Kampung Melayu: Urban Design Solution to Public Health Risk of Water and Air Pollution

KAMPUNG MELAYU URBAN DESIGN SOLUTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

UDI5201 - ECOLOGY AND HEALTH M1 T1 2023

ANGELA 3509085

THIS ESSAY CONTAINS 1407 WORDS, EXCLUDING FIGURES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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1 INTRODUCTION Jakarta is a home for vulnerable slum

This situation led Kampung Melayu residents to

dwellers targeted by SDG 2030 Goal 11 (UN,

face respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin con-

2023), as 60% of the city’s area is informal, dense,

ditions due to water and air pollution (Ricafort &

and disordered kampungs for the poor (Ricafort &

Mohammed, 2023; Field Survey, 2023; Nafas &

Mohammed, 2023). The UN-Habitat and WHO

Halodoc, 2023), particularly impacting children and

(2020) stress the impact of urban planning on their

the elderly. Poor living conditions causing public

health, as 70-90% of health risks are linked to envi-

health deterioration are recognized as environmen-

ronmental factors (Gibson, 2018). Government at-

tal justice issues favoring specific economic classes

tempts to relocate residents from their dilapidated

(Wolch, et al., 2014; Meerow & Newell, 2017).

kampungs to new flats failed, given the vital roles

This essay will explore urban design inter-

kampungs play in the community’s economy, social,

ventions, focusing on Kampung Melayu, to pro-

and cultural aspects (Karyono, et al., 2017; Ricafort

mote environmental justice and establish healthy

& Mohammed, 2023; Lestari & Sumabrata, 2018).

urban communities in livable settlements.

Existing Polluted Water Condition (Kontan, 2021)

Existing Polluted Air Condition (Okezone, 2023) KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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2 DATA AND ANALYSIS A. USER PROFILE & BEHAVIOR Jatinegara sub-district data reveals a de-

Limited water resources in Kampung Me-

mographic of predominantly 16-59-year-olds with

layu lead residents to use polluted waterways and

an equal gender distribution (BPS, 2020). Engaged

contaminated aquifers for washing and bathing (Ri-

mostly in informal jobs or self-employment, these

cafort & Mohammed, 2023; Costa, et al., 2019).

residents typically have 3-5 family members (Kary-

Floodwaters in the area, occurring 2-5 times an-

ono, et al., 2017). A 2023 field survey uncovered

nually, carry bacterial indicators and infectious dis-

concerning conditions: 568 families lack toilets,

eases (Ricafort & Mohammed, 2023). Residents

832 families have indoor smoking, elevating health

also heavily rely on motorcycles, contributing to air

risks linked to water and air pollution.

pollution, surpassing safe PM2.5 levels by tenfold (Nafas & Halodoc, 2023).

Age Group

Chart Title Chart Title

Age Group

9%

51%

49%

Female

23% Female

Male

Male

Gender Proportion (BPS, 2020)

Existing Condition (Personal Data, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

68%

16-59 years old

16-59 years

<16 years old

<16 years ol

>59 years old

>59 years ol

Age Group Proportion (BPS, 2020)

Existing Condition (Google Street View, 2023)

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B. SITE BOUNDARY By integrating Lestari and Sumabrata’s flood-prone map (2018) with Farid, et al.’s high vulnerability index map (2017), and choosing the kampung area (Google Maps, 2023), the site boundary is established.

STEP 1

STEP 2

Non-Flood Area Highly

Flood Area

Vulnerable

Med

Highly Vulnerable

Non-Flood Area

N

N Flood-Prone Map (Adapted from Lestari & Sumabrata, 2018 & Open Street Map, 2023)

STEP 3

High Vulnerability Index Map (Adapted from Farid, et al., 2017 & Open Street Map, 2023)

STEP 4 Middle-High Residential

x A 6,9Ha

SITE

B 7,3Ha

Middle-Low Kampung

N

N

Site Options (Adapted from Google Maps, 2023 & Open Street Map, 2023) KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

Selected Site (Own Creation, 2023) 5

C. SITE ANALYSIS LAND USE & DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY

BUILDING ARRANGEMENT

Green areas are undergoing widespread transfor-

Houses typically use low-quality and unsafe mate-

mation into residential zones (Dewi et al., 2020),

rials, ranging from 6-20m2 (Karyono et al., 2017),

potentially overburdening environmental capacity.

leading to overcrowding with 3-5 people per house, below the standard living space of 7.2m2 per per-

OPEN GREEN SPACES

son.

The area faces a shortage of public parks (Ricafort & Mohammed, 2023).

INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES With a need for 1 Puskesmas (Public Health Care

CIRCULATION & ACCESSIBILITY

Center) per 3000 people, the area of 7.255 people

Fragmentation issues arise due to railway tracks

does not have one single Puskesmas. Additionally,

and major roads bordering the area, the area can

there are issues with drainage, unpredictable water

only be accessed from the east, and existing roads

and energy supply, and limited community centers

in the area cannot cater to 4-wheeled vehicles (Ricafort & Mohammed, 2023), elevating the high risk for emergencies as ambulances and fire trucks can-

and preschools (Karima et al., 2018; Ricafort & Mohammed, 2023).

not access the area.

+

e

+

e

e e

s

+ e

SITE

SITE

N Land Use Map (Adapted from Jakarta Satu, 2023)

+

Legend

+

N

Residential

Green Space

Commercial

Blue Space

Amenities

Road

Site Profile (Adapted from Ricafort & Mohammed, 2023; Open Street Map, 2023) Legend Building

+ Puskesmas

s School

River

+ Clinic

e Entry Points

Road

Bus Stop

Railway Track

Train Station

Access for cars

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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3 INTERVENTION STRATEGY

Bel t

Side walk Swale s

rG ree n

Bel t Riv e

ng iwu

Riv e

Cil

rG ree n

Riv e

r

District Wetland

Community Rain Garden

Community Rain Garden

Sidewalk Swales

District Wetland

N Masterplan (Own Creation, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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A. INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES IMPROVEMENT VEHICLE ACCESSIBILITY Two roads from the east must be widened by at least 7.5m to be shared streets. Three bridges also need to be built on the west and south sides above

b

the river with the same width.

a

a

b

b

N Vehicle Accessibility Diagram (Own Creation, 2023) Legend Shared Street (7.5m-wide) a

Widened Road

b

New Bridge

Shared Street Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT CIRCULATION To reduce air pollution, inspired by Miskell, et al., (2015), vehicle-free, pedestrian, and bicyclist-oriented streets will be established with narrower widths (3m). Moreover, to address the scattered nature of villages (Karima, et al., 2018), a pedestrian platform on the first floor (3,5m above the ground floor) will be built between buildings so people can move around freely.

N Active Transport Circulation Diagram (Own Creation, 2023) Legend Pedestrian & Bicylist-oriented Road (3m-wide) Pedestrian Platform (3.5m above the ground floor)

Pedestrian Platform Section (Own Creation, 2023)

Pedestrian & Bicylist-oriented Road Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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FLOOD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Polder systems and building ground-floor water chambers will be used for the management of flood

#3 RESILIENCY

disasters, inspired by Karima, et al., (2018). Polder

Mitigating and adapting to environmental issues insystem consists of a natural embankment or river’s tropical context greenbelt and drainage networks.

WATER-SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLE IMPLEMENTATION

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Integrating WSUD elements into the streetscape, land percil, and building

Water-sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) principles (PUB, 2014) are applied. Stormwater runoff from the buildings is directed to rain gardens in each parcel, before discharge to surrounding swales. Water will end up in nearby wetlands, serving as a natural filtration point. The wetland is connected to a fil-

LATAR OETARA’S BIG MOVES

tration tank for4 reuse in flushing, bathrooms, and

PLANNING, DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF ABC WATERS DESIGN FEATURES

N

plant watering. #3 RESILIENCY

Introduction 4.2.4 FloodSEDIMENTATION Management & Drainage System Diagram Sedimentation basins are ponds that provide temporary detention or longer time retention of stormwater runoff as well as reduction of the flow velocity to (Own BASINS Creation, 2023) promote the settling of particles by gravity. They are designed to capture 70 to 90% of coarse to medium-sized sediments (typically above 125µm). The Legend settled sediments can then be removed periodically. Sedimentation basins River Green Belt District are used asWetland pre-treatment features for constructed wetlands and bioretention basins.

Larger sedimentation ponds can be used as water storage pondsWATER-SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLE IMPLEMENTATION Community Rain Garden Filtration Tank or pre-treatment upstream of aesthetic BUILDING water features if integrated with lush WATER-SENSITIVE Sidewalk Swales landscape. At the same time, sediments are settled in the pond and cleanerIntegrating WSUD elements into the streetscape, land percil, and building water in the upper part can be channelled for use like irrigation.

Mitigating and adapting to environmental is tropical context

SWALES

Application and Principles Sedimentation basins can be permanent water features in an urban setting or temporary measures to control sediment discharge during construction. Its primary function is to capture coarse to medium-sized sediments as a pretreatment measure before the water enters a downstream treatment system (e.g. macrophyte zone of a constructed wetland or a bioretention basin) configured for the removal of finer particles and soluble pollutants.

The second function of sedimentation basins is to control or regulate flows entering the downstream treatment system. The outlet structures of sedimentation basins are designed such that flows up to the design flow will enter the downstream treatment system, whereas excess flows are bypassed around the downstream treatment system (e.g. via a spillway).

In providing this N function, the sedimentation basin protects the downstream treatment system against scouring and other damages during extreme high flows. It can also be used as a stormwater detention pond.

BLUE AND GREEN LEGEND Preserved Existing Trees Rain Garden Swales Wetland

RAINGarden GARDEN Rain Section (PUB, 2014)

RETENTION ELEMENT

SEDIMENTATION

DETENTION ELEMENT

SWALES Swales Section

WATER-SENSITIV

(PUB, 2014)

Active, Beautiful, Water Flow Clean Water Design Guidelines (PUB, 2014) Water-sensitive Building

33 Area for sediment de-watering

Normal water level

Access zone for sediment removal

Inlet structure Energy dissipation

RAIN GARDEN Hard rock bottom or defined sound layer

Sediment deposit

Wetland Section (PUB, 2014)

Fig. 4.34 Typical section of a sedimentation basin

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

Active, Beautiful, Clean Water Design Guidelines (PUB, 2014)

41

10

District Wetland Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

Community Rain Garden Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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CLEAN WATER SYSTEM PDAM network supplies clean water through pipe networks to parcels and buildings.

WASTEWATER SYSTEM A communal IPAL directing wastewater to the city’s disposal system is provided.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PLN network supplies electricity through upper-ground networks to parcels and buildings.

WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

N Water, Electrical, and Waste System Diagram (Own Creation, 2023)

An integrated TPS 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) with compost, sorting, and waste transit areas to the TPA is provided.

Legend Pipe/Upper-ground Network IPAL TPS 3R

EMERGENCY SYSTEM Open areas and public buildings serve as evacuation zones. Evacuation routes include pedestrian or vehicle roads, designed with directional signs or trees. Area hydrants are installed within a 200 m radius.

N Emergency System Diagram (Own Creation, 2023) Legend Evacuation Route Evacuation Area Hydrant KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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B. OPEN GREEN SPACES CREATION Green open spaces, crucial for water absorption (Karyono et al., 2017), will constitute 30% of Kampung Melayu (Karima, et al., 2018), incorporating: PUBLIC PARKS IN THE RIVER GREEN BELT, RAIN GARDENS, AND WETLANDS Parks, with seating areas, playgrounds, and plazas, offer ecosystem services and reduce pollution and noise (Xing & Brimblecombe, 2020; Ahn et al., 2021). Considerations include dense trees and art installations (Xing & Brimblecombe, 2020; Xu et al., 2023).

N Open Green Spaces Diagram (Own Creation, 2023) Legend River Green Belt Community Rain Garden District Wetland

Open Green Spaces Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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C. SETTLEMENT REDEVELOPMENT THOUGHTFUL ORIENTATION Based on windrose diagrams in the dry season (Nafas & Halodoc, 2023) and Meng, et al., (2022) study, the street will face north and northeast to minimize PM2.5 pollution as it creates wind tunnel to create healthy airflow conditions.

STILT HOUSES Inspired by the kampung typology designs by Karyono et al. (2017), modular stilt houses that can accommodate different types of units (9m2, 18m2, 36m2) will be built. The stilt houses will have at least 3-4 floors, leaving more ground spaces to be

N Street Orientation Diagram (Own Creation, 2023)

converted to open green areas while still complying with the living space standard. Street vendor spaces, playgrounds, and parking will be on the ground floor. Floors one to three will include housing units, terraces, shops, clinics, preschools, and community centers. Roofs will serve as green spaces, clothes drying areas, solar panel locations, and water tank sites. Stairs and MEP rooms are also provided.

REASONABLE HEIGHT Maintaining a minimum height of 3.5m from the ground to the first floor accommodates the 2m

Type 1

flood level (Karyono et al., 2017).

RELIABLE MATERIALS Concrete will be used for main structures like columns and beams, while lower walls will be constructed with bricks and upper walls and roofs with wood. Some roofs will use concrete to be converted into green roofs (Karyono et al., 2017).

Type 2

Housing Typology 3D (Own Creation, 2023) KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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Housing Type 1 Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

Housing Type 2 Illustration (Own Creation, 2023)

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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4 LIMITATION AND FUTURE WORKS As participatory planning is vital in the design solution and leveraging it online to engage larger populations and address time constraints (Xu, et al., 2023) is possible, changes based on the resident’s input in this initial design are expected. Also, given the imperative to enhance the Cilliwung River quality to mitigate water pollution and flood risks (Farid, et al., 2017), collaboration between Jakarta and West Java governments is essential, given the river’s span across both regions (Wikipedia, 2023). Following Karyono, et al., (2017) plan, the redevelopment plan needs to involve temporary elevated houses above roads in the same area to be the temporary living settlements for the people to minimize resistance.

Beyond built-environment interventions, implementing risk communication strategies is crucial for building awareness and initiating early-stage mitigation measures (Apers, et al., 2023; Ricafort & Mohammed, 2023; Littlefield, 2013; Farid, et al., 2017). Promoting healthy lifestyles such as avoiding smoking and motorcycles but walking and cycling instead as an act of protection to children and elderly is also essential.

5 CONCLUSION To forge an “inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable” city (UN, 2023) and promote environmental justice, urban design interventions, particularly in vulnerable kampungs, are imperative.

Key strategies for Kampung Melayu include (1) enhancing public infrastructure and amenities, focusing on emergency accessibility, pedestrian and bicyclist circulation, flood management, drainage, water, waste, electrical, and emergency systems; (2) establishing public parks with Water-sensitive Urban Design principles in river green belts, rain gardens, and wetlands; and (3) transforming settlements into stilt houses with reasonable height, reliable materials, and thoughtful street orientation.

These improvement strategies, combined with participatory planning, regional collaboration, and effective risk communication, are anticipated to yield positive public health outcomes.

KAMPUNG MELAYU: URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH RISK OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

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