What Is Strategic Planning: Its Factors And How It is Implied in an organization.

A Sample Report On

Strategic Planning

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................................3 Activity 1 .........................................................................................................................................3 Activity 2 .........................................................................................................................................9 Activity 3 .......................................................................................................................................14 Activity 4 .......................................................................................................................................16 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................18

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1.INTRODUCTION The management of every company needs strategic planning for furthering its growth. To create any organizational strategies, the company’s management is required to define their goals and target. Most of the firms are concentrating on future planning which is the most useful for increasing their growth rate (Kogan and Bobchek, 2007).

In this report, the strategic planning of Just-Eat has been discussed along with different aspects that can affect the organizational behavior, i.e. the environment, business plans, modeling tools for strategic planning and factors that impact the organizational strategies have also been examined. Just-Eat is an online food supply service operating in 13 countries. This is a local take-away restaurant where customers can place their order online.

ACTIVITY 1 Review of current position of the company in the market Through BCG matrix, Just-Eat Company has to describe their long-term planning and the basic idea behind the use of this strategy is to get bigger market share with faster growth rate.

Figure 1(BCG matrix) (Source: Crowley, 2004) According to BCG Matrix, the firm is currently at the cash cow position where it has a highmarket share but it is not able to get similarly great growth in the business. The organization

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generates cash which fulfills the needs to maintain the business. Low investment will not help them to get higher growth rate (Beekun, 2006).

1. Dogs- Dog matrix within BCG generally possess low market share with lower growth rate the result in not generating large volume of cash. Just-Eat Company does not belong to this matrix as they have relative share within the UK market. Therefore, customer base within this matrix is low as company market share as well as growth is low within this matrix. Customers get less attracted towards the services of Just Eat Company.

2. Question marks- Another matrix is question marks that generally depicts increasing market area and growth by delivering quality and online food services within the UK market. With the increasing market growth rate, company features capturing low market share as online food services and take away services are not preferred by all the customers that are residing in UK marketplace. Customer base of Just-Eat Company is low as compared to other firms which are delivering online food company.

3. Stars- However, the star matrix in BCG depicts that company is in the position to dominant the marketplace by online delivering the food services to the UK customers. In addition to this, star matrix also features strong market share with higher market growth that is beneficial for Just-eat Company in increasing their image. Customer base within Stars matrix is very high as they are in dominant position as Just-Eat Company possesses relatively very high market share and growth that assist them in attracting large number of customers.

4. Cash Cows- The last matrix in the BCG depicts the situation of cash cows that possess low

market growth rate but have high market share that result in gaining possible profit. However, the products and services of Just-eat company lies within the cash cows matrix as they have high market share with lower growth rate within the market that is beneficial for the company to invest low amount to sustain in the market. Customer base within cash cows is high as Just-Eat Company has high market share as they are providing online food delivery to the customers that is beneficial for the firm in the present scenario.

1.1. Importance of external factors that have an impact on organizations Get

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External factors are the most important attribute that can create impact on the development of any company. These factors can be described by PESTLE analysis (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: External factors which have an impact on the organization (PESTLE) (Source: Steiner, 2010)

External factors which have an impact on the organization are as follows. Political: this factor deals with the government interference in Just Eat economic and different development policies in regards of tax, environmental issues, labor law or trade restrictions. Political stability and predictable political environment are also a crucial issue for companies/Just Eat when choosing on which markets to operate in. As the company is doing its business virtually, hence there is not much interference of the government in its business (Wallace, 2006). Economic: this factor includes economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. This factor has a major influence on the company’s operation and decision-making Social: this factor includes cultural and health consciousness aspects. Currently, online shopping is increasing; therefore, this aspect presents a major opportunity to the company. Technological: Just-Eat have to introduce different technical machines and software to maintain the standard of their products (Wallace, 2006).

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Legal: the laws, especially laws regarding online businesses, need to be followed by the company. Environmental: JUST EAT needs to take into account that its operations and activities do not have a negative impact on the environment.

1.2. Analysis of the main stakeholders and their needs and expectations The main stakeholders of Just-Eat are its investor, supplier, society and customers.

Supply chain management function uses these factors in planning their strategies for the organization. These all can have a huge impact on the development of the organization. a) Investors: they are the initial suppliers of the industry. There are different investors that help the company in financial factors such as a bank loan, financial institution and partners. The investors are interested in knowing the financial position and credibility of the corporation before investing their money in it (Matthews, 2005). b) Suppliers: they are the distributors of raw materials which are used in manufacturing company goods. Suppliers are connected to different retailers from where they obtain resources for the company. Suppliers expect the company to adopt a fair credit and purchase policy. c) Society: in ideal cases the company conducts a research on the society’s needs and designs its product line accordingly. The society needs to know whether or not the firm’s products and services are having any negative impact on the societal functions such as healthcare and reliable quality levels of sourced raw materials. d) Customer: these are the main external stakeholders of the company. The customers demand good quality products with proper information at competitive prices from the organization (Matthews, 2005).

Their needs and expectations Organizations have to identify their stakeholders and their importance for the growth of their business. The needs and expectations of stakeholders are very high in the company. Just-Eat have to fulfill the expectations of their stakeholders by trying to take into account each and every need of the different stakeholder groups. However, this is not possible as they contradict as Get

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suppliers for instance are interested in their profits, but this can drive prices up which customers will find unsatisfactory.

1.3 Understanding development taking place within similar organizations and analysis of the changes of the organization There are many factors due to which the internal environment of the company is going through several changes. These external factors, the economic, social, management, ecological and geographical factors, affect the internal operations of the company as well. Analysis of different changes in the organization reflects some particular areas such as social-political changes, technological changes, development changes, customer analysis and competitor analysis (May, 2010). This factor is directly or indirectly based on the evolution of new customers in the society. For getting advantages of these aspects, they have to get better efficiency and productivity. Ecological aspects are used to get different resources that are used in manufacturing their products, and this will define the valuation of their products. Technical changes are necessary for the development of the company to be able to serve better meal to their consumers (Cassidy, 2005).

In today's scenario, markets are expanding globally, and competitors are increasing in numbers as compared to earlier times.

Just-Eat need to develop its products with new and different taste. Therefore the company used benchmarking and portfolio analysis. Benchmarking is a method to identify the different resources to improve their performance. Portfolio is used to analyze groups according to their environment. These are used to ensure growth and development of business in changing times (Simerson, 2011). PESTLE analysis encompasses the external environment factors. PESTLE stands for political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental. These factors are uncontrollable; these are beyond the control of management. The external factors are:  Political Factor: These factors help in determining the extent to which governments or regulatory bodies influence the industry. Political factor include import export rate, tariff rates, tax rate etc. this will highly influences the strategic plan framed by the organization (Kogan and Bobchek, 2007). For example, if UK government may enforce the new tax rate to the industry, or Get

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organization this will directly influences the revenue generating structure of the company.

Hence, organization might change the structure as per the new enforce rate.  Economical Factor: These factors also contribute to the external environment that directly influences the organization's strategic plan. These factors include interest rates, inflation rate, foreign exchange rate etc. Just-Eat need to determine their strategic policies according to the Economic factor.  Social Factor: These factors examine the changing environment of the UK market. Change occurs due to change in taste, preferences, demographics etc. For example, there is a wide range of different foods available online (Nelson, 2008). Just Eat should cater all different type of food items to attract customers from different demographic regions.  Technological Factor: The continuous innovation in the technology also directly influences and changes the organizational policies and procedures. Just Food Company with the new, improved technology the company is now capable to provide wider selection of dishes, including various national specialties .The introduction of new supply chain enabled quick and quality service with increased volumes.  Legal Factor: Legal factors include various laws enforced by the governing body that every organization have to follow while in operation, for example labor laws, health and safety law, consumer law etc.  Environmental factor: Environmental factors include all the elements that create waste or have an impact on the environment. Just Eat operates digitally, most paperwork is done electronically. The focus should be on upgrading equipment and machinery to more energy efficient versions as the primary carbon footprint of the company is energy consumption.

Logistics is a field demanding similar level of attention. Another topic can be packaging materials for food items, where offering bio-degradable packaging is compliance in one country and a unique sales point in another, but is always environmentally friendly.

Porter's Five forces Model

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It is a powerful tool that assesses the overall industry under which organization is operating their business activities. However, the tool also plays a significant role in understanding the strength of organization in the competitive scenario and the area within industry in which organization is preceding their activities. This industry analysis tool generally focuses on measuring five forces that is supplier’s power, buyer’s power and competitive rivalry, threat of substitution and threat of new entry. Therefore, the porter's five force framework concentrates on these five forces and their influence on the overall industry.  Threat of new entrants- The foremost force is Threat of new competitors that studies the industry environment that it is easy or difficult for the organization to enter into the marketplace.

The threat of new competitors within online food ordering industry is relatively high because with the increasing e-commerce business in market, customers prefer to online order the food and take away from the respective places. It is tough for Just-Eat Company to engage in the new product differentiation as they require huge capital to enter into the online food delivery industry.  Power of suppliers- The bargaining power of suppliers within industry is low within online food ordering industry as there are very less organization that supplies food ingredients to the Just -eat company. Therefore, bargaining power of supplier is low within industry that assists the firm in accessing the direct distribution channels.  Power of buyers - The power of buyers within industry is high as in the contemporary scenario; buyers or customers are in the position to dominate the marketplace. However, in terms of price, there are low switching costs among buyers that result in influencing the price of products.  Availability of substitute - The availability of substitution is also low in the online market as there is no other organization or firm that deals in rendering take away food services to their customers.  Competitive rivalries - With the increasing technology and expansion in the market,

competitive rivalries in the food ordering industry is relatively very high. However, the firm within industry does not deal in much differentiated products and services.

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ACTIVITY 2 2.1. Appropriate tools to analyze the effects of current business plans Just Eat Company operates in the food and beverage industry in the UK. It has been working at a small level in the industry. SWOT analysis of the company has been carried out to identify its current state of affairs. i.Strength: ii. labor costs are low in comparison to other companies, iii. good distribution and sales networks (Cassidy, 2005), iv. Barriers of market entry for new competitors. v.Weakness: vi. operational costs are too high, vii. future competition, viii. Huge investment in research and development (Kaufman and et. al, 2003). ix.Opportunities: x. capture more customers because income level is increasing day by day, xi.demand will be increasing in the future, xii. Try to establish new markets (Cassidy, 2005). xiii. Threats: xiv. financial capacity, xv. external risks, xvi. Changes in taste and preferences of the customers.

Just Eat Company can also use the Porter’s Five Force model to measure the current business plan. This model also helps the company in determining the position in UK market. This model benefits the company by measuring and monitoring the effectiveness of their strategies. The five forces are: •

Threat of new entrants: As nowadays customers are choosing to buy food items

online. Customers also order the type of food that they want to eat and order at the home.

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Hence the threat of new entrants is high, because of highly profitable market (Malphurs, 2013).

•

Bargaining power of customers: With this type of company, focusing on selling

their food through online and also cater the take away food service. Hence, buyers have low bargaining power in the food industry.

•

Threat of substitutes: As per the analysis it has been concluded that in the

contemporary market Just Food Company will face high competition due to changing preferences of the customers. Substitute food items is inferior have no quality (Al-Turki, 2011).

•

Bargaining power of suppliers: Bargaining power of suppliers is also low in the

market as there is high competition among various suppliers.

•

Competitive rivalries: There is high threat of competitive rivalries in the UK

market as the competitors selling the equal quality food products then the Just Eat food company will have little power in the situation.

2.3. The competitive strengths and weaknesses of an organization’s current business strategies Resource analysis: The company operates in a small market enterprises sector. The firm is using various resources to increase its production and to try to provide the customers with the best service.

Some resources are as follows: a. Human Resources: human resources are the basic need of the organization for running business effectively. This firm has been recruiting skilled and qualified people because it aims to serve best products and services in the market. Human resources contribute with new creativity and ideas to the expansion of the business and managing responsibilities in an efficient manner (Nelson, 2008). b. Financial resources: financial resources have been used to develop business in new markets and are also helpful in introducing new products and services in the market.

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financial institutions and investors have been connected with the company for support in terms of finance. Financial conditions of the firm are good as compared to their competitors (Kerzner, 2002). c. Technological resources: the organization has been using various new machinery and equipment for making food. The firm will be using new technologies in sales and promotion of the products in the market. These include various new technologies in payment system like online order, payment with debit card/credit card, and membership cards for regular customers (Bryson, 2011). d. Skills and competencies audit: With the skills and competencies audit, company will

determine the skills and various competencies its human resource have. These audit will benefit the Just Eat by determining the skills there manpower possess to achieve the goals. With the help of skills and competency’s audit, firm will also identify the actual areas where training and development is needed to enhance the skills so that they should effectively contribute in accomplishing the targets.

2.4 Core organizational values with the current business objectives of an organization Core organizational values pertain to the vision and mission of the firm. They cover ethical, social, environmental and business aspects for the future. Some core values are as follow as: i. selling natural, organic and quality products to customers, ii. providing higher satisfaction to the customers, iii. supporting team and provide rewards and incentives on the basis of their performances, iv. generating wealth through profit and growth in the business (Barksdale and Lund, 2006) v. providing better products to the community, vi. producing environmental-friendly products, vii.involving and understanding the society needs and expectations, Get

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viii.managing suppliers effectively, ix. Adopting ideas from stakeholders in decision-making.

There are certain cultural values that will directly affect the Just Eat Company in achieving the objectives and mission. Cultural values within the organization will benefit the company in attaining the stated goals and objectives that is to cater the quality food services to their customers. Vision framed by the Just Eat company will influences the objectives and goals, as vision and objectives are linked with each other.

ACTIVITY 3 3.1. Modeling tools to develop strategic options for an organization Ansoff’s model is best for development of new strategies in the business. It gives better options to handle upcoming risks and market share effectively. Some options of Ansoff’s model are as follows as for making useful strategy during the expansion of the business. i.Market Penetration: this is helpful when the corporation is facing problem in selling its current products. It provides a new path to attract competitor’s customers and new customers from the market. Company will be focusing on advertising and promotions for gaining advantages from the market in terms of increasing the number of customers. This option is less risky for the company in establishing a new strategy for growth (Malphurs, 2013). ii.Product development: development of new products attracts existing and new customers in the market. The organization has been developing new products according to needs and expectations of the customers. In the present scenario customers want variety in the food so Just Eat tries to develop new products on the basis of taste and preferences of the customers (Linn, 2008). iii.Market Development: it is also a great option for making useful strategy in the business because it helps in enhancing the profit of the business through covering new market. The enterprise has been managing new branches at various places in the market for creating a good image (Elbanna, 2010).

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iv.Diversification: this is a very costly option for the corporation because it involves making new products and choosing new markets for serving the products and services.

Diversification is risky for Just Eat because this strategy not necessarily triggers growth as at times it might also have a huge negative impact on the financial position of the firm (Al-Turki, 2011).

The company can also adopt the various other plans like Mintzberg, gap analysis, Competitiveness strategies etc. these tools will help in developing the strategic options for the organization. Gap analysis is technique that is being used by the Just Eat Company to identify the steps that will help the company to move from the actual state to the desired upcoming state (Dameron and Durand, 2013). It will help the company in determining the actual finance, manpower inventory or time needed to achieve the goals. The process for conducting gap analysis includes three steps: The first step to identify the current state of business that is accomplishing the stated objectives and goals. Then second step is to determine the gap by proper analyzing the gap and providing solution to fill the gap so that Just Eat company can achieve the objectives. The last step will determine the desired position where they want to move forward.

3.2. Options to form the basis of future organizational strategy Mergers and acquisitions: mergers and acquisitions options will help in improving the status of the firm. It will provide various advantages to the organization in expansion of its business with the support of other firms. It will be helpful in improving the financial conditions of the enterprises, and market share will also be increased in the future scenario of the industry. It is useful in attaining competitive advantage as it increases the size and sales volume of the firm in the market (Germano and Stephenson, 2012).

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ď ŹCorporate expansions: this option provides better opportunities to the firm in expansion of business through new projects and assignments in the business. The company will be covering various areas of the market through various products and services. A corporate expansion takes huge investments and taking loans from financial institutions. So the firm will be using finance systematically in the suitable projects (McLarney, 2001). ď ŹControl of distribution channels: the organization has been using different techniques in distribution of goods and services. It will be helping in proper management of distribution according to market needs and demands. The corporation is selling and distributing their products where the demand is high and when demand is low in the market the company diversifies its distribution in other market with the help of proper channels.

3.3. Criteria for reviewing potential options for a strategy plan Balance scorecard is the best option for assessments of the individual performances in the organization. It measures and controls the potential of the strategies in a better manner. Balanced scorecard is a technique that helps the company in converting their vision and mission into the strategic goals and they also help in monitoring the performance that is financial performance and human resource performance in terms of achieving organizational goals. It indicates the future results of the strategy on business with the use of the analysis of the activities of the strategies. The company has been setting targets to managers and employees for achieving the objectives of the firm (Tsiakkiros and Pashiardis, 2002). The organization has a reward program in place if employees achieved the target in given time, so it creates positive direction for the employees, and they will give full efforts for gaining objectives. Most of the time, enterprise is using success matrices in evaluating the strategy and performance of the employees. After this evaluation, the company will be trying to make changes according to the needs of the company for growth in profit and sales.

However, Just Eat Company can also review the strategy plan by setting targets to achieve the goals. Goals and objective should be transformed into the different set targets that need to be accomplished by the company to review the strategy plan.

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ACTIVITY 4 4.1. Suitable structure for a strategy plan that ensures appropriate participation from all stakeholders of an organization The matrix organizational structure is most suitable for strategy planning because it facilitates proper interaction between members and fosters the generation of new ideas and creativity.

Matrix Structure can provide Just Eat with the following advantages: i. it is helpful in minimizing the costs of the firm, ii. reduces the conflicts between managers and employees, iii. proper management of time, cost and performances (Wacker and Lummus, 2002), iv. roles and responsibilities are shared among employees, v. reduces the stress between teams, vi. proper utilization of resources, vii.expansion in global projects, viii.Effective analysis of customers’ needs and expectations.

ACTIVITY 5 An agreed strategy plan that includes resource implications: Management strategy is the systematic analysis of the factors associated with the external and internal environment to provide a basis for the operations and current management of the firm.

Just Eat Company uses following implications in resources for constructing its strategic plan:  There must be a work flow process in order to achieve results in the form of products and services.  The firm must adopt reward and penalty processes to induce people to behave in a way required by the organization and its employees to behave in making associated activity available (Ashill, Frederikson and Davies, 2003). By adopting these processes Just Eat company can effectively motivate their human resource to produce quality and healthier product so that they should satisfy their customers.

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 Company maintains and makes adequate use of the resources for sustainable development. As they require financial resources to buy the various ingredients for preparing the healthier food.  Human Requirements: the human capacity and skills required to implement the strategy, current and potential sources of the resources. Human resources provide structure and operational activities to firm in efficient manner (Subramoniam and Krishnankutty, 2002).

Human resource serves the basic requirement of their customers.  Financial requirement: finance requires for the management of the firm operations and expansion of new projects. Management invests and evaluates the fund on the basis of importance of upcoming requirement of the firm.

Appropriate vision and mission statements for an organization Just Eat has been making appropriate vision and mission for the future. The company’s vision is to establish approximately 50000 branches all over the world until 2020. Just Eat Company’s vision is to sustain for the long run in the competitive market so that they can attain higher profits. They wish to attract more and more and customers so that they can expand their activities across the globe. Mission of the firm is to provide organic, natural and healthy food to customers at a reasonable and providing best products and services to customers in short period and taking growth in business (Schraeder, 2002).

Future management objectives for an organization The company’s future objectives regarding society are to protect society interests and values. The company will be using objectives related to the expansion is clear that the increase the competition in the market from products and services. It focuses on improving the profit of the business and making objectives for increasing the number of customers in the market. The firm has established objectives according to their resource availability (Ketzes, 2003). Company frames the real objectives and makes efforts to fulfill them. Company mission will have to be creating a unique image in the market form giving quality in services.

The

future

management objective of Just Eat Company is to motivate their employees in such a manner that they should attain higher success in the market. They should also motivate their employees so Get

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that they should effectively treat their customers by providing better service through competent self-regulation and evaluation methods.

5.2. Evolution of plans in the organization A company is in the most dangerous situation when it is in the top tier in the market.

Hence, the firm uses different strategic plans. It has different organizational cultures that are teamwork, leadership, climate for action and capabilities (Dameron and Durand, 2013). There are different issues that affect the evaluation of plans; to minimize these conditions company performs monitoring process. There are certain measures that can be used by the Just Eat Company to evaluate the plan. The various measures are: Measuring the Financial outcome: With the help of measuring the financial outcomes, company can evaluate the effectiveness of plan implemented in the company to render their services among the UK customers and international customers (Dameron and Durand, 2013).

Measuring the customer satisfaction level: Company can also evaluate the success of plans by measuring the customer satisfaction levels and considering the financial aspects and gaining feedback from the customers about their products and services.

ACTIVITY 6 6.1. Implementation of the plan in an organization To implement the strategic plan in an organization, the management needs certain planning processes that will help them to adhere to market demand and stay ahead of competition. ď Ź Self-evaluation: the company has to develop their ideas to make different products. ď Ź Market research: this is the tool that helps the company to get information about their products in the market and the specific need for it. This can be done by market research, and it is a very important component in implementing any plans in the organization. ď Ź Information on competitors: this can be obtained by market research, and it will help them to develop their products and strategies (Schoenberg, Collier and Bowman, 2013).

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ď Ź Requirements: these are resources that are used for making their products, and it is

very essential for the development within the company so the company should use standard resources to get a good image in the market.

6.2. Methods that will be used to gain commitment from the stakeholders There are different types of stakeholders, so in order to gain their commitment the company has to use different methods. Commitment is a very important factor in the development of any relationship. The company has to develop their strategies and planning according to the needs and satisfaction of their stakeholders. Different stakeholders are the investors, the suppliers, the society and the customers; therefore the company has to apply different methods for different stakeholder.

1. Investors: Just-Eat have to present their strategies and ideas to investors at meetings and conferences.

2. Customer and society: customers can get their information about the new product that has been launched in the market through mass and media, social sites and postings.

3. Suppliers: they have to know about the resources that will be used in manufacturing a product, so suppliers can plan according to standard and requirements of that products.

As Just Eat company mainly deals in catering the online food service to their customers and also provides take away food services for their customers parallel to, serving new dishes or food items in the market. They should use following dissemination methods that will help in gaining commitment from the stakeholders:  Company website: With the help of official company website, through which customers order their food items and various other product online can be used as a dissemination method to gain commitment from the various stakeholders. The company website ensures covering vast geographical area and disseminating the information among their stakeholders.  Cloud services: by upgrading IT systems, Just Eat Company can also use video

conferencing methods to disseminate the information among their customers, suppliers, Get

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investors and other stakeholders. Company can also upload their video recording to disseminate the information to gain the commitment from their stakeholders. Document handling can be performed by a central server giving access to them from anywhere.

6.3. Monitoring and evaluation systems for implementation of strategy plan  Monthly strategy planning: in this strategy the company can perform different team meetings at a monthly basis according to their respective department. This can help them to get appropriate situation of their program so that the teams are able to make their further planning.  Annual review meetings: in Just Eat, they also had meetings on a yearly basis that will help them to get together with each other. This helps to get information about all their targets to be achieved and planning operations by their respective functional departments (Sekhar, 2009).

The systems that are being used by the Just Eat Company to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the strategy plan are: 

Quality systems: Company may also adopt the quality systems to monitor and evaluate the implementation of strategies. This system will help the company in preparing the quality and healthier food for their market customers so that it should not affect their health. By implementing this system in the company it will attract more and customers and also benefit in implementing the plan.

CONCLUSION Hence it has been concluded that strategic planning is the process of implementation of business operations for attaining growth by systematic use of resources. Above discussion concluded that good strategic planning provides unique advantages to the organization in the market, and it increases the competitor advantages in terms of growth and expansion of new projects in future activities. The firm has analyzed its own and its competitors’ strengths and weaknesses for implementation in the production and operations of the business. Company will be monitoring and evaluating the implementation steps because it gives a huge impact on brand image of the company.

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REFERENCES 

Allison, M. and Kaye, J. (2011). Strategic Planning for Nonprofit Organizations: A Practical Guide and Workbook, 2ndedition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.



Al-Turki, U. (2011) Dahran: A framework for strategic planning in maintenance. In: Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering. 17(2). pp.150–162.



Ashill, J. N., Frederikson, M. and Davies, J. (2003): Strategic marketing planning: a grounded investigation. In: European Journal of Marketing. 37(3/4). pp.430–460.



Barksdale, S. and Lund, T. (2006) 10 Steps to Successful Strategic Planning. Danvers: American Society for Training and Development.



Beekun, I. R. (2006). Strategic Planning and Implementation for Islamic Organizations.

Herdon: IIIT.

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Bryson, M. J. (2011). Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement.4thedition. Athens: John Wiley & Sons.



Cassidy, A. (2005). A Practical Guide to Information Systems Strategic Planning, 2nd edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

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