The Green Machine

The green machine Research Booklet Generous Skyscraper Major DesignStudio Semester 2 2017

Amit Angane

z5124045 High performance technology

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PREFACE This document is a design thesis prepared as a part of the ‘Master of Architecture Course‘ specializing in ‘High Performance’ stream at the University of New South Wales, Sydney Sydney is considered to be a world class city on many fronts. The Opera House and the Harbour Bridge help sell this picture better. Sydney has always been perceived to be a balanced city when it comes to greenery. The two main evidences which come to mind are the’ Royal Botanical Gardens’ and ‘The Domain’. However, the reality is very different to what it may seem. Sydney ranks just decent when it comes to average greenery per inhabitant, an index which the World Health Organization suggests to be above 9. Moving forward, in the next 20 years, the urban sprawl along will the increased workforce will exhibit even more pressure from this green-land. In order to provide a world class city, the urban greenery needs to expand proportionally along with its inhabitants. As the Sydney CBD is dominated by high rise commercial buildings, this project explores the concept of ‘ The Office in the Garden’ to award each individual with his personal and collective share of green space.

The topic chosen for my thesis ‘Vertical Greenery in High Rise Commercial Buildings’ has been inspired by numerous observations of commercial buildings in the Sydney CBD and future potential to increase the environmental performance of these buildings with urban greenery.

How can we foster urban greenery in high rise commercial buildings?

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CONTENTS I

THEMATIC RESEARCH City Scale Analysis Liveable Cities Open space Classifications Architectural Manifesto - 1 Circular Quay Analysis Cahill Expressway - Sydney’s Eyesore Architectural Manifesto - 2 Research Question Precedent Study What is green ?

Greenery in Office Spaces

II

MASTERPLANNING

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Design Progression Context Drawings Office Village Model

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VI

DESIGN FINALE Green Study Masterplan Urban Moves Office Village Axonometric Bay Section Details Environmental Strategy Planting Details Green Statistics

DESIGN STAGE - 1 Initial Design Modular Apartment Design Context Drawings Building and Site Models

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Revised Design Program Context Drawings Bay Section Bay Section Model

APDG - Site Analysis Site Opportunities Design Strategy Initial Design Program Massing Evolution

III

DESIGN STAGE - 2

VII

BIBLOGRAPHY

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THEMATIC RESEARCH CHAPTER - I

CITY SCALE ANALYSIS 8 8

Every weekday in metropolitan Sydney, people make around

seven million journeys that are shorter than two kilometers.

More than three million of these short trips are walk only trips and a further three million are traveled by car. Many short car trips could be replaced with walking trips. - nsw government

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Key Issues and Drivers Influencing the Future Planning of Pedestrian prioritized streets and inter - connected public green spaces

“A city laid out for business ; not for pleasure walks” LESS PEDESTRIANS AS COMPARED TO OTHER CITIES

PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC LIMITED TO RETAIL ZONES

The general walking pattern shows that the highest concentrations of pedestrians are to be found in the retail core of Pitt’s street Mall, George Street (between Market and King street), Martin Place, southern part of George street and Broadway near Central Station. The Northern end of George Street along with Circular Quay and the pedestrian plaza which connects to the Sydney Opera House are the most pedestrian populated areas in the CBD.

Most of the pedestrian traffic is limited to Pitt Street retail Mall and George Street and fails to connect through the spine of George Street to the Rocks and Circular Quay.

LOW LEVEL OF EVENING TRAFFIC As compared to daytime traffic, Sydney fares poorly during the evening. A majority of the shops close down between 8 - 9pm and a bulk of the population exits the City Centre.

1. Concentration of pedestrian movements in the CBD

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Summer Weekday Morning 8am - 6pm

Summer Weekday Evening 6pm - 12am

Summer Weekend Morning 8am - 6pm

Summer Weekend Evening 6pm - 12am

Sydney has failed to develop on the lines of a pedestrian friendly city such as Copenhagen

PITT ST

TOWARDS CIRCULAR QUAY

Pitt street retail mall

KING ST

PITT ST

2. Flux in pedestrian traffic at Pitt street mall - from Central towards Circular quay

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CASTLEREAGH

ST

GEORGE ST

KING ST

11

PITT ST

MARKET ST

LACK OF TRANSFER OF PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC THROUGH PUBLIC PRECINCTS PITT ST

MARKET ST

Pedestrian traffic in the CBD is concentrated at retail zones such as Pitt Street retail mall. However, this traffic fails to make its way through to Circular Quay and the harbour along this North - South dominant axis.

Concentration of pedestrion movement diminishing towards circular quay due to the lack of active street frontages can be seen in the diagram (right).

FROM CENTRAL STATION

Pedestrian priority - underground vs street level 4. Underground pedestrian corridors in the CBD.

INTRICATE NETWORK OF UNDERGROUND WALKWAYS

N HALL NO TOW RT

VEHICLES DOMINANT OVER PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC

H

TH OR

WYNY AR D

N OR TH

GEORGE STRE ET N

An intricate network of underground walkways suggests that in order to have a signal free walk, you have to use the underground level as opposed to the street level. Disconnecting with the ground plane compromises on the quality of the walk. The city has been biased towards vehicular traffic and this needs to change.

78,000

TH

12

GEORG ES TR E

U SO

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3. Comparison of pedestrian movement at street level and in the underground

ET

The city can be traversed underground, or at least without confronting vehicles, all the way from south of Bathurst Street to Chifley Square and mid-Macquarie Street. If the authorities cared to excavate a link from Chifley Square to Pitt Street, just two blocks away, the network would reach northern York Street. An extension further west to Clarence and Kent Streets and Barangaroo South is already

45,000

Underground Pedestrian Traffic Street Level Pedestrian Traffic

Signal free pedestrian walks are only possible underground

Proposed pedestrian link Underground Pedestrian corridors

Slow movement along the east - west corridor 6. Key East West Corridors

GETTING ACROSS The functional grid of the city has been aligned along the NorthSouth axis. In Sydney, the focus has been on vehicular traffic and ways of facilitating car movements so that the pedestrians have gradually become a category of secondary city users who face many hardships and experience both great difficulties and real danger whern choosing to walk in the city.

5. Percentage of walking time spent waiting at signals

GREATER WAIT TIMES FOR PEDESTRIANS Push buttons have been installed all over Australia, In order to cross a street, after pressing this digital device, it will give you about 7 to 10 seconds before the lights starts to blink red to tell you to finish walking across the road. Red periods are often long lasting between 60 and 90 seconds. On a busy city street, this leads to accumulation of about 30-40 people at the crossings which interferes with the footpath pedestrian circulation.

BARANGAROO

APDG

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

MARTIN PLACE

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30%

TEST WALKS In order to evaluate the walking quality offered, 6 test walks were carried out. In each case ordinary walking speed was maintained and the walking time as well as the waiting time at traffic intersections was recorded. The conclusion of the tests is that waiting time at crossings is a substantial problem in Sydney.

The test walks show a general delay of 30-50% in th east-west streets and about 20% in the north-south streets. A similar survey carried out in Adelaide 2002 showed an average delay of about 16%.

THE ROCKS

38% 52%

DARLING HARBOUR TUMBALONG PARK

HYDE PARK HYDE PARK SOUTH

33%

19%

17% Walking Tests

On average you spent 40% of your walking time waiting at signals

Key connections

Disconnected public and green spaces 9. Disconnected green spaces

MISSING LINKS IN THE PEDESTRIAN NETWORK Although, Sydney has a fair amount of green space in the City Centre (74,000 m2) there tends to be weak connections in between them. The existing open spaces are scattered across the city and although they cover most of the City Centre they do not constitute a connected network for users to enjoy.

The most important spaces are Martin Place, Pitt Street Mall, Sydney Square and Circular Quay. These make up the spine of Sydney’s open spaces. Still all of them have their limitations; Martin Place consists of 5 individual parts interrupted by vehicular traffic, Pitt Street Mall is only a 200 metre stretch, Sydney Square is a limited sized space and is partly sunken, while Circular Quay has an outstanding setting, it suffers from weak connections to the city due to the Cahill Expressway.

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DAWES POINT PARK BARANGAROO NORTH OBSERVATORY HILL PARK 8. Public Spaces ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

WYNYARD PARK

LACK OF PUBLIC SPACE HIERARCHY

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Sydney’s city Centre has a number of quite similar open spaces, not only in size but also in function and layout.

COMPARISON : COPENHAGEN

HYDE PARK

Copenhagen has turned a car oriented city into a people friendly by a step by step process over 40 years. The development has involved stopping the through traffic, reducing the number of car parking spaces in the centre and increasing the space set aside for pedestrian activities.

TUMBALONG PARK

BELMORE PARK 1962 : Public promenede

1973 : Connected most important locations in the city

2005 : Network of car free streets and squares 99,770m2

Public Streets Public Green Spaces

There is a need to string these public networks together to form a better interconnected city centre

livable cities By 2050, 70% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas and many cities across the world are struggling to cope with pressure from a rapidly increasing population.

Housing supply, unemployment levels, pollution and outdated infrastructures are just some of the biggest challenges that are impacting the quality of our living, all of which have an impact on what makes great livable cities. Green space is another, and the race to create the greenest city is on!

Vancouver, Canada is aiming to be the greenest city in the world by 2020. The city has already close to 300 city-run parks, beaches, and gardens. It’s aim is to ensure that every inhabitant lives within 5 minutes walk to nature.

It takes a holistic approach to create a livable city, but bringing people closer to nature is one of the most important steps in this process. Our cities are becoming denser and what we need today is a variation of green space solutions. A ground-up approach to the design of our neighborhoods should always be our primary goal, but what is evident is that there are other creative ways of creating healthy places.

This presents great opportunities for place makers to create innovative green spaces that are accessible, inclusive and inspiring. Ultimately, it is these spaces that contribute to a city’s greatness

10. Green space per inhabitant

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N UE

O TO

O KY

1.9m2 3m2

W

15 15

HO

9m2

-W

L OR

D

HE

TH AL

OR

GA

S NI

I AT

SY

ON

E DN

Y

14.4m2

36 20 SY

E DN

Y

18.3m2

17 20 L

D ON

27m2

ON

SI

A NG

66m2

R PO

E VI

N EN

A

120m2

Dire need for vertical greenery IMPROVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH RISES AND THE GROUND PLANE Sydney’s CBD is on its way for a vertical sprawl with the current height restrictions being uplifted to 310m. In this race of building tall, we often compromise on the green cover necessary to sustain a community and healthy life. It is important for each individual to be in the vicinity of quality green spaces. Vertical greenery is the need of the hour

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GREENERY RESTRICTED TO PUBLIC PARKS Sydney’s CBD boats of a decent area of green space (74,000 sq.m). But buildings getting higher, the connection with the ground plane is getting distant with each passing day.

ALTERNATE GROUND PLANES Pseudo ground levels spread across a high rise building can develop a sense of community living at such heights.

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Current open and green spaces in the City The City has 72 ha of open space

72% City Parks less than 3000m2

All residents must be within 400m walking to a local park

Now 2016 200,000 residents Future 2036 280,964 residents

Workforce to increase by 84,000 people by 2030

Now 2016 8060 people/km2 Future 2036 10764 people/km2

19.2% people walk for recreation and exercise

Environmental Reduce water consumption by 10%

Infrastructure George St light rail will be a catalyst for open spaces

11. Open Space Hierarchy Classifications

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2016 Open Space City 9.31m2/person Total 18.3m2/person 2036 Open Space City 7.4m2/person Total 14.4m2/person

Default standards include 9% of site area for local and district level open space and 15% of site area for regional open space provision.

Open Spaces not controlled by City of Sydney District Regional Local Area Neighbourhood Civic Spaces

City of Sydney Open Space setting classification 12. Types of Open Space

PARK Consists of areas of turf, trees and garden beds .It can support a variety of functions depending on size including unstructured recreation and organized sport

POCKET PARK

CIVIC / URBAN Formal public space usually in an urban setting, including squares, plazas and malls, or spaces associated with the forecourt of a building. Usually hard surfaced and may accommodate passive recreation, depending on size.

STREET CLOSURES

Covers smaller parks and reserves less than 2000m2.. Usually only accommodates a single function such as playground use.

Open space created by the closure of streets to vehicle access.

Usually very small in size and may accommodate limited facilities such as seating.

FORESHORE PARK

ANCILLARY / LINK

Parks and open space providing physical access, views or amenity to Sydney Harbour.

Describes small or lineal open space areas that primarily serve as visual amenity or means of access rather than as a destination for recreation.

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Lack of commerical greenery

13. Green Integrated Commercial Buildings

GREEN RATING EMPHASIS vs GREENERY The commercial high rise buildings in Sydney CBD aim to achieve high environmental ratings and chase the NABERS and Green star rating systems. However, they fail to embrace any form of natural landscape in their property barring the street entrance or lobby.

Even though such buildings perform environmentally well, they fail in any form of green asthetics to appeal to its users naturally.

LACK OF VERTICAL GREENERY

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Buildings in the CBD have been known to surpass the 200 metre landmark quite comfortably with the AMP tower, MLC centre etc.

Even green buildings such as 1 Bligh street have reached a decent 140 metre mark, although its green feature i.e the ‘9.7metre vertical garden’ has been restricted to its lobby level. Such buildings have known to show intent of embracing natural vegetation into high rise buildings, but executed in a limited way. Thus, greenery in high rise buildings should be adopted throughout the vertical axis.

PREMIUM PRICE FOR GREENERY Office spaces along the Sydney Harbour come with a premium price and are one of the most expensive properties in the world. Many developers have a stigma of compromising such lavish floor spaces for greenery. There are alternate ways of embracing greenery in the office space such as on ceilings, partition walls or in communal spaces such as cafeteria, library etc.

Commercial developments with greenery

There is immense potential for integrating greenery in high-rise commercial buildings

Residencies in the City Centre

15. Residential in the City Centre

IMPORTANCE OF RESIDENTS IN THE CITY CENTRE Having residents in the City Centre means people live and care about the city. Residents contribute to the vitality day and night, going about their daily tasks. In the evenings, even if relatively few in number, create an image of a city lived in and looked after.

MORE RESIDENTS IN SYDNEY’S CITY CENTRE In the last 10 years there has been a substantial increase of residents in the city centre. Today, Sydney has about 20,000 people living in the city centre. Unfortunately these new residents have a somewhat limited effect on public life in the city.

RESIDENTS LIVE IN TOWERS The higher up people live the less they come down at street level to engage with the city life. The natural surveillance of people overlooking their neighbour hood street is minimized.

14. Concentration of residential development in the City Centre 68

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66

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RESIDENTS CONFINED TO SOUTH OF CITY CENTRE

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There are only few options for outdoor recreation in immediate connection with the living area such as common courtyards offering residents a private retreat. Lack of facilities for families and children

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PERTH 2002

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ADELAIDE 2002

STOCKHOLM 2005

FEW RESIDENTIAL AMENITIES

MELBOURNE 2004

Some residencies are used as a summer/ winter retreat for people living elsewhere. Other residencies are used as investment objects.

SYDNEY 2007

PART YEAR OCCUPANCY

COPENHAGEN 2005

The majority of all residencies have been built in the southern part of the City Centre, which leaves the rest of the city, especially the northern frontier almost without residents

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Residents per hectre

There are very few residential developments in the Northern City Centre

Residential

Key drivers for open spaces

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RESIDENT POPULATION

WORKERS & VISITORS

HIGH DENSITY

The City’s increasing resident population will result in more use and capacity pressures on all levels of the open space recreation facility network, particularly the larger parks that offer opportunities for active sport.

In the City Centre and other concentrations of workforce population and visitors the quality of public spaces to allow people to lunch sit and socialize needs to be addressed

Open space provision will be critical to the livability of higher density urban areas by supporting community well-being, physical activity and social interaction

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LIVING

DEMOGRAPHICS

RECREATIONAL

INFRASTRUCTURE

The acceptance for high density housing in order to live close to the city centre and lone person households places importance on the distribution of the open space network to ensure people have convenient access to a park that serves as a “backyard�

The age structure profiles increasing in the City of families with young children, young adults, and older people are expected to be heavy users of open space network.

Recreational cycling is also increasing, placing the need for safe cycle routes for all ages.

Major infrastructure projects such as Sydney Metro & Light Rail planned for delivery over the next 5-15 years will result in potential opportunities or impacts on the open space network

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Popular recreational trends ADULTS

Aerobics / Fitness

Walking

Swimming

FEMALE

MALE

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Netball

Yoga

Dance

Golf

Cycling

Soccer

CHILDREN

Walking

Cycling

Swimming

GIRLS

Gymnastics

Dance

Active Play

BOYS

Netball

AFL

Soccer

Basketball

Lack of Recreational facilities

16. Recreational facilities in the City Centre

SPORT FIELDS Demand for sporting facilities exceeds supply which is underscored by a high population of young people (18-39) Whilst user expectation is to experience high quality facilities, demand is currently outweighing supply and as a result the quality is compromised. Currently all sporting fields are booked at 10% of capacity and there is increasing unmet demand; Sports Facilities Demand Study 2016 estimates that by 2021 an additional 14 fields are required, and that by 2031 the number of additional fields compared to current provision could be as high as 20 fields;

OUTDOOR COURTS The current supply of sports courts in the City is insufficient for tennis, basketball and netball.

The Sports Facility Demand Study 2016 estimates around 17-18 additional outdoor multi-use courts and 4 tennis complexes (4 court) are recommended by 2031.

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INDOOR COURTS Overall supply of indoor sports courts is assessed as inadequate particularly when considering impact of weekday population on facility demand. Limitations of single court facilities in supporting competitive sport, most existing courts reported at capacity. Limited provision of multi-court (2 or more courts) facilities which is a more sustainable commercial model.

The Sports Facilities Demand Study 2016 estimates an additional 11 indoor multi-purpose courts will be required by 2031

CHILDREN’S PLAYGROUND While there have always been children and families living in the City’s LGA, population forecasts indicate that the number of children will increase significantly over the coming years .The number of children aged 0-11 years-old is expected to increase by 52% in 2021 and 80% in 2031 from its 2011 base.

By 2031, Sydney will require additional 20 football fields

Acquatic Facilities Sport Fields

Outdoor Court Facilities

Indoor Court and Recreational Playgrounds

BARANGAROO NORTH

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FIRST FLEET PARK

OBSERVATORY HILL PARK

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LANG PARK MACQUIRE PLACE PARK

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN

WYNYARD PARK

17. Aerial image of Sydney CBD

THE DOMAIN

ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTO -1 27

Establish a key piece of infrastructure in the city’s green network that better connects public spaces and ensures a smooth flow of pedestrian footfall through them.

L CAL NS

WALK

PLAY

EAT

COMMUTE

A PASSIVE RECREATIONAL PUBLIC PLAZA

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CIRCULAR QUAY ANALYSIS SITE ANALYSIS

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“Where the city meets the harbour�

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Key Issues and Drivers Influencing the Future Planning of Pedestrian prioritized streets and inter - connected public green spaces

18. Circular Quay has been a transit interchange node for decades

‘Circular Quay is the only transit interchange in Sydney which connects all modes of transport at one location’ Circular Quay has been extensively used as an important node of the Sydney transit chain across history right from 1916 when steam trams ran across Alfred street to the 2019 vision when light rail will be introduced to match the demand for an efficient public transit system.

1916

1923

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19. Transit Interchange Map

1923

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F 1948 1948

18

L

T

B

M

2019 2019

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Bus

Metro

Light Rail

Cycle

Train

Ferry

20. Overlaying all the modes of transit

SYDNEY CBD

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L

T

THE ROCKS

B

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

F SYDNEY COVE

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE

SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE

M -2 5 M METRO LINE

PITT STREET

MARTIN PLACE

BARANGAROO

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MUSEUM

TOWNHALL

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WYNWARD ST.JAMES

-1 2 M

MARTIN PLACE

T CIRCULAR QUAY

+10M TRAIN LINE

WORLD SQUARE

TOWNHALL

B

QUEEN VICTORIA

0M BUS WYNWARD

CBD NORTH

L 0M

CIRCULAR QUAY

WATSONS BAY ROSE BAY MANLY GREEN ISLAND DOUBLE BAY

LIGHT RAIL

SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK RYDALMERE DRUMMOYNE CABARITA PARAMATTA BALMAIN CHISWICK MOSMAN BAY

MOSMAN BAY NEUTRAL BAY TARONGA ZOO MANLY

F -0.6M FERRY

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The promenade : Transit Interchange or Sunday stroll?

21. Pedestrain movement comparison - Weekday vs Weekend

32,788

No. of Pedestrians

estimated population with 20% growth

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WEEKDAY AT CIRCULAR QUAY

(The following data analysis was carried out by Jahn Gehl Architects on a summer weekday (Tuesday/Wednesday) in March 2007 on an hourly basis)

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54,180

No. of Pedestrians

estimated population with 20% growth

WEEKEND AT CIRCULAR QUAY

There is an estimated increase in footfall by 65% on weekends.

(The following data analysis was carried out by Jahn Gehl Architects on a summer weekend (Saturday) in March 2007 on an hourly basis)

Overlapping movements

22. Overlap of Pedestrain movements of people going to work and tourists

IDENTITY CONCERNS Circular Quay fails to establish itself majorly as a transit interchange or a tourist attraction and ‘Gateway to Sydney’. There is no clear distinction between these roles which leads to chaos and congestion on weekends

CHAOTIC CIRCULATION The Sydney CBD work force arrive at Circular Quay via the ferries and the train station. They tend to follow a North- South path to commute to the commercial core of the city. The tourists and the elderly who use circular quay for leisure activities tend to move more along the East-West corridor (The Rocks, Customs House, Sydney Opera House, Royal Botanical gardens). This friction of cross pedestrian movements leads to chaos.

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INCREASED PRESSURE ON WEEKENDS Circular Quay is used throughout the day, every month of every year by people of all generations. People visit to play, work and commute. Due to the increased demand on weekends which witnesses a 65% increase in pedestrian flow as compared to weekdays, there is a need to distinguish the transit and social promenade. A need for an alternate ground plane is necessary.

Work force movements Tourist movements Commercial Core

There is a need to segregate transit and leisure movements

‘how the harbour looks from the city’

“The expressway’s location reveals the all-hail

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dominance of mobility in mid- century Sydney, its design avoids any hint of the dynamic, ditching the urgent aesthetic of the moment for dull municipal togs that belie its function as well as its moment in history” - Elizabeth Farrelly,2002

‘how the city looks from the harbour’

Cahill Expressway - Sydney’s eyesore 19. Cahill Timeline

Former prime minister Paul Keating raised a proposal to demolish the Cahill Expressway

High Level Expressway proposed and made public in 1948

1945

Premier Mike Baird acknowledges the problem, but claims operating on the expressway is out of budget

1993

1958

Cahill Expressway was built over Circular Quay Station

2016

2008

Sydney Lord Mayor, Clover Moore, suggests that the road should be pulled down for aesthetic arguments

2017

?

Cahill Expressway still stands

“With the (Sydney Harbour) tunnel we have already removed a lot of the traffic,”-

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Traffic consultant Ken Dobinson.

“This road is no longer a pivotal piece of our road architecture and it is such a scar on the city,” - Richard Francis-Jones, a Sydney architect “Removal of the expressway would reconnect the city with the harbour and strike the right balance between open space, public space and commercial space,”- Graham Jahn, The Director of City Planning, Development and Transport for the City of Sydney, If the Cahill Expressway and the monumental granite architectural centrepiece were removed and replaced with minimal glazed canopies over the platforms, the public realm and station would be given a new life and the city would better engage with the harbour”- Philip Thalis, Public Sydney

23. Urban ill effects of the Cahill Expressway

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VISUAL BLOCKAGE

DIVISION OF GROUND PLANE

DIVISION OF PUBLIC SPACES

Cahill Expressway acts a barrier and blocks views to the harbour from George, Pitt, Young and Loftus streets

Alfred street is a public transport street squeezed in between the embankment and the city. It fails to embrace the idea of a unified ground plane merging Alfred street and the wharfs.

Cahill Express creates a rift between the Royal Botanical Gardens, Museum of Contemporary Art and the Custom’s House.

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bury it!

transfer it!

remove it!

retain it?

24. Section through the Harbour, Cahill Expressway and the Custom’s House.

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THE ROCKS

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CAHILL EXPRESSWAY

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25. Aerial image of Circular Quay

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTO - 2 41

Refurbish this vital piece of road and railway infrastructure in a sustainable way and end its visual and spatial dominance in approaching Circular Quay.

GREEN

COMMUTE

WALK

A GREEN COMMUNAL WALKWAY

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at a glance.....

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How can we make Sydney, a city pleasurable for walking?

How can we link the green and public spaces in the city?

How can we deal with the Cahill Expressway sustain-ably?

How can we foster urban greenery into commercial tall building design? ( How can we interlink green spaces and integrate greenery into commercial high rise to inspire a sense of community and social well being at such heights ? )

How can we distinguish the transit and leisure movements?

How can we introduce vertical greenery into commercial high rises

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new york, high line chenggyecheon stream restoration project, seoul promenade plante, paris london high line la vinea verde, mexico baricentre railway, italy seoulla 7017, seoul

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PRECEDENT STUDIES

New York High Line 26. Aerial view of the New York High Line Park

Architect : Diller Scofidio + Renfro Landscape Architects : James Corner Field Operations and Piet Oudolf Former Land Use : Railway Line Year Completed : 2014 Place : New York, USA

INTRODUCTION

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The High Line runs through Lower Manhattan and is an elevated refurbished green walkway which was an abandoned rail line in the 1980’s. For nearly 2 decades, a few strong headed along with the help of the local community fought government bodies who were hell bent on taking the high line down. It was a rustic piece of history with wild plants growing in every corner of it.

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5000000 Number of visitors for the High Line in 2014, the year when its final phase was completed. Such a bump in visitors from being abandoned a decade ago is truly remarkable.

“Some of the things that I love about the High Line in terms of design is the way that they’ve seamlessly integrated the design elements with nature and with elements that look like it just kind of happened”

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27. The rail line was elevated to avoid road collisions with pedestrians

28. The High line retains the hooks used in the 1930-80’s to transport meat

The high line has completely transformed the social fabric of the suburb from a neglected ‘meat packing district’ to a strong art and cultural catalyst.

HISTORY The High Line runs through Lower Manhattan Chelsea’s meat packing district. It is a 1.45 mile-long elevated, steel structure built in the 1930s for freight trains; the last train ran on it in 1980.Stretching across the west side of the city, it runs from Gansevoort Street, in the Meatpacking District, through the West Chelsea gallery neighborhood, and ends at 34th Street.

Back in the day, the elevated rail line was the easiest way to transport meat and other goods to Chelsea’s meat packing district.

Drugs , Violence , Abandoned Butcher Shops Wild Plants (Abandoned 25 years) Ignored by the city 10th avenue (Death Avenue)

Social Spaces, Restaurants, Gardening Art Galleries Planned and well maintained landscape Escape from the city Recreational Walkway

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CELEBRATING THE OLD The High line has been a prime example of cherishing its old, rustic roots and celebrating them through its refurbishment. Exposed steel beams and some of its old wil, raunchy flora and fauna are evident through its design.

This piece of infrastructure, alone was been a catalyst in uplifting the neighbourhood. Since its inception, a number of know architects have designed buildings in its vicinity.

FLAWS Although the High Line definitely has had more pros than cons, its refurbishment in a green park has led to an urban phenomenon known as ‘Environmental Gratification’.

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Due to the increase in real estate prices fueled by the elevated walkway, a number of local residents have been forced out of the suburb due to the sudden increase in lifestyle choices. Urban planners need to adress such issues and work towards making spaces ‘just enough green’.

29. Natural growth of wild plants on the abandoned High Line 30. The high line has inspired some amazing architecture

520 West 28th Street Zaha Hadid

The Eleventh BIG

HL23 Neil Denari

Whitney Museum Renzo Piano

Solar Carve Tower Jeanne Gang

IGA Headquarters Frank Gehry

100 11th Avenue Jean Nouvel

“The city has embraced the journey from an elevated rusted corridor to an architecture inspiring marvel”

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CONCLUSION The Cahill Expressway holds strong resemblance to the High Line.

Both elevated corridors have been a key piece of infrastructure in the transport network. Although, the Cahill expressway still functions as a national highway, its overpowering mass has been a scar on the shoreline since decades.

Refurbishing the expressway will influence a number of inspiring architectural marvels, ever so prominent as they will be adjacent to one of the most premium waterfronts of the world.

An elevated walkway will further restore belief among people that the City first belongs to them and prioritize pedestrians over vehicular traffic.

It is the need of the hour, to convert Sydney’s eyesore into an elevated green walkway which connects the Royal Botanical Gardens to the Rocks and serves as a catalyst for a cultural ribbon along the waterfront.

Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project 31. Aerial view of the project

Designer : SeoAhn Total Landscape Former Land Use : National Highway Year Completed : 2005 Place : Cheonggyecheon, Seoul

INTRODUCTION The Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project is an urban renewal project made by transforming the city’s national highway into a flood protection barrier for 200 years. It has converted 10.8 kms of vehicular stretch into a green belt which provides natural habitat to many plant and animal species.

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INCREASE IN BIODIVERSITY There has been an overall increase of 639% between the restoration work in 2003 and the end of 2008. The surrounding wind speeds have bumped up by 2.2 - 7.8%, moving through this corridor. The project has reduced small particle air pollution by 35% from 74 to 48 micrograms per cubic metre. Its has reduced the possibility of residents contracting respiratory diseases by nearly half. The project has been instrumental in increasing the number of plant, animal, fish and insect species in the area.

5.9OC Temperature decrease in the Urban heat island effect than properties which are 4-7 blocks away

LOCAL BENEFITS The project has contributed to an increase of 3.3 % in subway ridership

15.1% Percentage increase in bus ridership during its construction

ECONOMIC BENEFITS It has increased the value of land by 30-50% for properties within 50 metres of the restoration project. This is double the rate of property increase in other areas of Seoul. There has been a noticeable increment in the number of new businesses in the area as well

32. Aerial view of the 3 phases of the restoration project 51 51

CONCLUSION This precedent has been a great example of prioritizing nature over machines. The national highway used to see 160,000 cars pass over it, which is a similar number to the Cahill Expressway. By simply greening the expressway, the biodiversity in Circular Quay will be positively impacted. In order for this change to be smooth, public transport will have to be strengthened with more frequency of buses and trains. The green walkway can be home to a number of insect and bird species. The transition of the expressway from a dust and noise wreak to a peaceful garden will be an environmentally positive step.

33. Plan of the project after its completion

Other proposed and existing elevated refurbished corridors around the world.....

Promenade Plante

London High Line

Architect : Philippe Mathieux Landscape Architect : Jacques Vergely Former Land Use : Train Line Year Completed : 1993 Place : Paris • • • • 52 52

The Vincess Railway Line was active from 1859-1969 (110 years) It was abandoned when RER train line was built The rusted rail passage was converted into a green park in 1993 It is a daily route to Bastille above the heavy traffic

34. Refurbished green corridors

La Linea Verde

Architect : Erect Architects Landscape Architect : J&L Gibbons Place : Thames River, London

• • •

Inspired by the Vauxhall pleasure Gardens Design competition held in September 2012 Rain gardens for sustainable irrigation

Former Land Use : Oil Pipeline Place : Aguascalients, Mexico

• • • •

Converted an old pipeline into a green space Reduced crime, robbery and drug use in the area Improved the social and mental health of 300,000 residents around the 12km stretch “To fight crime, not through employing guns and bullets, but to make the area more habitable and social”

Baricentre

Seoulla 7017

Architect : Massimiliano and Doriana Fulers Place : Italy

• • •

The project aims at reconnecting the two “sides” of the railway area which have been split apart for long Integration of buildings situated on the two sides, through the realization of a large elevated park Reusing buildings for public functions along the elevated rail line.

Architect : MVRDV Former Land Use : Highway Year Completed : 2017 Place : Seoul

• • • •

The project converts a 1970’s highway into a green walkway One of the efforts to make the city pedestrian friendly A network of bridges and stairs connect the branching 16-metre-tall concrete and steel structure with hotels and shops Will eventually serve as an “urban nursery” 53 53

Pasona Headquarters 35. Exterior view of the Pasona Headquarters

Architect : Kono Designs Landscape Architect : Green Wise Co. Former Use : Office Space Year Completed : 2010 Place : Tokyo, Japan

INTRODUCTION New York firm Kono Designs created the urban farm in 2010, in a nine-storey office building in Tokyo to allow employees to grow and harvest their own food at work.

54 54

The project consisted of creating a new headquarters for Japanese recruitment firm Pasona, and involved refurbishing a 50 year old building to include office areas, an auditorium, cafeterias, a rooftop garden and urban farming facilities.

Pasona employees are encourage to maintain and harvest the crops and are supported by a team of agricultural specialists.

FOOD CULTURE Inside the 19,974 square metre office building there are 3995 square metres dedicated to green space that house over 200 species of plants, fruits, vegetables and rice.

All of the food is harvested, prepared and served on-site in the cafeterias - making Pasona’s Urban Farm the largest farm-to-table office scheme in Japan.

“One way to encourage farming is to not just tell urban communities about farms and plants, but to actively engage with them through both a visual intervention in their busy lifestyle and educational programs focusing on farming methods and practices that are common in Japan”

THE TRANSFORMATION The motive of the owner of the Pasona group was to inform new potential farmers and to educate the general public on the importance of the farming industry in Japan. Reflecting this corporate philosophy, the architects wanted the new headquarters to include spatial programs that strongly support the core values of Pasona group, further enriching and serving the wider community through its professional services as a human resource company, as well as through its public programs.

Instead of building a new building from the ground up, the architects and the owners decided to retain the core structure and refurbish its envelope and ideology with a theme that informs about farming.

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36. Exterior view of the Pasona Headquarters

‘GROW YOUR OWN FOOD’ CULTURE

SUN SHADING GREEN WALL

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A LIVING FACADE

FACADE The approach to vegetation along with the double skinned green facade was to use the latest farming technology available. The facade not only works as a sun shading device but changes seasonally to showcase a different look every few months. The plants on the green facade have been strategically planted to be deciduous. As these plants shed their leaves in winter, the occupants can maximize sunlight coming into the office space. In order to integrate the facade into an old frame, a new plumbing and irrigation system had to be employed. The green wall consists of plants that arise out of planter boxes on each balcony level.

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12%

23%

Productivity Improvement

Symptom improvement for discomfort and ailments, along with a reduction of absenteeism and staff turnover costs

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37. The employees are encouraged to pick their salads fresh

IRRIGATION SYSTEM Drip Irrigation is the main water resource for the plants and also carries the nutrients to the planter boxes. Additionally, there is a mist irrigation system which cleans the leaves from air pollution and maintains moisture in the leaves themselves.

All plants are watered twice a day during summer and twice a week during winter. Depending on the season, the plants are trimmed as much as once every other day or once a week.

38. There are tomato wines growing in the conference room

“The employees working in the headquarters are asked to participate in the maintenance and harvesting of crops. This encourages social interaction and team building among co-workers ”

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CONCLUSION This precedent holds a unique message of integrating greenery all the way in and not only limiting to planter boxes and green walls.

Assigning the greenery a function, ‘ to be grown as food’ has made its green function stand out from any other examples.

The employees being part of the maintenance process has ensured that they care about the green spaces in the office, and not just interact with them visually.

Sydney, lacks a farming culture. Such an integration in the high rise office spaces can work well in improving the environmental performance as well as the office culture.

A realistic goal would be to at least encourage the employees to grow 20%-40% of their total cafeteria produce.

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the cahill walkway

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existing problems....

!! !!

60

!!

60

CAHILL EXPRESSWAY : A BARRIER

UNFAVORABLE FOR WALKING

The Cahill expressway blocks the city from the harbour.

Alfred street is surrounded by transit which creates noise pollution and degrades the ambiance for pleasure walks.

CAHILL DIVIDES PUBLIC PARKS Cahill Expressway creates a rift between First Fleet park and the Royal Botanical Gardens. There is an entrance at the botanical garden end but none near the fleet park.

CAHILL DIVIDES PUBLIC SPACES It acts as a barrier in a cultural rich environment breaching visual connectivity between the Customs House, MCA and the Sydney Opera House.

proposed strategies....

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RETAIN & GREEN IT Greening the Cahill expressway can breathe new life into a public spaces dominated by vehicular mobility for decades.

LEISURE ON TOP; TRANSIT AT THE BOTTOM The green walkway will restore activities at Alfred street without the transit chaos

CONNECT PUBLIC PARKS

CONNECT PUBLIC SPACES

The walkway will act as a bridge between the public parks and improve the green network.

The elevated platform will enable visitors to get a complete view of the harbour.

existing scenerio

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proposed view

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the city’s vertical ventilator 65 65

What is green?

39. Decoding greenery

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SAPLING

GRASS

a pocket garden

a picnic spot

a rice paddy field

sunbathing a camping site an open air theatre a soccer/cricket field courtyard/ foreshore park

SHRUB a weekend barbecue spot ecological urbanism a children’s playground

PLANT a kitchen garden where you grow your own veggies a psychological relief.

CREEPER a green wall which improves biodiversity a green privacy screen carbon absorber for car parks

HALF GROWN TREE

FULL GROWN TREE

a good reading spot

a bird sanctuary

a dog walking park

a national park

a jogging track

an escape from the city life

a better breathing atmosphere to meditate

urban heat island mitigation

SUBURBAN LIFE Living in the suburbs has numerous advantages. More oxygenated air to breathe in a canvas painted in green can improve the quality of your lifestyle. Suburban homes have a backyard which constantly keeps one connected to nature. Some use it as a kitchen garden to locally grow their own veggies, some install play equipments to provide their kids with a activity-driven childhood, some people love swimming in their backyards while some just laze around reading a book on a weekend afternoon.

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suburb home

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backyard vs balcony city apartments

CITY LIFE Living in the city does enable the - work, play and live environment but traffic and air pollution, congestion and the increased temperature change affects your quality of life.

VS

A person living in a city apartment has a limited approach to green space. On an individual scale, a city inhabitant might consider his balcony as his green space. Sizing constraints further on such balconies limits his activities in that tiny green open space.

What if city apartments had backyards?

IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE Living in the suburbs has numerous advantages. More oxygenated air to breathe in a canvas painted in green can improve the quality of your lifestyle. Suburban homes have a backyard which

EASY ACCESS TO NATURE Living in the suburbs has numerous advantages. More oxygenated air to breathe in a canvas painted in green can improve the quality of your lifestyle. Suburban homes have a backyard which 68 68

GROW IT LOCALLY Living in the suburbs has numerous advantages. More oxygenated air to breathe in a canvas painted in green can improve the quality of your lifestyle. Suburban homes have a backyard which

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE Public health researchers have found that living close to urban green spaces like parks and trails can increase urban residents levels of physical activity and reduce the likelihood of being overweight or obese. This reduces the risk of diabetes and several types of cancer.

40. Photographic illustration of having backyards in the sky

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residential village design

1.

2.

BED

LIV

KIT/DIN LIV

TOI

AVERAGE RESIDENTIAL CITY APARTMENT

BED

KIT

LIV

LIV

TOI KIT/DIN

KITCHEN - LIVING ROOM ADJACENT ORIENTATION

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3.

4.

KIT

LIV

BED

OPEN FLOOR PLAN WITH TERRACE GARDEN

KIT

LIV

OPEN FLOOR PLAN WITH INTEGRATED TERRACE GARDEN

LIV

TOI

BED

KIT/DIN

LIV

TOI

KIT/DIN

TOI

BED

5.

KIT

LIV

LIV

KIT/DIN

BED

TOI

OPEN FLOOR PLAN, DOUBLE HEIGHT LIVING SPACE WITH INTEGRATED TERRACE GARDEN

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BED LIV

BED

6.

KIT

TOI

LIV

KIT

KIT/DIN

TOI

KIT/DIN

BED BED

KIT

BED

LIV

LIV

STAGGERED ARRANGEMENT OF APARTMENTS WITH BACKYARDS

LIV

The toxicity of open plan offices Reflecting back on the changes in office design over the past 30 years, it is easy to see why some employees feel as if they have been subjects in a giant ongoing experiment.

For decades the office has moved from private, to open plan and more recently, no desk at all. These changes have been driven almost simultaneously by the push to reduce real estate cost and to also increase collaboration among employees While savings in real estate costs appear to have been achieved, the negative effects of the open-plan office on employees have now been well documented. Research shows these offices are noisier; employees have difficulties concentrating and are unable to hold private conversations.

The promise of increased collaboration in open plan appears to have very little evidence to support the idea.

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A study of more than 42,000 employees found that open-plan office environments did little to increase interaction.

Few companies are working on effective strategies in place to address these problems.

In response to these issues, organizations have been experimenting with ways to segment workplaces to overcome these problems. Articles on new office design are peppered with concepts such as “caves”, “campfires”, “town squares” and “city zones” Modern office spaces have shifted to greenery as a means of influencing peace and calm in the office space. Also green walls make for better partitions than gypsumboards and are soothing to looking at

Adding a bit of green in the office space can go a long way in improving the stressful environment

41. Open plan offices are often disorganised

What if high rise commercial buildings had backyards?

The modern office space in Sydney CBD is one of the most premium real estate you can buy/rent anywhere in the world. With panoramic views of the harbour and looking back at the city,it is a view to cherish. In recent times, Modern office spaces have concentrated all of their resources in making their buildings sustainable while being a bit ignorant towards to indoor office environment with Yet they lack this simple integration of combining greenery with office spaces for a stress free office environment

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1 BLIGH STREET, SYDNEY

8 CHIFLEY SQUARE, SYDNEY

This is one of the most energy sustainable buildings in Sydney CBD. It’s sustainable features include a grey water treatment plat, a 9.7m green wall at its lobby level, PVC panels on its roof, Australia’s first double skin facade and a revolutionary sun shading algorithm system which blocks sunlight calculating the sun angles all throughout the year. It embraces the role of greenery externally but fails to celebrate it within the building.

Richard Roger’s first building in Australia has been a valuable addition to Sydney. Its sustainable features include a tri-generation system to take care of its cooling and heating needs, It has 2 open terraces which have the potential to be ideal breakout/relaxing spaces with a bit more of green on it, but the current design fails to address this.

Benefits of growing plants in the office?

There are both physical and psychological benefits to growing plants in the office space. According to a study conducted in 2010, significant reductions were recorded in the office space

37%

58%

reduction in Tension/ Anxiety

reduction in Depression

10-15%

20%

44%

reduction in Anger/ Hostility

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increase in productivity

5db

reduction in noise levels

increased Humidity in the air

50%

reduced absentism

15%

increase in creativity

30%

in minor illnesses

Best plants for the office space MOOD & HEALTH

ENGLISH IVY

MAINTENANCE

SNAKE PLANT

AESTHETICS & DESIGN

AZALEAS 75

These are especially good at absorbing airborne pollutants given off by computers and office machinery, which can cause nausea and headaches

It removes pollutants from the air (such as formaldehyde and xylene), and is one of the easiest plants to take care of, making it ideal for busy workers. They don’t need a lot of direct sunlight (making them a good option for all seasons), and they don’t need to be watered every day.

Best plant for removing indoor air pollutants, they are a great option for brightening up your workplaces as they’re visually appealing with bright and colourful flowers. However, they are high maintenance when kept indoors, though they thrive in cooler temperatures.

LEMON BALM

PHILODENDRON

POTHOS

The smell of lemon oil is a mood enhancer, making this plant a nice addition to any office environment. Another advantage of Lemon Balm is that it will thrive in both sunlight and full shade, so it doesn’t necessarily need to be kept close to a window.

This plant improves productivity by reducing high levels of CO2 (which can cause headaches, drowsiness and difficulty concentrating),and also very easy to care for.

Ideally, it should be located near a window, it only need to be watered around twice a week.

This is an easy plant to care for as it can grow in both shade and bright sunlight. They also don’t need to be watered that often. Despite this, it grows glossy green leaves that can be stylishly draped over cubicle walls, filing cabinets and other office furniture.

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Even plants cannot survive without ‘light‘ With natural daylight being a necessity in the office environment, tenants might be resistant to replace office desks with greenery on the northern front. Thus at times, artificial lighting will be used to provide light for the greenery planted in the southern part of the floor plate or away from any chance of sunlight.

Sunlight is the perfect balance of wavelengths necessary for plant growth and blooming, but you can also use artificial light to help your plants grow as well For plants to grow, they need...

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Blue Wavelength light for foliage growth

Red wavelength light for flowering and fruiting.

Plants have little use for green wavelengths and reflect them back, which is why leaves appear green.

Types of Artificial Lights

COOL

HOT

COOL

FLUORESCENT

INCANDESCENT

LED

Fluorescent Light tubes are the most economical and easy choice for indoor plants. They come in tubes or compact bulbs (CFL) that screw into regular lamp sockets and are cool enough to put close to plant foliage. They are higher in blue wavelengths and increase plant foliage

Incandescent bulbs give off a lot of heat and should be placed farther away from plant foliage. They give off more red wavelengths, so they can be used to supplement fluorescent light and balance out the spectrum, especially when encouraging plants to bloom.

In an ideal scenerio,using a ratio of about one-third incandescent and two-thirds fluorescent by wattage is perfect for balancing foliage and fruiting.

LED lights are a low heat, energy-efficient artificial light source. As LED technology is customizable, every bulb is different, hence it is necessary to check if the bulbs produce the blues and reds suitable for plants.

Horticultural LED grow-lights produce only the wavelengths most utilized by plants, hence searching for these bulbs over general use ones would be recommended.

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HOT

HOT

HALOGEN

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM

Halogen Lights can also provide full-spectrum light, but like incandescents they put off a lot of heat and are less energy-efficient than fluorescents.

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps produce ‘redder’ light and can be compared to the light of an autumn sunset. More yellow/red colour in the spectrum and less blue promotes a higher flower-to-leaf ratio in flowering and fruiting plants. HPS lights are widely used to extend the natural ‘day length’ that a plant is subjected to thereby imitating summer conditions.

HP sodium is used during lowlight hours and during total darkness.

COOL - Can be placed closer to the plants

HOT - Need to be placed atleast about 1 metre away from the plant as they emit a lot of heat

Ways of adapting greenery in the workspace

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CEILINGS

GREEN WALL

ZONE DIVIDERS

Most tenants are hesitant towards sacrificing office space towards greenery. In such scenarios, ceiling installations can be useful. A number of wines such as cucumber, pumpkin, tomatoes can be grown from a steel mesh installed at the ceiling level.

Partition walls can be easily replaced by green walls without wasting any office space. Green walls purify the air, reduce dust particles and also act as noise barriers. They are a very sustainable replacement for privacy and noise screens.

Plants growing out of a planter box,150mm wide can be used as compartment partitions, between waiting area and the office zones

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INFORMAL DISCUSSION PODS

ATRIUM’S

FACADE

A steel mesh with greenery hanging of it can be a very simple integration of using greenery as a semi privacy barrier. Simple office furnitures, such as compartment partitions and desktops can be retrofitted with greenery to improve the office environment

Atrium’s connect floor plates visually as well as provide cross ventilation between floors. Hanging wines off atrium’s is an alternate method of introducing greenery in the workspace.

Facade cover the maximum surface area of a building exposed to sunlight. Thus, these are ideal platforms to promote greenery and integrate them into high rise buildings. Care has to be taken to protect the plants against harsh winds at unfavorable elevations.

MASTERPLANNING CHAPTER - II

SITE - APDG SITE ANALYSIS

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83 83

Investigating Site Oppurtunities and implementing the research question on site

42. Height Plane Site Plan

APDG

ALFRED STRE

ET

The site gets it’s name from the four streets surrounding it Alfred, Pitt, Dalley and George. It is located among a historic and cultural rich precinct among The Rocks, Custom’s house, First Fleet Park, Museum of Contemporary Art, Circular Quay and Sydney Opera House. With the upcoming Light Rail Project proposed on George street, there are numerous opportunities on this site to engage with the transit interchange such as retail, hospitality and cultural exchange.

110m

185m Street Frontage Floor Plate Podium Maximum Floor Plate

238m

RUG

BY

Tower Maximum Floor Plate

110m

Site Boundary

PLA

CE

110m

6m lane-way setback

248m

8m podium setback

OOD

ERW

UND

ET

STRE

200m

55m

THE ROCKS

CIRCULAR QUAY

55m 55m

155m

REET

DALLEY ST

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

PITT STREET

84

GEORGE

3m rear/side boundary setback

STREET

Block Boundary 84

43. Section through APDG Site and the Harbour

85 85

Site opportunities

F

86

L

T B

86

EMBRACE TRANSIT INTERCHANGE

BETTER VIEWS

Circular Quay is the amalgamation of all transit options in the city. The site would benefit from opening up the ground plane. Retail and restaurants would further enhance the economic returns.

The site has views to the Sydney Opera House and the Harbour bridge even from the ground plane. Some adjacent sites such as AMP Precinct lack this opportunity has its views below 40M are blocked by

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CONNECT THE GREEN ACROSS BOTH AXIS

PRIMARY ROUTE FOR PEDESTRIANS

The APDG precinct presents with the opportunity to connect First Fleet Park to the site. This results in greenery being connected along both, north south (Fleet Park and Royal Botanical Gardens) and east - west (Fleet Park and the site).

The site sits between Pitt street and George street.

Both these streets have active street frontages to encourage pedestrian mobility which benefits the site.

Design strategy

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EXISTING CONDITION - VISUAL AND SOCIAL BARRIER

RETAIN & GREEN IT

CONNECT THE GREEN TO THE TOWER

VERTICAL GREENERY

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CONNECTING FIRST FLEET PARK & THE TOWER

GRADUAL GRADIENT

MASSING

FUTURE CONNECTIONS

Initial Conceptual brief & Design Program

Multipurpose court used for Soccer, American Football,

The “backyard” is the primary green space in suburbian housing.

It provides flexibility of space to execute a number of activities from a Sunday barbecue to a play area. Due to scarcity of space in urban areas, this primary green space is scarce or even worse is considered as a luxury. On the contrary, a backyard must be considered a necessity when it comes to a healthy and stress free lifestyle.

OUTDOOR SPORTS COURT

Backyards in the sky can be used for a number of reasons. It can hold parties up in the sky with excellent views of the harbour, or be a basketball court on the building’s roof. Its uses are endless and it brings the community together.

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The project aims to provide backyards not only for people living in the building but letting out space to the city dwellers who find themselves devoid of their ‘individual backyards’. People can rent or lease these spaces for a limited time to host picnics or Sunday barbecues up in the sky with view of the two icons of Australia.

Badminton, Golf, Basketball areas along with Indoor Gym and INDOOR SPORTS AND RECREATION

These backyard spaces can be shared by families along with the residents and establish a sense of community.

Another aspect of the design addresses the shortage of public park spaces in the city with proximity of residential development. The project includes a lavish public park with sport and recreation amenities. These can be utilized by the city workforce during lunch hours while enjoying some sport.

Office Spaces with integrated greenery Common meeting green areas

COMMERCIAL

Apartments with backyards replicating the suburban lifestyle

Children’s Play area with equipments

CHILDREN’S PLAYGROUND

RESIDENTIAL

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A public park for the community to embrace the existing green

PUBLIC PARK

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Design program/green % TOP DECK 1600 m2

RETAIL GREEN 950 m2

RETAIL AREA 3800 m2

OFFICE FACADE 26,880 m2 RECREATIONAL GREEN 1334 m2

MID DECK 650 m2

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OFFICE VILLAGE 1200 m2 each

THE CAHILL WALKWAY 21500 m2 RECREATIONAL AREA 5336 m2

MID DECK 650 m2 OFFICE GREEN 12000 m2

GREEN DECK 4300 m2 GREEN WHARFS 200 m2

BRIDGES 150 m2

OFFICE AREA 70000 m2 Commercial Sporting & Recreation Restaurants & Retail Green Area

GREEN PLAZA 1750 m2

LOWER DECK 650 m2

Commercial Sporting & Recreation Restaurants & Retail View Galleries Meeting +Conference Spaces

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Massing evolution Residential Commercial Sporting & Recreation Restaurants & Retail Public Plaza Public Park Residential & Public Green Space Community Backyards

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Views to the harbour Solar access to green backyards Prevent overshadowing public plaza Blocking harsh south western winds Floor plate efficiency

Design Drivers

SUN & WIND Current building massing restricts any sunlight from reaching the interiors of APDG. For the design, every backyard space must have access to sunlight for at least 2 hours between 9am and 3 pm on a winter solstice.

LANEWAYS

BUILDING ENVELOPE & PUBLIC PLAZA

Currently, the laneways at the site are dingy with no amenities. They need to be activated through cafes and retail. The design provides access into and through the site by prioritizing laneway access.

The current building envelope restricts the maximum height at 248m. The intersection of George St and Alfred St is be developed into a plaza. This co relates with the Sydney Central strategy of linking Central, Townhall and Circular through public plazas with George St as its spine.

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Shadow Analysis 10 AM Winter Solstice

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Shadow Analysis 3 PM Winter Solstice

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DESIGN STAGE 1

CHAPTER - III

Apartments with backyards replicating the suburban lifestyle

10 0 10 0

RESIDENTIAL

Office Spaces with integrated greenery Common meeting green areas COMMERCIAL

Initial Design The initial design stages were working out the integration of Residential and Commercial in the same building. The aim was to provide the residential areas with huge balconies to replicate a suburban lifestyle in the city. It was also important to ensure that each green area gets maximum hours of sunlight throughout the day. Meanwhile the commercial component had to match up to the stylish and modern architecture of the neighbourhood. The commercial aspect would be in direct competition with some of the modern buildings in the CBD such as 200 George, 1 Bligh Street, 8 Chifley, Quay Tower etc. Some possible options explored are below Residential Commercial

101

TYPICAL COMMERCIAL FLOOR PLATE

TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL FLOOR PLATE OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

101

1500m2 Community Backyards

Design scheme

Swimming pool

Commercial Green Recreation area

25m each Residential 2

Modular Apartments with backyards

Luxury Apartments Transfer Floor Indoor sports

1000m2 Sports Field 3500m2 Public Park

Amenities

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Retail Restaurants and Cafe’s

10000m2 Cahill Walkway

Soccer Multipurpose court

Commercial

Jogging Track Viewing Deck Amphitheatre Play area Dog Walking

Jogging & Cycling Track Viewing Deck Outdoor Aerobics Play area Food Stalls

Residential Lift Core Indoor Sports and Recreation Multipurpose Court Gym Badminton

800m2 Reed Beds

Grey Water Treatment Plant

modular apartment design

COMMERCIAL

The residential design scheme supports a modular framework. Each Module consists of 6 metres X 4 metres in size. These have been arranged over the northern facade of the commercial block to maximize the northern sun during winters for the backyard spaces to remain green. Each floor can have a maximum of 30 spaces interlinked among several sizing combinations of Studio, 1 Bed, 2 Bed and 3 Bed apartments. Any apartment size can have in between 1 to 3 backyard modules attached to it.

6M X 4M MODULE EACH

STUDIO

1 BEDROOM 2 BEDROOM

103 103

3 BEDROOM

Living Kitchen Bedroom Backyard

Context Plan - Mid Rise Level

10 4 10 4

Residences Reed Beds

Existing Green

Civic Open Space

Proposed Green Space

Public Plaza

Proposed Green Space

Building Plan Ground Level 1:1500

1 3

5

2

4

105 105

6 7

6

8

10

9

1. Retail 2. Restaurants and Cafe’s 3. Green Lawn 4. Playground & Skating Rig 5. Public Plaza 6. Reed Beds 7. Sporting & Recreation Centre 8. Residential Lobby 9. Commercial Lobby 10. Retail and Cafe

Context Section

APDG

Sydney Opera House

Cahill Walkway

MCA 106 106

public cultural

museum of contemporary art sydney opera house

public

public

public/private

private

leisure

leisure, transit

leisure, recreational

commercial

first fleet park

cahill walkway, circular quay station, light rail station circular quay bus stop

site

Context Section AMP APDG

Cahill Walkway

Royal Botanical Gardens

107 107

public

public

royal botanical gardens

circular quay bus stop

leisure

transit

private

commercial

public transit

amp precinct light rail station circular quay train station

semi private

public

private

food court

leisure recreational

leisure

commercial

site

hotel

10 8 10 8

Site Model with Massing options 1:2000

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Building Model 1:500

DESIGN STAGE 2

CHAPTER - IV

Design Evolution There were a number of issues with Design stage 1. A few to highlight were blocking views and daylight to the commercial tower. Hence to provide equal amenities to both the sections of the building, stacking residential on top of the commercial proved to be a much better option.

Residential Commercial

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Views to the harbour Solar access to green backyards OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

Prevent overshadowing public plaza Blocking harsh south western winds Floor plate efficiency

Masterplan Axonometric

THE GREEN MACHINE

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

CAHILL WALKWAY

113 113

THE GREEN DECK

GREEN WHARFES

FIRST FLEET PARK THE ROCKS

Context Plan - Mid Rise Level

1. Extended Deck onto the Harbour 2. Greening the double deck wharf terminals 3. Cahill Walkway 4. Suspended bridge 5. Pedestrian underground link from Fleet park 6. Reed Beds 7. Public Plaza 8. Public Park 9. Library Building 10. High rise commercial

2

1

114 114

3

4 5

6 7

ALFRED STR

EET

REET

BRIDGE ST

REET MACQUIRE ST

PHILIP STREET

T

EET

R DALLEY ST

YOUNG STREET

D

RWOO

UNDE

LOFTUS STREE

10

PITT STREET

9

GEO

RGE

STR E

ET

8

Context Section

BRIDGE STREET

ALFRED STREET

DALLEY STREET

APDG

115 115

Extended Deck onto the Harbour

public cultural

museum of contemporary art sydney opera house

Cahill Walkway

public

public

public/private

private

leisure

leisure, transit

leisure, recreational

commercial

first fleet park

cahill walkway, circular quay station, light rail station bus stop

site

116 116

1

Building Plan Ground Level

2

1:1500

3

4

5 7

117

6

8

14

6

9

10 11

1. First Fleet Park 2. Underground link to the site 3. Light Rail station 4. Reed Beds 5. Retail and Restaurants 6. Laneway Access 7. Public Amphitheater 8. Sports and Recreation Centre Lobby 9. Library Lobby 10. Amphitheater 11. Office Lobby 12. Office Waiting Area 13. Residential Lobby 14. Retail

117

13

12

1. Outdoor Recreation Area with premium views to the harbour 2. Indoor Farming (20% of all food requirements for all inhabitants) 3. Green Wall Covered small discussion spaces 4. Meeting Rooms 5. Balcony 6. Green Wall 7. Office Lobby 8. Toilets 9. Fire Staircase 10. Lobby Plantations 11. Board Room 12. ResidentialLifts

Building Plan High Rise Floor Plan 1:1500

1 2

3

3

11

118 118

2 6

10 2

5

2

9

7 2

4

12

2

8

2

119 119

View from the Office Lobby

Facade Detail 1:50

Steel Support Frame with Irrigation system Secondary Support Frame

120

Steel Angle

120

R.C.C Floor Slab Curtain Pelmet Fixed Glass fixture

Openable Glass Door

Cutouts in Steel Mesh to allow direct sunlight

Soil with Gravels and pebbles Flower Bed

121 121

Office Village Model 1:250

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER - V

By 2031,Sydney will require an additional 20 football fields to meet its recreational needs

Multipurpose court used for Soccer, American Football,

OUTDOOR SPORTS COURT 124 124

Acquatic Facilities Sport Fields Outdoor Court Facilities Indoor Court and Recreational Playgrounds

SPORTS AND RECREATION CENTRE Addressing Sydney’s shortage of playgrounds and sports facilities in the CBD, the program accommodates a multipurpose sports field on the site.

This public recreational facility will be a new anchor point for the site and will help in attracting the touristy crowd at circular quay.

Office Spaces with integrated greenery Common meeting green areas COMMERCIAL

George Street as a spine connecting public plazas and culminating into Circular Quay

CIRCULAR QUAY

TOWN HALL

CENTRAL 125 125

PUBLIC LIBRARY A public library onto George street as a civic function

PUBLIC LIBRARY The Central Sydney strategy 2030 aims at creating public plazas at Central, Town Hall and Circular Quay. The program follows this vision and proposes at plaza at the intersection of George street and Alfred street. A civic function in the form of a public library will certainly add value to the site. It is a cultural addition to the likes of MCA, Custom’s House and the Opera House.

Design moves GEORGE ST.

LIBRARY

CIRCULAR

RECREATIONAL

PLAZA

SITE

PLACING PUBLIC PLAZA

PLACING LIBRARY

PLACING RECREATIONAL

The site is surrounded by Alfred, George and Pitt Streets with two internal laneways - Underwood Street and Rugby Place

The Northern front of the site is ideal for a plaza as it receives sunlight throughout the day

The Library looks onto the plaza and fronts a pedestrian friendly George Street as a Civic function

Retail and Restaurants along with Sports facilities on the Northern front of the site will draw people into the site

PLACING COMMERCIAL

GREEN DECK

CONNECTION TO CAHILL

VERTICAL GREENERY

A high rise commercial building facing Pitt street would allow for efficient vehicular access and highlight other functions on the site, still gazing onto breathtaking views of the harbour

The green roofs allow for a secondary ground plane thus extending activities from within each block Eg. Recreational Block has a multipurpose field on its deck. The Library block has an outdooor reading area.

The Roof of the Recreational block connects to the Cahill Walkway and alows a secondary access to the site.

The commercial spaces have greenery integrated into them with one set of permanent fixtures and the other, dependent on each tenant.

126 126

PITT ST.

COMMERCIAL

FIRST FLEET PARK

Masterplan Axonometric

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

CAHILL WALKWAY

THE GREEN MACHINE

THE ROCKS THE GREEN DECK

127 127

Mitigate heat / shading green facade

REED BED VEGETABLE

S UNDERGR OUND PEDESTRIA N LINK

GA R D E N S

Sustainable ecosystem

indoor farming which will contribute to 20% of its inhabitants daily food needs 128 128

OPEN RES TAURANT GREEN L A

RETAIL &

RECREATIO

WN

NAL

a living facade

THE GREE LIBRARY

INFORMAL PUBLIC PL A

N MACHIN

E

ZA UNDERGR OUND PARKING

Selection of a variety of colourful plants which will blossom to provide the facade with its unique colour every season

Ecological urbanism

Reed beds will filter gray water from the surrounding buildings and irrigate the green areas

129 129

Vertical Louvers Spacing Option 1 1500 Deep & 750 Wide

WINTER SOLISTIE 11 AM

12 PM

1 PM

12 PM

1 PM

130 130

Vertical Louvers Spacing Option 2 1500 Deep & 1000 Wide

WINTER SOLISTIE 11 AM

Vertical Louvers Spacing Option 3 1500 Deep & 1000 & 2000 Wide

WINTER SOLISTIE 11 AM

12 PM

1 PM

131 131

Vertical Louvers Spacing Option 4 1000 Angled & 2000 Wide

WINTER SOLISTIE 11 AM

12 PM

1 PM

Vertical Louvers Spacing Option 5 1000 Deep & 1000 Wide

WINTER SOLISTIE 11 AM

12 PM

1 PM

12 PM

1 PM

132 132

Vertical Louvers Spacing Option 6 1500 Angled & 1500 Wide

WINTER SOLISTIE 11 AM

High rise floor plan

133 133

CENTRAL CORE + UNIFORM GREEN

CENTRAL CORE + NORTHERN GREEN

SOUTH CORE + NORTHERN GREEN

134 134

Vegetable Garden in the Office

SOUTH CORE + NORTHERN GREEN + GREEN ATRIUM

SOUTH CORE + NORTHERN GREEN + GREEN ATRIUMS

SOUTH CORE + NORTHERN GREEN + GREEN ATRIUMS + VIEWS TO THE HARBOUR

Office Village Axonometric View

135 135

Conference and Meeting Spaces

Lunch + Relaxation

Green Atriums Views + Green

Core

Formal Office Space

Plants grown with Sunlight

Plants grown with sodium Lights

Bay Section Steel Support Frame Prismatic Glass Light

R.C.C Floor Slab Curtain Pelmet Fixed Glass fixture 136 136

Copper Louvers

Raised Floor

COPPER STEEL LOUVERS MESH

ALUMINUM PRISMATIC CURTAIN COMPOSITE PANEL WALL GLASS CONCRETE Steel mesh to support

Heating/ Cooling Unit

137 137

Bay Section Model 1:50

DESIGN FINALE CHAPTER - VI

How can we foster urban greenery in high rise commercial buildings?

By 2050, 70% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas and many cities across the world are struggling to provide enough green cover to cope with pressure from a rapidly increasing population.

14 0 14 0

BU

O EN

TO

O KY

1.9m2 3m2

W

HO

9m2

-

W

L OR

D

HE

TH AL

OR

GA

S NI

I AT

SY

ON

E DN

Y

14.4m2

36 20 SY

E DN

Y

18.3m2

17 20 LO

ND

27m2

ON

SI

NG

O AP

66m2

RE VI

N EN

A

120m2

141 141

Urban moves

142 142

EXISTING SCENERIO

THE CAHILL WALKWAY

GREEN PLAZA

The Cahill expressway is a physical and visual barrier while approaching the harbour from the city.

Greening the expressway creates a link between the Royal Botanical Gardens and the Rocks and serves as a primary route for pedestrians.

A green plaza fronting Georg street is easily accessible for the public. Also the location of the plaza ensures that it receives sunlight throughout the day.

14 3 14 3

BUILT MASS

THE GREEN DECK

GREEN WHARFS

Providing Laneway access through the site gives birth to 3 masses : The Sport and Recreation centre, High-rise commercial building and the Library fronting George street.

The Green podium on top of the sport and recreation centre connects to the Cahill Walkway via bridges and forms a ‘ Green Deck ‘ for active recreational activities

Inspired by the green linkage, the wharfs are made double storey with a direct access from the Cahill Walkway to ease transport access.

THE GREEN MACHINE The greenery changes axis and climbs vertically up the high rise commercial building to form ‘ The Green Machine’ - a commercial high rise which uses greenery as a means to reduce its environmental impact on the surroundings.

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS

SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL CENTRE

CIRCULAR QUAY PUBLIC LIBRARY

14 4 14 4

GREEN WHARFS

A Green roof over the double storey wharfs

THE ROCKS

THE GREEN DECK

A playground for children and an active recreational space for the public ; also hosts a multipurpose green court for outdoor sports

THE CAHILL WALKWAY

A Green walking link between the Royal Botanical Gardens and the Rocks serves as a passive recreational space.

145 145

THE CAHILL WALKWAY

A Green walking link between the Royal Botanical Gardens and the Rocks serves as a passive recreational space.

ECOLOGICAL URBANISM Reed beds to filter gray water 14 6 14 6

SUSTAINABLE ECO-SYSTEM

MITIGATE HEAT / SHADING

Indoor farming which will contribute to 20% of its inhabitants daily food needs

Green facade

A LIVING FACADE Select a variety of colourful plants which will blossom to provide the facade with its unique feature

147 147

14 8 14 8

149 149

Office Village Axonometric

150 150

Bay Section Detail

Ceiling Detail

1 51 1 51

Bay Section Floor Detail

152 152

153 153

Environmental strategy RAIN WATER HARVESTING The greenhouse at the top level of the tower collects rainwater and recycles it to flush toilets and irrigate the green areas on site

GREYWATER TREATMENT Graywater collected from Bathrooms and cafeterias will be collected in a septic tank. It will further be filtered by a series of reed beds which will clean the water and process it to a collection tank . This recycled water will then we used to flush toilets and irrigate the green areas on site.

154

Recycled water

154

Rainwater & Greywater Reed Beds

Laundary + Shower greywater

Septic Tank

Reed Bed

Filter

Flush toilets

Irrigate plants

The curtain wall has been divided into 3 zones, to facilitate diffused light, standing views and sitting views from each zone of the glass facade. This helps in minimizing the solar heat gain during summer and reduces the load on the HVAC system considerably.

900

600

2700

155 155

1200

WINTER STRATEGY

SUMMER STRATEGY

During winter, the sun is at its lowest point in the sky. Thus opening up all three zones of the curtain wall will keep the office atmosphere warm

During summer, occupants can benefit from diffused light by keeping only the top section of the curtain wall open. This restricts the amount of heat coming into the office space but does not compromise on natural light.

Structural strategy Lift Core

1000 deep Planting bed

156

1200 X 1200 R.C.C Megacolumns

156

200 R.C.C Slab

Mega trusses to support cantilevered structure above

Hydroponic Planting detail Aluminum Louvre Frame Plastic Panel Woven Material Felt Layers Aluminum Louvre Frame

Water Nutrient Plants

Gutter

157 157

Green statistics

400m2

Yield per 60 days

vegetable garden per office floor

x 18

Lift Core Atriums

12,000m2 x 140

vegetable garden in the building

158 158

x 500 x 30

8,800m2

facade greenery in the building

Office Space

x 35 x 150

222m2

facade greenery per office floor

City scale statistics

Eastern Sydney CBD

108

ha of green space in the CBD

Western Sydney CBD

16.3 ha of

91.7 ha of green space

green space

20%

increase in green space by 2020

7%

increase in urban greenery in the CBD

3400% increase in commercial greenery

Barangaroo North Observatory Hill Dawes Point Wynyard Park First Fleet Park Lang Park

72,000 m2 43,000 m2 25,000 m2 9500 m2 8500 m2 5000 m2

Royal Botanical Gardens Hyde Park The Domain Cook + Philip Park Macquire Place Park

5,20,000 m2 2,00,000 m2 1,75,000 m2 21,000 m2 1950 m2

40%

increase in green space in the westen CBD

159 159

160 160

Site Model 1:000

161 161

Building Model 1:500

162 162

163 163

Biblography TEXT REFERENCES

16 4 16 4

1. Jahn Gehl - Sydney - Public Place Public Life 2007 (https://issuu.com/gehlarchitects/docs/issuu_516_sydney_pspl2007) 2. John Muscat - CITY - Going Underground, 30th October 2013, (https://slowsydney.com/2013/10/30/city-going-underground/) 3. Jahn Gehl - Sydney - Public Place Public Life 2007 (https://issuu.com/gehlarchitects/docs/issuu_516_sydney_pspl2007) 4. City of Sydney 2030 -Draft Open Space, Sports and Recreation Needs Study 2016 - Draft background research and analysis Attachment C 5. Elizabeth Farrelly, Less is more in tarting up Joe’s Road, December 3, 2002 6. Philip Thalis, Public Sydney 7. Karen Cilento, The New York High Line officially open (https://www.archdaily.com/24362/the-new-york-high-line-officially-open), June 9,2009 8. Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project (https://landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/cheonggyecheon-stream-restoration) 9. Libby Sander, Open-plan offices are bad for workers and bosses, July 28, 2016.

10. Unknown author, The health benefits of office plants (https://www.phsgreenleaf.co.uk/the-health-benefits-of-office-plants/) 11. Barry, 8 Benefits Of Plants In The Office (http://www.ciphr.com/blog/plants-in-the-office/), June 6, 2013.

12. Julie Day, How to Grow Houseplants in Artificial Light (https://www.todayshomeowner.com/how-to-grow-houseplants-in-artificial-light/) 13. Unknown author, Lighting for my plants (http://www.canna.com.au/lighting_for_my_plants)

IMAGE REFERENCES 12. Draft Open Space,Sports and Recreation Needs Study 2016 Volume 3 Research and Analysis (sydneyyoursay.com.au/open-space-study/documents/36133/download), 04 13. PTW Architects, 30 The Bond, Sydney, 2005, Image of Rooftop Garden 17. Apple Maps screenshot 18. Circular Quay: Sydney’s front veranda to the world, Tansport for NSW, April 7,2017.

21. Ibid 25. Apple Maps screenshot 26. New York High Line, (http://www.yimbyforums.com/t/new-york-500-west-21st-st-80-ft-8-floors/363/7) 27. Death Avenue (http://www.thehighline.org/blog/2013/10/17/the-west-side-cowboys-of-death-avenue) 28. Ibid 29. Annik La Farde , High Line Architecture: Westyard Distribution Center (http://www.livinthehighline.com/2013/06/14/high-line-architecture-westyard-distribution-center/), June 14, 2003.

30. Multiple sources, accessed on the web.

31. Cheonggyecheon Stream & Cheonggye Plaza ,(http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=897540) 32. Lucy Wang, How the Cheonggyecheon River Urban Design Restored the Green Heart of Seoul (https://inhabitat.com/how-the-cheonggyecheon-river-urban-design-restored-the-green-heart-ofseoul/) 33. Jen, RECLAIMING NATURE IN THE CITY: THE RESTORATION OF CHEONG GYE CHEON (https://didacticdiscourse.wordpress.com/2012/03/29/reclaiming-nature-in-the-city-cheong-gye-cheon-restoration/), March 29, 2012 34. Multiple sources, accessed on the web.

35. Pasona, Glorious green office in Tokyo a showpiece for urban agriculture(https://www.curbed.com/2016/11/28/13763652/green-building-office-urban-farm-tokyo-pasona) 36. Ibid 37. Kate Andrews, (https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/12/pasona-urban-farm-by-kono-designs/), September 12, 2013 38. Ibid 41. Advantages and disadvantages of open space offices (https://www.delightoffice.com/advantages-disadvantages-open-space-offices/) 42. Planning and Regulation Group - Site Analysis (Assessment 1)

165 165

166 166