!

cwieªvRK Aqb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq B‡”QKzmyg cvcwo †gj‡Q †nvK ïiæ GB †Ljv Ñ dvUj-M‡Z© RgvU euvaj Avnv Avb›`-†Xjv! KzuPeiY K‡b¨ Zuvnvi kÖveYiOv †Kk, Lyuo‡Z Lyuo‡Z nVvr cvIqv A‡bvwL wfb‡`k...

†Zvgvi Dc‡i k¨vgjKvwšÍ `vk †Zvgvi Dc‡i evwo †`Ljvg, evwoi kx‡l© QvZv, cÖwZ mÜ¨vq †Zvgv‡K mvRvq cÖ‡KŠkjxi gv_v! †Zvgvi Dc‡i †XD †`Ljvg, AwZkq fvix Rj, †mB R‡j kZmnmª Zwi ZviKv-mgy¾¡j! †Zvgvi Dc‡i `yišÍ †gN, †g‡N DÇxb cvwL, ÿxqgvY KwU gvwUi `y‡M© gvby‡li WvKvWvwK!

bv‡Ki cvUvq gy³-†duvUv, nvm‡j û‡mb wd`v Ñ Mob eywS cvnvwo-c_, DuPz-wbPzi wØav... †PvL auvav‡bv hgR-wUjv, g‡a¨ Mfxi Xvjy... Aí wb‡Pi fuv‡R fuv‡R Sibv Avjy_vjy... bvwfi gZb †Pvivevwj, Zjvq †MvcbUvb Ñ Wze‡Z Wze‡Z nvZ-cv †Qvovi AbšÍ AvnŸvb... cvZvj dzu‡o `uvovq D‡V `xN©‡`nx kÖwgK mvg‡b †R‡M mf¨Zv Zvi Ñ BU-cv_‡ii Rwgb... LbbKvh© †kl n‡e bv; wbZ¨ Avwe®‹viK UzK‡iv K‡i Qwo‡q w`jvg G‡Ki ci GK eviY... Rb¥ n‡q Ab¨ R‡b¥ PjyK AjxK cvwo... eidSiv ïåc‡_ AK¬všÍ cvqPvwi cwiµgY Ñ †K‡›`ª Av‡Q †mB †h K`g-†gŠ AvZvMv‡Q †ZvZv cvwL WvwjgMv‡Q eD 67

KweZv `yB Aveyj gbmyi GK

wKQy Avwj½b evwK †_‡K †Mj g‡b n‡qwQj me KvR mv½ K‡i G‡mwQ eywS KiZj Lvwj K‡i wgwU‡qwQ me cvIbv-†`bv mÂq I cyuwR Zey wKQz Avwj½b mviv nqwb †Zv i‡q †M‡Q Ajÿ¨ A‡cÿvq nviv‡bv †Q‡j‡ejvi g‡Zv P‡j †h‡Z n‡e Zey me©smnv wcÖqZgvi nv‡Zi AvOzj †_‡K nvZ hv‡e Qy‡U mšÍv‡biv, Zv‡ì cwievi wb‡q hyMvšÍ‡ii Zxeª †mªv‡Zi Uv‡b †f‡m hv‡e wb‡R‡ì h_v¯’v‡b cÖRb¥ e`j n‡e, c„w_exI e`jv‡e Avw`MšÍ e„_v Avwj½‡b bv †eu‡a Zv‡ì †h‡Z w`‡Z n‡e i‡q hv‡e ïay gnvKvk AbšÍ we¯Ív‡i †Q‡q †g‡N‡ì jy‡UvcywU Avi Zvivq Zvivq Drme gvLvgvwL GBme Abvw`Kv‡ji gvqv Av‡iK Abvw`Kv‡ji w`‡K e‡q hv‡e Zv‡ì week Avwj½‡b †Kv‡bvLv‡b AvgviI Avfvm i‡q hv‡e|

`yB

¯Íä KvPRj †f‡O hvq AvOz‡ji †Quvqvq wb‡R‡K †`wL fvOv‡Pviv Avqbvq cÖwZwe‡¤î g‡Zv Zey Avwg wVK wP‡b wbB †jvKUv‡K †mB Pzj gv_vfwZ© KuvPvcvKv GZ eq‡mI, A‡b‡Ki wns‡mi KviY GKwU fziæ Kv‡jv Avi GKwU‡Z mv`vi cÖvavb¨ Ñ Kx weeªZKi| euv-Mv‡ji Rb¥mvw_ cyi‡bv AuvwPjwUI Av‡Q Avgvi cÖwZwU ùvZ Avwg wPwb, U¨viv‡euKv Ñ Zey wPwb Avgvi kix‡ii cÖwZwU wZj-Ro–j Avgvi †Pbv nuvUzi wb‡P cyi‡bv ÿZ ¯’vqx wPý †i‡L †M‡Q nv‡Zi `kwU AvOzj cÖwZwUi êwkó¨ †i‡LwQ wP‡b Wvbnv‡Zi ga¨gvq Kj‡gi Kvjwk‡U Ñ A_©nxb w`bhvc‡bi LvZv wj‡L wj‡L| Av‡iv KZ KZ Av‡qvRb Avgv‡K Avwg K‡i Zzjevi KviLvbvq Gi mewKQy fvOv AvqbvqI wP‡b wb‡Z cvwi Avwg Giv me Ly‡j Ly‡j wQu‡o wQu‡o P‡j hv‡e Avgv‡K †Q‡o Avgv‡K Qvwo‡q, wbwb©‡gl AÜKv‡i e‡q Pjv †mªvZw¯^bxi cv‡b Ñ Avwg wK ïayB bvwm©mvm dzj n‡q dz‡U i‡ev Avw`g R‡ji gvSLv‡b| 68

†Mvcb K¨v‡givg¨vb nvwdR iwk` Lvb Avgvi †fZ‡i †Mvcb K¨v‡givg¨vb wbZ¨ Qwe †Zv‡j gyn~‡Z© gyn~‡Z© Rxe‡bi cÖwZ †duvUv Ag„‡Z-Mi‡j cyiæ‡li Nvg bvixi nvwmi g~j¨ Zvi Kv‡Q mgZzj¨ b`xi euvKv‡bv MÖxevq jywK‡q Av‡jv †d‡j N‡i wd‡i †m nvm‡Z-nvm‡Z we‡K‡j `yišÍ wK‡kvi Suvc †`q Kvbvq-Kvbvq fiv cyKz‡ii ey‡K †Mvcb K¨v‡givg¨vb wb‡q Av‡m Zv ûeû Uz‡K †j`v kiYv_x© wkwe‡ii av‡i Kuv‡` †ivwn½v igYx `iw` wek` †Pv‡L Av‡b †mB Qwe †e`bvi weeiYx iv¯Ívq-iv¯Ívq †gnbwZ gvby‡li PjvP‡j †Mvcb K¨v‡givg¨vb wg‡k _v‡K ay‡jvi Av`‡j...

†Kv_vI hw` GKUz myL `yjvj miKvi †Kv_vI hw` GKUz myL †`wL jy‡d wbB g‡bi åg‡Yi †Kv_vI GKUz †k¦Zcv_i Zz‡j G‡b ivwL cÖwZkÖæwZ cvj‡bi iƒc‡iLv wb¯Íä Mnb †fvi, cvwL me K‡i ie cÖRvcwZ cvLv gy‡L †duvUv `yiƒn nvwmi †euvUv... K…òP‚ovi weij cÖwZ”Qwe AuvKv UzK‡iv UzK‡iv †XD R‡j w`wNi nvwm; c‡_i D`vm †iLv Zz‡j G‡b ivwL AvDkcvZv ZzjmxcvZvi NªvY, dêy b`xi Zx‡i Nv‡mi Ic‡i GKUz wRwi‡q †bIqv ïå evZvm; nVvr Av‡jv n‡q IVv Zzwg... KPzwii P‡K †`Lv †mB f¨vbx mv`v eK Wvbvi cÖ¯‘wZ; Avnv, c‡U emv m~h©v‡¯Íi MwjZ jvfvq jvj b`xi Rxeb, Ôn‡e RqÕ GiKg Mv‡b †mŠi †¯^vcvwR©Zvi gy‡L Av‡av Av‡av eywj Rxeb iPbvi †ÿ‡Î kÖgkxj Rxebe„ËvšÍ †Kv‡bv gMœ gv‡V MÖwš’Z cvV K…lv‡Yi myLexR gbyl¨ evbv‡bi KviæKvR... cvj‡U hvevi †mB wPivqZ mZ¨ I my›`‡ii g‡Zv c_ Zz‡j G‡b ivwL †kÖô e`j¸‡jv| 69

Rq evsjv Rq e½eÜz Avwgbyi ingvb myjZvb bRiæ‡ji Mv‡b Zzwg †c‡qwQ‡j Rq evsjvi cÖv‡Yi aŸwb Zv‡K Zzwg Zz‡j w`‡j msMÖvgxi K‡É K‡É ¯^vaxbZvi †møvMv‡b gyw³i wgwQ‡j| gyw³i Rb¨B msMÖvgx †h c_ †m c_ `xN©B nq, AÜKviI; gvby‡li i‡³ †fRv| A_P G-c_ cv‡q wb‡q ¯^vaxbmËvq evwo †divi Djøv‡m Zzwg Zuv‡K wPwb‡q‡Qv, gv_v DuPz K‡i †nu‡U‡Q evOvwj mv‡o mvZ †KvwU| mvZB gvP© †Zvgvi DRvo Kiv fv‡jvevmv mËvq mvnmx ¯^cœ †c‡q hvq Aw¯Í‡Z¡ c~Y©Zv wgwQ‡j aŸwbZ nq gyw³gš¿ Rq evsjv Rq e½eÜz| 70

gyw³hy‡× Suvwc‡q covi Ac~e© eÜ‡b Qz‡U Pjv c_NvU, nvU-gvV, Lvj-wej, b`x-bvjv gvwo‡q †SvcSvo M‡o‡Q A¨vg&eyk, kÎæ wkwe‡i †Mwijv AvµgY KL‡bv m¤§yLhy×| jÿ¨ GK I Awfbœ QvweŸ‡k gv‡P©i cÖ_g cÖn‡i †Zvgvi †NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZv hvi bvg| g„Zz¨gq GKvËi ZviciI cÖej weµ‡g evovq i‡³i DËvc g‡b Rv‡M Av‡jvob ey‡K Pvcv gvwU Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wg‡k hvq| †evev A¯¿ †mI Aw¯Í‡Z¡i fvlv †ev‡S eoB Avcb †m kÎæi gy‡LvgywL †hb †evevB †evevi `ytL †ev‡S| wcÖqZgv Av‡Mœqv¯¿ m‡½ exi gyw³‡hv×v weRq AR©b wb‡q N‡i †d‡i GKvË‡ii †lv‡jvB wW‡m¤^i|

Zzwg hv w`‡q‡Qv RxebgyLx msMÖv‡gi mv‡_ †e‡o IVv mÜ¨v †_‡K †fvi †fZ‡i †fZi e‡q Pjv Li‡mªvZv b`x| ZviciI `viæY AÜKvi †b‡g Av‡m cuPvË‡ii c‡b‡ivB AvM÷ Zv‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB NUbv ejv hv‡e bv wech©‡qi gy‡L †K‡UwQj Kv‡jv ivZ| †RvQbv Qov‡e bv Avi GiKgB g‡b n‡qwQj cÖwZev`x wgwQj wQj bv ZvB †Zvgvi mc‡ÿ ùvovevi wcZv †Zvgvi i‡³i FY Avgv‡ì †PZbvi Ni dm‡ji fiv †ÿZ n‡q I‡V ZLb eywSwb| Avgv‡ì †eva Gfv‡eB †fuvZv n‡q nvwi‡q‡Q wgwQ‡ji kw³ I mvnm|

gvbyl †Kb †h fz‡j hvq Avcb mËvi Mvb ¯§i‡Yi w`b| †Zvgvi cÖRb¥ Nywg‡q hvqwb wcZv †PZbvi Av‡jvq Auvavi †K‡U †K‡U `uvwo‡qwQ ïå †g‡Ni nvIqvq gv‡qi meyR AuvP‡j dz‡U‡Q i³Rev cuPvË‡ii Mfxi ÿZ Avi †kvK ZvB wcZv _vgv‡Z cv‡iwb engvb †PZbvi †mªvZ †PZbvi b`x g‡i bv e‡q hvq wbiewa wcZv Avgv‡`i ¯^cœ I mvnm †fvi n‡q †R‡M Av‡Q †hfv‡e GKz‡k †R‡MwQj fvlvi kwn` I msMÖvgx huviv dv¸‡bi Av¸b wb‡q †`ªvnx GKvË‡ii DËvj gv‡P© Rq evsjvi wgwQj n‡q †R‡MwQj msMÖvgx RbZv Rq evsjv Rq e½eÜzi ûsKv‡i †b‡gwQj iYv½‡b exi gyw³‡hv×v| 71

`ywU KweZv mv‡eiv Zvevmmyg Pz¤^K Ask 1 hw` mgq _v‡K, †n Rxeb, Avmyb GB Pz¤^K AskLvwb cwo cÖRb¥ †Zvgv‡K Kx †`q? cÖ_gevi `ya`uvZ b‡o DV‡j wZb‡U AvOzj gy‡L cy‡i Av›`vR K‡i eywj‡q nuv K‡i _vKv †Q‡j‡K Avk¦¯Í Kwi, e¨_vi mv‡_ Zv‡K †cvl gvbvB, Zvici nu¨vPKv Uv‡b Zz‡j Avwb, nu¨v AveŸv †hgb K‡i Avb‡Zb Ñ mgq ey‡S gy‡Q Avgvi nv‡Z w`‡q ej‡Zb, bvI GUv GLb †Zvgvi mvg‡j wb‡Z wb‡Z †Q‡j cÖkœ K‡i, Kx Avb‡j gv, †`wL? nvZ e`‡j Ii Zvjy‡Z wRwbmUv †i‡L ewj, wKQy bv evevB, mvnm!

Pz¤^K Ask 2 wkïgyL, Zzwg Avgvi Rxe‡b A‡jŠwKK ˆefe n‡q G‡j wkïgyL, Zzwg e¨MÖ-e¨vKzj ïavI, Ô†Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q?Õ ewj, ÔR¡i, evevÕ ÔR¡i †K, nu¨v?Õ ewj, ÔR¡i †KD bv|Õ ÔKx K‡i G‡jv? cuvwR, †Zvgv‡K Kó †`qÕ Ñ wkïgyL Pvq †R‡b wb‡Z, ÔR¡i †Kv_vq _v‡K?Õ Zzwg A‡jŠwKK ˆefe n‡q G‡j, wkïgyL ewj, ÔR¡i evÇvq _v‡K|Õ

cÖeÜ

evsjv‡`k : MZKvj, AvR, AvMvgxKvj

ï×wPšÍvi gvbyl : mbrKzgvi mvnv

kwn`yj Bmjvg

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weÁvb

AvaywbK weÁvb I `k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K k~b¨Zvi ¯^iƒc

Kvbb cyiKvq¯’

sjvq Bs‡iwR ÔVacuumÕ kãwU‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i k~b¨Zv| wMÖK `vk©wbKiv evqyi Abycw¯’wZ‡K k~b¨Zvi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, k~b¨Zv n‡”Q evqyk~b¨| Avi Kv‡iv g‡Z, k~b¨Zv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQy †bB| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, m„wói D™¢e n‡q‡Q k~b¨Zv †_‡K, hv‡K AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvbxiv e‡j‡Qb Ñ ÔCreation of something out of nothingÕ| FK&‡e‡ì1 beg gÐj 129 m~‡Î D‡jøL i‡q‡Q †h, Ô†mKv‡j hv †bB ZvI wQj bv, hv Av‡Q ZvI wQj bv| c„w_ex wQj bv, AwZ`~i we¯Ívi AvKvkI wQj bv| AveiY K‡i Ggb Kx wQj? †Kv_vq Kvi ¯’vb wQj?Õ GB gnvwe‡k¦i m„wó wb‡q FK&‡e` bvbv m„wóZ‡Ë¡i D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| GB m~‡Î Av‡iv D‡jøL i‡q‡Q †h, Ôme©cÖ_‡g AÜKv‡ii Øviv AÜKvi Ave„Z wQj| mg¯ÍB wPýewR©Z I PZzw`©‡K Rjgq wQj| Awe`¨gvb e¯‘ Øviv †m me©e¨vcx Av”Qbœ wQj|Õ GB ÔAwe`¨gvbÕ e¯‘wU Kx? G-ai‡bi cÖkœ wb‡q weZ‡K©i †kl †bB| AvaywbK weÁvb, wMÖK `k©b I Dcwbl‡ì Av‡jv‡K GB k~b¨Zvi ¯îƒc A‡š^lY Kiv G-cÖe‡Üi jÿ¨|

`yB wLªóc~e© 600 A‡ã wMÖK `vk©wbK †_Bjm (Thales)2 k~b¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, ÔSomething can’t

emerge from nothing, nor can things disappear from nothingÕ| wMÖK hyw³ev`xiv cÖkœ †Zv‡jb, ÔDoes thinking about nothing make it something?Õ wMÖK `vk©wbK Av‡iv g‡b K‡ib Ñ ÔNothing means absence of somethingÕ| †_Bjm ÔhylogismÕ-G wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx cÖvY †_‡K e¯‘‡K

A_ev e¯‘ †_‡K cÖvY‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv Ges GB wek¦eªþv‡Ði mewKQyB Ck¦‡ii cÖKvk| Z‡e cÖkœ n‡jv, GB wek¦eªþvÐ †Kv_v †_‡K m„wó n‡jv| †_Bj‡mi g‡Z, G mewKQy Rj †_‡K m„wó n‡q‡Q| †_Bj‡mi QvÎ `vk©wbK G‡bw·g¨vÛvi (Anximander) †_Bj‡mi m‡½ wØgZ †cvlY K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, wek¦eªþvÐ Rj †_‡K m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv, eis wek¦eªþvÐ †Kv‡bv Ae¯‘ ev ÔImmaterialÕ †_‡K RvZ| GB Ae¯’v‡K G‡bw·g¨vÛvi ÔprincipleÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| Avgiv A¨vwi÷U‡ji Physics MÖ‡š’I cvB Ñ Ôeverything

is either a principle or derived from a principle, but

the limitless has no principle for then it would be a limit. It is ingenerated and indestructible and so is a principleÕ| G‡bw·g¨vÛv‡ii QvÎ G‡bw·‡gbvm (Anaximenes) GB ÔprincipleÕ-†K ej‡jb Ôlimitless airÕ| Zuvi g‡Z,

mewKQy evqy †_‡K m„wó n‡q‡Q| cieZx©Kv‡j A¨vwi÷U‡ji QvÎ w_I‡d«Uvm (Theophrastus) G‡bw·‡gbv‡mi aviYv‡K eY©bv K‡ib Gfv‡e Ñ ÔBeing made rarer (or finer) air becomes fire, being

made thicker it becomes wind, the cloud then when thickened still more water, the earth, then stones, and the rest comes into being from these.Õ

A_©vr evqy †_‡K AwMœ, AwMœ †_‡K evqycÖevn, Zv †_‡K †gN, Rj, f‚wg, cv_i BZ¨vw`i m„wó n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K `vk©wbK †nivwK¬Uvm (Heraclitus) D‡jøL K‡ib †h, wek¦eªþv‡Ði mewKQy AwMœ †_‡K m„wó n‡q‡Q|

wZb

wLªóc~e© 500 A‡ã `vk©wbK Ggwc‡WvK‡jm‡K (Empedocles)3 cÖkœ Kiv nq Ñ evqy wK GKwU c`v_©, bv k~b¨¯’vb? ZLb Ggwc‡WvK‡jm m„wói †gŠwjK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© ej‡jb, GB wek¦eªþvÐ evqy, Rj, AwMœ I f‚wg Ñ GB Pvi Dcv`v‡b ˆZwi| ZvQvov, k~b¨¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q evqyi †P‡q nvjKv ÔB_viÕ bv‡g GK ai‡bi c`v_©| k~b¨Zv gv‡b B_v‡i c~Y©| Aciw`‡K wMÖK `vk©wbK G‡b·‡Mvivm (Anaxagoras) k~b¨¯’v‡bi aviYv‡K m¤ú~Y© evwZj K‡i †`b| Zuvi g‡Z, m„wó n‡”Q wek„•Lj Ae¯’v †_‡K m„ó GK ai‡bi myk„•Lj Ae¯’v| k~b¨Zv †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQyi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, G-ai‡bi aviYv‡K wMÖK `vk©wbK †W‡gvwµUvmI eR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e †W‡gvwµUvm k~b¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| Zuvi A¨vUwgK ZË¡ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv e¯‘ k~b¨¯’vb Ges AmsL¨ AwefvR¨ KYv ev cigvYyi mgwó| †W‡gvwµUvm g‡b Ki‡Zb ev¯ÍeZv ev ÔrealityÕ-i i‡q‡Q ˆØZ mËv| GKwU n‡jv ÔbeingÕ †hgb cigvYy Ges AciwU n‡jv Ônot beingÕ A_©vr k~b¨Zv| cigvYy‡K MwZkxj n‡Z n‡j G `y‡qiB cÖ‡qvRb| †ivgvb Kwe jywµUvm (Lucretius) †W‡gvwµUv‡mi ZË¡‡K Kíbv K‡ib Gfv‡e, cigvYy¸‡jv GKwU û‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ GKwUi m‡½ AciwU hy³| jywµUvm Av‡iv ej‡Zb, ÔNothing can be created from nothingÕ| Dcwbl‡`i Ôevqy m~‡Î Muv_vÕ Ñ aviYvi m‡½ Avgiv jywµUv‡mi Kíbvi wgj Lyu‡R cvB| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, †nivwK¬Uvm (wLªóc~e© 540-480) evqy m~‡Îi aviYv‡K bv gvb‡jI wMÖK `k©‡b wZwb GKwU bZzb c‡_i mÜvb †`b| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb, cwieZ©b n‡”Q cÖK…wZi GKgvÎ ¯^fve| Zuvi fvlvq, ÔAll things are in a state of fluxÕ| GKUz D`vniY w`‡q wZwb e‡jb, ÔYou can not step into the same river twice, for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you|Õ GLv‡b Avgiv AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi ˆØZ mËvi aviYv cvB| †hgb ev¯ÍeZv wfbœ n‡jI GK Ges Awfbœ| D`vniY¯^iƒc †Ugm b`x‡Z hw` †KD cv iv‡L, Zvici Zz‡j †d‡j Ges Avevi cv iv‡L, Zvn‡j cÖ_gevi cv †h-Rj ¯úk© Ki‡e, wØZxqevi †m-Rj n‡e wfbœ| ZvB ev¯ÍeZv wfbœ, wKš‘ †Ugm b`x Awfbœ| A¨vwi÷Uj hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ k~b¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †h †bB, Zv cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, k~b¨ e‡j hw` wKQy _v‡K Ges Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQy ivLv m¤¢e nq, Zvn‡j GKB ¯’vb I Kv‡j k~b¨¯’vb e‡j wKQy _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖK…wZ k~b¨Zv‡K cwinvi K‡i| †m›U AMvw÷b Zuvi Confessions MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡ib Ñ ÔIt was

not absolute nothingness, it was a kind of formlessness without any definition... True reasoning convinced me

that I should wholly subtract all remnants of every kind of form if I wished to conceive the absolutely formless. I could not achieve thisÕ A_©vr †m›U AMvw÷b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c

k~b¨ †Kv‡bv wKQyi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K Avwe®‹vi Kivi †Póv K‡iI e¨_© nb| †i‡b †`KvZ© (Rene Descartes) Zuvi Discourse of Method MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡ib Ñ ÔI am in a sense something intermediate between God and naught.’4 e¯‘Z †`KvZ© k~b¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Zb| Zvi KviY wn‡m‡e Avgiv cvB †h, wZwb k~b¨Zv‡K fq Ki‡Zb Ges fq †_‡KB D‡cÿv| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv †`Kv‡Z©i m‡½ A¨vwi÷U‡ji wgj Lyu‡R cvB| Z‡e Avgiv †`Kv‡Z©i Ab¨vb¨ iPbvq †hgb Meditations and other metaphysical writtings-G jÿ Kwi, wZwb k~b¨Zvq Ck¦‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Amxg‡K (infinite) Dcjwä Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|5 ÔM¨vwjwjI cÖ_g cixÿY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ k~b¨Zv cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI †`Lvb †h, evZv‡mi IRb Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv cvÎ †_‡K evZvm P‡j †M‡j Zvi IRb K‡g hvq| hw`I M¨vwjwjI evZvmk~b¨ cvÎ cixÿY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡Z e¨_© nb, Zuvi QvÎ Uwi‡mwj (Toricelli) 1643 wLªóv‡ã GKwU wUDe Ges cvi‡`i mvnv‡h¨ k~b¨Zv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg_© nb| weÁvbx c¨vm‡Kj (Blaise Pascal) cieZx©Kv‡j d«v‡Ý Uwi‡mwji cixÿvi cybive„wË K‡ib| c¨vm‡Kj Zuvi Pensees MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ñ ÔWhat is man

in nature? Nothing in relation to the infinite, everything in relation to nothing, a mean between nothing and everything|6 e¯‘Z k~b¨Zv wb‡q c¨vm‡K‡ji cixÿvi ci †_‡KB

GwU weÁvbx‡`i M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ n‡q I‡V| k~b¨Zv wb‡q weÁvbx Ges `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ wPšÍvfvebvi wK †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q? wewkó Rvg©vb `vk©wbK wn‡`Mvi (Heidegger) g‡b K‡ib Ñ Ônothingness is not a problem

for science and can be of no interest to it; for science it is simply a word meaning that something is not there|Õ wn‡`Mvi Nothingness-Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| eis wZwb

ej‡Zb, Avgv‡`i G-welqwU Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| Aciw`‡K hy³iv‡R¨i †R¨vwZwe©` m¨vi gvwU©b wi‡Ri (Martin Rees) g‡Z, ÔTo physicist vacuum has all particles and forces latent

in it. It’s far richer substance than the philosopher’s nothing.Õ7 gvwU©b wi‡Ri e³‡e¨ Avgiv k~b¨Zvi ÔlatentÕ ev

myß Ae¯’vi mÜvb cvB Ges k~b¨Zv †h k~b¨ bq, ZvI g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| GB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb, †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K GLb k~b¨Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Av‡jvPbv Kie|

Pvi

AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡b k~b¨Zv‡K `yfv‡e fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv (Quantum Vacuum) Ges AciwU nj K¬vwmK¨vj k~b¨Zv (Classical Vacuum)| Gi wek` e¨vL¨vi Av‡M Avgv‡`i Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZvi m~Î (Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle)| GB m~Îg‡Z †Kv‡bv KYvi Ae¯’vb ev fi‡eM ev ÔMomentumÕ GKB mg‡q wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e bq| nvB‡RbevM© g‡b K‡ib, ÔThe making

of measurement alters the state of the object being measuredÕ|8 MvwYwZKfv‡e ejv hvq †h, hw` †Kv‡bv KYvi Ae¯’vb †Kv‡bv wKQy †_‡K ÔrÕ `~i‡Z¡ i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq, Zvn‡j Zvi fi‡eM cwigv‡ci AwbðqZvi cwigvY n‡e ÔpÕ| GB ÔrÕ Ges ÔpÕ-Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡”Q Ôpxr = h’ GB (h)-†K ejv nq cø¨vs‡Ki aªæeK| GwU cÖK…wZi GKwU aªæeK (Constant), hvi cwigvY GZ †QvU †h, e„nr c`v_© ev Ômacroscopic objectÕ-Gi †ÿ‡Î Zvi

†Kv‡bv g~j¨ bv _vK‡jI AYy-cigvYyi †ÿ‡Î GB aªæeK Zv‡`i

¯^fve‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| MvwYwZKfv‡e Gi cwigvY nj 6.6 x 1022 wgwj B‡jKUªb †fvë| nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZvi m~ÎwU kw³ I mg‡qi wn‡m‡eI cÖKvk Kiv hvq| KviY †Kvqv›Uvgwe‡k¦ ¯’vb Ges fi‡eM‡K h_vµ‡g mgq I kw³i m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv †h MvwYwZK m¤úK© †`L‡Z cvB Zv n‡jv Ñ ÔAExAr = hÕ hw` ÔArÕ †QvU n‡Z _v‡K, A_©vr mg‡qi cwieZ©b Kg‡Z _v‡K, ÔAEÕ ax‡i ax‡i †e‡o hvq| G-Ae¯’vq Am`KYv-cÖwZKYv †Rvov (virtual particle-antiparticle pair) m„wó nq| †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq GB Am` ev¯ÍeZv‡K (virtual reality) A‡b‡K Ôcosy cosmologyÕ-Gi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Q A_©vr GB wek¦eªþvÐ n‡”Q µgweeZ©bkxj wØgvwÎK wj‡½i cÖKvk, †hgb Ñ †g‡q-†Q‡j (female-male), †XD KYv (wave particle), wek„•Lj-myk„•Lj (chaos-order BZ¨vw`| †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq G-ai‡bi KYv-cÖwZKYv cÖwZwbqZ m„wó n‡”Q Avevi aŸsm n‡”Q| ZvB †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv memgq mwµq| G-ai‡bi wµqvKjvc K¬vwmK¨vj k~b¨Zvq †bB| D‡jøL¨, †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv mvaviYfv‡e A`„k¨gvb| Z‡e GwU GKwU gva¨g ev ÔmediumÕ-Gi g‡Zv| A‡bKUv GKwU cv‡Î ivLv AwZ ¯^”Q R‡ji g‡Zv| GB cvÎ‡K bvov w`‡j †hgb R‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`Lv hvq ev Abyfe Kiv hvq, wVK †Zgwb †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv‡K Zwor-Pz¤^Kxq e‡ji mvnv‡h¨ bvov w`‡j Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K Abyfe Kiv hvq Ges Gi MVb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv †_‡K †h †dvUb KYv †ewi‡q Av‡m, Zv IB k~b¨Zvi Z_¨ enb K‡i| †Kvqv›Uvg B‡jK‡UªvWvqbvwg‡· †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq †PŠ¤^K ej‡K cÖevwnZ Ki‡j †h-NUbv¸‡jv N‡U, Zv g¨v·y‡q‡ji mgxKiY Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Wvbv †Rvnvi (Danah Zohar) Zuvi The Quantum Self MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ñ ÔThe quantum vacuum is very

inappropriately named because it is not empty. Rather it is the basic, fundamental and underlying reality of which in this universe Ñ including ourselves Ñ is an expressionÕ|9 c`v_©weÁvbx c¨vwUªK IqvjUvi Ges Uwb †ni fvlvq, Ôinstead of a place where nothing happens, the empty box should now be regarded as a bubbling soap of a virtual particle/ anti-particle pairs|Õ Av‡gwiKvb c`v_©weÁvbx †WwfW eg (David Bohm) Ges Gd †WwfW wcU (F. David Peat) GB †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv‡K ‘zero point energy’ Ae¯’vi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡ib| Zuv‡`i fvlvq Ñ ÔCurrent quantum field theory implies that what appears to be empty space contains an immense ‘zero point energy’ coming from all the quantum field that are contained in this space, Matter is then a relatively small wave or disturbance on top of this ocean of energy|Õ10 myZivs †Kvqv›Uvg

c`v_©weÁv‡bi aviYv †_‡K Avgiv cvB †h, †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq we`¨gvb kw³i cwigvY GB wek¦eªþv‡Ði mg¯Í e¯‘ KYvi kw³i cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk| Z‡e GKRb weÁvbx cixÿY c×wZ Øviv †Kv‡bv wKQy wbwðZ n‡Z wek¦vmx| ZvB K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi wnDR wimvP© j¨ve‡iUwii weÁvbx ievU© diIqvW© (Robert Forward) †`Lvb †h, †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv †_‡K ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ AvniY Kiv m¤¢e| Zvi djvdj Physics Review Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| mg¯Í m„wói kw³ GB Ôzero point energyÕ-†Z wbwnZ| GB kw³B eªþ¯^iƒc| BwZc~‡e© Avgiv D‡jøL K‡iwQ, Gi MVb‡KI gvbyl Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mnvqKkw³| GB kw³ Amxg| Amx‡gi Abyf‡eB Avb›`| ZvB †Zv Avgiv Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl‡` cvB, †hLv‡b Amxg †mLv‡bB Avb›`, mxgvi gv‡S Avb›` †bB|11 MvwYwZK Km‡gvjwR÷ eªvqvb myBg (Brain Swimme) †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q D‡jøL K‡ib, †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv †_‡K

weM e¨vs Ges Gi hvÎvc‡_ N‡U †Kvqv›Uvg IVv-bvgv ev Quantum fluctuation| Gi KviY AcÖwZmvg¨ Ae¯’vq m„wó nIqv| A_©vr

cÖwZ wewjqb Gw›U‡cÖvU‡b i‡q‡Q GKwU AwZwi³ †cÖvUb, hv‡K ejv nq billion plus one †cÖvUb| †Kvqv›Uvg we‡k¦ GB AcÖwZmvg¨Zvi Kvi‡Y GB mewKQyi m„wó| myZivs cÖwZmvg¨ Ae¯’v †_‡K AcÖwZmvg¨ Ae¯’vi iƒcvšÍi Ges Zv †_‡KB m„wó| eªvqvb g‡b K‡ib, Avgv‡ì Qvqvc_, Av‡›`ªvwg`v Ges mewKQy gvB‡µv †¯‹‡j GB ÔFluctuationÕ-Gi Kvi‡YB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|12 ZvQvov weM e¨vs †h n‡q‡Q Zvi wZbwU cÖgvY Avgv‡ì nv‡Z i‡q‡Q| GK. Ab¨vb¨ M¨vjvw·i w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvq, Zviv Avgv‡ì Qvqvc_ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q| `yB. 1965 mv‡j †cbwRqvm Ges M¨v‡gv ÔgvB‡µvI‡qf e¨vKMÖvDÛ †iwW‡qkbÕ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib, hv RR© M¨v‡gv I †jwgwÎ ZvwË¡Kfv‡eI MYbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZb. gnvwe‡k¦i ïiæ‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, wnwjqvg Ges wjw_qvg M¨v‡mi cÖvavb¨ wQj|13 G-ai‡bi nvjKv †gŠwjK c`v_©B †m-mgq ˆZwi nIqv m¤¢e wQj| cixÿvc×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Zv cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| myZivs aŸsm I m„wói †bc‡_¨ †h-kw³ KvR K‡i Zv‡K RR© †jwgwÎ 1929 mv‡j e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔCosmic eggÕ hv e¯‘ Ges kw³i AšÍwb©wnZ iƒc, hv‡K A¨vwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v A_ev AMvw÷qv‡bi wek¦vm Øviv cy‡ivcywi AvZ¥¯’ Kiv bv †M‡jI cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †e`všÍ, Dcwbl` Ges ivgK…ò we‡eKvb›` fvebvq †h GB aviYvi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq, †m-m¤ú‡K© GLb Av‡jvKcvZ Kie|

cuvP

Avgiv AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi k~b¨Zvi m‡½ Dcwbl‡` ewY©Z bvbv `k©‡bi wgj Lyu‡R cvB| ¯^vgx †jv‡Kk¦ivb›` †k¦Zv k¦Zi Dcwbl‡`i14 GKwU †¯Ív‡Îi (bs 5/3) e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q D‡jøL K‡ib, Ô†e`všÍ g‡Z m„wó I aŸsm, A_©vr RM‡Zi e¨³ nIqv Ges Ae¨³ Ae¯’vq wd‡i hvIqvÕ Ñ G AbšÍKvj a‡iB Pj‡Q| eªþv GKevi GB RMr‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, Avevi wKQyw`b c‡i Zv‡K ¸wU‡q wb‡”Qb| wKš‘ ¸wU‡q †bIqv gv‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e aŸsm K‡i †djv bq, GK Ae¯’v †_‡K Av‡iK Ae¯’vq hvIqv| Zv‡K iƒcvšÍiI ejv hvq| RMr KL‡bv e¨³ A_©vr cÖKvwkZ Avevi KL‡bv Ae¨³ ev AcÖKvwkZ| wKš‘ cÖK…Z webvk e‡j wKQy †bB| †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq Pj‡Q G-ai‡bi cÖwµqv| e¨³ nIqv ev Ae¨³ Ae¯’vq wd‡i hvIqv| hLbB e¨³ nq, ZLbB Avgiv ewj Ôcreation of something out of nothingÕ| hw`I Avgiv Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq jÿ K‡iwQ, k~b¨Zv gv‡b k~b¨ bq, †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q KYv-cÖwZKYvi jxjv‡Ljv| wewkó MwYZwe` iRvi †cb‡ivRI g‡b K‡ib, Ôthere is always something rather than nothing|Õ †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨ZvI ZvB| Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl‡`11 Avgiv Gi my¯úó D‡jøL cvB 3/19/1 †køv‡K Ñ Avw`Z¨ eªþwZ Av‡`kt Z‡m¨vce¨vL¨v bs-Amr G‡e`gMÖ Avmxr, Zr mr Avmxr, Zr mgfer, Zr AvšÍs wbieZ©Z, Zr m¤^fmim¨ gvÎvb AkqZ, Zr wbiwf`¨Z, †Z AvÛ Kcv‡j iRZs P myeY©s Pv fiZvg| A_©vr Avw`Z¨B eªþv| GB RMr cÖ_‡g bvgiƒcwenxb Amr Ae¯’vq Ae¨³ wKš‘ m~² Ae¯’vq wQj| Zvici exR †_‡K †hfv‡e A¼z‡iv˜Mg nq †Zgwb ax‡i ax‡i GB RMr cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖ_‡g wW¤^vKvi iƒc aviY Kij| GB Ae¯’vq GK eQi _vKvi ci †mB wW¤^ `yfv‡M wef³ n‡jv Ñ GK fvM †iŠc¨gq, Aci fvM myeY©gq| GLv‡b jÿYxq †h, Avgiv GB †køv‡K Ôcosmic eggÕ A_ev

Ôvirtual realityÕ-G mewKQyi aviYv cvB| ¯^vgx †jv‡Kk¦ivb›` GB †køv‡Ki e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q D‡jøL K‡ib, †e`všÍg‡Z k~b¨ †_‡K wKQy m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB RMr Av‡M exRvKv‡i wQj, bvgiƒ‡ci c‡i Ae¨³ Ae¯’vq wQj| kÖxkÖx ivgK…ò K_vg„„‡ZI15 Avgiv GB fvebvi wbh©vm cvB| kÖxivgK…ò Mí”Q‡j ej‡Zb, Ôevoxi eyox‡ì GKUv nuvwo _v‡K| Zv‡Z Zuviv me iK‡gi exR Zz‡j iv‡L| mgq Abyhvqx nuvwo †_‡K exR¸‡jv †ei K‡i Rwg‡Z Qwo‡q †`q| †mB exR †_‡K MvQ nq, MvQ dj a‡i, d‡ji g‡a¨ Avevi exR _v‡K Ges †mB exR Avevi mÂq K‡i iv‡L| GB m„wóPµ Gfv‡eB Pj‡Q|Õ GLv‡b Ae¨³ †_‡K e¨³ nIqv Ges Ôcyclic universeÕ-Gi †h mv¤úÖwZK aviYv cj w÷bnv÷© (Paul Steinhardt) Ges wbj ZziK (Neil Turok) Zuv‡ì Endless Universe16 MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zvi m‡½ mvhyR¨ i‡q‡Q| kÖxkÖx ivgK…ò K_vg„‡Z Avgiv jÿ Kwi, kÖxkÖx ivgK…ò e‡j‡Qb, ÔÁvbxiv hv‡K eªþ e‡j, †hvMxiv Zv‡KB AvZ¥v e‡j, Avi f³iv Zv‡KB fMevb e‡j|Õ GLv‡b Avgiv ch©‡eÿYwbf©i m‡Zï mÜvb cvB| Ávb mZ¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e aªæe mZ¨B mZ¨| cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b Avgiv cvB gvbegb I wek¦eªþv‡Ði g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i †h †mB Ávb I mZ¨ GK wRwbm bq| ïay Ávb aªæe mZ¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ev¯ÍeZv A_©vr Ôfeeling of existence’ Ges ev¯ÍeZvi Ávb A_©vr Ôthe reality of knowledgeÕ G‡K Ac‡ii m¤ú~iK I cwic~iK| ZvB jywµUvm (Lucretius) ej‡Zb, ÔThe nature of phenomena can’t be understood by the eyes|Õ eªþv, AvZ¥v Ges fMevb GB Îqx aviYvi g~j n‡”Q eªþ| GB m‡Zï ev¯ÍeZv ch©‡eÿYwbf©i bq, hwÌ ch©‡eÿK GB ev¯ÍeZv‡K bvbvfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| KL‡bv ev¯ÍeZvi ˆØZ ¯^fve _vK‡Z cv‡i, hv Avgiv †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vq †`‡LwQ| wKš‘ aªæe mZ¨ ev Ôabsolute truthÕ me mgq GK| ZvB ejwQ †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv hw` mZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j eªþI mZ¨| GB m‡Zï Dcjwä mnR KvR bq| kÖxkÖx ivgK…ò e‡j‡Qb, Ô†h Ávbx Ávb‡hvM a‡i Av‡Q, †m †bwZ †bwZ GB wePvi K‡i| eªþ G bq, I bq, Rxe bq, RMr bq| GB iƒc wePvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z hLb gb w¯’i nq, g‡bi jq nq, mgvwa nq, ZLb eªþÁvb|Õ eªþÁv‡bB †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Abyf‚Z n‡e| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb µgweeZ©bkxj cÖ‡PZbv (consciousness)| wd«rRd Kvdiv Zuvi The Tao of Physics MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡ib,

The central aim of eastern mysticism is to experience all phenomena in the world as manifestations of the same ultimate reality. This reality is seen as the essence of the universe underlying and unifying the multitude of things and events we observe. The Hindus call it Brahman, the Buddhists Dharmakaya and the Taoists Tao|17 GB P‚ovšÍ ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ wg_w®Œqv NUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb

cÖ‡PZbv| ZvB †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv‡K Avwg eje gvbweK cÖ‡PZbv (Human consciousness) Ges Ck¦ixq cÖ‡PZbvi (God consciousness)-g‡a¨ GKwU †mZzeÜ| AvBb÷vB‡bi mvaviY Av‡cwÿK ZË¡ Ges †mªv‡qwWb&Rv‡ii (Schrodinger) mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Gi Av‡iv wek` e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvwi, hv Ab¨Î Av‡jvPbv Kiv hv‡e| AvBb÷vBb ej‡Zb, RxebUv n‡”Q GKwU mvB‡Kj Pvjv‡bvi g‡Zv| Zuvi fvlvq, ÔLife

is riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep movingÕ| ZvB fvimvg¨ iÿvi Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi

MwZ| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv jÿ K‡iwQ, †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq Pj‡Q cÖwZwbqZ wµqv-cÖwZwµqv| wek¦eªþv‡Ði fvimvg¨ iÿvi Rb¨B Gi wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi cÖ‡qvRb| Avevi m„wói cÖ‡qvR‡b mvg¨ Ae¯’v †_‡K Amvg¨ Ae¯’vq hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| ZvB divwm `vk©wbK mv‡Î©i Being and Nothingness MÖ‡š’ mvg¨ I Amvg¨ GB `yB Ae¯’vi AbyiYb jÿ Kwi|

divwm MwYZwe` †jBbwbR (Leibniz)-Gi g‡Z, mZ¨ `yai‡bi i‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡jv ÔTruths of reasoning’, Ges AciwU n‡jv ÔTruths of faithÕ| †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zv‡K Avgv‡ì Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j G `y‡qiB cÖ‡qvRb| m‡Zï GB ˆØZ mËv †_‡KB Avgiv GK Ges AwØZxq aªæe m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z cvwi| Avi GB A‡š^l‡Yi c‡_ i‡q‡Q AwbðqZv, hv Avgiv nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZvi m~Î †_‡K Rvwb| AwbðqZvi c_ a‡i weÁvbxi A‡š^lY| weÁvbxi wek¦vmc×wZ‡Z Ges AwbwðZ c×wZi wePvi-we‡køl‡Y| ZvB †Zv Kvj© ccvi (Karl Popper) ej‡Zb, ÔScience is perhaps the only human activates in which errors are systematically criticized|Õ GB c×wZwbf©i A‡š^l‡YB weÁvbxi Avb›` Avi ag©wek¦vmxi Avb›` wek¦v‡m| kÖxivgK…ò K_vg„‡Z Av‡Q Ñ Avb›`B eªþ| Avb›`‡K A_ev eªþ‡K wK cwigvc Kiv hvq? GwU Abyf‡ei welq| †Kvqv›Uvg k~b¨Zvq Ck¦ivbyf‚wZ‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì †ewk `~‡i †h‡Z n‡e bv| Avgv‡ì †e`, Dcwbl‡`B i‡q‡Q †m-c‡_i mÜvb| Avi GB AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Avgv‡ì µgweeZ©bkxj cÖ‡PZbv|

Z_¨m~Î 1. †e` mgMÖ, W. A‡jvK Kzgvi †mb-m¤úvw`Z, Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY, bvivqY cy¯ÍKvjq, KjKvZv 2010| 2. Nickloaos Bakalis, Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing, UK, 2005. 3. Martin Litchfield West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1971. 4. Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method and Meditations, Laurence J. Lefleur (trans.), New York 1960. 5. Rene Descartes, Meditations and Other Metaphysical Writings, Translated by Desmond M. Clarce, Penguin, UK 1999. 6. Blaise Pascal, Pensee and other writing, (Translated by Honor Levi), Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995. 7. Martin Rees, Before the Beginning : Our Universe and Other, Helix Books, London 1998. 8. Warner Heisenberg, A Scientists Case for the Classics, Harper Magazine, p 25-29, 1958. 9. Donnah Zohar, The Quantum Self, Flamingo, 1991. 10. A. Vilenkin, Creation of Universe for Nothing, Phys, Letts. 117B, 25, 1982.

11. Dcwbl` msMÖn, wPËiÄb †Nvlvj (msKjb I fvlvšÍi), MÖwš’K, KjKvZv 1987| 12. E. P Tryon, Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?, Nature, p 246, 396; 1973.

13. Paul Davis, God and the New Physics, Penguin, London, 1983.

14. Dcwbl`, ¯^vgx †jv‡Kk¦ivb›`, Avb›`, PZz_© gy`ªY, KjKvZv 2004| 15. kÖxkÖx ivgK…ò K_vg„Z, kÖxg-Kw_Z, wesk cybgy©`ªY, K_vg„Z feb, KjKvZv 2006| 16. Paul J Steinhardt & Neil Turok, Endless Universe & Beyond the Big Bang, Phoenix, UK 2008.

17. Fritz of Capra, The Tao of physics Flamingo, UK 1995. r

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Kweqvj weRq miKvi : AwgZ Zuvi cÖwZ¯úa©v wecøe evjv

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100

GZ Kv‡Q wQj †h, Avwg Rvbvjv w`‡q Avgvi eÜz bxjvi Lye wcÖq eB nvBwW; Avi ZLb †`Lv hvq wb‡Pi w`‡K ZvwK‡q cvwb‡Z Ny‡i-†eov‡bv A‡bKevi c‡o‡Q †m G-eB| Avi MÖvgwU gvQI †`L‡Z cvw”Qjvg| †`Lvi Rb¨ Zvi LyeB AvMÖn| MíwU Zvi MvQ¸‡jv †Kgb my›ì ‡bi †fZi Avgv‡ì Kvgivq hvÎxi gy‡L GKUz ï‡bB Avwg Ges MxZkÖxI meyR wPiæwbi kjvi g‡Zv wfo †Uª†Zgb wQj bv| Avgiv wZbR‡b AvMÖnx n‡q DVjvg| myZivs ïiæ n‡q †Mj weQv‡bv| Avevi KL‡bv wewfbœ wel‡q Mí Ki‡Z Ki‡Z hvw”Q| cwiKíbv Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi eë¯’v| GKmgq bxjv ¯§„wZ †_‡K Zz‡j Avbj wVK n‡jv myBRvij¨v‡Û bxjvi c‡ii Mvwo hvw”Qj G‡Kev‡i Zvi GK KóKi †UªbhvÎvi Kvwnwb Ñ hvÎv‡ZB hvIqv n‡e nvBwW MÖv‡g| †ÿ‡Zi avi †Nu‡l; ZLb †mevi †R‡bfvq MÖx®§ fv‡jv PjwQj; KjKvZv †_‡K RjcvB¸wo| †mevi Ii `xN© †iŠ`ªK‡iv¾¡j w`b Ges ¯^vfvwe‡Ki wQj `vwR©wjs‡q Mv‡bi Abyôvb| KjKvZv KvQ †_‡K AvOz‡ii Zzjbvq †ek Mig| †miKg GKwU w`‡b †_‡K Av‡iv `yRb wkíxi m‡½ †Uª‡b hvIqv, †_vKv¸‡jv Szj‡Z †R‡bfv †ij‡÷k‡b Rywi‡Li †Uª‡b Avi Kx †h wfo wQj †mB †Uª‡b Ñ †m-Mí †`Lv hvw”Qj| D‡V cojvg Avgiv wZbRb Ñ mgqUv KiwQj I| Avwg Rvwb bv, ZLb weavZv wK Avovj †_‡K nvmwQ‡jb Avi ejwQ‡jb, Ggbfv‡e †`‡L wbjvg †h, RywiL †b‡g †Zvgv‡ì †`Lve myBRvij¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv †`‡kI KL‡bv KL‡bv AvaNÈvi g‡a¨B cvIqv hv‡e gvB‡qb‡d‡ìi †Uªb| myBRvij¨v‡Ûi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i K_v †K bv Rv‡b| Avi weåvU N‡U †h‡Z cv‡i, Avi hvÎvq n‡Z cv‡i `y‡f©vM| fv‡Mï Zv Dc‡fvM Kivi GKwU fv‡jv Dcvq n‡”Q †Uª‡b ågY| Mvwo‡Z Kx cwinvm, †mUv †`L‡Z Avgv‡ì †ewk †`wi nqwb| †divi c‡_ †M‡j Mvwoi PvjK‡K †PvL ivL‡Z nq iv¯Ívq; ZvB mnhvÎxiv Avgv‡ì †cvnv‡Z n‡qwQj wKQyUv n‡jI `y‡f©vM| h_vmg‡q †cuŠ‡Q †Mjvg gvB‡qb‡dì| †QvÆ wQgQvg Dc‡fvM Ki‡jI Pvj‡Ki c‡¶ `ycv‡ki †mŠ›`h© †ewk †`Lv nq bv| Gevi ZvB Avgvi mwZ¨Kv‡ii my‡hvM n‡jv K¨v‡jÛv‡ii †÷kb| †h-†nv‡U‡j Avwg iæg eyK K‡iwQ Zvi GKwU Mvwo Qwei g‡Zv me `„k¨ †`Lvi Avi †m¸‡jv‡K g‡b †Mu‡_ ivLvi| Dcw¯’Z _vK‡e Avgv‡ì Rb¨ Ñ GiKg †evSvcov n‡qwQj RywiL †cuŠQv‡ZB cvi njvg `ywU eo †jK, AvOz‡ii †ÿZ Avi †gB‡ji gva¨‡g| wKš‘ †Kv_vq †mB Mvwo! cø¨vUdg© †_‡K †ewi‡q †Kv_vIev njy` dzj dz‡U _vKv m~h©gyLxi †ÿZ| †Kv_vI AvOz‡ii †÷k‡bi Avkcv‡k †miKg †Kv‡bv Mvwo †`L‡Z †cjvg bv| †ÿZ †ijjvBb †_‡K GKUz `~‡i; Avi ZLb †`Lv hvq MvQ¸‡jv K‡qKwU evm wewfbœ w`‡K hvIqvi Rb¨ ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| Zv‡ì †Kgb my›ì meyR wPiæwbi kjvi g‡Zv weQv‡bv| Avevi KL‡bv WªvBfviiv GKwU RvqMvq Mí¸Re Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì GKRb‡K Mvwo hvw”Qj G‡Kev‡i †ÿ‡Zi avi †Nu‡l; ZLb KvQ †_‡K wR‡Ám Kijvg Avgvi †nv‡U‡ji w`‡K †Kv‡bv evm hv‡e wKbv| AvOz‡ii †_vKv¸‡jv Szj‡Z †`Lv hvw”Qj| Zvi K_v †_‡K eyS‡Z cvijvg †h, GKwU evm †nv‡U‡ji KvQ †jK KL‡bv wQj nv‡Zi Wvbw`‡K, KL‡bv euvw`‡K| KL‡bv w`‡q hv‡e; wKš‘ evm †_‡K †b‡g wgwbUcuv‡PK nuvU‡Z n‡e| †`Lv hvw”Qj †Uªb †_‡K A‡bK wb‡P, Avevi KL‡bv G‡Kev‡i Avgv‡ì m‡½ Aí n‡jI gvjcÎ i‡q‡Q| Avgvi mnhvÎx `yRbB Kv‡Q| RywiL †_‡K gvB‡qb‡d‡ìi hvÎvi cÖ_‡gB †Uªb hvw”Qj gwnjv| Zvi Ici m~h© ZLb evsjv‡`‡ki g‡ZvB †ZR †`Lv‡”Q| †j‡Ki cvo †Nu‡l, †hLv‡b †jv‡Kiv †KD muvZvi KvUwQj, Avevi ZvB ev‡m hvIqvi wPšÍv ev` w`‡q cv‡k ùvwo‡q _vKv GKwU gvÎ †KD †KD ï‡q †iv` †cvnvw”Qj| GKUv RvqMvq †ijjvBb cvwbi U¨vw·i kiYvcbœ njvg| Zv‡Z Avgvi c‡K‡Ui Ici GKUz Pvc

101

co‡j Kx Avi Kiv hv‡e! †nv‡U‡j XzK‡ZB g‡b n‡jv Avgiv GKwU †i‡¯Íviuvi g‡a¨ Xz‡KwQ| jv‡Âi mgq e‡j †mLv‡b wQj L‡Ï‡ii wfo| cÖ_vMZ †Kv‡bv wi‡mckb bv †`‡L †mLv‡bB GKwU KvD›Uv‡i wM‡q wR‡Ám Kijvg Ñ GB †nv‡U‡ji wi‡mckb †Kv_vq? mvg‡bi gwnjvwU ej‡jb, GwUB wi‡mckb Ges Avgv‡ì eywKs Av‡Q ej‡ZB wZwb GKwU †jvK‡K †W‡K Avb‡jb| Avgvi bvg ej‡ZB †jvKwUi †Pnviv Ggb n‡jv †h, Zv †`‡L g‡b n‡jv, †÷k‡b Mvwo bv _vKvi Rb¨ Zvi wKQyUv n‡jI f‚wgKv Av‡Q| Avgv‡ì †PK-B‡bi AvbyôvwbKZv †m‡i wZwb wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, †Zvgiv G‡j Kx K‡i? Avwg my‡hvM †c‡q Avgvi Awf‡hv‡Mi K_v Rvbvjvg| wKš‘ Avð‡h©i welq GB †h, wZwb †gŠwLKfv‡e †Kv‡bv `ytL cÖKvk Ki‡jb bv Ñ hwÌ Zuvi †`nfw½gvq GKUz Acivaxi fve wQj| c‡i Aek¨ Ab¨ K‡qKwU †mevi gva¨‡g wZwb Zuvi GB MvwdjwZ †_‡K m„ó Amyweav Ges evowZ LiP cywl‡q †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| †m-K_vq wdie c‡i| Avgv‡ì Kvgiv¸‡jv wQj †nv‡UjwUi †`vZjvq| Avgv‡ì me jv‡MR †PK-Bb Kiv‡bv †jvKwUB †cuŠ‡Q w`‡jb| c‡i Zuvi m‡½ Avjv‡c eyS‡Z †c‡iwQjvg, wZwbB GB †nv‡Uj Pvjvb Ñ Gi gvwjK‡ì KvQ †_‡K BRviv wb‡q| †mB A‡_© wZwb Gi g¨v‡bRvi| wZwb wi‡mck‡b †PK-Bb Avi K¨vwkqv‡ii KvR †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †i‡¯Íviuvq I‡qUv‡ii Ges Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi KvRI K‡ib| †mvRv K_vq, wZwb AšÍZ PviR‡bi KvR GKvB K‡ib| myBRvij¨v‡Û (Ges A‡bK DbœZ †`‡kB) Kv‡Ri †jv‡Ki †eZb A‡bK †ewk, ZvB eëmv‡qi mvd‡jï Rb¨ GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© n‡”Q, KZ Kg †jvK w`‡q KvR mviv hvq| Avgiv †h-†nv‡U‡j D‡VwQ Zv cwiPvjbvqI IB GKB welq j¶ Kijvg|

`yB

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102

†nv‡Uj †_‡K KZ `~‡i Zv †evSvi Rb¨ kiYvcbœ njvg †nv‡U‡ji †mB g¨v‡bRv‡ii| wZwb Avgv‡ì ej‡jb, †ewkifvM RvqMvB nuvUvi g‡Zv `~i‡Z¡| Kxfv‡e hvIqv hvq ZvI wZwb †`wL‡q w`‡jb| †i‡¯Íviuvq e‡mB Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Qjvg A‡bK †jvK †mB c‡_ hvIqv-Avmv Ki‡Q| fviZxq †Pnvivi GKwU †Rvov‡K †`Ljvg QvZv gv_vq Nwbôfv‡e †nu‡U Avm‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †iv` †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ QvZvi eënvi †`Lv †M‡jI myBRvij¨v‡Û Zv KL‡bv †`‡LwQ e‡j g‡b c‡o bv| wKš‘ AvBwWqvUv AvwgI Kv‡R jvMvjvg, hLb Avgiv †e‡ivjvg nvBwWi MÖvg †`Lvi Rb¨| Avgv‡ì m‡½ GKwU QvZv wQj †hUv Avgiv bxjv‡K w`jvg, †hb †m †iv` †_‡K Zvi gv_vUv XvK‡Z cv‡i| Avwg Ges MxZkÖx gv_vq Uzwc c‡i wbjvg| jv‡Âi ci mvgvb¨ wekÖvg wb‡qB Avgiv †ewi‡q cojvg| wgwbUcuv‡P‡Ki g‡a¨ †cuŠ‡Q †Mjvg Afxó RvqMvq, †hLv‡b ZL‡bv (we‡Kj cÖvq QUv) †Lvjv wQj my¨‡fwb‡ii †`vKvb| nvBwWi evwo †`Lvi wUwKUI wewµ nw”Qj| †`vKv‡bi gwnjv Rvbv‡jb, hwÌ QUvq me eÜ nIqvi K_v, MÖx®§Kvj e‡j Av‡iv wKQy¶Y †Lvjv _vK‡e| wZwb Zuvi my¨‡fwbi wewµ‡Z GZB AvMÖnx wQ‡jb †h Avgv‡ì ej‡jb, †Zvgiv hw` wKQy wKb‡Z PvI Zvn‡j Av‡MB wK‡b †d‡jv, †hb Avwg †`vKvb eÜ Kivi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgiv †m-civg‡k© Kvb bv w`‡q Zuv‡K Avk¦¯Í Kijvg, Avgiv iv‡Z †_‡K hve Ges ciw`b Avevi Avme my¨‡fwb‡ii †Luv‡R| GLv‡b e‡j ivLv fv‡jv, nvBwWi MÖvg Ges evwo e‡j Avgiv GLb hv †`wL †mUv Dcb¨vmwU‡Z ewY©Z Avmj RvqMv Ges evwo bq| Avgv‡ì †nv‡Uj g¨v‡bRvi ej‡jb, Avw` MÖvgwU †mLvb †_‡K Av‡iv NÈv `y-G‡Ki nuvUvc_ Ñ cvnv‡oi Ic‡i| ch©UKiv hv †`‡L †mwU K‡qKRb D‡`¨v³vi m„wó Kiv Avw` MÖvg Ges evwoi bKj Ñ GKwU ch©Ub cÖKí| cy‡iv RvqMvwU GKUz cvnv‡oi Xvjg‡Zv Ñ Avi †mLv‡b `ywU †QvU evwo| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU wb‡P, Avi GKwU Ñ hv nvBwW Avi Ii `v`yi MÖx®§Kvjxb wbevm wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv Ñ Av‡iv GKUz DuPz‡Z| wb‡Pi RvqMvwU‡Z Av‡iv i‡q‡Q GKwU Lvgvi, †hLv‡b

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A¨vs‡jv-Av‡gwiKvb mvwn‡Zï HwZ‡nï aviv‡ZB Kv‡jv Av‡gwiKvbiv Zuv‡ì Kve¨ Ges mvwnZ¨ m„wói cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| †mB aªæc`x aviv‡ZB Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb Kweiv Zuv‡ì wPšÍv I †PZbvi gyw³ Luy‡R cvIqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ µgvš^‡q Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb Kweiv eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †h, †k¦Zv½ mvwn‡Zï Awfwl³ avivq cÖevwnZ n‡q †Kv‡bvw`bB Zuv‡ì RvwZMZ HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôv cv‡e bv| ZvB ZLb †_‡KB Zuviv LyuR‡Z _v‡Kb Zuv‡ì KweZv-mvwnZ¨-wkí cÖKv‡ki fvlv I HwZn¨| G A‡bKUv †hb Kwe gaym~`b `‡Ëi we‡`wk fvlvq mvwnZ¨ m„wói cÖqv‡mi mgq mw¤^Z wd‡i cvIqvi NUbv Ñ Ôhviv wd‡i AÁvb ZzB hv‡i wdwi N‡iÕ| Z‡e welqwU wew”Qbœ NUbvgvÎ bq| Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k †_‡K wew”Qbœ cy‡iv

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GKwU gvbe‡Mvôx hv Av‡gwiKvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡qwQj, wewfbœ ai‡bi Kjv‡KŠk‡j Zviv Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`k †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡jI Av‡gwiKvq G‡m cwiYZ nq wØZxq GK RvwZmËvq, hviv Kv‡jv, wb‡MÖv †_‡K µgk cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb e‡j, Zviv †kl ch©šÍ Zv‡ì Avwd«Kvb HwZ‡nï m~Î a‡iB Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K `yg‡o-gyP‡o wbR¯^ D”PviY c×wZ m„wó K‡iwQj Ges m„wó K‡iwQj bvbv iƒcK_v, DcK_v, Qov Ges c`¨ Ges †kl ch©šÍ †mB mg¯Í m„wóB cwiYwZ cvq Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKKv‡e¨| Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKKv‡eï cÖwZôv AvR Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m GKwU AeavwiZ mZ¨ e‡U| wbh©vwZZ Kv‡jv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi welv`gq Kvwnwb¸‡jvB cÖavbZ Kv‡jv Av‡gwiKvb‡ì †jvKKv‡eï welq| GB mg¯Í Qov, c`¨mg~n AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj Ges wbh©vwZZ gvby‡li avivevwnKfv‡e kZ kZ el© a‡i iwPZ Kve¨mvwn‡Zï Zzjbv c„w_ex‡Z Avi †Kv_vI Av‡Q e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi wbM„nxZ nIqvi †e`bv`vqK Ggbme NUbvi cÖKvk gvbyl‡K wePwjZ bv K‡i cv‡i bv| †mB Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKKweZv wb‡qB wKQz Av‡jvPbv eÿ¨gvY wbeÜwU|

nvi‡jg †i‡bmuvm nvi‡jg †i‡bmuvm Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb ms¯‹…wZ, mvgvwRK cwiPq Ges wk‡íi †mB D¾xe‡bi cÖeÜb, hv mg¯Í Kv‡jv Av‡gwiKv‡bi RvwZmËvi cwiPq cÖwZôvi m‡½ m‡½ Zuv‡ì mvwnZ¨ Ges ms¯‹…wZi AvZ¥gh©v`v Ges wek¦vm‡K mywbwðZ w`K`k©b wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv cÖ`vb K‡i| nvi‡jg †i‡bmuv‡mi GB Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j NUbv¸‡jv N‡UwQj wbDBq‡K©i nvi‡jg bvgK ¯’v‡b Ges †m-Kvi‡YB G‡K nvi‡jg †i‡bmuvm ejv nq| nvi‡jg †i‡bmuv‡mi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj 1920 mv‡j| 1925 mv‡j G‡jBb j‡Ki msKj‡bi bvgKiY Abyhvqx nvi‡jg †i‡bmuvm Av‡›`vjb (wbD wb‡MÖv gyf‡g›U) ÔbZzb wb‡MÖv Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| GB Av‡›`vjb Av‡gwiKvq Avwd«Kv †_‡K AvMZ weivUmsL¨K Kv‡jv gvby‡li (great migration) Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj Ges nvi‡jgB wQj GB †`kvšÍwi Kv‡jv gvby‡li †K›`ª¯’j| Z‡e †gvUvgywU GKwU `xN© mgqB nvi‡jg †i‡bmuv‡mi Av‡›`vjb P‡jwQj Ges 1930 mvj ch©šÍ ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| nvi‡jg †i‡bmuvm Awfhvb Av‡gwiKvb mvwnZ¨-wkí-ms¯‹…wZ‡K cybiæRx©eb `vb K‡i| hwÌ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi †K›`ª¯’j wQj nvi‡jg Ges wbDBq‡K©i g¨vbnvU‡bi †cŠi GjvKv, Z‡e nvi‡jg †i‡bmuv‡mi GB Av‡›`vjb KvbvWvi `wÿYvÂ‡ji Kv‡jv †jLK Ges c¨vwi‡m Ae¯’vbKvix K¨vwiexq ØxcvÂ‡ji †jLK‡ìI cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb‡ì mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi GB cybiæ¾xe‡bi g~j †cÖiYvkw³ wQj Zuv‡ì †jvKKve¨ Ges †jvKmvwnZ¨| nvi‡jg Av‡›`vj‡b Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jLKiv cybivq Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †h, Zuv‡ì mvwnZ¨ Ges Kve¨ wbg©v‡Yi g~j †cÖiYv n‡”Q Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb‡ì D”PviY-c×wZ, Zuv‡ì †jLKDcv`vb Ges cÖev`mg~n| bZzb wb‡MÖv cÖR‡b¥i gvby‡liv Ebwesk kZvãxi †k‡li w`K †_‡KB ivRbxwZ-m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| Zviv Zv‡ì BwZnvm wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡iB Rvb©vj cÖKvk K‡i, K‡jRwek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb ïiæ K‡i Ges bvMwiK AwaKvimg~n m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| Zviv Zv‡ì Avwd«Kvb, Av‡d«v-K¨vwiweqvb Ges Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wkKo-mÜvbx n‡q I‡V Ges Zv bw_fz³ Kiv ïiæ K‡i| Zviv GUvI Abyaveb K‡i †h, Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKmvwn‡Z¨B Zv‡ì mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹… wZi cÖavb DcRxe¨ welq Ges ZviB AvkÖ‡q mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi m„wó‡ZB Zviv gvbweK gyw³ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| `wi`ª Avwd«Kvb

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Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKKve¨

AvšÍR©vMwZK †jvKKve¨ ev spirituals wQj agx©q cÖfv‡ei Øviv cÖfvweZ †jvKKve¨, hv wQj Ava¨vwZ¥K RM‡Zi D”PviY, hv‡K negro spiritual ejv n‡Zv| Av‡gwiKvi `wÿYvÂ‡ji wb‡MÖv `vm‡ì g‡a¨B GB Aa¨vZ¥ev`x †jvKKv‡eï m„wó nq| `wÿ‡Yi GB Aa¨vZ¥ev`x †jvKKv‡eï Aby‡cÖiYv wQj wKs †Rg‡mi Ab~w`Z evB‡ej (ephesian 5.19)| `wÿ‡Y wb‡MÖv `vm kÖwg‡Kiv GKwÎZ n‡Zv Ggb †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b, hv‡K Zviv cÖkswmZ ¯’vb ev praise house e‡j AwfwnZ KiZ| KL‡bv Zviv ZiæjZv cwie„Z wbKz‡Ä wgwjZ n‡Zv Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡ì †Mvc‡bB wgwjZ n‡Z n‡Zv| GB †Mvcb wgwUs¸‡jv wQj cÖK…Z A‡_© PvP© wgwUs‡qi bvgvšÍi| Av‡gwiKvi Avwd«Kvb Awaevmx‡ì mß`k kZvãx‡Z wLªóa‡g© `xÿv †Ìqv nq| cÖ_g w`‡K GB ag©všÍi wQj axiMwZ| wKš‘ hLb Avwd«Kvb `vm kÖwg‡Kiv evB‡e‡ji e¨vL¨vmg~‡n Zv‡ìB g‡Zv gvby‡li Ici wbh©vZb Ges gyw³i mgvšÍivj cÖKvk Abyaveb Kij, ZLb †mB †PZbv Aej¤^b K‡iB Av‡gwiKvi `wÿ‡Yi Avwd«Kvb Awaevmxiv wb‡MÖv‡ì Ava¨vwZ¥K †PZbvmg„× Ggbme †jvKKve¨ m„wó Ki‡Z _v‡Kb, hv‡Z wQj Zv‡ì ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi `ytL, †e`bv Ges gyw³i AvKv•ÿvi cÖKvk| DËi Av‡gwiKvi †k¦Zv½ Awaevmxiv Kv‡jv gvbyl‡ì wLªóag©‡K Zv‡ì ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi wbwi‡L cvjb Kivi GB cwieZ©bkxjZv fv‡jv †Pv‡L †`‡Lwb| †Kbbv, Avwd«Kvb‡ì GB wLªóag© cvj‡bi g‡a¨ wQj gvbegyw³i evYx, cÖwZev` Ges wbh©vwZZ Kv‡jv gvby‡li exiZ¡Mv_vi cÖKvk| ZvB KL‡bv KL‡bv e‡bi †fZ‡ii K¨v¤ú wgwUs¸‡jv wbwl× Kiv n‡Zv| ZLb GB K¨v¤ú wgwUs‡q AskMÖnYKvix wb‡MÖv RbMY Mvb KiZ, bv‡P AskMÖnY Ki‡Zv Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv b„ZïZ Zviv cigvb‡›` ˆèvµvšÍ AÁvb Ae¯’vq mw¤^Znviv n‡q DVZ| NUbvwU †hb evDjMÜgq| gvbeZvev`x Amv¤úª`vwqK evD‡jiv †hgb Mvb Ges b„Z¨ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z mw¤^Znviv n‡q co‡Zb, Avwd«KvbAv‡gwiKvb‡ì K¨v¤ú wgwUs‡qi GB Aa¨vZ¥ev`x AvPiYI †Zgb evDwjqvbvi m‡½ Zzjbxq e‡j g‡b nq| GB Aa¨vZ¥ev`x †jvKKve¨ Ges Mvb¸‡jv †hgb wQj `ytL‡ev‡ai, †Zgwb wQj wb‡MÖv `vm‡ì Rxebhy‡×i Ges KL‡bv Zv b¨vq-Ab¨vq †ev‡ai cÖKvk| Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb Aa¨vZ¥ev`x †jvKmsMx‡Zi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk mgv`„Z GKwU Mvb n‡”Q ÔGK mv‡_ P‡jv me wkïÕ (Walk together children)| Av‡gwiKvi `vmcÖ_v Pvjy _vKvi mgq GB MvbwU wQj Avwd«Kvb‡ì mw¤§wjZ Awfe¨w³i

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cÖKvk| GB MvbwU‡Z †mB K¨v¤ú wgwUs‡q †hvM`v‡bi evYx Av‡Q †h-mfv n‡e Zv‡ì Kvw•ÿZ gyw³ cvIqvi AÂ‡j| A_©vr Av‡gwiKvi †hme AÂ‡j `vmiv gyw³cÖvß n‡qwQj (promised land), †Zgwb ¯’v‡b GB m‡¤§j‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GKmv‡_ nuv‡Uv me wkï n‡q c‡ov bv‡Kv K¬všÍ| GKmv‡_ P‡jv me wkï n‡q c‡ov bv‡Kv K¬všÍ| Avnv, GKmv‡_ e‡jv K_v me wkï n‡q c‡ov bv‡Kv K¬všÍ| cÖwZkÖæZ gy³f‚wg‡ZB Avgiv †h n‡ev mg‡eZ| Av‡gwiKvi `wÿ‡Yi Avwd«Kvb Awaevmx‡ì GB AšÍR©vMwZK Mvb Ges Kve¨ cÖPÐfv‡e DØy× K‡iwQj| Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Ki K‡qK hyMe¨vcx GB Av‡›`vjb Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡i| cwiYwZ‡Z 1860 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi wb‡MÖv `vmcÖ_v wejyß nq| Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb µxZ`vm Kwe †d«WvwiK WMjv‡mi Rb¥ 1818 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m Ges g„Zz¨ 1895 mv‡j| †d«WvwiK WMjv‡mi KweZv Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKKv‡eï Ask| †jLK, Kwe, m¤úv`K, ivRbxwZK, `vmcÖ_vwe‡ivax †d«WvwiK †ek K‡qKwU AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Avgvi eÜb Ges Avgvi gyw³ (My Bondage and My Freedom)| Zuvi me©‡kl AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’ Av‡gwiKvb M„nhy‡×i c~e© I c‡ii Ae¯’v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| mye³v †d«WvwiK WMjv‡mi e³…Zv ï‡b A‡b‡KB AevK n‡Zb †h, GKRb µxZ`vm †Kgb K‡i GZ fv‡jv e³…Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| g¨vwij¨v‡Û `vm Ae¯’v †_‡K cjvq‡bi ci †d«WvwiK Zuvi e³…Zv Ges †jLvi gva¨‡g G‡ZvUvB mycwiwPZ n‡q I‡Vb †h, wZwbB cÖ_g K…ò Av‡gwiKvb whwb †cÖwm‡W›U c`cÖv_x© wf‡±vwiqv DVn‡ji mv‡_ Dc-ivóªcwZi c‡` wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| †d«WvwiK WMjv‡mi †jLv †jvKKv‡eï GKwU D`vniY : Avgiv Mg Drcv`b Kwi Iiv Avgv‡ì fvOv km¨KYv †L‡Z †`q| Avgiv cvDiæwU ˆZwi Kwi Iiv Avgv‡ì cvDiæwUi †cvov‡bv wcV †L‡Z †`q| Avgiv Pvjywb w`‡q km¨ †S‡o w`B Iiv Avgv‡ì Kz‡ov †L‡Z †`q| Avgiv gvs‡mi Pvgov Qvwo‡q w`B Iiv Avgv‡ì gvs‡mi c`©v †L‡Z †`q| GgbB Iiv nxb Avgv‡ì LvUvq ivwÎ-w`b| Avgiv `y‡ai bwb Zz‡j w`B Avgv‡ì ïay ZjvwbUzKz †Rv‡U Iiv e‡j P‡U wb‡MÖv‡ì Rb¨ IBUzKzB h‡_ó e‡U| (1853) µxZ`vmMY hv‡Z cvwj‡q †h‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ 1704 mv‡j `wÿY K¨v‡ivwjbvq cÖ_g µxZ`vm-cvnviv evwnbxi (slave patrol) m„wó nq| Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb `vm‡ì msL¨v A‡bK †e‡o hvIqvi mv‡_ Zv‡ì cvwj‡q hvIqvi Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ we‡`ªv‡ni m~ÎcvZ nIqvi AvksKv †e‡o hvq| we‡kl K‡i †hLv‡b k‡mï Avev` †ewk n‡Zv †mLv‡b µxZ`vm‡ì msL¨vI wQj eûjvs‡k †ewk| ZvB Zv‡ì cvwj‡q hvIqv Ges we‡`ªvn †_‡K weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ mk¯¿ cvnvivi eë¯’v Kiv nq| GB

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mk¯¿ evwnbxi Kv‡Q _vKZ PveyK Ges e›`yK| cvwj‡q hvIqvi mgq aiv co‡j A_ev †Kv‡bv µxZ`vm Zv‡ì cwiPqcÎ Qvov aiv co‡j Zv‡ì gvwj‡Ki Kv‡Q wdwi‡q †Ìqv n‡Zv| GB AvBb f½Kvix µxZ`vm‡ì Ici gvwjK hw` wei³ n‡q DVZ ZLb Zv‡ì evRv‡i wb‡q wewµ K‡i †Ìqv n‡Zv| GB µxZ`vmiv ZLb wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ Zvi wbKUvZ¥xq‡ì †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q †hZ, Aek¨ Av‡gwiKvi M„nhy‡×i ci GB µxZ`vm‡ì Ici wbqš¿Y A‡bKUv wkw_j n‡q c‡o Ges ZLb Zv‡ì c‡ÿ cvwj‡q hvIqv A‡bKUv mnR n‡q hvq| GgbB cjvqbci GKwU †jvKKve¨ : cvjv‡i wb‡MÖv cvjv `vm-cywj‡kiv a‡i †h †dj‡e †Zv‡K cvjv‡i wb‡MÖv cvjv Auvavi †ciæ‡j aiv c‡o hvwe ZzB †h †i Elv‡jv‡K| ... ... ... wb‡MÖv Qz‡U‡Q †hb †m N~wY©So wKsev `viæY N~Y©vqgvb PvKv k‡mï †ÿZ ZQbQ K‡i w`‡q DavI wb‡MÖv, Pviw`K ïay duvKv|

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wk‡íi m„wókxjZv c„w_exe¨vcx, hLb c¨vwim-jÛb-wbDBq‡K© GB cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Zï behyM m„wói gvZg, ZLb †mB 1920 mv‡ji mgqB Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb Kweiv Zuv‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡, mvwnZ¨, wkí, fvlv LyuR‡Z wM‡q Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb †h, Zuv‡ì wkKo Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb †jvKKve¨ Ges †jvKMv‡bi g‡a¨B †cÖvw_Z| †mB wekvj Abyf‚wZ †_‡KB Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡ì gyw³i w`kv m„wó nq Ges 1920 †_‡K 1930 mv‡ji g‡a¨ g¨vbnvU‡bi nvi‡j‡gi †mB wekvj D”PviY mg¯Í Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb‡K mw¤^Z wdwi‡q w`‡qwQj| Avwd«Kvb-Av‡gwiKvb‡ì †jvKKve¨ †jvKwk‡íi c_ a‡iB nvi‡jg †i‡bmuv‡mi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj|

Z_¨m~wP

1. WzWwj i¨vÛvj-m¤úvw`Z, The Black Poets, Bantam Books, New York, April, 1985.

2. wgZzj Avn‡g`, Ô†g w`e‡mi Mvb; bvg Zvi wQ‡jv Rb †nbwiÕ, https//www.priyo.com 01/05/2015.

3. Slave patrol, from the Wikipedia, (In reference 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

to the free encyclopedia, ‘Run Nigger Run’), Collection Papers 1891-1951. Thomas Washington Taley, ‘I will wear me a Cotton Dress’, Fisk University, USA, https:// wikipidia.org/wiki/Thomas_w_Taller. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage My Freedom (In Reference to ‘We Raise the Wheat’), https://www. org/wiki/Frederic_Douglass. Harlem Reniaisance, https://em.wikipedia. org/ wiki/Harlem_Renaissance. African American Spirituals, The Library of Congress, https:// www.loc.gov/ item/ihas, 200197495/ . Mark A. Sanders, African American Folk roots and Harlem Renaissance poetry, Cambridge University Online @ Cambridge University Press 2007. Sterling Brown, The Spirituals ‘Negro Fock Expression; and Spirituals, Seculars, Ballads and Work Songs, Modern American Poetry’, Atlanta University 1953. r

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Ñ †Kb? †P‡q †`Lyb Ñ mvg‡bB †Zv wKm&mvgnj| wm›èv` nvwm nvwm gy‡L e‡j| Ñ GB fvOv‡Pviv evwoUv wKm&mvgnj? Ñ †kn&iRv‡` hw` me wKm&mv fz‡j †h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e G-evwo †Kb wKm&mvgnj n‡e bv, ûRyi? Ñ †KD _v‡K GLv‡b? Ñ Avmyb bv, Avgvi m‡½| wm›èv` evwoi w`‡K G‡Mv‡Z _v‡K| Ggb mgq GKwU Rvbjv Ly‡j hvq| iNycwZ †`Lj, RvbjvRwo‡q AcivwRZvi jZvq bxj dzj dz‡U Av‡Q| Zvici GK e„×vi gyL †f‡m DVj Rvbjvq| †mB gy‡L AvKY© nvwm; mg‡qi KZ iKg KvUvKzwU †Ljv| e„×v cÖvq wPrKvi K‡i I‡V, Ô`v`v Gwj? Avgv‡K †gjvq wbqv hvwe bv?Õ Ñ †K Dwb? iNycwZ Kuvcv Kuvcv Mjvq wR‡Ám K‡i| Ñ wPb‡Z cvi‡jb bv? wm›èv` †PvL eo eo K‡i ZvKvq| †Pbv-†Pbv g‡b nq, wKš‘ e„×v †K, bvg Kx, wKQyB g‡b c‡o bv iNycwZi| ZviI wK gv_vi †fZiUv duvKv n‡q †Mj? g„Z mœvqy‡Kv‡liv Avi †KD KvD‡K Lei cvVv‡Z cvi‡Q bv? wm›èv‡ì m‡½ ìRvi mvg‡b G‡m †`Lj, a~wjgwjb, A¯úó, gvKomvi Rvj-Qov‡bv †Uª‡bi ZvwjKvi GKwU †evW© †Svjv‡bv Av‡Q| GUv wK †Kv‡bv †÷kb? wm›èv‡ì GB wKm&mvgnj? bvwK wm›èv` †Kv‡bv Rv`yi †Ljv †`Lv‡”Q? Kqjvi BwÄbIqvjv †ijMvwo Qvovi SKSK kã, ûBmj& ïb‡Z †cj iNycwZ| †i‡ji mgqmviwYi w`‡K Awfwb‡e‡k ZvwK‡q iBj iNycwZ : mgq MšÍe¨ cø¨vUdg© bs 4-30 Lyjbv 7 4-40 K…òcyi 5 6-35 PvUMuv G·‡cÖm 6 7-45 wkwj¸wo 6 10-00 myigv †gBj 5 11-30 †Mvqvj›` 5 13-00 Avmvg †gBj 5 13-30 ewikvj G·‡cÖm 7 14-25 jvj‡MvjvNvU 6 18-30 Lyjbv 5 20-35 jvj‡MvjvNvU 6 21-10 B÷‡e½j G·‡cÖm 5 GB mviwY Zvn‡j ¯^vaxbZv-†`kfv‡Mi Av‡Mi? wkqvj`n †÷kb †_‡KB †Zv QvoZ Avmvg †e½j †ijI‡qi Gme Mvwo| evevi gy‡LB ï‡bwQj iNycwZ| †`kfv‡Mi A‡bK Av‡MB evev-†RVviv KjKvZvq P‡j G‡mwQj| evev Kvc‡oi MuvUwi Kuv‡a Szwj‡q kn‡i Ny‡i-Ny‡i kvwo-aywZ-Rvgv-d«K wewµ Ki‡Zb| Avi †RVvi wQj hvÎvi †bkv| Kve¨msjvc ejvi mgq D‡ËwRZ n‡q co‡Zb| hvÎvi G‡KK `‡j bvg wjwL‡q K‡qK RvqMvq cvjv K‡i wd‡i Avm‡Zb| †Kv‡bv `‡jB bvwK †ewkw`b wUK‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Lyjbv-PvUMuv-†Mvqvj›`-ewikvj| kã¸‡jv gv_vi †fZ‡i †gŠgvwQi g‡Zv †fuv †fuv K‡i cvK †L‡Z _v‡K| Zviv ûj weuwa‡q P‡j‡Q| `yB nv‡Z gv_v †P‡c a‡i iNycwZ| Ñ Kx n‡jv, Rbve? gv_ve¨_v Ki‡Q? wm½g e‡j| nZPwK‡Zi g‡Zv wm½‡gi w`‡K ZvKvq iNycwZ| K¬všÍ¯^‡i e‡j, Ô†Uª‡bi UvBg‡UwejUv †`‡LvÕ Ñ

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Ñ †Kv_vq? Ñ IB †h Szj‡Q Ñ Ñ †hgb GB ey‡ov wm›èv`, †Zgb Avcwb| fvOv evwoi †`qv‡j †Uª‡bi UvBg‡Uwej †`L‡Z cv‡”Qb? wm½g †n‡m I‡V| Ñ †K Kx †`L‡e, Zzwg wVK K‡i †`‡e bvwK? wm›èv` SuvwS‡q I‡V| iNycwZ‡K e‡j, ÔKx †`L‡Qb ûRyi?Õ Ñ mvZ b¤î cø¨vUdg© †_‡K `ycyi †òUvq ewikvj G·‡cÖm Qvo‡e wm›èv`| iNycwZ Av”Qbœ ¯^‡i e‡j| Ñ †m †Zv wVKB e‡j‡Qb| Ñ Zzwg †`L‡Z cv‡”Qv? Ñ †`Le bv †Kb? Avcwb wK ewikvj G·‡cÖ‡m Pvc‡Z Pvb, ûRyi? iNycwZ D¾¡j n‡q I‡V| Ñ Zvn‡j g›` n‡Zv bv| Avgvi GKevi Lye ewikvj †h‡Z B”Qv K‡i| gywbbvM MÖvg| ï‡bwQ, ewikvj kni †_‡K A‡bK iv¯Ív, b`x, Lvj-wej DwR‡q †h‡Z nq †mB MÖv‡g| GLb bvwK ¯îƒcKvwV Dc‡Rjvi mv‡isKvwV BDwbq‡b| cyew`‡K mÜ¨v b`x| DË‡i †mvnvM`j MÖvg, `wÿ‡Y evUbvZjv| Ñ ûRyiiv wK Rwg`vi wQ‡jb? wm›èv` `ynvZ KPjvq| wm½g †n‡m I‡V| Ñ nvmQ †Kb? wm›èv` KcU ivM †`Lvq| Ñ Gcv‡i hviv DØv¯‘ n‡q G‡m‡Q, mevB e‡j, Zv‡ì Rwg`vwi wQj| Zvn‡j Icv‡i KZ Rwg`vi wQj? wm½g Avevi †n‡m I‡V| Ñ ûRy‡ii †Pnviv †`‡LB †evSv hvq, kix‡i Rwg`vwi i³ eB‡Q| iNycwZi w`‡K ZvwK‡q wm›èv` e‡j| Rvbjv w`‡q Avevi e„×v gyL evovq| †dvKjv ùv‡Z e‡j, Ô`v`v †gjvq wbqv hvwe bv?Õ Avwg GB e„×vi `v`v? iNycwZ fvej| †Kvb †gjvq wb‡q hve? KL‡bv wK Zv‡K †gjvq wb‡q wM‡qwQjvg? wKš‘ GB e„×v †K? †Pbv †Pbv g‡b nq, †hb Nlv Kv‡Pi †fZi w`‡q †`Lv `„k¨| GB wm›èv` †hb Zv‡K GK K…òMnŸ‡ii †fZ‡i †V‡j †d‡j w`‡q‡Q| †kv‡bv wm›èv`| wb‡Ri m‡½B K_v e‡j iNycwZ, Avgiv Rwg`vi wQjvg bv| gywbbvM MÖv‡g †M‡j c~e©cyiæ‡li wf‡UI †`L‡Z cve bv| Avgvi VvKzi`v wQ‡jb Rwg`v‡ii †Mvg¯Ívi mnKvix| †Mvg¯Íveveyi m‡½ LvRbv Av`v‡q †h‡Zb, wnmvecÎ †`L‡Zb| GK iv‡Z LvRbv Av`v‡qi KvR †m‡i Zuviv b`xc‡_ MÖv‡g wdiwQ‡jb| ZLbB †bŠKvq WvKvZ c‡o| †Mvg¯Ívevey Avi VvKzi`v‡K Lyb K‡i Zuv‡ì †K‡U R‡j fvwm‡q †`q| `ywU g„Z‡`n Avi cvIqv hvqwb| wbðqB eo eo gvQ Avi R‡ji †cvKv‡ì Lv`¨ n‡qwQ‡jb Zuviv| Avgvi evev ZLb VvKzgvi M‡f©, mvZ gv‡mi åƒYmšÍvb| †RVv I wcwm ZLb evjK-evwjKv| VvKzgv Zv‡ì nvZ a‡i ev‡ci evwo‡Z wM‡q DV‡jb| †Q‡j‡g‡qi LvIqv-`vIqv Avi Zv‡ì eo Kivi Rb¨ D`qv¯Í LvU‡Z n‡Zv VvKzgv‡K| †Z‡iv-†Pv‡Ïv eQi eqm n‡ZB evev Zvi `v`vi m‡½ P‡j G‡jv KjKvZvq| wbðqB GLv‡b MÖvmv”Qv`‡bi †Kv‡bv Dcvq cvIqv hv‡e, †Kv‡bv KvR wgj‡e| Zvici gv-†evb‡K wb‡q Avm‡e| wKš‘ VvKzgv G-kn‡i Av‡mbwb| ewikv‡jB g„Zz¨ nq Zuvi| evev Lei †c‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| Ôewikvj G·‡cÖ‡m †P‡c?Õ Rvwb bv, wm›èv`| nq‡Zv †Mvqvj›` wM‡q A‡bK `xN© c_ †cwi‡q Zv‡K gywbbv‡M †cuŠQ‡Z n‡qwQj| †RVv ZLb †Kv‡bv

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119

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120

e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pjw”PÎ-aviv¸‡jvi BwZnvm mvÿ¨ †`q †h, †Kv‡bv avivB †ewk eQi ¯’vqx nqwb| cuvP-`k eQi wU‡K †_‡K wgªqgvY n‡q c‡o| ZvB e‡j aviv¸‡jv‡Z Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi †hme †gŠj cÖeYZv wQj, †m¸‡jv g‡R hvqwb| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`‡k, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mgvRev¯ÍeZvq wbwg©Z Pjw”P‡Î †m-aviv¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †gŠj êwkó¨ wd‡i wd‡i G‡m‡Q| Nvwb‡Z †hgb BZvjxq be¨-ev¯Íeev`x I divwm beZi‡½i wKQy êwkó¨ wd‡i G‡m‡Q e‡j Avgvi aviYv| GB aviYv‡K ciL Kivi Rb¨ Pjw”PÎwU‡K cuvPwU w`K †_‡K †evSvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb Gi AvL¨v‡bi êwkó¨wU Kx iKg; Gi Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vb¸‡jv Z_v Gi `„k¨gvÎv, kãgvÎv, m¤úv`bvMZ gvÎv¸‡jv Kxfv‡e msMwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges Gi Zvrch©MZgvÎvi w`K¸‡jv‡Z wbg©vZv †Kvb ai‡bi e³‡eï cÖevn m„wó K‡i‡Qb|

AvL¨v‡bi ˆewkó¨

Nvwb‡Z Kjy-mgv‡Ri G‡Kev‡iB ev¯ÍewPÎ we`¨gvb| be¨-ev¯Íeev`x Pjw”PÎaviv †h-auv‡Pi Kvwnwbi cÖ¯vÍ e K‡i, Gi Kvwnwb-KvVv‡gv Zvi m‡½ hvq| Gi AvL¨vb †Kv‡bv Mí ev Dcb¨vm †_‡K †bIqv bq| GwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ev¯Íe GKwU NUbvi m‡½ KvRx †gvi‡k‡ì wb‡Ri Kíbvi wg‡k‡j m„ó| ev¯Íe NUbvwU m¤ú‡K© wZwb GKz‡k wUwf‡Z cÖPvwiZ GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K AeMZ nb| cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj gqgbwms‡ni GKwU cÖZ¨šÍ MÖv‡gi NUbv| †mB MÖv‡g Kjy2 m¤úÖ`v‡qi GjvKvi GK evwo‡Z Nvwb3 Uv‡b Miæi e`‡j †mB evwoi eDiv Ges GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ GKB e¨w³ G‡Ki ci GK we‡q K‡i| Zv‡ì hyw³ wQj, Miæ wKb‡Z A‡bK UvKv jv‡M, wKš‘ we‡qi Rb¨ jv‡M bv| ZvB we‡q K‡i G‡b Nvwb Uvbv‡bvi KvRUv eD‡ì w`‡qB Kivq| G‡Z hv †ivRMvi nq Zv w`‡q IivI Lvq, eDivI Lvq| GB cÖwZ‡e`bwUB Pjw”PÎ cwiPvjK KvRx †gvi‡k`‡K Nvwbi AvL¨vb iPbvq AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| 2004-05 A_©eQ‡i Nvwb miKvwi Aby`vb cvq| evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU e„nr kÖgRxex Rb‡Mvôx Kjy-m¤úÖ`vq| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Ges hvwš¿K AvMÖvm‡b G-m¤úÖ`vq AvR wejywßi c‡_| eZ©gvb mg‡qi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Ggwb GK Kjy-mgv‡Ri myL-`ytL Avi Avb›`-†e`bv wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q GB Pjw”P‡Îi AvL¨vb| AvL¨vbwU GiKg :

Pjw”PÎKvi KvRx †gvi‡k`

wbgZjx MÖv‡gi Kjycvovi GKwU cwievi‡K wN‡i AvL¨vb AvewZ©Z nq| GKwU cwiev‡ii KZ©v Avdmy| Zvi †Q‡j KzÏym XvKv kn‡i kvKmewR wewµ K‡i| cÖwZ mßv‡n GKevi MÖv‡g G‡m gv-evev‡K †`‡L hvq| Avdmyi ¯¿x mv‡jnv eû K‡ó msmviUvi nvj a‡i †i‡L‡Q| Avdmy Avi mv‡jnvi ¯^cœ AvUvwki eb¨vq †h-Nvwb Zviv nvwi‡q‡Q, KzÏym MÖv‡g wd‡i †mB Nvwb Avevi emv‡e| KzÏym we‡q Ki‡e, evwo‡Z bZzb eD Avm‡e BZ¨vw`| Avdmyi †QvU fvB kvgmy| AvUvwki eb¨vq Zvi NvwbUvI bó n‡q wM‡qwQj| Zvi ¯¿x †iv‡Kqvi fvB AbyMÖn K‡i GKUv Nvwb Avi ej` wK‡b †`Iqvq AvR Zvi msmviUv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Nvwb †V‡j P‡j‡Q| kvgmyi GKgvÎ †Q‡j eRjy| w`b-ivZ GB Nvwbi †cQ‡bB †j‡M _v‡K| kvgmy g‡bcÖv‡Y Pvq, KzÏym XvKvi cvU PzwK‡q MÖv‡g P‡j AvmyK| Av‡iKUv Nvwb emvK| Zvn‡j GKB evwo‡Z `y‡Uv Nvwb Pj‡e| ZLbB XvKv †_‡K jvk n‡q †d‡i KzÏym| niZv‡ji mgq Kviv †hb †evgv †g‡iwQj| Avi †mLv‡b Zvi jvk c‡o wM‡qwQj| KzÏy‡mi g‡Zv GKUv wbixn †Q‡j‡K †Kb Gfv‡e Rxeb w`‡Z n‡jv Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv Avdmy, eyS‡Z cv‡i bv Kjycvovi †KDB| eRjy Ab¨ MÖv‡gi gqbv bv‡g GKUv †g‡q‡K cQ›` K‡i| nVvr K‡iB gqbvi GKUv we‡qi cÖ¯Íve Av‡m| gqbv‡K †h we‡q Kivi cÖ¯Íve †`q †m eq‡m gqbvi evevi †P‡qI eo| gqbv Qy‡U Av‡m eRjyi Kv‡Q| eRjy gqbv‡K Avk¦¯Í K‡i †h, GKUv

evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU e„nr kÖgRxex Rb‡Mvôx Kjy m¤úÖ`vq| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Ges hvwš¿K AvMÖvm‡b G-m¤úÖ`vq AvR wejywßi c‡_| eZ©gvb mg‡qi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Ggwb GK Kjy-mgv‡Ri myL-`ytL Avi Avb›`-†e`bv wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q GB Pjw”P‡Îi AvL¨vb|

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eë¯’v †m Ki‡eB| my‡` UvKv avi K‡i eRjy gqbv‡K eD K‡i N‡i Zz‡j Av‡b| Zvici †_‡K I‡ì w`b fv‡jvB hvw”Qj| wKš‘ nVvr K‡iB eRjy‡ì Nvwbi ejÙv Pzwi n‡q hvIqvq Nvwb Uvbv eÜ n‡q hvq| eRjy bZzb GKUv ej` †Kbvi Rb¨ A_© msMÖ‡n evwoi evB‡i †ei nq| Zvi evev kvgmy Dcvq bv †`‡L bZzb eD gqbv‡K GK iv‡ZB Kjyi ej` evwb‡q †d‡j| eRjy wd‡i G‡m mewKQy Rvb‡Z †c‡i gv-evevi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V| wKš‘ ej` †Kbvi UvKv †RvMvo Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wb‡RB Kjyi ej` n‡q Nvwb Uv‡b, G-`„k¨ †`‡L Zvi mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Av‡m gqbv| `yR‡b wg‡j †U‡b P‡j Nvwb| GwM‡q P‡j gvby‡li euvPvi AvKv•ÿvmsewjZ mw¤§wjZ hvÎv| Gfv‡eB †kl nq Nvwbi AvL¨vb| beZi‡½i cÖe³viv A‡bï Dcb¨vm-Mí wb‡q Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi e`‡j ¯^KwíZ w_g-Mí wb‡q Pjw”PÎ wbg©v‡Yi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb Ges †m-c‡_B Zv‡ì Pjw”PÎKg© m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Nvwbi AvL¨vbI be¨ ev¯ÍeZv I beZi½-cÖ¯ÍvweZ êwkó¨ †g‡b iwPZ| Z‡e wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv aviv AbymiY K‡i †h KvRx †gvi‡k` Zuvi AvL¨vbwU ùvo Kwi‡q‡Qb Zv bq Ñ GUv Zvi ARv‡šÍB N‡U‡Q| GLb AvL¨v‡bi êwkó¨ wbiƒcY Kivi cÖkœ DVv‡ZB mg‰ewkó¨c~Y© Mí-avivi bwRi LuyR‡Z n‡”Q| LyuR‡Z wM‡q Nvwbi AvL¨v‡bi Pwi‡Îi m‡½ be¨-ev¯Íeev`x I beZi½ Pjw”PÎ-Av‡›`vj‡bi AvL¨v‡bi êwk‡óï m‡½ mvhyR¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q| †`Lv †M‡Q, be¨-ev¯Íeev‡ì wKQy Dcl½ Gi AvL¨vbfv‡M i‡q‡Q| G‡Z ÷vK© wi‡qwjwU, nvk©-µzW wi‡qwjwU, Ôev¯ÍefvOv ev¯ÍeÕ we`¨gvb| aªæc`x ev¯Íeev` Nvwbi AvL¨v‡b cÖvavb¨ cvqwb| KviY ïay ev¯Íeev`‡K m¤^j K‡i wkí nq bv, ev¯Íeev‡ì cÖej eÜb †f‡O †ei n‡Z bv cvi‡j †Kv‡bv Kg© wkí-cèvP¨ n‡q I‡V bv| KvRx †gvi‡k` ev¯Íe fvOvi †PóvB Nvwb‡Z K‡i‡Qb| ZvB cv‡ki evwoi fvwe †K? ev KzÏym gviv hvIqvi ci Zvi evev Avdmyi msmvi Kxfv‡e P‡j Zv Pjw”PÎKvi AvL¨v‡b ¯úó K‡ib bv| e¯‘Z AvL¨v‡b ev¯ÍeZvi cybiærcv`b K‡ibwb KvRx †gvi‡k` Ñ ev¯ÍeZvi m„wókxj e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| AvL¨vb‡K Kvwnwbi gvqvex †gvo‡K †X‡K †`bwb| eis wbR N‡i ew›` Biv‡bi Pjw”PÎKvi Rvdi cvbvwni g‡Zv msmvi, mgvR, iv‡óª kÖg I bvixi Aa¯Íb Ae¯’vb‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov Pjw”P‡Î mgvRev¯ÍeZvi h_vh_ cÖwZdjb gv‡b bvix-Pwi‡Îi wek¦¯Í Dc¯’vcbv Ñ Nvwb‡Z †m-Dc¯’vcbv †`Lv hvq| G-AvL¨v‡b GKwU `wi`ª Kjy-cwiev‡ii e¨w³MZ myL-`ytLAvkv-AvKv•ÿv-msKU N~Y©vqgvb Nvwbi m‡½ cÖZxKve× Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB m‡½ hvwš¿K Nvwbi AvMÖvm‡b wejxqgvb GKwU m¤úÖ`v‡qi ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi Pj‰”PwÎK Dc¯’vcbI N‡U‡Q| Zv‡Z AvL¨vbwU ïay e¨wóMZ ¯Í‡ii bv-n‡q mgwóMZ ¯Í‡ii n‡q D‡V‡Q; KvRx †gvi‡k‡ì Avkv-mÂvix msMÖvgx Rxeb-fvebvi cÖwZdjb NwU‡q‡Q; mg¯Í `ytL-K‡ói g‡aÏ †h mvgwóK RxebcÖevn‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e, †mB AMÖmigvbZvi ¯ú„nv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q; MÖvgxY mgvRev¯ÍeZvq gvby‡li ga¨Kvi gvbweK m¤úK©-eë¯’vi w`K¸‡jv wcZv-cyÎ-gvZv-cyÎea~-cÖwZ‡ekx Ñ mevi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| m¤úK©-eë¯’vq wPo †`Lv w`‡jI GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡j †h mw¤§wjZ hvÎvi weKí †bB, G-K_vB e¨³ n‡q‡Q Pjw”PÎwU‡Z| ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi cÖKvkI N‡U‡Q XvKvq niZv‡ji mgq †evgvi AvNv‡Z KzÏy‡mi g„Zz¨-cÖm‡½| G m~‡Î ejv P‡j, evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi w`KwUI GB Pjw”P‡Î G‡b‡Qb KvRx †gvi‡k`| Pjw”P‡Îi AvL¨v‡b †Kv‡bvwKQy jqcÖvß n‡j, Kv‡iv g„Zz¨ n‡j ev †Kv‡bv PwiÎ AvL¨vb †_‡K †bB n‡q †M‡j AvL¨v‡b Aw¯’iZv †`Lv †`q| Nvwb‡Z †ek K‡qKwU GiKg NUbv N‡U|

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†hgb KzÏy‡mi g„Zz¨ nq; d‡j Avdmy ¯§„wZåó nq; ej` Pzwi hvq; cv‡ki evwoi fvwei wcZvi AmyL n‡j †m P‡j hvq; eRjyi aiv covq Nvwb cwiev‡ii wec` ev‡o BZ¨vw`| GKwUB g„Zz¨ msNwUZ nq Nvwb‡Z| Avdmyi GKgvÎ cyÎ KzÏym gviv hvq XvKvq wgwQ‡j †evgv we‡ùvi‡Y| g„Zz¨ AvL¨vb‡K GwM‡q †`q, Nvwb‡ZI ZvB n‡q‡Q, KzÏy‡mi evev cyÎ‡kv‡K gwZw”Qbœ n‡q‡Q| KzÏym GB cwiev‡ii GKgvÎ DcvR©bÿg m`m¨ wQj| K_v wQj †m ÔevwoÕ wd‡i G‡m Nvwb wKb‡e, ej` wKb‡e| wKš‘ Zvi g„Zz¨-AvL¨v‡b Aw¯’iZvi Rb¥ †`q, Avevi GwM‡qI †`q| AvL¨v‡bi †kl `„‡k¨ ev¯Í‡ei AwZiÄ‡bi AvkÖq wb‡q wbg©vZv Zuvi e³e¨ wee„Z K‡i‡Qb Ñ G‡Z Zuvi Pjw”PÎwU Ab¨ gvÎv †c‡q‡Q Ges ÔAb¨ Pjw”PÎÕ n‡q D‡V‡Q| ev¯Íe †_‡KB ïiæ, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ ev¯Í‡ei MwÐ AwZµ‡gi gva¨‡g Pjw”PÎwk‡íi Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i KvRx †gvi‡k` AwZiÄ‡bi AvkÖ‡q cÖwZKvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi e³e¨-welq‡K Z_v gvby‡li mw¤§wjZ hvÎvi Aek¨¤¢vweZv‡K| Avkvev‡ì †h-AwfcÖvq Pjw”PÎwU‡Z e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zv Gi AvL¨v‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU êwkó¨, hv be¨-ev¯Íeev` I beZi½avivq wbwg©Z Pjw”P‡Îi cÖavb êwkó¨|

`„k¨gvÎv

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eRjy Avevi Nvwb Uvb‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ñ gqbvI Zvi m‡½ Nvwb Uvb‡Z †j‡M hvq| †Pv‡Li Rj c‡o, KvU k‡U Nvwb †_‡K †Z‡ji †duvUv cov †`Lv‡bv nq, mvDÛ Uª¨v‡K NÈvaŸwb, msMxZLÐ Avi nvwgs w`‡q AmvaviY GKwU gvbweK I wm‡bg¨vwUK gyn~Z© ˆZwi K‡ib KvRx †gvi‡k`| wZwb Avkvi cybiæ¾xeb NUvb †kl `„‡k¨ Pjw”PÎKjvi Af¨šÍixY DcKiY¸‡jv w`‡q; wj‡L †d‡jb Pj‰”PwÎK GKwU Dcb¨vm| Avevi KvU Ñ eRjy Avi gqbvi GK‡Î Nvwb Uvbvi ¯ú„nv †`‡L Avdmy jvwV AuvK‡o a‡i| K¨v‡giv ZLb †jv A¨v‡½‡j Ges †m-jvwV‡Z fi w`‡q †mvRv n‡q ùvovq Ñ IB Ae¯’v‡ZB kUwU wd«R n‡q hvq| gvbylB Zv‡K cÖvwYZ K‡i, kw³ †RvMvq †mvRv n‡q ùvov‡bvi| †kl `„‡k¨ bZzb K‡i euvPvi Avkvq jvwV‡Z fi w`‡q kvgmy by‡q-cov Kzu‡Rv kixi‡K †mvRv K‡i ùvwo‡q hvIqvi g‡aÏ Avkvev‡ì cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb wbg©vZv| gvby‡li mw¤§wjZ hvÎvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi e³e¨ †i‡LB †kl nq Nvwb|

kãgvÎv

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IBme †e`bvNb gynZ ~ © ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| Nvwb‡Z GiKg †ek K‡qKwU gynZ ~ © Pjw”PÎKvi ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| cÖavbZ msjvc w`‡qB Pjw”PÎKvi Kjy-mgv‡Ri ev¯ÍeZvi mvgwMÖK w`K ¯úó K‡i‡Qb| Nvwbi msjvç‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`L‡Z cve †h, Gi msjvç‡jv GKw`‡K †hgb PwiÎeM©‡K m„wó K‡i‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K Kjy m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb R¡jšÍ I Amnbxq Ø›Ø¸‡jv‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| cÖKZ … cÖ¯vÍ ‡e msjv‡ci Rb¥B nq PwiÎeM© mgvRev¯ÍeZvq †h-Ø›Ø¸‡jvi gy‡LvgywL n‡”Q, †mme Ø‡›Øi m‡½ Zv‡ì msN‡l©i d‡j| Nvwbi msjv‡c A‡bK mø¨vs eëüZ n‡q‡Q, hv AvL¨vb‡K ev¯ÍewfwË w`‡q‡Q| Z‡e KzÏ‡y mi jvk hLb MÖv‡g Avbv nq Ñ ZLb mevB mvwie×fv‡e ùvov‡bv Ñ wKš‘ mvDÛ Uª¨v‡K Kv‡ì †hb K_v †kvbv hvq! `„‡kï m‡½ Zv †egvbvb †j‡M‡Q| KviY Dcw¯’Z mevB †h w¯’i! Kviv K_v ej‡Q Zvn‡j? MvbI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv be¨-ev¯Íeev`x Pjw”PÎavivi Pjw”P‡Î eëüZ n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| Nvwb‡ZI Mvb eëüZ n‡q‡Q| evDjv‡½i ÔAvwg hv‡i nviv‡qwQ, Zv‡i wK Avi cv‡ev Rxe‡bÕ MvbwU Kvwnwb-cwim‡i gvwb‡q †M‡Q| civ‡bi MvIqv MvbwU w`‡q gšÍvR-Xs‡q AvL¨v‡bi me PwiÎ‡K †`Lv‡bv nq, k~b¨ PzjvI †`Lv‡bv nq Ñ UvBg j¨vcwms‡qi welqwUI Mv‡bi g‡a¨B m¤úbœ nq| Z‡e ï× ev cÖwgZ fvlvq iwPZ ÔP›`ª m~h© hZ ZvivÕ kxl©K MvbwU Kjy-mgv‡Ri ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi m‡½ †egvbvb g‡b n‡q‡Q| eRjyi we‡qi mgq AvenmsMxZ wn‡m‡e ÔgvjKv evbyi †`‡kÕ kxl©K AwZcwiwPZ MvbwUi my‡ii eënviI wK¬‡k g‡b n‡q‡Q| y ‡j G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ Kjy-mgvR nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv Ñ LuR cyi‡bv we‡qi Mvb cvIqv †hZ| Zvn‡j AvL¨vbwU Av‡iv ¯’vbxq wfwË †cZ| Nvwbi AvenmsMxZ NUbvL‡Ði gyW Abyhvqx m„ó| †kL mv`x Lvb cÖvP¨‡`kxq kv¯¿xq msMxZ I cvðv‡Zï hš¿vbyl‡½ AvenmsMxZ iPbv K‡i PwiÎ I NUbvi `ytL‡eva-Avb›`vbyfw‚ ZwelYœZv-cÖvwß‡hv‡Mi myLvbyfw‚ Z cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, hv `k©‡Ki c‡ÿ Pjw”PÎwU mg¨Kfv‡e Av¯^v`‡bi †ÿ‡Î mnvqK n‡q I‡V| m‡iv` I euvwk ms‡hv‡M gqbv I eRjyi g‡bv‡e`bvi cÖKvk N‡U, G‡Z `„k¨gvÎv †cvqvwZ nq| gqbvi Kuv‡a Nvwbi †Rvqvj Zz‡j †Ìqvi cÖv°v‡j wK-†evW© I nvwgs‡qi hyMjew›`‡Z m„ó msMxZLÐwU gqbvi AšÍMZ © µ›`biƒ‡c `k©‡Ki g‡a¨ msµwgZ nq, Zv‡ì gb †e`bvq AvcøZ y nq| Avevi †k‡li w`‡K eRjy‡K Nvwbi †Rvqvj Zz‡j wb‡Z †`‡L gqbvI hLb †Rvqvj Uvbvq m½x nq, ZLb fv‡qvwjb I ev`¨-hš¿vbyl‡½ †h A‡K©÷vª i Rb¥ nq Zv eRjy I gqbvi hyMcr kãnxb Kvbœv I wPrKvi n‡q I‡V| PwiÎØ‡qi Kó ZLb `k©‡Ki g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ nq| NvwbI ZLb GKwU Pj‰”PwÎK Dcb¨v‡m cwiYZ nq| G-Pjw”P‡Î Pwi‡Îi Rb¨ Avjv`v wUDb ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avdmyi †Q‡ji cÖm½ G‡jB Zvi Rb¨ wbwg©Z msMxZLÐwU ev‡R| Z‡e Zvi evev Zvi g„Z¨z i ci hLb Nv‡U e‡m Zvi A‡cÿv K‡i ZLb ÔgvwS evBqv hvI‡iÕ MvbwUi gyLUv †kvbv‡bv nq, e`‡j hw` †Q‡ji Rb¨ Kiv msMxZLÐwU evRZ Zvn‡j g„Z †Q‡jwU Avevi AvL¨v‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡Zv| `k©‡Ki gbI AwfNv‡Z f‡i †hZ| evevi g„Z †Q‡ji Rb¨ A‡cÿvi mgq KzÏ‡y mi Rb¨ c„_Kfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv msMxZLÐ bv †kvbv‡bv n‡jI GwU Ab¨ mgq Zvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mvDÛ Uª¨v‡K ev‡R, ZLb Zv Zvi Dcw¯’wZ Rvbvb †`q eBwK| kãgvÎvi Avek¨K Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e cvwicvwk¦K © kãivwR GB Pjw”P‡Î hZœ wb‡q eëüZ n‡q‡Q| KvK, †kqvj I wSuwSi WvK, cvwLi wKwPiwgwPi NUbvLÐ‡K ev¯Íe K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| me wgwj‡q

124

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GiKg GKwU ¯^c`œ k „ ¨ gqbvi Nyg‡Nv‡ii my‡hv‡M ˆZwi Kiv Ñ meB KvRx †gvi‡k‡ì wPÎbvU¨ ˆZwii `ÿZvi cÖgvY| eRjy Miæ Pzwi Ki‡Z wM‡q aiv covi ci gvi †L‡q evwo Avmv Ges ZrcieZx© NUbvcÖevn m„wó‡Z †gvi‡k` †hfv‡e K¨v‡giv‡K eënvi K‡i‡Qb, Zv Zvi m„wóÿg cÖÁvi ¯§viK| ej‡Z B”Qv Ki‡Q, KvRx †gvi‡k` cÖKZ … cÖ¯vÍ ‡e KjyRxe‡bi `ytL-Kó I msMÖvg‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i‡Qb Ñ Kj‡gi e`‡j, K¨v‡givi gva¨‡g| h‡_ó `ÿZvi m‡½B Pjw”PÎKjvi †h wZbwU mvsMVwbK Dcv`vb : `„k¨, kã I m¤úv`bv Ñ Zv‡ì GKÎ MÖšb’ v I ˆkwíK web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wZwb Pj‰”PwÎK Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| 13wU †ÿ‡Î RvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‹vicÖvß GB Pjw”P‡Î msjvc w`‡qI bvbv Zvrch© ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb Kjy-mgv‡R eD Avi ej` †h mgv_©K Zv †ecvwii msjv‡c ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡qi mgq eRjy GK †ecvwii KvQ †_‡K `k nvRvi UvKv my‡` †bq, wKš‘ †diZ w`‡Z bv-cvivq †ecvwi Nvwbi ejÙv wb‡q hvq| †bIqvi mgq e‡j : †Zvi eD‡i bv, Avwg IB ejÙv wbqv †Mjvg| Avkv wbg©vY, Avkvf½, Avkvi cybiæÌvb/ cybwb©gv© Y Ñ Nvwb Pjw”P‡Î GB cÖwµqvUv Nvwbi g‡ZvB N~Yv© qgvb| KzÏm y evwo wd‡i Avm‡e, Nvwb wKb‡e, ej` wKb‡e, we‡q Ki‡e Ñ Avkvi wbg©vY nq Avdmyi cwiev‡i| Avkvf½ nq KzÏ‡y mi g„Z¨z ‡Z| eRjy Avi gqbvi Nvwb Uvbv †`‡L Avdmyi g‡R hvIqv, wgB‡q hvIqv Avkv cybivq Rb¥ †bq Zvi AšÍ‡i| G-Rb¨B cÖvq Kz‡u Rv Avdmy †kl `„‡k¨ jvwV‡Z fi w`‡q Kó K‡i n‡jI †mvRv n‡q ùvovq| GB Avkvev‡ì msµgY N‡U `k©‡Ki g‡b| †kl `„‡k¨ Pjw”PÎwU‡Z †Kv‡bv fveev`x mgvavb bq, e¯‘ev`x mgvavb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| kixi, hv GKvav‡i Ro I ˆPZb¨ Ñ Zv w`‡qB Rxeb †U‡b wb‡Z n‡e| ÔkÖgÕ Qvov gyw³ †bB, KviY kÖwgKZvB †h gvbexqZv| G-Pjw”P‡Î G-K_vB e¨³ n‡q‡Q| Nvwb gvbexqZvi GK `wjjB e‡U| Nvwb GKwU e¯‘ev`x Pjw”PÎ| Nvwb‡Z Drcv`‡bi DcKiY, Drcv`b m¤úK©, Drcv`b eë¯’v Ñ Gm‡ei Dcw¯’wZ cÖej| me wgwj‡q Kjy-mgv‡Ri PvwiÎ¨‰ewkó¨-†kÖwY‰ewkó¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| †h Drcv`b eë¯’vi g‡a¨ Kjyiv evm K‡i †mLv‡b Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Nvwb I ej` cÖavb| Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ñ ïay Nvwb ev ej` bq, e„nËi ¯^v‡_© mgvR-iv‡óªi me Drcv`‡bi KiY‡KŠkj wb‡R‡ì (RbM‡Yi) Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j mgv‡R †kvlY Pj‡ZB _vK‡e| we‡kl GKwU NUbv‡K Ôwbwe©‡klÕ GKwU PwiÎ `vb K‡i wbg©vZv †hb G-e³e¨B ivL‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| ZvB ïay MÖvg bq, kni I ivRbxwZ cÖm½I wZwb G-Kvi‡Y G‡b‡Qb Pjw”PÎwU‡Z| e¯‘ev`x Pjw”P‡Îi KvR n‡”Q mgv‡Ri †h _vK& cÖPwiÎiv Ø‡›Ø wjß nq, †mB _vK& m¤ú‡K© mwVK Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Kó ev msMÖvg‡K eo K‡i †`Lv nqwb Nvwb‡Z| GKwU Kjy cwiev‡ii mevi Kó Ges Kó‡K Rq Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q G‡Z| Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv Drcv`K‡ì nv‡Z bv _vK‡j Kx nq Zvi e¨vL¨v Nvwb‡Z cvIqv hvq| GB Pjw”P‡Î †h-PwiÎeM© i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi AvšÍtm¤úK© we‡kølY Ki‡j Kjy-m¤úÖ`vq m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv cvIqv hvq| GKwU m¤úÖ`vq, GKwU mgvR n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv m¤úK©-eë¯’vi †hvMdj| me‡k‡l ejv hvq, ïiæ‡Z be¨-ev¯Íeev` I beZi‡½i †hme êwk‡óï K_v ejv n‡qwQj †hgb cÖvgvYëv¯ÍeZv, wW‡Ujm&, AvšÍtgvbweK m¤úK©, gvbe-cwiev‡ii wPÎvqY, gvbweK Avkvev‡ì cÖKvk cÖfw… Z Nvwb‡Z Gm‡ei meB †`L‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q| Avi Gm‡ei g‡a¨B G-Pjw”P‡Îi Zvrch©MZ gvÎvwUi m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ wbwnZ|

Z_¨wb‡`©k I UxKv 1. Nvwb (The Cycle) : Kvwnwb, msjvc, wPÎbvUK I cwiPvjbv Ñ KvRx †gvi‡k`| mgqKvj : 109 wgwbU| Awfbq Ñ ivBmyj Bmjvg Avmv`, Wwj Rûi, ivYx miKvi, gvmyg AvwRR, bvwM©m, Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb, wmivR nvq`vi, ixbv ingvb, bvRbxb nvmvb PzgwK, Avigvb cvi‡fR gyiv`, Lv‡j` gvngy` cÖgLy | K¨v‡giv-mÂvjK Ñ nvmvb Avn‡g`| m¤úv`bv Ñ mvBdzj Bmjvg| msMxZ cwiPvjbv Ñ †kL mv`x Lvb| cÖ‡hvRbv Ñ KvRx †gvi‡k` I Bg‡cÖm †Uwjwdj¥ wjwg‡UW| gyw³ : 2006| 2. Kjy : †ZjexR †_‡K †fvR¨‡Zj Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ †ckvRxex m¤úÖ`vq|... ÔKjyÕ kãwU †`kR| wnw›`‡Z e‡j Ô†KvjûÕ|... Kjy kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© ÔˆZj eëmvqx wn›`y I gymwjg RvwZ we‡klÕ|... Kjy‡ì †ckv GLb ûgwKi gy‡L| †hme GjvKvq hvwš¿K Nvwb cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Zviv Zv‡ì †ckv wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡iwb|... B‡Zvg‡a¨ mviv‡`k †_‡K nvRvi nvRvi Kv‡Vi NvwbMvQ D‡V †M‡Q| we`y¨r mieivn †bB ev hvwš¿K Nvwb †bB Ggbme RvqMvq Kjy‡ì †ckv GL‡bv †Kv‡bvµ‡g wU‡K Av‡Q| AvgRv` †nv‡mb, evsjvwcwWqv, wØZxq LÐ, m¤úv`K : wmivRyj Bmjvg, evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, XvKv, c„ 210-212 3. Nvwb : mwilv, wZj, †iwo Ges cvKv bvi‡K‡ji kuvm †_‡K wc‡l †Zj †ei K‡i Avbvi HwZnëvnx hš¿| Nvwbi Dcwifv‡M i‡q‡Q evjwZm`„k aviYcvÎmn Kv‡Vi GKwU KvVv‡gv| †Zj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ KuvPvgvj Aí cwigv‡Y GB aviYcv‡Îi g‡a¨ †X‡j †Ìqv nq| Nvwb‡Z †X‡j †Ìqvi ci Zv †clv‡bv n‡j Zv †_‡K avivµ‡g GKwU MÖnYKvix As‡k †Zj Mwo‡q c‡o| Nvwb †Nviv‡bvi Rb¨ hvwš¿K †gvU‡ii cwie‡Z© cïkw³ eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GB D‡Ï‡k me‡P‡q myweavRbK n‡”Q †Nvov I ej‡ì eënvi| Nvwb †Nviv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwUgvÎ cï eënvi Kiv nq| cïwUi †Pv‡Li `ycv‡k euv‡ki cvZjv cvZvi ˆZwi `ywU `„wócÖwZeÜK Ry‡o †Ìqv nq| cïwU‡K e„ËvKvi c‡_ ïay mvg‡bi w`‡K Pjgvb ivLvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡eB G-eë¯’v Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Nvwb †_‡K avZzwbwg©Z GKwU wbM©gc_ †e‡q †Zj †ewi‡q Av‡m Ges wb‡P iwÿZ GKwU aviYcv‡Î cwZZ nq| Nvwbi Ab¨ GKwU wfbœc‡_ †ewi‡q Avmv ˆLj PIov gyLwewkó GKwU cv‡Î msMÖn Kiv nq| †Zj m¤ú~Y© †ewi‡q bv Avmv ch©šÍ ˆLj evievi †clv n‡q _v‡K| wn›`y †Zj †clYKvixiv Zdwmwj eY©f³ z | GB †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ gymjgvb‡ì Ae¯’vbI mgv‡Ri wbgœ¯‡Í i| wn›`y‡ì g‡a¨ GwU GKwU DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß †ckv, wKš‘ gymjgvb‡ì †ÿ‡Î G-†ckv DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß bq| GB †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †jvK‡ì Kjy bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Ñ †KGgG AvwRR, evsjvwcwWqv, Z…Zxq LÐ, m¤úv`K : wmivRyj Bmjvg, evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, XvKv, c„ 253-254 4. GB iPbvq ÔRvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‹vi-2006Õ Dcj‡ÿ Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq KZ…K © cÖKvwkZ ¯§iwYKvi wKQy ksmvePb I 2008 mv‡j Avb›àvivq cÖKvwkZ, Avwid Lvb-wjwLZ ÔNvwb : KvRx †gvi‡k‡ì Amvgvb¨ Pjw”PÎÕ †_‡K wKQy we‡ePbv eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †jLK mevi Kv‡Q K…ZÁZv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨, ¯§iwYKvq eëüZ Pjw”PÎKjvi wdwRK¨vj cÖcvwU©R-msµvšÍ cÖvq me K_vB gr-cÖYxZ Pjw”PÎKjvi iƒciƒcvšÍi kxl©K MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv, hwÌ Zv †Kv_vI ¯^xKvi Kiv nqwb| r

125

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ms¯‹Z … fvlv-mvwnZ¨ †kLv| hZ †ewk wZwb ms¯‹Z … I MwYZ wk‡L‡Qb, ZZ †ewk Mfxi n‡qwQj hyw³cÖeY g‡bi kw³| GgbwK wZwb Zuvi Avb›` I †kLvi D‡ËRbvi welq eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÔcÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i BDwK¬‡Wi ARvbv Ávb‡K AwaKvi Kivi Rb¨ Avwg mewKQy wemR©b w`‡Z cÖ¯Z ‘ wQjvg|Õ Aa¨vcK †mb Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †Q‡j‡ejvi †mB Ávbv‡š^l‡Yi ÿzav GL‡bv Zuvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, mvivRxeb wZwb †m-ÿzav enb K‡i †ewo‡q‡Qb| A‡š^l‡Yi I j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi cÖqv‡mi †h-†mŠ›`h©, Zv Zuv‡K gy» K‡i| wb‡Ri QvÎRxe‡b ms¯‹Z … mvwn‡Z¨i †mŠ›`h© I MwY‡Zi cÖwZ Mfxi AvMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ wZwb †Kv‡bv we‡iva jÿ K‡ibwb, eis Mfxi

THE COUNTRY OF FIRST BOYS l Amartya Sen l Edited by Antara Dev Sen and Pratik Kanjilal l Oxford University Press, 2015

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D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, wecyjmsL¨K Rbmgwó GL‡bv Lv`¨vfv‡e w`b KvUvq, iv‡Z Nyg‡y Z hvq Aa©vnvi ev Abvnv‡i| fvi‡Zi wecyjmsL¨K gvby‡li ÔAbvnviÕ GZB KiæY †h, †mUv wZwb Zzjbv K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb Ges gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, mve-mvnvivb Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jvi PvB‡ZI Gi Ae¯’v KiæY| AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡Y fvi‡Zi wkï‡ì ¯^v¯’¨wel‡q W. †mb mwZ¨B DwØMœ| Acywó‡K A_©bxwZweìv bvg w`‡q‡Qb ÔProtein-energy malnutritionÕ, hv wKbv fvi‡Z cÖvq Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jvi PvB‡Z wØ¸Y| fvi‡Zi cÖvq A‡a©K wkï `xN©w`‡bi Acywó‡Z w`b KvUvq, cÖvq A‡a©K cÖvßeq¯‹ gwnjvi i‡q‡Q i³k~b¨Zv †ivM| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Gme cÖvßeq¯‹ gwnjvi AwaKvsk mšÍvbB Rb¥ †bq ¯^í-IRb wb‡q, hvi d‡j Gme wkï eo n‡q AwaKvskB ü`‡iv‡Mi wkKvi nq| G-wel‡q fvi‡Zi wPÎ c„w_exi AwaKvsk †`‡ki †P‡qI Lvivc| Aa¨vcK †mb nZvkv I †µvawgwkÖZ fvlvq wj‡L‡Qb †h, ¯^vaxbZvi ci fviZ ÔÿzavÕ‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q e‡j †h-cÖPvi Aweivg †kvbv hvq, Zv Avm‡j k~b¨Mf© wg‡Q K_v| `ywf©ÿ cÖwZ‡iva I ÿzav wbeviY cÖwµqv A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU ÔRwUj wµqvKvÐÕ (complex task) e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Gi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ welq RwoZ, †hgb b¨vq‡eva, MYZvwš¿K ¯^”QZv, msev`gva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv BZ¨vw`| GB cÖe‡Üi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡jv, GLv‡b W. †mb †`wL‡q‡Qb ÿzavi m‡½ wkÿvi m¤úK©, ÿzavi m‡½ mgv‡Ri A‡a©K Rb‡Mvôx bvixi ÿgZvq‡bi m¤úK©| Zuvi g‡Z, ÔÿzavÕ mgm¨v‡K mgvavb bv K‡i wkÿv I wj½‰elg¨ mgm¨v‡K `~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| fvi‡Zi A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vq ¯^í Avq, `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×, ÎæwUc~Y© ¯^v¯’¨‡mev eë¯’v Ges †gŠwjK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î D`vmxbZv, †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl‡K `wi`ª K‡i ivL‡Q| wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ GKwU AwfÁZvi D×…wZ w`‡q‡Qb wZwb; BZvwji †iv‡g GKw`b iv‡Z wZwb †nv‡UjK‡ÿ †Uwjwfk‡b msev` †`LwQ‡jb| msev`-cvVK Rvbvb †h, we‡k¦i cÖvq beŸBwU †`‡k fviZ wkwÿZ I cÖhwy ³Ávbm¤úbœ kÖwgK idZvwb K‡i| ZLb Zuvi g‡b n‡jv, Kx K‡i GUv m¤¢e! †h-†`‡ki cÖvq wZwik kZvsk †jvK wbiÿi, †mLv‡b wK GUv m¤¢e! wbðqB m¤¢e, hw` †m-†`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v AZ¨šÍ ÎæwUc~Y© nq| fvi‡Zi wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡qi wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb wb‡qI W. †mb

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AZ¨šÍ Mfxi D‡Ø‡Mi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| G-cÖe‡Ü wZwb Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, wkÿv I Acywó cÖjw¤^Z mg‡qi Rb¨ fvi‡Zi Rb‡Mvôx‡K AvNvZ Ki‡Q, we‡kl K‡i gwnjv‡ì Zv‡ì †gav I kw³i mØënvi †_‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Q, hvi `xN©¯v’ qx cÖfve †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI wµqvkxj| Acywó, we‡kl K‡i †g‡q‡ì AcywóRwbZ f½yi ¯^v¯’¨ Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ìI ÿwZi KviY, we‡kl K‡i GUv Zv‡ì g‡bvRvMwZK ev †eŠw×K Kg©Kv‡Ð AvNvZ K‡i| W. †mb hv‡K e‡j‡Qb Ôdevelopment of cognitive functions and skillsÕ-Gi RbÏ we‡klfv‡e ÿwZKi| W. †mb MÖ‡š’i bvgcÖeÜ Ôw` KvbwUª Ae dv÷© e‡qRÕ ïiæ K‡i‡Qb GKRb Bs‡iR wPwKrm‡Ki MÖš’ Religio Medici †_‡K GKwU D×…wZ wb‡q| †jLK-wPwKrmK Ugvm eªvDb 1643 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi D³ MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb, ÔI love to lose myself in a mystery.Õ Kx ai‡bi in‡mï g‡a¨ GB L¨vwZgvb Bs‡iR wPwKrmK wb‡R‡K nviv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb! AvaywbK abweÁvbx-`vk©wbK W. †mb iwmKZv K‡i e‡j‡Qb, wZwb nq‡Zv G-ai‡bi wPwKrmK †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡eb whwb in‡mï g‡a¨ nvwi‡q †h‡Z Pvb| Z‡e W. †mb hv-B ejyb bv †Kb, AvaywbK kixi-weÁvb I wPwKrmv-weÁvb gvbe‡`‡ni Ôinm¨Õ wb‡q mwZ¨B wew¯§Z| m¤úªwZ wbwg©Z KjKvZvi GKwU AmvaviY evsjv Pjw”PÎ Ø›Ø, Zv‡Z gyL¨ PwiÎ GKRb wbI‡iv mvR©b (†mŠwgÎ P‡Ævcva¨vq) gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i AmvaviY inm¨ wb‡q K_v ej‡Z wM‡q wb‡R‡K Zzjbv K‡ib GKRb ÔKweÕi m‡½| Iqvë ûBUg¨v‡bi KweZv Ñ ÔI am the poet of the body I am the poet of the soulÕ

D×…Z K‡i wZwb e‡jb, gw¯Í‡®‹i mvR©biv gvbe‡`‡ni ÔKweiÕ g‡Zv| Mfxi inm¨gwÐZ gvbe-gw¯Í‡®‹i nvRv‡iv wkiv-Dcwkiv KweZvi k„•Ljvi g‡ZvB Acvi Ôinm¨-†mŠ›`h©Õ m„wó K‡i| mvR©b †m-in‡mï gv‡SB Wz‡e _v‡Kb| W. †m‡bi wPwKrmK †m-iKg in‡mï I Zvi †mŠ›`‡h©i K_v †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb wKbv, †K Rv‡b! hv †nvK W. †mb wKQyUv iwmKZvi †Quvqv w`‡q †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, Ugvm eªvDb gvivZ¥K in‡mï g‡a¨ Wz‡e _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb hw` wZwb †Kv‡bvw`b fviZxq wkÿveë¯’v m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡Zb| Aa¨vcK †m‡bi g‡Z, fviZxq wkÿveë¯’v ¸YMZfv‡e †h wkÿv w`‡q _v‡K Zv mwZ¨B Lye wbgœgv‡bi| G‡`‡k Ôdv÷©

e‡qRÕiv wb‡R‡`i wkÿv wb‡q Me© K‡ib, mvivRxeb g‡b iv‡Lb, wZwb K¬v‡m ÔcÖ_gÕ n‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‘ wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv AR©b I mvdj¨ Zuvi Kv‡Q IB mvgvb¨ K¬v‡mi cixÿvi UªvÝwµ‡Þi g‡a¨B mxgve×| eû eQi Av‡M fvi‡Zi GKRb wkÿvgš¿x, whwb cieZx©Kv‡j cÖavbgš¿x n‡qwQ‡jb, W. †mb‡K Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb, Zuvi wkÿvRxe‡b Ôdv÷© eqÕ nIqvi K_v| wZwb cixÿvi b¤^i ch©šÍ AweKj g‡b †i‡LwQ‡jb| W. †mb g‡b K‡ib, ÔAt

every level, Indian education is obscessed with the first boys. In the classroom, in society and in the making of public policy.Õ W. †mb GB

ch©‡eÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ w`‡q †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, cixÿvi I K¬vmiæ‡gi GB ÔgwngvÕ‡eva mgvR‡K Ggb GK wkÿv I mgvR eë¯’vq Av”Qbœ K‡i ivL‡Q, †hLv‡b AwaKvsk gvbyl huviv Ôdv÷© e‡qRÕ bb, Zuv‡ì Ômy‡hvMÕ I Ôm¤§vbÕ mwZ¨B mxwgZ| cy‡iv wkÿvRxe‡b cÖ‡ewkÿv cixÿv †_‡K †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R A_©bxwZ m¤§vb (we.G) cixÿvq W. †mb Ôdv÷© eqÕ nIqvi †MŠie AR©b K‡ib, GgbwK K¨vgweª‡R mœvZK cixÿvq cÖ_g †kÖwY cvb| wKš‘ wZwb mvivRxeb Ggb A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi K_v e‡j Avm‡Qb, †hLv‡b mgv‡Ri msL¨vMwiô ÔA-dv÷© e‡qRÕ‡ì Rb¨ mgvb my‡hvM m„wó Kiv hvq| wZwb †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, fviZxq wkÿveë¯’v Kxfv‡e gvivZ¥K Amg wkÿv I mgvR Rxe‡bi m„wó K‡i| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, ÔIt is in that

structural perspective, combining considerations of efficiency with equity, that we can best understand how and how much the country loses through its extraordinary concentration on first boys.Õ

2014 mv‡j Rqcy‡i GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡b W. †mb Avgwš¿Z n‡q e³…Zv K‡ib, †hLv‡b eû ¸YxR‡bi mvg‡b wb‡Ri ¯^‡cœi K_v ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb GK iƒcKvwkÖZ M‡íi gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi wKQy mgm¨vi K_v Zz‡j a‡ib, †hme welq whwb mvivRxeb a‡i PP©v Ki‡Qb| W. †mb Rvbvb †h, m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g Amxg AvKv‡k wZwb GK my›`ix gwnjvi mvÿvr cvb, whwb wb‡R‡K GMT ev ÔGoddess of Medium Things’ e‡j `vwe K‡ib| W. †mb Zuvi Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, GB Ô†`exÕ Zuv‡K ei w`‡Z cv‡ib, hv‡Z wZwb hv PvB‡eb Zv cv‡eb| W. †mb cÖwZw`b, mßv‡ni cÖwZw`b GKwU K‡i ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡bi AvwR© Ki‡Z cv‡ib,

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