A Century of Natural Disasters 2017

A Cent ur y of

N at ur al Disast er s

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News

Table of Contents

10 Annabel Allen Economies Drowning Along with Cities.

12 Jake Arcement Massive Dust Storm Sweep Through the Great Plains 14 Charlotte W irth Hurricane Katrina Causes Controcersy in Schools 16 Springer Favor Ray Nagin: Other than Honorable 18 Toi Robinson Hurricane Katrina Goes Local 20 Parker Peyronnin How Many More Deaths 22 Jake Arcement Natural Disasters Time Line

Arts

26 Annabel Allen Taken Away into Katrina 28 Charlotte W irth The Disaster that Struck

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Arts

Table of Contents

30 Parker Peyronnin W ater that Kills 32 Jake Arcement TheDust Bowl- Through theLensDemonstrates the Power of Photography 36 Toi Robinson Nola Gals: We Turned Out Well 38 Springer Favor Hitch: Finding a W ay 40 Annabel Allen People Flood Out of Cities in 1927 42 Charlotte W irth Hurricane Katrina Creates a Catastrophe 44 Parker Peyronnin Shaking of W ords 46 Jake Arcement W oody Guthrie Inspires the Nation Through Music 48 Toi Robinson W hen the Levees Broke: Life After Katrina 50 Springer Favor The Tornado that Killed Hundreds

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A vot e f or Ray Nagin is a vot e f or t he rest orat ion of New Orleans.

Spr in ger 's ad

Vot e Now !

Paid f or by t he Democrat ic Nat ional Commit t ee.

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New s 9

Econ om ies Dr ow n in g Alon g w it h Cit ies

By Annabel Allen

many people.

The flooding began after there had been heavy rains for a couple of weeks which caused the levees to break. The Mississippi was flooding everywhere and at one point the river was

Many cities were drowning in the water the flood brought.

almost 80 miles wide. The

During the month of April, 1927, around the time of Easter, a monstrous storm hit seven states leaving them destroyed and disheveled. The Great Mississippi Flood hit the states of

pressure was a strong as Niagara Falls and it wiped out towns and counties everyday.

The storm wiped out almost 27,000

Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Illinois,

square miles of land and in that land

Missouri, Tennessee and Kentucky.

there were 41,487 buildings destroyed

Arkansas got the worst of the storm

and 162,017 homes destroyed too. There

because they had almost double the

was about 73,541,040 dollars lost just by

amount of flooded land as Mississippi

destroyed crops and thousands of farms

and Louisiana combined. New Orleans

were destroyed. This also took away jobs

got a whopping 15 inches of rain in just

and made it very hard for people to

18 hours, which shows just how severe

continue making money, even after the

this storm was and how it affected so

storm. There was a total of 3,500,493 10

This image shows one of the many tented villages made for people whose houses were destroyed in the storm.

livestock losses which included mules,

their homes because of the storm. These

cattle, horses and poultry.

people would now be called refugees.

There were at least 246 people who

All together, there were about

were killed and almost one million

246,000,000 dollars lost worth of

people became homeless because of the

people?s belongings, crops and anything

flooding. Many people lost everything

else that was destroyed or lost. The flood

they owned and had nowhere to go

made it almost impossible to get their

which caused an enormous amount of

normal lives back because of everything

stress and tension in these southern

they had lost. Many people?s lives were

states. After losing all their belongings

flipped upside down and were forced to

people started tented communities, one

make a new life somewhere else. All

being called ?tent city,? where they would

together this storm washed away cities

live for the time being in order to stay

and left mounds of waste to rebuild, but

away from the storm. There were about

together the citizens of these cities

930,000 people who were driven out of

slowly rebuilt them.

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M assive Du st St or m s Sw eep Th r ou gh t h e Gr eat Plain s

By Jake Arcement From 1931 - 1939, dust storms, also

place was destroyed from overgrazing. To

known as ?black blizzards?rolled over the

make matters worse, an unprecedented

Great Plains, covering almost everything in

drought fell upon the Southern Plains from

their path in a thick blanket of dust. As the

1931 - 1937. The combination of drought, the

dust storms continued, farmers?fields became

overuse of the soil, the destruction of the

buried in dust and the death toll for dust

Prairie grasses, and the strong winds caused

pneumonia increased. Over the course of

the soil to turn to dust. The loose topsoil

about 8 years, more than 100 dust storms hit

would be blown off the barren fields and

the plains, forcing farmers and residents of the Great Plains to abandon their homes and live elsewhere.

The Dust Bowl was in fact a man made natural disaster. In 1862, the Homestead Act was created and thousands of settlers moved to the plains where they would farm crops or herd livestock. Due to the start of World War I and a high demand for wheat, millions of acres of land were plowed to grow wheat by 1917. ?Early and late, from all directions, has

A dust storm rolls in as a driver tries to avoid being engulfed in its darkness.

swirled into a dense dust cloud, where it would be carried hundreds of miles, covering everything in dust.

resounded the hum of tractors and combines.

Trucks have been? carrying piled-up loads of bright, hard, full-kerneled wheat? I have never seen a more beautiful harvest,?states Oklahoma farm woman Caroline Henderson.

Eventually, the topsoil became pulverized by overplowing, and grass that held the dirt in

The continuous dust storms had a great impact on the residents of the Great Plains.

Dust Pneumonia became a significant problem in the Dust Bowl region, causing many deaths. At times throughout the region, 12

50% of people in hospitals were diagnosed

Plains to make an income sparked a western

with Dust Pneumonia. With large amounts of

migration. These families were forced to

dust in the air, men, women, and children had

abandon their homes and find a new place to

no choice to breathe in the harmful particles.

live. By the end of the Dust Bowl, over

The dust would build up in their lungs,

400,000 Dust Bowlers left their homes.

causing the illness. Another significant problem was the impact the dust storms were

The Dust Bowl was one of the most

having on the farmers?fields. The farmers of

powerful and destructive natural disasters in

the Great Plains made a living off of growing

United States history. Its impact on the Great

crops, but the dust storms made growing

Plains residents was so large, it killed

crops impossible. With the layer of dust

thousands and forced hundreds of thousands

covering the fields, crops could not receive

to flee their home. Throughout the Dust Bowl,

any sunlight, and would have poor soil

over 100 dust storms hit the plains, changing

quality. The inability for families in the Great

the victims?lives forever.

Many Dust Bowl victims wore masks, fearful of contracting dust pneumonia.

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Hu r r ican e Kat r in a Cau ses Con t r over sy in Sch ools

By Charlotte Wirth In 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, Louisiana causing loss of life and mass destruction to the city. The damages due to Hurricane Katrina?s destruction and floods costed the state board of Louisiana over one billion dollars. About 7,500 staff and educators from the schools of New Orleans, Louisiana were ?wrongfully fired,?which resulted in the educators suing the school board. The staff members sued the school boards because they claim that the firing conflicted with

Behind the scenes of the court case

hurricane Katrina violated the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment states, All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.?This statement means that the fourteenth amendment promises national citizenship for the United States citizens, forbids the states to restrict the basic rights of every citizen, and reassures equal protection for everyone in the United States.

Aftermath of affected Hurricane Katrina classroom 14

In 2012, the State District court ruled in favor of the staff members, however the Louisiana Supreme Court rejected the lawsuit instead.

If the staff members won the lawsuit, congress would have made Louisiana repay the misuse of 500 million dollars from the school to the federal government.

After paying back the 500 The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina destruction in a school in New Orleans, Louisiana

billion dollars, the school boards would have to pass the legislation, directing the money to the fired school employees.

In conclusion, the staff members won the lawsuit, making Louisiana have to pay one and a half billion dollars back to the employees. The school boards were forced to rehire the former employees as either part of the Orleans system, State Recovery School District, or as charters. Attorney Willie Zanders thinks that the ruling of the two lower courts w, that the staff did not have to be rehired, was correct, because the were no more jobs for the employees to fulfill due to the fact that the schools could not afford to pay the staff as much as they could before Katrina. The schools would most likely not be

Image of how the flooding affected the schools in New Orleans, Louisiana

able to pay the staff as much as the used to, because of all of the damages the schools had to pay in order to reconstruct their education

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Ray Nagin : Ot h er t h an Hon or able

By Springer Favor prison located in Texarkana, called the Federal Correctional Institution Texarkana. He is listed on Ray Nagin, the ex-mayor of New Orleans, was charged with embezzlement and bribery in 2003. An anonymous caller from New Jersey, no not New Orleans, New Jersey, called the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or the FBI, and handed them evidence that would eventually land Ray Nagin and many of his associates in federal prison. He was convicted on 20 out of 21 accounts of bribery and was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison. Yet bribery was not all Nagin was charged with. He was also charged with wire fraud, filing false tax returns, embezzlement, conspiracy, and corruption. His first bribe was for 50,000 dollars in 2008 from a local mortgage fraudster, Frank Fradella. Fradella was sentenced to a year and a day in jail by U.S. District Judge Susie Morgan after pleading guilty for bribing Nagin. He was the last figure in the case to be sentenced. He was a key figure in convicting Nagin, according to officials. Nagin also allegedly received 20,000 dollars in campaign funds from four different shell

the Federal Bureau of Prisons website as inmate No. 32751 - 034. The prison is three hours away from his current home in Frisco, Texas. Although he is a convicted criminal with evidence against him, yet he still declares he did nothing wrong.

Nagin is the first mayor of New Orleans to be arrested for corruption in the city?s contested history, which is roughly 300 years old. He has almost seven years to go before he once again becomes a free man, although he is getting a little bit of freedom right now. Ray Nagin is attending a lawsuit in New Orleans between a landfill owner and Waste Management of Louisiana. While Nagin was still mayor, he ordered a landfill to be closed, and he also made the rebuilding and repairing of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina slower than it should have been. He will be a witness in the trial and is expected to bargain to get less time on his sentence. The original case was in 2011, but it is now being revisited and will commence on Thursday.

companies so that he could barely beat current mayor Mitch Landrieu in the 2006 runoff for mayor. He was convicted in 2014 and is now is serving his time in a minimum security federal 16

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Hu r r ican e Kat r in a Goes

"bowl." All pump stations broke during this time, so they couldn't stop the water

Local

By Toi Robinson

from flooding. In history, Hurricane Katrina was the 3rd most destructive hurricane in coastal states.

Hurricane Katrina has been through five categories. Category one, meaning that the winds aren't high and the rain water isn't harsh. Category two, means A forecast of Hurricane Katrina as it becomes Category 5.

that the winds are starting to pick up.

Category three, means the winds are becoming harsh. Category four means

Two coastal states, Louisiana and that there is 125 mph winds and the rain Mississippi planned their evacuations on water is harsh. Last but not least, August 26, 2005. Evacuees evacuated category five means that there is 175 farther than others. Many people had mph winds and the rain is flooding streets problems with escaping because of the and breaking levees. Most of the deaths conditions they had or how poor they consisted of senior citizens. Many were living before the hurricane. There reported that there are more people was flooding in certain cities to whereas missing from the hurricane. Many people the waves and surges left the levees had a hard time escaping because gas broken and that caused many deaths. The prices were higher because there was an city of New Orleans was always below sea economic shortage. Katrina affected level because the city was known as a mainly people with non-farming jobs and 18

local citizens that didn't have a job.

Georgia having the least. Hurricane Katrina left millions homeless.

Many countries located in Asia donated money to this disaster. Kuwait

In history, it is the most "costliest"

donated more than any other countries.

hurricane, which 108 billion was directed to

Other countries who donated were Qatar,

fixing up houses. More than 10,000 people

India, China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The

lived in the Superdome, which also

Deadliest Hurricane was Hurricane Katrina,

contained roof damage. Many of the

which occurred on August 29, 2005. Katrina

damages were from vehicles, homes, and

nearly killed nearly 1,833 people. Louisiana

businesses. The National Flood Program

having the most deaths and Alabama and

provided four gulf states with 16.3 billion and 13 billion of that amount went to Louisiana. The FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), also provided the states with 15 billion. In Louisiana, most of the deaths were from drowning, injury, heart conditions, and trauma. The population changed completely. Before Hurricane Katrina, more than 484,674 people were in Louisiana but later decreased more and more. In conclusion, there was many dangers from Hurricane Katrina that made it local.

The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina of when the levees broke and many were stranded.

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How Many More Deaths By: Parker Peyronnin deaths there are some people never recognized. Some people have made it their job and passion to let those people be recognized. Glady Hansen is someone who has devoted her life to finding the exact amount of people that died. She also says she would like to find the people whos passed families Family having dinner after the earthquake and fires.

and tell the families that she has found out what happened

The devastating tragedy of the 1906

to their lost ones. "For forty years I've

San Francisco earthquake and fires was

watched it grow like a thermometer?

thought by historians at the time to be

Hansen stated and says that the number

not that deadly. Historians originally

is still growing drastically. The last

thought that there were around 500

known survivor of the Earthquake and

hundred deaths, but later they realized

fires was a man named William Del and

that there are more around 3000 and

he told us how his family helped save

growing by the thousands.The worst

lives during the tragedy and even was

tragedies about every storms is how

able to get out with his family. Del died

many deaths were there, but with those

at the age of 109. Another eyewitness at 20

been recognized happened and it was not just a bad earthquake it was a terrible one. Much of the city's 450,000 residents were left homeless, the death toll from that decade did not even count Chinese, and many of the dead did not even make it to the morgue.

They did not make it into the morgue because many of The fires engulf San Fransisco after the earthquake.

the dead burned up in the fires, or rescuers were unable to dig out scores of corpses

the storm named P. Beret stated the quake

from under the rubble, and left the bodies

was like "Big buildings were crumbling as

to wither unaccounted for. The death toll is

one might crush a biscuit in one's hand". A

still being counted and today it has

San Francisco writer who is helping to

reached up to 6,000 and historians and

revise the city's history named James

scientist believe that that number will

Dalessandro said, ''Everything you knew

continue to grow and families will continue

about the 1906 earthquake was a lie or an

to not know what truly happened to there

inaccuracy?and what Dalessandro is saying

family.

is he is telling readers that it was a terrible tragedy and many deaths that have not 21

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Helping cities, one per son at a time.

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Art s 25

Tak en Aw ay in t o Katrina

By Annabel Allen Taken Away, a book written by Patty Friedmann, explores the realities that the atrocious Hurricane Katrina brought to the city of New Orleans. Published in 2010, just five years after the storm hit, Friedmann captures how some people were literally taken away and how others were taken away from the sight of the destruction that was New Orleans. This work of fiction will

Patti Fr iedmann

allow all kinds of readers to experience what most people in New Orleans went through.

Summer Elmwood, also known as Sumbie, is a freshman at Newman School in New Orleans when Katrina hits. Her family must evacuate, but just before they leave, her little sister, Amalia, goes missing. They

?I can?t imagine normal life here again. This place feels like death?

Sumbie says

describing ?her? city of

New Orleans.

Friedmann shines a light on the horrors that took place during Katrina and how some people were fortunate enough to get past them.

were all staying in Baptist hospital because Amalia needed heart surgery, so when she goes missing there is a good possibility that she was just evacuated to another hospital in Louisiana. Through this book the reader will face the ups and downs that Sumbie went through while trying to find her sister.

Sumbie?s mother, Ellen, had Amalia when Sumbie was thirteen which causes some conflict between the family. Sumbie feels as if she was forgotten because her parents do not show her enough love and attention and she is embarrassed by the fact that her parents were still having sex at their age. Once Amalia is kidnapped, this 26

causes some people to think that Sumbie had something to do with the disappearance because she wanted more attention and hated Amalia, but that is not the case at all.

Not only does Sumbie love her sister, she would also never do anything to hurt her. She decides that after the FBI gets involved, and they think she is in on the disappearance too, to take matters into her own hands and find Taken Away shows a doll in the swamp as to represent the valuables that many people lost dur ing Katr ina.

Amalia by herself. Sumbie works with her best friend Haydn, who happened to evacuate to Houston just like the Elmwoods, and her new

came

friend Robert, whose father was a doctor at

it. From the small details, like the fact that

Baptist, to find clues all over New Orleans

everyone smelt bad because there was no

that could help lead her to Amalia. Will

water, to the big details, how almost entire

Sumbie and her friends be the heroes and

parishes were wiped out, Friedmann includes

find Amalia, will the FBI find Amalia and

it all. She even incorporates the mystery of a

blame Sumbie or will Amalia stay missing

missing person, which was a very common

forever?

with

reality during Katrina. This book would

Taken Away is the perfect book that includes mystery and history. Not only does it show the storm from the point of view of an insider, it also adds some of the history of

appeal to all readers who are intrigued by the history of Katrina and the realities that came with it. All in all, Taken Away is a

New Orleans. Friedmann perfectly captures

gripping story that will captivate readers

life during Katrina and all the realities that

into the dreadful history of New Orleans.

?I can?t imagine normal life here again. This place feels like death?

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The Disaster that Struck

By Charlotte Wirth ?... we heard an earsplitting boom, as if ten cannons had exploded.

All heads turned towards the shore.

Immediately every light blacked out, darkening the sky? someone cried out the horrible word: ?Earthquake!?? ?I was overwhelmed by what was

Earthquake at Dawn is a historical fiction novel that contains real happening. Had I photographs, taken by Edith Irvine, from the San Francisco earthquake on really seen April 18

building fall? What about our trip? I wanted to shut my ears to those heartbreaking cries.?Imagine waking up, thinking about going on a once in a lifetime trip, and on the way there, a catastrophic earthquake destroys the trip plans and the only way to survive is to begin living on the streets, not being able to properly cleanse yourself, nor being able to eat a proper meal. This is just the beginning of the historical fiction novel, Earthquake at Dawn. Earthquake at Dawn was published in 1992, contains a historical theme of natural disasters, and influences initiation into adulthood through the protagonist?s experience and journey.

Earthquake at Dawn was written by Kristina Gregory, a best selling author.

Earthquake at Dawn the story of two girls, Daisy and Edith,

Kristiana Gregory

planning on going on an international trip for Edith?s well-known photography. The trip is destroyed due to a destructive earthquake.

Earthquake at Dawn takes place in San Francisco, California 1906. The protagonist, Daisy Valentine, is the servant of the twenty two year old photographer, Edith Irvine. Their struggle of handling the survival lifestyle and trying to find their way back home from the destructive earthquake are the girls?main conflicts. Edith Irvine is an important photographer for America?s history, because she captures the true horrors of what an earthquake can bring. When people who did not experience the difficult times of rebuilding and reestablishing the buildings and streets of the torn down San Francisco believed that this catastrophic earthquake was not a difficult time nor was not a horrific event, Edith Irvine?s photography proved them how destructive the forty-five second earthquake really was.

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Earthquake at Dawn persists an ?emotional punch,?because the novel shows the lives of struggling people due to a natural disaster and how nature?s worst moments could affect many lives. The photographs that Ms. Edith Irvine captured were important because they were captured during one of the most effective and destructive earthquakes in San Francisco. This earthquake struck on April 18, 1906, 5:12 AM. It caused over three thousand deaths and destroyed over twenty-eight thousand buildings in San Francisco alone. In addition to the loss of This is a Photogr aph from Edith Ir vine in San Fr ancisco. The effected streets due to the ear thquakes.

lives, buildings, and of the

city life, there were many fires were caused during the time of the earthquakes as well.

Earthquake at Dawn captures a century of natural disasters because of the way the novel shows the hardships of surviving and recovering after a natural disaster, in this case an earthquake. This novel should be read by students and history lovers because it is an excellent educational book about what happens before, during, and after an earthquake, and how it can affect just one family or group of individuals.

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Wat er Th at Kills

By Parker Peyronnin The author Marian Hale found inspiration from a book that her husband brought home from work and he said that he thinks she would love to read it. This book that he brought home was a primary account of the Galveston Flood with historical characters that Miriam Hale put in Dark Water Rising.

The protagonist of the novel is a 16 year old boy named Seth. The novel shows Seth?s struggles during and after the Storm.

Marian Hale

The publication

2006

Seth has many struggles through this novel,

of

such as his love for Ella Rose who goes to

Dark Water Rising is about a fierce and

Ursuline Academy. The

ruthless storm written by Marian Hale pulls

novel

readers into a truly engaging story. The

historical figures that

novel is about the 1900 Galveston flood

either lived or died

that killed many lives in its path. This

during the storm, such

historical fiction novel shows the horrors

as General Muns. The

and hardships of storms and floods and

novel's

also families having to mourn about why

includes man versus

their children die and not them. Also,the

nature because of the

novel helps teach about whenever you get knocked down you get back up. Galveston

struggles of the storm. Dark Water Rising Also helps develop shows the true

is a barrier island off of Texas that has

Man versus Man because Seth's father is

small storms all the time but not ever as

against his opinion of him wanting to be a

bad

carpenter when he grows up. The novels

as

they

thought.

has

many

conflict

The Book cover of

choice of characters to play specific roles 30

The city of Galveston during and after the Galveston Flood and this picture shows how much the city had recovered.

to be a carpenter when he grows up but

starts. A quote from the author stated

his father keeps saying he wants to be a

?Today Galveston is becoming the New

doctor,this is important to the plot

York City of Texas? which shows how

because Seth wants to show his father

much of a recovery Galveston has made

that he can be a good carpenter. The

after this storm. This book is for the

novel had many historical and accurate

people who enjoy sad yet also influential

depictions of the storm from some

stories and also for people who like hard

historical people to actual buildings and

work and adventure. This novel has some

sites that were in Galveston at the time.

very graphic parts in it, such as people's

Also, at the end of the book, it shows

heads getting severed

some recovery efforts and improvements

around. Although this book still had some

that Galveston made for later storms to

graphic and horrifying images it is still an

come. The recovery efforts influenced

excellent read for people that enjoy

other cities that can be a victim to floods

storms

such

as

better

levee

and

and death all

hurricanes.

designs.

This novel relates to the magazine title, A Century of Natural Disasters because the 1900 Galveston storm really took people by surprise and really set back a growing expanding city back to its

"There will be no college for me, Papa, I told him.

I"m a carpenter, and I can be nothing else."

31

The Dust Bowl - Through the Lens Dem on st r at es t h e Pow er of Ph ot ogr aph y

By Jake Arcement ?We live with the dust,

The Dust Bowl took place in the southern

eat it, sleep with it, watch it

plains region of

strip us of possessions and

the United States,

the hope of possessions?

from

The nightmare is becoming

through 1939. For

life,?

years,

states

Dust

Bowl

1931

farmers

resident Avis Carlson. Martin

pulverized

W. Sandler portrays the Dust

topsoil

Bowl in a powerful and Martin W . Sandler

plowing, and

engaging way, focusing on the significance of

grass that held the

photography and how it revealed and helped

dirt in place was destroyed from overgrazing. In

cure a national disaster.

1931, an unprecedented drought, as well as

the

by over the This is Martin Sandler's book, The Dust Bowl - Through theLens.

record

heat

and

strong

The Dust Bowl - Through

winds, plagued the Great

the Lens, published in 2009,

Plains. As a result, massive

provides a detailed account

dust

of the 1930s disaster known

Blizzards,

as the Dust

Bowl, which

farmers? land, and would

occurred during the Great

eventually force residents of

Depression. describes

The the

A Black Blizzard rolls into a town in the southern the

book plains during the 1930s. role of

photography in bringing aid to the victims of the

storms, called Black ravaged

Southern

the

Plains

to

migrate to California to start a new life.

Dust Bowl. This nonfiction book will captivate and take you into the times of this disaster through

its powerful

photographs.

stories and moving

One of the most important figures in the reformation of the United States after the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression was President 32

Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt created

some of the most

?alphabet agencies?designed to provide jobs to

moving

the unemployed and revive the economy. One

photographs

of the most important agencies was the Works

history. In 1929, she

Progress Administration (WPA), created in 1935.

started

The WPA put 9 million people into work,

photographing

in

including hundreds of

unemployed

photographers,

Franciscans at the

and

the agency, ?literally

San Dorothea Lange sits on the car

changed the face of

start of the Great she used to fallow the Dust Bowl Migrants with a camera in her Depression.

Her hands.

the nation,? explains

powerful and sensitive photographs caught the

Sandler. Also in 1935,

attention of Roy Stryker, the head of the

Roosevelt

created

Historical Section of the FSA. That was when

important

she started photographing the Dust Bowl, and

another Franklin Delano Roosevelt agency signs one of his many pieces of legislation.

Farm

called

the

Security

Administration (FSA) that had the purpose of

took her most famous photograph: Migrant Mother,

one

photographs

of

the of

most all

recognizable time.

aiding the nation?s farmers. The FSA contained a historical section, a photographic division that

Martin W. Sandler wrote The

would eventually help the Dust

Dust Bowl - Through the Lens

Bowlers by producing powerful

with the purpose of informing

and influential photographs that

the reader of the hardships

would spread awareness of their

caused by the Dust Bowl, and to

dire

This is Dorothea Lange's most famous situation. photograph: Migrant Mother. show

how

photography

can

affect a national disaster such as the Dust Bowl.

Another important person was a less

He includes a meaningful photograph on each

likely hero of the Dust Bowl; Dorothea Lange

odd page that reflects on the words on the

was a photographer responsible for taking

page to the left of it. Each picture gives the

some of the most moving photographs of the

reader a deeper perspective about the effects

Dust Bowl and Great Depression, and arguably,

of the Dust Bowl on the people and their 33

possessions. Sandler presents the

migration

events and information about the

Bowlers and the hardship

Dust Bowl in a chronological order,

they endured throughout

but separates it with additional

their

information

about

photographs

Depression

and

the

Great

photography.

natural

This picture of the children of a farmer in Lens affects the reader through an the Dust Bowl is regarded as one of the struggles most touching photographs of all time.

punch.

Sandler

Dust

journey.

The

capture

the

disaster, of

those

the who

stayed to save their land,

accomplishes this through the photographs

and the sorrows of

exhibited in the book. The photography takes

the people who were

the reader into the Dust Bowl itself ,and has a

forced to move as a

powerful effect on the reader's emotions. The

result

book deepens the perception the reader will

catastrophe. The Dust

have on the Dust Bowl through its personal

Bowl - Through the

stories

Lens is a fascinating

and

the

horrific conditions of this

The Dust Bowl - Through the

emotional

of

photography.

of

book that The Dust Bowl - Through the Lens captures

this

has an

effect on the reader's

displays the major events and shows the effect

Dorothea Lange's photograph, emotions, and is a "W oman of the High Plains," portrays the struggles and the must read for anyone sorrows of the Dust Bowl.

of the Dust Bowl on the farmers and residents

who is interested in the history of the Dust

who experienced it. The book records the

Bowl and the powerful effects of photography.

important aspects of a natural disaster. It

Red Cross

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Don at e t o con t in u e ou r legacy of pr ovidin g disast er r elief sin ce1881

Nat ional Fl ood Ins ur ance Pr ogr am

It only takes inches of water to put you drowning in debt.

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Nola Gals: We Tu r n ed Ou t Well

By Toi Robinson In the year 2014, Barbara J. Rebbeck

story. One

wrote a fictional story by the name of Nola

character, is

Gals. Rebbeck wrote an emotional novel about

Mimmi.

a hurricane named Katrina that hit New

Mimmi is

Orleans in 2005. She includes many facts and

important to

details as if she were a woman who

the girls and

experienced the storm. Rebbeck won several

in the novel

awards. She was a finalist for the IAN

because she

(Independent Author Network) award and

puts herself

semi-finalists for the Kindle Book award. This

out for the

historical fiction novel will grab the attention of

girls?safety. Mimmi said, ?we?re not going to

many young adults about the ups and downs

roast in that huge stadium. We?ll be just fine

of the life the girls went through. Rebbeck also

here,? meaning that Mimmi had hope all the

includes letters kids from all over the country

time about the storm that she wasn?t scared to

sent to them about their life.

move somewhere else where is was safe for

Barbara J. Rebbeckk

the girls to stay. Many readers will find her as a During Hurricane Katrina, Nola Gals took place in New Orleans, Louisiana in August 28 of

hero in so many ways that she will be loved by many others.

2005. Two little girls, their grandma, and dog travel through the streets of New Orleans right

In the novel another girl, Grace, tells her

before a terrible storm came along on August

story about the storm and other adventures

29, 2005. Essence, Chardonnai, Mimmi, and

through her life. In Grace?s class they are

George just came from the store to get some

reading To Kill a Mockingbird and Grace did not

supplies for the storm. When they get home

want that book to be banned from the school,

they board their white house and made sure

because it taught her life lessons. A group of

that their household needs were secured. As

parents talked about the badness of this book.

the storm floods the street, two men, Josh and

So, how will Grace step up to the plate and

Ben, come to rescue them, but George could

become an hero?

not be rescued so Mimmi stayed with George.

There are many important characters in this

36

Nola Gals is an emotional novel. The

organization of the plot is so realistic to where

the same way Rebbeck felt when writing this.

readers are living in the time. In the other scenes, the girls have found a home with the Woodsons in Houston, which is Grace?s parents.

Parts of the novel really touch many hearts. One example, is demonstrated when Essence and Char go to St. Catherine?s and the girls there aren?t really nice girls. They put notes and posters in the lockers, said awful words to them, and gossip about them that makes the girls not feel as welcomed as they would like. How would

Nola Gals is a recommendation to any young adults, mainly girls. It teaches them life lessons and responsibilities they have to take. In conclusion, this novel will grab the attention from readers that don?t know the struggle New Orleans citizens felt, how many lost love ones, or even how many people were unsafe and poorly treated in the protective places.

the girls of St. Catherine?s feel if the Nola gals but notes in there lockers? How would it feel if they were new and didn?t have any friends and a love you just died and can?t find one of their parents?

Grace also has stories of her own in this novel.

To readers this novel may extend and change the way readers think of the terrors of Hurricane Katrina. It could change the way people view on how some were living, it could change the views on different ways people treated the girls and other Nola girls, and the way people see parents in their opinions in what schools reading or writing mechanics.

This novel captures important aspects of Hurricane Katrina because the details explained were so realistic and horrifying. The book told the stories of the living people and their struggles. Overall, this novel is heartbreaking and uplifting in many ways. Hopefully, many readers feel the emotional aspect of this novel

Nola Gals, a natural disaster themed novel, won the Finalist for the IAN award.

" It 's bad ch ildr en lik e you m ak e t h e season s ch an ge."

To Kill a Mockingbird Har per Lee In scr ipt ion of Nola Gals 37

Hit ch : Fin din g A Way

By Springer Favor In the 1930?s, most of the U.S. population was in poverty, and were forced to endure the Great Depression. Many people lost their jobs,

Moss is much too ashamed to tell his family, friends, and even his girlfriend that he

which left them without a

got fired, so he runs away. He mails the money

source of income. It was

he had been saving for radio college to his

very hard to help support

mother and gets on a train. He is trying to find

a family and save up

his father, because his mom has written him

money for college, but

that she had stopped getting money from his

Moss Trawnley is

father. Moss knows that his dad is very

determined. Moss is a

unpredictable and sometimes forgets about his

young man whose family

family, so he goes and looks for him. He finds

The front cover of "Hitch."

was

him in Miles City, Montana. His father is a

migrating

drunkard and doesn?t have a job. They both try

west when their car blew a tire in Muddy

to hitchhike on a train and get arrested. They

Springs. Mrs. Trawnley and Moss?younger

get let out, but the policeman gives Moss a

siblings went back to Louisiana, while Moss

pamphlet. It has information on the Civilian

stayed in Muddy Springs. His father continued

Conservation Corps,

west. Moss managed to get a job as an airport

or the CCC. It talks

cleaner and is starting to save up money for

about preserving the

radio college. Moss is only a few months away

environment, and it is run by the

" Becom in g a m an t ak es w or k ."

government. Moss

when his future is thrown into turmoil. He gets fired so that his boss?brother can take the job to support his family, and Moss doesn?t blame

The logo for the Civilian Conservation Corps.

gets on a train with his father. This is where the story begins.

him because he would do the same thing his boss is doing.

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Moss decides sign up for the CCC. He applies,

Depression. She describes Moss?struggle and

gets accepted, and is sent to

inspiration with great detail and really

one of their camps close by to

captivates the reader. Moss has to go

work on the environment. He

through many obstacles, but he doesn?t let

meets two boys named Nate

that stop him because he wants to not only

and Sam. Nate wants to go to

help his family, but also America. He is a

college to learn about farming

patriotic citizen and appeals to most readers

and irrigation, so he can try and Civilian Conservation Corps do something to help the crops

workers posing for a picture.

because of this. She also describes Moss as stubborn, hardworking, and

that are being decimated in his

honest

town. He tells Moss about the drought and how it

American who

is very crippling to the economy, and how life is

is just trying to

very hard because of it. Sam, on the other hand,

make the world

leads a very different life. He is from the city and

a better place

does not have any of experience with crops.

for everyone.

Jeanette Ingold does an amazing job

Overall, this is a A group of young men working with the CCC to dig a ditch to help irrigation very easy and and stop flooding.

fun book to read,

describing and characterizing Moss. Even though Moss is a fictional character, his struggles

and gives you insight on the history and

symbolize the millions of young men in the Great

struggles of the American people.

4 million homes valued at $1 trillion are at risk of hurricane damage caused by surge flooding. Don't let your home be one of them.

GEICO In su r an ce Com pan y

Jeanette Ingold

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People Flood Ou t of Cit ies in 1927

By Annabel Allen The 1927 flood had a major impact on seven southern states and destroyed almost all their land. The flooding took out many counties and towns which left people sitting on the tops of roofs and canoing to dry lands. People went through the extremes in order to save their valuables and belongings otherwise, they would be swept up into the water where they would never be seen again. These pictures showed people just how severe the flooding was in most areas and what people were faced with in order to survive the storm. They show the realities that people went through during the flooding and how they could only keep as much of their belongings as they could carry or transport. Most counties and towns were covered in water and the streets were washed away, as seen in one of the pictures, which forced people to leave, but most of the time they had nowhere to go. As a whole, the flood of 1927 left people with nothing and these photographs broad-casted that to the world, so that people could help on another.

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41

Hu r r ican e Kat r in a Cr eat es a Cat ast r oph e

By Charlotte Wirth On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans, Louisiana flooding about 66% to 77% of the area. In New Orleans, about 50 levees and flood walls breached that were made to protect New Orleans. Hundreds of thousands of gallons flooded into the city from the Gulf of Mexico. In New Orleans alone, Hurricane Katrina flooded over 10,000 properties. Before Katrina struck, the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project was in action in order to reinforce the levees for better protection, and the extreme project was estimated to take

about 13 years. During the process, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the project while it was about 60 90% completed. According to the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project was known to be ?The worst engineering catastrophe in US History.?A couple hours after the breach, over half of New Orleans was flooded, and the west bank was over ten feet underwater. Overall, Hurricane Katrina killed about 1,836 people in Louisiana alone, which caused a lot of attention to the public. People were more willing to help by donating and volunteering to help repair the levees and the floodwalls after hearing about the catastrophe, so if any other natural disaster starts to approach Louisiana, like Katrina, there would be a better protection system to help save the city.

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43

Sh ak in g of Wor ds

By Parker Peyronnin An Anniversary poem Written by Eliza A. Pittsinger explains how the 1906 earthquake was like for people in San Francisco. Eliza A. Pittsinger was born in Westhampton, Mass on 18 March 1837. Her careers before being a poet included teaching and proofreader/reviewer. She eventually went San Francisco around the time of the Civil War, and except for for eight years, she stayed there until she died on 22 February 1908. Her poem expressed the huge tragedy of the Earthquake and how San Francisco reacted to it. Her poem was written on the first anniversary of the Earthquake and also involved people in other areas not just San Francisco.

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45

Woody Gu t h r ie In spir es t h e Nat ion Th r ou gh M u sic

By Jake Arcement A native of Oklahoma, Woody Guthrie experienced the Dust Bowl himself, as well as made the trek to California with other Dust Bowl Migrants in the 1930s. The Dust Bowl was a natural disaster where massive clouds of dust rolled over the Great Plains, covering everything in its wake in a thick blanket of dust. The dust covered the fields, making it impossible to grow crops, and caused residents to contract dust pneumonia. Most people living in the Dust Bowl had no choice but to travel to the west to start a new life. "There on The Texas Plains... right in the dead center of the Dust Bowl... I [saw] there was plenty to make up songs about," wrote Guthrie. He wrote galvanizing songs including "The Great Dust Storm," "Dust Can't Kill Me," and "Dust Bowl Refugee." Guthrie's music had an effect on the Dust Bowl victims. His songs lifted the hopes of the Dust Bowlers, and inspired them to persevere through their times of trouble and sorrow.

These songs about the Dust Bowlers' conflict and the Dust Bowl victims' courage spread around the nation, galvanizing people all over the Country to aid the Dust Bowl victims. Guthrie's music told the story of the Dust Bowl victims, and increased awareness of their situation.

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47

When the Levees Broke: Life After Katrina

By Toi Robinson When the Levees Broke, was a documentary directed by Spike Lee, who was an American director, producer, and actor. This movie was released on August 16, 2006 in New Orleans. This documentary had four parts to it. When the Levees Broke, was about life in the past where people struggled and what they went through while Hurricane Katrina hit. Millions of people displaced from their homes used useful housing supplies or anything they could find to move them to a safer place. When the levees broke, many people found mattresses or boats to help them get to a higher level. Much of the flood was tremendous in the lower Ninth ward. Many people were separated in genders and ages, but when rescuing people it was hard to get them to safety, depending on the person. The people were rescued by trucks or buses and brought to either the Hyatt Hotel, where there was room, or the Superdome. In conclusion, many people came out and told the point of the flood and historical people told the story of others stories who didn't make it.

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49

The Tornado That Killed Hundreds By: Springer Favor

The Tri-State Tornado of 1925 was one of America's worst ever. The tornado is currently a U.S. record holder of causing the most deaths and the longest tornado. The tornado ripped across three states: Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, which it is where it got the name "Tri-State."

The tornado's winds reached up to 73 miles per hour. The tornado killed more than 2,000 people, and some children were killed in schools. There were 2,027 people injured, and some of them were children. However, the tornado did have some peculiarities about it. The meteorological conditions of a tornado just before it occurs are usually partly sunny and windy.

The people of Gorham, Illinois, one of the towns that was hit by the tornado, observed the conditions on the day of the tornado. They observed that the weather was rainy and drizzly, with dark skies and little wind. The total time the tornado was on the ground was three hours and thirty minutes. There was one good aspect of the destruction that was caused, though. This tornado galvanized the U.S. government to create a tornado warning system that would go on to save many people's lives all over America.

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