Investment Grade Audit (Section 4)

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

Section 4 Proposed Retrofits

a. ECMs Recommended for Implementation

ECM 1.0 Lighting Retrofits

Existing Conditions

Lighting throughout all of the facilities is primarily 32 Watt T8 fluorescent fixtures. Very few LED fixtures were found at any of the facilities. Some metal halide, mercury vapor, and incandescent fixtures were found in specialty spaces such as auditoriums and gymnasiums. A few occupancy sensors were found at the Senior High School, the Athletic Facility, and the new press box.

Example Classroom at Baggaley ES. Junior High School Gymnasium

Proposed Solution

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

Siemens recommends retrofitting or replacing the existing interior and exterior fixtures at the facilities, excluding those existing with up-to-date LED technology, with new LED technology. Please see the table below for the total quantity of fixtures recommended for retrofit at each building. The detailed scope of work line by line can be found in Appendix A.

Building Qty of Fixtures to be Retrofitted

Senior High School 5044

Junior High School 2452

Baggaley ES 1452

Mountain View ES 1493

Admin 151

Athletic Complex & Press Box 226

Total 10818

The predominant retrofit included in this recommendation is the retrofit of existing T8 lamps to LED using a Type B retrofit. Type B LED tubes have an internal LED driver which allows them to bypass the existing fluorescent ballast in a fixture and wire directly to line voltage. This results in added energy savings as LED T8 tubes that run on a ballast are less efficient.

Benefits

• LED (Light-Emitting Diode): Our design strategy for LEDs is to maximize energy savings, maintenance savings and system reliability. Where the appropriate application exists, we will propose LED upgrades from reputable manufacturers taking into consideration the financial payback and maintenance benefits of the prescribed solution. To maximize utility rebates, where available, we would use Energy Star labeled LED lamps or Design Lights Consortium tested and verified LED fixtures. The proposed design is meant to provide appropriate light levels while taking advantage of the long-life, highly efficient nature of LEDs.

• LED Linear Tubes: The design strategy is to specify and standardize on the same type of linear LED tube type throughout the buildings to be included in this project. We select a non-proprietary, proven LED tube and ballast combination (ballast not required for direct-wire applications) that will provide the greatest performance and energy savings of any of the lighting systems considered. The premium grade electronic ballasts we propose are of a high-efficiency design. These ballasts provide a greater level of efficiency over the standard ballast and also incorporate an intelligent voltage capability allowing the ballast to be used on both 120-volt and 277-volt applications. The proposed LED linear tubes are a premium high lumen, extended life with best-in-class warranty. The LED linear replacement lamp type we have selected for this project is a 9-watt energy saving LED linear lamp. The proposed UL Type C linear LED lamp and driver system will provide the greatest energy savings of the various tube/ballast options explored. This LED retrofit strategy will allow us to maintain recommended light levels while still providing a

Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022

reduction in energy usage in all linear lamp fixtures and standardizing on lamp types. Existing linear lamp fixtures with broken lamp tombstones will have the tombstones replaced at no additional cost. All fixtures retrofitted will be dry-wiped to remove dust and particulate matter to improve fixture lumen efficiency.

• LED Replacement for High-Intensity Discharge Exterior: The replacement of HID (highintensity discharge), including metal halide or high-pressure sodium, in exterior applications, provides significant energy reduction opportunities when changing over to LED. For exterior applications, often the number of fixtures can be reduced based on the improved photometric and light distribution of the new LED fixtures that was not previously available in HID fixtures. All proposed LED fixtures are from recognized manufacturers that have met the required standards for light quality, efficiency, and longevity. In our design effort and fixture selection process, consideration is given to the maintenance benefits of the prescribed solution resulting in less future costs to maintain exterior fixtures in difficult to reach applications. The proposed LED fixture replacement has been specified to furnish light levels that comply with recommended light levels and support the existing site condition requirements.

• LED Replacement for Incandescent and Compact Fluorescent Fixtures: Our design strategy for the replacement of incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps is to replace them with LED where the application permits. In building applications where it is the predominant lighting source of illumination and sufficient operating hours are present, we will propose to replace the existing incandescent fixture with a new LED fixture that provides comparable light levels with improved light quality. In areas where incandescent fixtures are the primary light source, but have limited operating hours, we will replace the incandescent lamp with an LED screw-in lamp. Consideration of space type, tasks being performed, aesthetics and payback play directly into specifying the appropriate replacement solution so that the proper light quality can be achieved for the desired application. LED has also become an attractive replacement option when incandescent fixtures are controlled by dimmers due to its excellent dimming capability.

• All LED lamps will carry a 5 year warranty. This warranty length is the longest available for lamps meeting ARRA’s buy American provision, which is required for ARRA grant funding. Should the grant not be used for the project, Siemens will attempt to identify materials with 10 year warranty for tube-type lamps. All other lamps will carry a 5 year warranty. Attic stock will be provided for replacement of premature failures.

Savings

Lighting improvement savings are based on the fixture counts and the conditions as found on detailed walkthroughs and drawings. The pre and post watts per fixture used to calculate savings in this report is based on existing and proposed lighting specs. The operating hours used in the savings calculations were determined during this investment grade audit by measuring operating hours in a sample of spaces in each facility. The resulting operating hours were applied to all spaces of the same type specific to each facility. A summary of measured operating hours can be found below.

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

Lighting improvement savings are based on efficiency gains from new lamps and fixtures as compared to the existing lighting system. The following calculations are used to determine annual savings:

Existing Conditions

Number of Fixtures

Watts per Fixture

Operating Hours

Operating Period

Utilization Factor

Occupied Hours

Drawings or Site Observations

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or Operations Schedules and Logs

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or Operations Schedules and Logs

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Electrical Usage (kWh) = (Number of fixtures x watts per fixture x Operating hours)

Electrical Demand (kWd) = (Number of fixtures x watts per fixture)

Electrical Energy Cost = (kWh x $/kwh)

Electrical Demand Cost = (kWd x Utilization Factor x Operating Period x ($/kw)) Space Description

Auditorium 2086

Cafeteria 1460

Classroom - Elem 2115

Classroom- HS 1735

Classroom - HS - Existing Occ Sensor 1825

Classroom - MS 2053

Conference Room 2086

Classroom 1825

Locker Room, existing occ sensor 2585

Gymnasium 1662

Hallway/Common Area 3001

Hallway/Common Area, existing occ sensor 2585

Janitor Closet 521

Janitor Closet, existing occ sensor 417 Kitchen 1825

Kitchen, existing occ sensor 1483

Mechanical Room 3859

Mechanical Room, existing occ sensor 3087

Mechanical Room, inactive 521

Mechanical Room, inactive, existing occ sensor 417

No Hours 0 Office 3129

Greater Latrobe School District

Space Description

Office, existing occ sensor 2503

Open Office 3859

Library 2746

Restroom 3033

Restroom, existing occ sensor 1158

Restroom, private 1556

Restroom, private, existing occ sensor 417

Shower area 521

Storage Room 521

Storage Room, existing occ sensor 417

Storage Room, active 1043

Storage Room, active, existing occ sensor 834

Warehouse 3859

Outside Areas 4380

Outside Areas, switch controlled 1460

24 Hr Areas 8760

Measurement and Verification

Option A – One time pre and post measurement of power demand at a representative number of fixtures.

The pre and post watts per fixture used to calculate savings in this report is based on existing and proposed lighting specs. Pre watt/fixture measurements will be completed closer to the time of contract signing. At that time, savings estimates will be updated based on the measurements.

Equipment Specifications

Due to issues with availability and volatile pricing, equipment will be specified closer to the time of contract signing.

ECM 2.0 Building Envelope Improvements

Existing Conditions

Weatherstripping

Weatherstripping, door sweeps, and vertical sweeps on exterior doors, vestibule doors, and overhead doors may be damaged or missing, allowing air infiltration into the space between the door and the frame. When installed, adjusted, and utilized correctly, weatherstripping and sweeps create a seal around fenestration. By replacing or installing missing weatherstripping and door sweeps, energy savings can be realized due to reduced infiltration and thus, reduced load on the building HVAC equipment.

A detailed audit of the building envelope of every facility was conducted during the investment grade audit period. In many locations throughout the buildings, the weatherstripping components were found to be damaged, and/or missing. Most of the damage observed is characteristic of regular use and normal deterioration.

Air Leakage – Penetration

Air leakage through a building’s envelope often occurs where envelope elements (such as floors, walls, ceilings/roofs, windows etc.) are connected. This leakage is typically the result of improper design or construction, inconsistent maintenance practices, or normal material degradation over the life of the building. This uncontrolled air leakage allows for the exchange of air between conditioned areas within the building and the outside, thus decreasing user comfort and increasing user behaviors associated with increased energy usage (such as thermostat adjustments), increasing unnecessary HVAC equipment loads, and an increase in associated costs.

During the field study, numerous penetrations were identified through the building envelope at many buildings, consisting mainly of unsealed cracks and openings at the building connection points, holes, and pipe/mechanical penetrations.

Conduction/Insulation

Conduction is the transfer of heat through a material. Conduction occurs as adjacent molecules pass thermal energy between each other and requires that surfaces touch to allow this energy to transfer. Conduction is minimized by adding layers to trap air or gases between materials (as in multi-pane window systems) to reduce solar heat gain by installing low-conductivity materials such as rigid foam board, fiberglass, cellulose, spray-foam on horizontal or vertical surfaces.

The insulation levels of most buildings were found to be adequate and in-line with standard building practices (where accessible and visibly verified). However, there are some areas that are in need of insulation that will be resolved as part of the proposed project.

Disrupted thermal barrier at Senior High School

Lack of Insulation at roof/wall seam at Junior High

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

ThefullbuildingenvelopeauditresultscanbefoundinAppendixB.

Proposed Solution

Recommendations for implementation include replacing damaged or missing weatherstripping, door sweeps, and astragals. Existing penetrations will be sealed and wall –ceiling joints will be insulated. Asummaryofthescopeofworkateachbuildingislistedbelow.

Greater Latrobe Senior High School

Damaged door sweeps at Mountain View Elementary School

Greater Latrobe Junior High School

Baggaley Elementary School

Mountain View Elementary School

By the nature of the improvement, crack and gap measurements are only required once during the IGA and assumed to be completely closed on completion of the improvement. As a result, savings are stipulated based on the initial audit results. Implementation of the improvements will be monitored for quality to assure these assumptions are met.

Savings from building envelope modifications are calculated in two separate categories: air leakage control and thermal transfer, as follows:

Measurement and Verification

Option A – Based on initial crack measurements and sealing of cracks.

ECM 3.0 Chilled Water System Optimization

Existing Conditions

The chilled water plant at the Senior High School is a constant volume system, flowing water through the chiller condenser and evaporator regardless of the cooling load. Since the system is a constant volume primary, chilled water is bypassed, resulting in excess pumping energy. Chilled water plants operate best with a wide chilled water temperature split across the chiller, at or near design intent (known as “delta-T”), which only occurs about 5% of the time. Most plants today are plagued with “Low Delta-T Syndrome.” Plants are typically operated inefficiently 95% of the time due to design issues. The design community has tried to solve these issues with very limited success. Nominal plant capacity is usually never realized, causing perceived need for additional plant machinery

Proposed Solution

Siemens recommends installing the Demand Flow solution on the chilled water system at the Senior High School. Demand Flow is a unique energy and operational cost savings application for watercooled, central chilled water plants. Our patent-pending, proven technology is specifically designed for centrifugal and screw type chilled water systems. Central plant performance where Demand Flow has been implemented has yielded chilled water plant energy savings as high as 50% with measured total plant performance as low as 0.33 kW/ton.

At the heart of the Demand Flow solution are algorithms that control and sequence the entire chilled water plant. Typically, these controls require that all pumps, both condenser and chilled water, and all cooling tower fans, be converted to variable flow through the installation of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs). VFDs are not required on chiller compressor motors, but if they are already installed then it will not affect the solution. By means of these control algorithms, temperature set points for chilled water and condenser water are optimized and maintained accurately, and the speed of all pumps and tower fans are controlled to optimize the energy expended for a given tonnage load.

Benefits

• Increased deliverable tonnage of the chilled water plant (more redundancy)

• Simplified plant operation

• Total plant energy savings

• Reduced equipment run-time and operational costs

Savings

Greater Latrobe School District

Energy savings are derived from reduced equipment run-time. In every Demand Flow® project, rigorous engineering analysis is performed on each subsystem in a chilled water system. These subsystems include the chillers, the chilled water pumps, the condenser water pumps, the cooling tower fans, and the air handling units (or other loads). A detailed review of savings calculation methodology can be found in Appendix C.

Measurement and Verification

Option B – Retrofit Isolation: All Parameter Measurement

ECM 4.0 Walk-in Cooler/Freezer Fan Control

Existing Conditions

Across the district, cafeterias utilize walk-in freezers and refrigerators.

Walk-in refrigerators/freezers are designed and tested with commercial operation in mind, which requires them to keep food at specific temperatures in kitchen environments as well as being subject to frequent door openings. While they have to operate 24-7, there are opportunities to use less energy without sacrificing the temperatures inside

Proposed Solution

Replacement of shaded-pole or permanent split evaporator fan motors with electronically commutated motors is recommended. The installation of on/off multi-speed controls on electronically commutated or shaded-pole evaporator fan motors is also recommended.

The installation of evaporator fan controls allows for modulation of evaporator fans, reducing fan speed or turning them off when the compressor is not running. Evaporator fans that are not equipped with controls operate at constant speed continuously, even when there is no call for refrigeration and the compressor is idle. Reduction in energy consumption results from reduced run time of the evaporator fans as well as reduction in waste heat due to fan operation that must be rejected by the system.

Investment Grade Audit Report Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022

Savings

The replacement of shaded pole or permanent split evaporator fan motors with electronically commutated (EC) motors achieves savings by reducing evaporator fan power and through interactive effects with the system’s compressor. These high efficiency (EC) motors introduce less waste heat into the refrigerated case, reducing the total cooling load.

Existing Conditions

Amperage of existing evaporator fan motor (AEFan)

Voltage of existing evaporator fan motor (VEFan)

Phase of existing evaporator fan (PhaseEFan)

Power adjustment factor (FPA)

Nameplate

Nameplate

Nameplate

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Reduction of load by replacing evaporator fan motor (FEFan) Measured or per Engineering Practices

Evaporator fan annual operating hours (hrsEFan) Measured or per Engineering Practices

Efficiency of the cooler/freezer compressor (kW/Ton) (CompEff)

Conversion factor from kW to Tons of refrigeration (Tons/kW)

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

electric savings due to evaporator fan motor replacement (∆kWhEFan)

Annual electric savings due to reduced heat from evaporator fan motor replacement (∆kWhRHn)

Peak coincident demand savings (∆kW)

Peak coincident demand savings due to evaporator fan motor replacement (∆kWEFan)

Peak coincident demand savings due to reduced heat from evaporator fan motor replacement (∆kWRHn)

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Annual Gas Energy Savings (∆therms) = N/A

Detailed Energy Savings Calculations – refer to Exhibit 6

Measurement and Verification

Option A – One-time pre and post measurement.

ECM 5.0 HVAC & Building Automation System Replacement

Existing Conditions

Senior High School

Greater Latrobe School District

Report

The majority of equipment throughout the school is reaching or has already reached its expected life. The table below shows the industry accepted ASHRAE life expectancy and approximate age of the equipment found in this building.

Boilers

There are (3) 14,700 MBH natural gas boilers at the Senior High School that provide heating for the Senior High School and the Junior High School. Each boiler is a standard efficiency boiler. These boilers were originally installed in 1966 and modified to hot water and natural gas more than 20 years ago. If taken care of properly, have a ASHRAE life expectancy of 25 years. Siemens recommends replacing these boilers with high efficiency condensing boilers available that can produce energy savings for the district.

Boilers at Senior High School

Chillers

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

There are (2) water-cooled chillers that provide chilled water to unit vents throughout most of the building. The chillers are approximately 21 years old and are reaching the end of their useful life.

Chiller at Senior High School

Cooling Towers at Senior High School

Air Handling Units

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

Conditioned air and ventilation are provided by (17) air handling units and (2) rooftop units that were installed during the 2001 renovation. The majority of these units receive heating hot water and chilled water from the central plant. These units are at the end of their useful life and recommended for replacement.

Terminal Units

There are approximately (50) variable air volume boxes (VAVs) and constant volume boxes (CVs) that temper air from the AHUs. These boxes are equipped with hot water reheat supplied from the Senior High School boilers. Ventilation is provided to exterior spaces through approximately 85 unit ventilators (UVs) and 32 Blower Coils (BCUs). There are approximately (97) cabinet unit heaters (CUHs) that provide additional heating. The majority of this equipment was installed as part of the 2001 renovation, are nearing the end of their useful life, and recommended for replacement. The units can be replaced without effecting the other systems in the building, but it is recommended to do it at the same time as the boiler, chiller, and air handling unit replacements. This would allow for the equipment to be designed in a way to maximize overall efficiency.

Rooftop Units at Senior High School

Controls

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

The building’s heating and cooling equipment is controlled by the JCI DDC system that was installed in 2001 however, there are still pneumatics controlling various control valves and dampers throughout the building. Controls in this building are regularly failing and it is unknown if the building is bringing in adequate ventilation air. Much of the control equipment is considered obsolete making replacement equipment difficult to obtain. A complete control system replacement is recommended including removal of the remaining pneumatics

Junior High School

The majority of equipment throughout the school is reaching or has already reached its expected life. The table below shows the industry accepted ASHRAE life expectancy and approximate age of the equipment found in this building.

Rooftop Units

Conditioned air and ventilation are provided by (11) packaged rooftop units that were installed during the 1998 renovation. These units are equipped with hot water heating coils and 9 of the 11 have DX cooling. Heating hot water is piped to these units from the boilers at the Senior High School. The majority of these units are in poor condition with dirty and/or damaged coils, rusted equipment, and loose belts. These units are at the end of their useful life and recommended for replacement. The music room and chorus room have their own dedicated split system units for cooling. They are recommended for replacement as well.

Example RTU Existing Condition

Terminal Units

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

There are approximately (42) variable air volume boxes (VAVs) and (75) fan powered boxes (FPBs) that temper air from the RTUs. These boxes are equipped with hot water reheat supplied from the Senior High School boilers. There are approximately (34) cabinet unit heaters (CUHs) that provide additional heating to hallways. These units were installed as part of the 1998 renovation, are nearing the end of their useful life, and recommended for replacement. The units can be replaced without effecting the other systems in the building, but it is recommended to do it at the same time as the RTU and boiler replacements. This would allow for the VAVs, FPBs, and CUHs to be designed in a way to maximize overall efficiency.

Controls

The building’s heating and cooling equipment is controlled by the JCI DDC system that was installed in 1998 however, there are still pneumatics controlling various control valves and dampers throughout the building. Controls in this building are regularly failing and it is unknown if the building is bringing in adequate ventilation air. Much of the control equipment is considered obsolete making replacement equipment difficult to obtain. A complete control system replacement is recommended including removal of the remaining pneumatics.

Baggaley Elementary School

The majority of equipment throughout the school is reaching or has already reached its expected life. The table below shows the industry accepted ASHRAE life expectancy and approximate age of the equipment found in this building.

There are (2) 2500 MBH natural gas boilers at Baggaley Elementary School that provide heating for the building. Each boiler is a standard efficiency boiler. These boilers are 30 years old, and if taken care of properly, have a ASHRAE life expectancy of 30 years. Siemens recommends replacing these boilers with high efficiency condensing boilers available that can produce energy savings for the district.

Boilers

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

Rooftop Units

Conditioned air and ventilation are provided by (7) packaged rooftop units that were installed during the 1998 renovation. These units are equipped with hot water heating coils and DX cooling. The majority of these units are in poor condition with dirty and/or damaged coils, rusted equipment, and loose belts. These units are at the end of their useful life and recommended for replacement.

Baggaley ES Existing Boilers

Example RTU Dirty, damaged heating coil

Terminal Units

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

There are approximately (36) variable air volume boxes (VAVs) and (46) fan powered boxes (FPBs) that temper air from the RTUs. These boxes are equipped with hot water reheat supplied from the boilers. There are approximately (29) cabinet unit heaters (CUHs) that provide additional heating to hallways. These units were installed as part of the 1998 renovation, are nearing the end of their useful life, and recommended for replacement. The units can be replaced without effecting the other systems in the building, but it is recommended to do it at the same time as the RTU and boiler replacements. This would allow for the VAVs and FPBs to be designed in a way to maximize overall efficiency.

Controls

The building’s heating and cooling equipment is controlled by the JCI DDC system that was installed in 1998 however, there are still pneumatics controlling various control valves and dampers throughout the building. Controls in this building are regularly failing and it is unknown if the building is bringing in adequate ventilation air. Much of the control equipment is considered obsolete making replacement equipment difficult to obtain. A complete control system replacement is recommended including removal of the remaining pneumatics

Mountain View Elementary School

The majority of equipment throughout the school is reaching or has already reached its expected life. The table below shows the industry accepted ASHRAE life expectancy and approximate age of the equipment found in this building.

Boilers

There are (2) 2100 MBH natural gas boilers at Mountain View Elementary School that provide heating for the building. Each boiler is a standard efficiency boiler. These boilers are 30 years old, and if taken care of properly, have a ASHRAE life expectancy of 30 years. Siemens recommends replacing these boilers with high efficiency condensing boilers available that can produce energy savings for the district.

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

Chiller

There is a chiller that provides chilled water to unit vents in sections A & B of the building. This chiller is reaching the end of its useful life and should be replaced.

Mountain View ES Boilers

Mountain View ES Chiller

Rooftop Units

Conditioned air and ventilation are provided to sections C, D, E, and F by (9) packaged rooftop units that were installed during the 1998 renovation. These units are equipped with hot water heating coils and DX cooling. The majority of these units are in poor condition with dirty and/or damaged coils, rusted equipment, and loose belts. These units are at the end of their useful life and recommended for replacement

Terminal Units

There are approximately (41) variable air volume boxes (VAVs) and (29) fan powered boxes (FPBs) that temper air from the RTUs. These boxes are equipped with hot water reheat supplied from the boilers. There are approximately (30) cabinet unit heaters (CUHs) that provide additional heating to hallways. These units were installed as part of the 1998 renovation, are nearing the end of their useful life, and recommended for replacement. The units can be replaced without effecting the other systems in the building, but it is recommended to do it at the same time as the RTU and boiler replacements. This would allow for the VAVs, FPBs, and CUHs to be designed in a way to maximize overall efficiency.

Unit Ventilators

There are approximately (17) unit ventilators that provide conditioned and ventilation air to sections A and B of the building. These units are supplied heating hot water and chilled water. These units were installed as part of the 1999 renovation and are approaching the end of their useful life. The units can be replaced without effecting the other systems in the building, but it is recommended to do at the same time as the boiler and chiller replacements. This would allow for the unit ventilators to be designed in a way to maximize the overall system efficiency.

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022

Example RTU

Controls

The building’s heating and cooling equipment is controlled by the JCI DDC system that was installed in 1999 however, there are still pneumatics controlling various control valves and dampers throughout the building. Controls in this building are regularly failing and it is unknown if the building is bringing in adequate ventilation air Much of the control equipment is considered obsolete making replacement equipment difficult to obtain. A complete control system replacement is recommended including removal of the remaining pneumatics.

Central Administration Building

The majority of equipment throughout the school is reaching or has already reached its expected life. The table below shows the industry accepted ASHRAE life expectancy and approximate age of the equipment found in this building.

Heating, cooling, and ventilation for the administration building is provided by (2) natural gasfired packaged rooftop units equipped with DX cooling. The exact age of the units is unknown, but they appear to be in fair to poor condition. Each unit is controlled by a single thermostat which causes occupant comfort issues throughout the building. A carrier split system was installed in 2012 to provide additional cooling to the front offices. This unit appears to be in good condition. The building is not currently on the district-wide building automation system. Occupants of the space have expressed a desire for individual room temperature control. Siemens recommends replacing the existing (2) packaged rooftop units to improve system efficiency.

Admin Packaged Rooftop

Proposed Solution

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

Siemens recommends the replacement of the equipment described above. A summary of this equipment can be found in the table below. The budgetary costs and savings associated with these replacements assumes like-for-like equipment configurations and capacities and that piping, duct work, etc. will remain Siemens will help the district determine the best replacement solution and reevaluate capacity needs for each facility once the future of each facility is determined through the master planning process.

Summary of Equipment Recommended for Replacement at Each Building

Rooftop Units Rooftop Units Rooftop Units Rooftop Units RTUs

Air Handling Units VAV/CV Boxes VAV/CV Boxes VAV/CV Boxes Control System

Chillers Fan Powered Boxes Fan Powered Boxes Fan Powered Boxes

Cooling Towers Unit Vents Unit Vents Unit Vents

Boilers Cabinet Unit Heaters Cabinet Unit Heaters Cabinet Unit Heaters

VAV/CV Boxes Control System Control System Control System Unit Vents

Cabinet Unit Heaters

Blower Coils

Control System

Savings

Electricity and natural gas savings for this measure are generated from more precise equipment control and increased efficiency. These savings are based on reducing the energy consumed moving and conditioning air. A sample of calculations is listed below:

1. Air-side Economizer (Outside Air Enthalpy Control a.k.a. “Enthalpy Economizer”):

Existing Conditions Temperature and Enthalpy Measured

Airflow Measured

Cooling Efficiency Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Mixed Air Temperature (MAT) = (OA% x (OAT-RAT)) – RAT Mixed Air Enthalpy (MAH) = (OA% x (OAH-RAH)) – RAH

Cooling Load (MBH) = (4.5 x CFM x (Mixed Air Enthalpy – Supply Air Enthalpy) [Calculated for Each Bin-Hour]

Chiller Load (MBH) = Same as Cooling Load if Chiller is On [Calculated for Each Bin-Hour]

Cooling Energy (kWh) = (4.5 x Return Air CFM x (RA Enthalpy – OA Enthalpy) [Calculated for Each Bin-Hour]

Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022

Senior High School Junior High School Baggaley Elementary School Mountain View High School Administration Building

Return Air Quantity (CFM) =

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

Air- Handling Unit Capacity (CFM) * (1-Percent

Ventilation Air)

Energy Cost = (Energy) x $/kWh

Energy Savings = (Original Energy) – (Proposed Energy)

Energy Savings Cost = (Original Ventilation Energy Cost) – (Proposed

Ventilation Energy Cost)

Cost of Cooling ($/MMbh) = (Electrical Cost ($/kWh)) * (Cooling Efficiency (kW/Ton) / (12,000 Btu/Ton) * (1,000,000 Btu/MMbh)

2. Demand-Controlled Ventilation:

Existing Conditions

Temperature and Enthalpy

Airflow

Heating Efficiency

Cooling Efficiency

Measured

Measured

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Mixed Air Temperature (MAT) = (OA% x (OAT-RAT)) – RAT

Mixed Air Enthalpy (MAH) = (OA% x (OAH-RAH)) – RAH

Temperature Difference (TD or TH) = (MAT-SAT) or (MAH-SAH)

Ventilation Cooling Load (MBH) = (4.5 x CFM x Enthalpy Difference x Hours/Bin x (1 MBH/1,000 Btu)) [Calculated for Each Bin]

Ventilation Cooling Energy (kWh) = (Ventilation Cooling Load x (1 Ton/12 MBH) x Cooling Efficiency)

Ventilation Cooling Energy Cost = (Ventilation Cooling Energy) x $/kWh

Ventilation Heating Load (MBH) = (1.08 x CFM x (Temperature Difference) x Hours/Bin x (1 MBH/1,000 Btu)) [Calculated for Each Bin]

Ventilation Heating Energy (MCF) = (Ventilation Heating Load x (1 MCF/1,000 MBH) x (1/Boiler Efficiency) x (1/Distribution Efficiency))

Ventilation Energy Savings = (Original Ventilation Energy) – (Proposed Ventilation Energy)

Ventilation Energy Savings Cost = (Original Ventilation Energy Cost) - (Proposed Ventilation Energy Cost)

3. Variable Frequency Drive Operation

Sample Existing Conditions

Existing Fan Motor Horsepower

Existing Fan Motor Efficiency

Existing Fan Motor Loading

Existing Annual Operating Hours

Existing VFD Part Load of 50% Operation

Existing VFD Par Load of 75% Operation

Existing VFD Part Load of 100% Operation

Load Exponential

Proposed Premium Efficiency Motor Efficiency

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Nameplate

Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or Operation Schedules

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Per Engineering Practices

Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Existing kWh = (Motor HP) x .746 x (Motor Loading / Motor Efficiency) x (Operating Hours)

Proposed kWh = (Motor HP) x .746 x (Motor Loading / Motor Efficiency) x (Operating Hours) x (40% x 50% ^ 2.5 + 40% x

Energy Savings = Existing kWh – Proposed kWh

4. Chiller Replacement / Cooling efficiency upgrades

Sample Existing Conditions

System Cooling Load (kW/ton)

Existing equivalent full load operating hours Engineering Practices and operation schedules

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Existing Energy Usage (kWh) = Annual Operational Hours x Average Tons/Hour x kW/Ton Existing

Chiller + kW/Pump

Existing Energy Demand (kW) = Months Operational x Peak Tons/Month x kW/Ton Existing Chiller + kW/Pump

New Energy Usage (kWh) = Annual Operational Hours x Average Tons/Hour x kW/Ton New

Chiller New Energy Demand (kW) = Months Operational x Peak Tons/Month x kW/Ton New Chiller Annual Energy Savings (kWh) = Existing kWh/Year – New kWh/Year Annual Demand Savings (kW) = Existing Average Peak kW – New Average Peak kW

Annual Cost Savings ($) = Annual Energy Savings x kWh Rate + Demand Savings x kW Rate

5. Boiler Replacement / Heating efficiency upgrades

Sample Existing Conditions

Boiler Plant Size (Hot Water / Steam) Nameplate

Operating Hours per Year Measured or Operations Schedules and Logs

Boiler System Efficiency Engineering Practices and operation schedules

Part Load Factor Engineering Practices and operation schedules

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Boiler Plant Size (Hot Water)

Operating Hours per Year

Boiler System Efficiency

Part Load Factor

or Operations Schedules and Logs

Practices and operation schedules

Practices and operation schedules

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

Existing Energy Usage (MMBtu) = (Boiler Capacity x Operating Hours per Year x Part Load Factor)/ (Boiler System Efficiency)

Proposed Energy Usage (MMBtu) = (Boiler Capacity x Operating Hours per Year x Part Load Factor) / (Boiler System Efficiency)

Energy Savings (MMBtu) = (Existing Energy Usage (MMBtu) – Proposed Energy Usage (MMBtu)

Cost Savings ($/yr.) = Energy Savings (MMBtu) x Thermal Rate ($/MMBtu)

Operations and maintenance savings for this measure are not included for the purposes of this proposal, but will be fully investigated during the IGA.

Measurement and Verification

Option A – One-time pre and post measurement of key performance parameters.

ECM 6.0 Dynamic VAV Optimization

Existing Conditions

Greater Latrobe School District

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Optimizing control of air handlers is a challenging problem. Competing interests and priorities must be balanced. Increasing discharge air temperature at the air handler can reduce cooling load, but increases the amount of air required, thus increasing fan energy. Changing discharge air temperature can also impact space humidity, which impacts occupant comfort and potentially occupant health as well. The proper balance is dynamic and specific to each air handler and space.

In addition to balancing priorities, optimization must also deal with complexities due to time lag because changes at the air handler are not immediately felt in the space due to thermal flywheel effect. As a result, overly aggressive changes result in uncomfortable spaces and unstable system operation.

Proposed Solution

Dynamic VAV Optimization (DVO) solves these problems by leveraging a machine-learning air handler optimization algorithm. The system adjusts the static pressure and supply air temperature setpoints of the air handling system to reduce the heating, cooling, and fan energy usage based on priorities specified by building operators.

This is accomplished by assessing space temperature response to changes in AHU setpoints over time; this, in turn, allows the system to accurately predict how space temperature responds to future changes in setpoint. Priorities are dictated by selecting an operating mode.

In Green Mode, the machine-learning algorithm solves the static pressure/supply air temperature energy equilibrium, resulting in savings over even the most advanced trimand-respond strategies. This is done while maintaining space temperature within the designated temperature comfort band.

Defense Mode can be deployed in response to a viral outbreak or during an annual flu season. This mode optimizes space temperature, humidity, and outdoor air levels based on a model-based indoor air quality metric that includes the effect of pathogen inactivation. The system will continue to ensure compliance with the thermal comfort and ventilation requirements of the occupants.

To maintain the ongoing benefit of the DVO strategy, Siemens proposes a service agreement for a period of time agreed upon by Siemens and Greater Latrobe School District. This service agreement includes energy engineering time for validation of savings and licensing fees for the use of the DVO software.

Operational Benefits

There are additional, potential operational benefits including tighter control of set points for the AHUs leading to a more comfortable environment for employees and tenants. In a typical building, DVO can reduce the number of non-compliant HVAC zones by up to 40% through this tighter control of temperature. A non-compliant HVAC zone is defined as an HVAC zone where the temperature set point is outside the bounds of Current Facility Requirements. For example, if a building requires the room set point to be 68-74 °F, a non-compliant HVAC zone would be a zone outside of this temperature range.

In addition, rogue zones, which are defined as HVAC zones that improperly drive the control of HVAC systems, do not drive the output of the algorithm. If issues arise with the AHUs or zone controllers, these can be identified so that the systems can be fixed. This is the definition of being proactive instead of waiting for things to happen, data is used to identify issues and fix them with targeted maintenance before they fully impact the system.

Savings

Energy savings come from the dynamic changing of static pressure set points and supply air temperature set points to provide the exact amount of air and conditioning as required by the space, which can change based on time of day, occupancy, and other factors. The total energy savings represent savings at the fan, heating energy, and cooling energy over a year.

Existing Conditions

Temperatures

Airflows

Heating Efficiency

Cooling Efficiency

Measured

Measured

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering

or TH) = (MAT-SAT) or (MAH-SAH)

Cooling Load (MBH) = (4.5 x CFM x Enthalpy Difference x Hours/Bin x (1 MBH/1,000 Btu)) [Calculated for Each Bin]

Cooling Energy (kWh) = (Ventilation Cooling Load x (1 Ton/12 MBH) x Cooling Efficiency)

Cooling Energy Cost = (Ventilation Cooling Energy) x $/kWh

Heating Load (MBH) = (1.08 x CFM x (Temperature Difference) x Hours/Bin x (1 MBH/1,000 Btu)) [Calculated for Each Bin]

Heating Energy (MCF) = (Ventilation Heating Load x (1 MCF/1,000 MBH) x (1/Boiler Efficiency) x (1/Distribution Efficiency))

Energy Savings = (Original Ventilation Energy) – (Proposed Ventilation Energy)

Energy Savings Cost = (Original Ventilation Energy Cost) - (Proposed Ventilation Energy Cost)

Greater Latrobe School District

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This measure is dependent on the replacement of HVAC equipment and controls. The control strategy cannot operate without VFDs at the air handling units and BACnet capability of the control system. As discussed in ECM 5.0, the recommended RTU and AHU replacements would include VFDs on the supply fans and the recommended controls replacements would include BACnet capability. If the district decides to move forward with both equipment and controls replacements with these capabilities, it is highly recommended to implement this measure.

Measurement and Verification

Option B – Retrofit Isolation: All Parameter Measurement

ECM 7.0 Kitchen Hood Fan Control

Existing Conditions

Proposed Solution

All of the school buildings have kitchen facilities with large kitchen hood exhausts. If the kitchen hood exhaust fans operate at 100 percent capacity for long periods during the day, even during idle, non-cooking periods there is wasted energy from operating the kitchen exhaust hood, the makeup air unit and conditioned air exhausted from the space.

Non-regulated kitchen air exhaust and supply systems have simple on/off controls; the exhaust fans in these systems run continuously regardless of the work level in the kitchen. In many locations, regulations mandate that make-up air to kitchen areas must be within +10°F of normal ambient temperature so, in practical terms, make-up air is drawn from the exterior and pre-conditioned by the building’s heating or cooling equipment – with the associated expense. During off-peak kitchen hours, the cost of running the ventilation system at full power can be a very significant annual expense.

If none or limited controls exist on these units, Siemens recommends installing variable frequency drives (VFD) on kitchen hood exhaust motors that are not required to be at 100% load most of the time. A VFD will reduce the operating speed of the motor to effectively match the output of the fan or to the system requirements. The VFD is programmed to maintain system operating parameters with feedback from the kitchen exhaust

Variable-volume kitchen exhaust and supply systems use both temperature and smoke sensors to detect venting requirements. They control exhaust fans in both on/off mode and by regulating fan speed.

Since they operate on a demand basis, variable-volume systems greatly reduce make-up air preconditioning costs and exhaust fan operating costs. The life of both kitchen ventilation equipment

Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022

Greater Latrobe School District

Investment Grade Audit Report

and building HVAC equipment may be prolonged. Variable-volume systems can react very quickly to brief periods of elevated temperature and smoke levels, then return to low-volume operation. VFDs also allow a much quieter work environment during off-peak hours, reducing employee stress. Since motor speed is controlled by VFDs which utilize soft start, belt life and motor longevity increase.

Savings

Savings generated are based on reduced electricity consumption (energy) and natural gas use.

Ventilation energy savings:

Existing Conditions

Temperature and Enthalpy

Airflow

Heating Efficiency

Cooling Efficiency

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Measured interior and exterior, or bin data

Measured or nameplate

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Measured, Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Mixed Air Temperature (MAT) = (OA% x (OAT-RAT)) – RAT

Mixed Air Enthalpy (MAH) = (OA% x (OAH-RAH)) – RAH

Temperature Difference (TD or TH) = (MAT-SAT) or (MAH-SAH)

Ventilation Cooling Load (MBH) = (4.5 x CFM x Enthalpy Difference x Hours/Bin x (1 MBH/1,000 Btu)) [Calculated for Each Bin]

Ventilation Cooling Energy (kWh) = (Ventilation Cooling Load x (1 Ton/12 MBH) x Cooling Efficiency)

Ventilation Cooling Energy Cost = (Ventilation Cooling Energy) x $/kWh

Ventilation Heating Load (MBH) = (1.08 x CFM x (Temperature Difference) x Hours/Bin x (1 MBH/1,000 Btu)) [Calculated for Each Bin]

Ventilation Heating Energy (MCF) = (Ventilation Heating Load x (1 MCF/1,000 MBH) x (1/Boiler Efficiency) x (1/Distribution Efficiency))

Ventilation Energy Savings = (Original Ventilation Energy) – (Proposed Ventilation Energy)

Ventilation Energy Savings Cost = (Original Ventilation Energy Cost) - (Proposed Ventilation Energy Cost)

Variable Frequency Drive Operation :

Sample Existing Conditions

Existing Fan Motor Horsepower

Existing Fan Motor Efficiency

Existing Fan Motor Loading

Existing Annual Operating Hours

Existing VFD Part Load of 50% Operation

Existing VFD Par Load of 75% Operation

Existing VFD Part Load of 100% Operation

Load Exponential

Proposed Premium Efficiency Motor Efficiency

Calculations Used to Determine Savings

Nameplate

Greater Latrobe School District

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Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or Operation Schedules

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Measured or per Engineering Practices

Per Engineering Practices

Nameplate or per Engineering Practices

Existing kWh = (Motor HP) x .746 x (Motor Loading / Motor Efficiency) x (Operating Hours)

Proposed kWh = (Motor HP) x .746 x (Motor Loading / Motor Efficiency) x (Operating Hours) x (40% x 50% ^ 2.5 + 40% x 75% ^ 2.5 + 20% x 100% ^ 2.5)

Energy Savings = Existing kWh – Proposed kWh

Measurement and Verification

Option A – Trended monitoring of fan operating hours and speeds.

b. Sources of Operational Savings

The following table details the operational savings and associated ECMs.

The lighting lamp and ballast maintenance operational savings are derived from the avoided material cost of replacing lamps from the existing lighting system. The lighting lamp and ballast warranty operational savings are derived from the avoided material cost of replacing lamps covered by the manufacturer warranty of 10 years.

The HVAC & Controls Replacements operational savings were determined using the maintenance department budget provided by the district. The operational savings are assumed to be 50% of the 4-year average spend on repairs and maintenance at each building (SHS, JHS, BES, MES). There was not a 4-year average spend on repairs and maintenance at the administration building therefore, there are no operational savings included for that building.

School District

Report

c. ECM’s Evaluated but Not Recommended for Installation at this Time

The following measures were evaluated by Siemens but not recommended for installation. Siemens found the district is not in immediate need of replacement of these items and/or the implementation of the measure is not economically feasible.

Enlighted Lighting Controls

Siemens can implement our state-of-the-art lighting sensor technology, Enlighted. A full network of Enlighted IoT sensors, communicating on a world-class informational framework, will provide full coverage of the facility to control lighting, show space utilization, track foot traffic, employees, and assets.

Introduction

Siemens is focusing on making our customer’s buildings smarter. Our Enlighted IoT solution delivers a technology platform for smart buildings. Our sensor technology and scalable sensor network provide real-time data collection and high value applications.

Unlimited applications can be built on top of Enlighted’s IoT Platform, including:

• Wayfinding and mapping services

• Scheduling for conference rooms, desks and more

• Geofencing

• Security alerts

• Smart Parking

• Data for monitoring occupancy and space utilization

• Data for asset tracking

• Data for people locating

The Enlighted sensors are typically installed in every light fixture in a building or space as well as in outdoor lights. Each sensor can detect light levels, motion, temperature, and can measure energy consumption; and each sensor has a blue tooth beacon as well for ultimate connectivity. The Enlighted System Architecture provides secure communication, and a web-based interface to store, monitor, manage, and analyze data collected by the Enlighted network and to control peripheral devices. The system translates this data into quantitative insights and detailed visual reports. It features a secure browser-based interface to create profiles and adjust settings of the entire Enlighted System, as well as facilitates integration with BACnet and 3rd party systems.

Why Now? Why Enlightened?

LED replacements provide significant energy savings to fund the installation of this open platform. This magnitude of savings (going from 50 watts to 25 watts for example) will likely not occur again in our lifetime given current lighting technology trends. It is prudent to take advantage of the savings and the fact that you will be touching every light in a retrofit, to install an open platform and “Future Proof” in your building.

The choice of Enlighted means the most dense, wireless, flexible platform on the market. Our sensors provide data in a secure way that will not interfere with your existing business practices, and the ability to export data means that our customers will not be limited to just using Enlighted or Siemens applications.

Lighting Controls

The Enlighted solution provides the advanced lighting controls described below and includes energy data collection and energy savings information. The data collected from the sensors can be integrated with your building controls and provide occupancy information to enhance the control of your HVAC load, which increases your efficiency and energy savings.

Enlighted sensors provide a simple and advanced way of automating and managing a building’s lighting infrastructure. Large open spaces, like cafeterias, auditoriums and lecture halls can now benefit from occupancy-based controls which will lower overall energy consumption.

The advanced lighting controls allow our customer to enhance the energy savings obtained by switching from fluorescent to LED lights by adding the following capabilities to the lighting control system.

• Task Tuning / High-end trimming

• Daylight harvesting

• Occupancy / Vacancy detection

• Auto and advanced demand response programs

• Time-of-Day dimming schedule

• Real-time energy savings reports

The savings from these areas of control can help fund the cost of this powerful platform. In addition to the granular level of lighting control, the Connected platform provides detailed energy information on your lighting system as shown in the graphic below. You will be able to see detailed information at the fixture level, floor level, building level or campus level. The system will also help with maintenance needs, as you can see the floor level display of lights, and see which fixtures have no power consumption and need repair or replacement.

As mentioned, our IoT platform goes far beyond lighting controls. The Enlighted offering provides all the sensors and data collection infrastructure needed to use the IoT software applications when you choose. Enlighted has developed two specific software applications to analyze and use the data collected from the sensors as described below. In addition to the Enlighted applications, the data can be shared with 3rd party software developers for mapping, security, and other applications. The Enlighted system was designed to provide future flexibility by allowing outside systems to use the data collected from the sensors.

Space Utilization

Our Space Application provides a way to collect data on occupancy and utilization rates in buildings. The data can be used to measure occupancy rates, identify traffic patterns, improve workflows, and monitor building level metrics. It can help facility owners and managers use data to determine and prove the need for additional facilities or provide opportunities to use existing space more efficiently. Data is analyzed and presented in comprehensive reports and visualizations. This valuable data replaces inaccurate, questionable data such as enrollment numbers and anecdotal reports that are currently used in most space utilization reports.

1Motion Trail Map

Real Time Location Services

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report

Our Where application provides data for asset management and bolstering security. The Where Application combines the Bluetooth technology embedded in each sensor / fixture with Bluetooth enabled tags and badges to provide real-time location services for both assets and people. This application has many advantages such as tracking visitors and personnel, helping with time management for the location of shared equipment, and providing geo-fencing capabilities that can provide alerts if equipment or people move out of or into a certain area. The density of the sensors ensures that people and equipment will not get lost due to poor reception or low-density coverage of scattered expensive sensors.

Locate People & Asset Utilization & Management

Real-Time Live Motion Views On Map

Workflow Optimization

Visitor Monitoring

Third Party Applications

Visitor and Coworker Safety

In addition to using data to power the Space and the Where applications, the system can export data for use in third party applications, and the blue tooth beacons can be used for many applications as well. Siemens works with several partners to provide these services. We have listed just a few below.

Smart Parking / Wayfinding The process of locating parking and various facility management departments is frustrating and time consuming. These factors lead to operational inefficiencies and poor customer experiences. Siemens IoT Solutions can seamlessly guide parties to available parking and, in Real Time, illustrate the paths to appropriate appointment destinations.

Scheduling: Finding the right conference room with the needed equipment or adequate space can be time consuming and exasperating. Scheduling apps allow people to locate an appropriate space and reserve it. These applications often work on a real time basis, showing previously reserved space as available, if it remains vacant for a certain time because a meeting ended early.

Greater Latrobe School District

Alerts: Customers and employees can receive various types of alerts and be shown exit routes in the event of a security issue. Law and enforcement and first responders can be directed to the area where the incident occurred which saves invaluable amounts of time. This improves security and safety for all parties.

There is a myriad of applications available that can use our dense population of blue tooth beacons to provide a variety of services to your students, faculty, and parents. While the Enlighted solution will result in additional energy savings based on reduction in burn hours and dimming of applicable fixtures when spaces are unoccupied, it does not pay for itself within a reasonable payback period. This is due to a combination of low energy rates and high costs of the solution. There may be specific spaces throughout the district where the Enlighted solution would be beneficial to improve occupant comfort. Siemens will help the district determine which spaces make the most sense for implementation.

Transformer Replacements

Existing Conditions

Transformers are typically purchased as part of a total electrical distribution package, installed, and forgotten for 40-50 years. The majority of these transformers are operating at a small fraction of their nameplate capacity, resulting in very low efficiency, and are producing large amounts of excess heat. This leads to energy losses and higher utility costs. In addition, half of all existing transformers, according to the Dept. of Energy, are approaching a mean time failure of 32 years. Replacing these units prior to a sudden end of life, results in lower risk of facility down time.

Greater Latrobe School District has 47 aging transformers throughout the Senior High School, Junior High School, Baggaley Elementary School, and Mountain View Elementary School.

Proposed Solution

Transformers are comprised of two major components: a steel core, and windings made of aluminum or copper. Because transformers are in operation 24-hours,day, 365-days/year, the produce energy losses around the clock. Core losses, also known as no-load losses, are constant. The core remains energized at all times, regardless of the % load (so losses are always the same). Coil losses, also known as load losses, vary with the load placed upon them, i.e., as load increases, as do the losses. Code and all published data are based on performance at a 35% linear load. Therefore, almost all transformers are designed for highest efficiency under that load profile. However, this profile does not typically exist in the real world. The average load on a transformer in 2016, across almost all verticals, is only about 13%.

Through design and manufacturing advances, but more importantly, better materials, installation of new transformers lower resistance, producing extremely low no-load losses and minimized load losses.

Out of the 47 existing transformer, 44 are in need of replacement however, because of low electricity rates, the payback period for this measure exceeds a reasonable range and therefore, this measure is not recommended for implementation at this time.

Investment Grade Audit Report Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022

ECM 10.0 Solar PV & Battery Storage

Solar photovoltaic panels convert sunlight into energy which can be consumed as electricity or stored in batteries for use at a later time. A typical school’s electricity use profile, with closures over the summer, generally makes it difficult for solar PV installation to be economically feasible. The district’s electric rates are low which add to the difficulty of solar PV economic feasibility. If the district were to see significant electric rate increases, solar PV should be reevaluated.

Water Conservation

Water conservation goals can be achieved through the upgrade, or replacement of the existing domestic water fixtures.

High-efficiency indoor plumbing fixtures can reduce water consumption substantially and standardize equipment making service of the equipment easier on maintenance personnel. Recommendations may include the following:

• Retrofitting older flush valves on toilets and urinals with low flow waterconsuming devices. Replacing older flush valves with new valves that utilize a piston valve and “tune” each toilet to consume around 1.6 to 2.5 gallons per flush and each urinal to around 1.0 to 1.5 gallons per flush or less. The new piston valve architecture requires less maintenance and lasts longer than traditional diaphragm style valve architecture. This recommendation typically provides a quicker payback than replacing toilet China and is a much less disruptive installation.

• China replacements, as applicable, and while more expensive will be assessed and can additionally reduce water use to as low as 1.28 gpf on toilets and 0.125 gpf on urinals.

• Retrofitting older 3.0 and 5.0 gallon per flush tank toilets with new low flow equipment that typically result in the standard tank toilet consuming 1.0 to 1.6 gallon per flush. Consideration will be given to local water pressures and discharge of the piping systems.

• Retrofitting remaining high flow faucet aerators to disperse flowing water more effectively into fine droplets and entrain air while maintaining wetting effectiveness. These devices can reduce water use while maintaining a strong flow. Typical units for rest rooms would provide 0.5 gpm and have tamper resistant properties.

• Check all remaining water consuming assemblies for leaks and repair as necessary

Existing Conditions

Existing water closets consist of mostly 1.6 GPF models. These models utilize older rubber diaphragm valve models as noted below. Flush valves are designed to release precise volumes of water when activated. High efficiency flush valve and China combinations can enable a facility to greatly reduce its water consumption by reducing flush valve flow rates and the amount of water required for evacuation.

Proposed Solution

Siemens has identified plumbing fixtures which can be replaced or modified to utilize the latest EPA WaterSense, high-efficiency technologies (HET). High-efficiency indoor plumbing fixtures can reduce water consumption substantially and standardize equipment making service of the equipment easier on maintenance personnel. The district can reduce water consumption and related energy costs through the replacement or retrofit of the following plumbing fixtures however these savings will not pay for themselves within a reasonable payback period.

Greater Latrobe School District Investment Grade Audit Report Siemens Industry, Inc. September 9, 2022