A Century of Immigration and Migration 2017 by DENISE ALTOBELLO

A C en t u r y o f I m m i gr at i o n an d M i gr at i o n

T ab l e o f C o n t en t s Timeline - Sophie Rabalais

p. 4

Section Pages - Clay W illiams

p. 7

How Trump?s Wall W ill Affect the United States' Economy - Clay W illiams p.8 And the Great Migration Begins - Sophie Rabalais

p.10

Scaring Each Other - Gigi Browne

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Trump Threatens Sanctuary Cities - Ingrid Roberson

p.14

Blocking Out Immigration -Lilly Hooper

p.16

mprisoned for my Race - Cullen Lee

p.18

Revenge on the Fly Selling Tremendously - Clay W illiams

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The Harlem Renaissance - A Race Risen - Sophie Rabalais

p.24

Celeste's Rebirth - Gigi Browne

p.26

Mysterious Prussian, Lovely Lithuanian, Damaged Pole, and a Prideful Nazi Ingrid Roberson

p.28

Traveling to Freedom - Lilly Hooper

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Framed for my Culture - Cullen Lee

p.34

Who is Dayani Cristal? - Clay Williams

p.36

Detaining the Innocent - Lilly Hooper

p.38

Art Influences Immigration Debate - Ingrid Roberson

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The Tragedy of Kathryn Steinle - Cullen Lee

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Jazz Lifts the Spirits of the Segregated - Sophie Rabalais

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Wanting Freedom - Gigi Browne

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1900 - 1910 July 23, 1900 - New Orleans, Louisiana, several police officers attack Robert Charles September 22-24, 1906 in Atlanta, Georgia - Race Riot

1920 - 1930 1921 - Shuffle Along is introduced to America 1927 - Florence Mills dies

1940 - 1950 February 19, 1942 Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066 1944 - Roosevelt's case, reaches the Supreme Court January 30, 1945 Wilhelm Gustloff sinks 1945, citizens with absolute loyalty to the United States were returned to their homes on the West Coast 4

2000 - 2010 2003 - Harlem Stomp!, is published 2007 - Celeste?s Harlem Renaissance is published

2011 - 2020 March, 8 2011 - Illegal is published 2014 - 2/3 of undocumented immigrants overstayed their visas April 15, 2014 Revenge on the Fly is published July 1, 2015 - Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed 2016 - an average of 792 immigrants would turn themselves in daily January 21, 2016 Sarah Root dies February 2, 2016 Salt to the Sea is published January 28, 2017 - an uproar of protesters 5

ARE YOU ELIGIBLE? T O B ECO M E A U .S. CIT IZEN - 18 years of age or older? - A permanent resident and green card holder for five or more years? - Lived in the state or district in which you apply for at least three years? - Lived in the U.S. for at least five consecutive years? - Shown that you have been in the U.S. for at least 30 months of the five years you've lived in the U.S.? - Able to read, write, and speak basic English? - Have a basic understanding of U.S. history and government (civics)? - Are a person of good moral? - Demonstrate an interest in the principals of the U.S. Constitution? IF YOU ANSWERED " YES" TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS, CONTACT THE U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND IM M IGRATION SERVICES TO BECOM E A U.S. CITIZEN

CALL 1-800-375-5283 or 1-800-767-1833

New s

How Tr u m p?s Wall Will Af f ect t h e Un it ed St at es' Econ om y By Clay Williams Donald Trump?s new ?Great Wall? is full of flaws that could have a very negative impact on the United States?economy. Ideally, the wall is supposed to keep out illegal immigrants from bringing drugs, diseases, and other into the United States. Also Mexico is supposed to pay for the wall. Although this is not the case, the wall would reduce the millions of tourists, students, workers, and entrepreneurs that have to cross the border everyday. Trump?s wall also would have a major impact on border communities, also building the wall would be very difficult due to the span of very difficult terrain, such as hills, creeks, and mountains. Also he would have to pay private landowners, which could cause legal disputes, the wall could have to be initially paid by American taxpayers so congress

would

have

vote

the

appropriations,

not

Mexicans.

The amount of appropriations is different. Trump has estimated that the wall will cost roughly ten billion dollars although engineers have estimated that the wall would range up to 50 billion dollars. The engineers have calculated the distance and the materials needed. Although as of now, there has been a 650 mile- long fence placed along the border that costs roughly seven billion dollars. This fence does not nearly cover the entire border and is made out of much cheaper

materials

than

the

wall. The 650-mile fence that is currently in place that costs roughly seven billion dollars.

President Trump has various plans to force the Mexicans to pay for the wall but by the Washington post estimates that the tariffs that he can charge Mexican goods would total $10 billion but the Mexican reprisal could total $101 billion. At these estimates Americans would be more hurt by these actions then Mexico would be. This wall could have a major impact on the United States?relationship with Mexico. For example, six million jobs are sustained by trade with Mexico which creates the United States and

Mexico trade is more than one billion dollars everyday. Also last year 13 million Mexicans traveled into the United States and spent 8.7 billion dollars. A trade war between the two countries would be terrible for the United States. In summary, Donald Trump?s ?Great Wall? would have a more negative affect on the United States than it would Mexico, due to the billions of dollars spent by Mexicans, the jobs that have helped the United States, and the effect on the number of students and tourists that have to across the border all most every day that could earn the United States billions of dollars a year.

This image shows a visual representation of what

President Trump ideally would like the wall to look like , although he is excluding the costs and the difficulty to build the wall

For every ticket purchased to tour the National Museum of Mexican Art, half of the proceeds will go to an 9

immigrant in need.

An d t h e Gr eat M igr at ion Begin s Sophie Rabalais Over a timespan of around ten years several lynchings and riots have taken place in American, but primarily the South. In response the black population has gone down in the southern areas of America. On July 23, 1900 in New Orleans, Louisiana, several police officers viciously attack adult, African American, male, Robert Charles and his roommate, who has chosen to be unnamed. They approach him and as Charles stands up one of the officers attacks him. The situation escalates, as it began as a brawl and turns into a shootout, with Charles hiding from the officers, and resorting to shooting any officers he encounters. A riot begins as white civilians begin to assault blacks by pulling them off streetcars, burning black property, and setting two black schools on fire. Charles is finally killed and dragged down the street as a trophy. During the violent rioting 27 African Americans citizens were lynched. There was also a race riot throughout September 22-24, 1906 in Atlanta, Georgia and is described as one of the worst race riots of the century. The week before the riot newspapers had begun to publish outrageous tremendous lies about rapes and murders committed by blacks. These newspapers also encouraged the Ku Klux Klan to return to the In, Le Petit Journal, there is a depiction of the riot in Atlanta plastered across the front of this French magazine

community and terrorize these innocent black citizens. A week later, in response to these stories a mass of white citizens congregate and begin to riot. White men and women

begin to strike down innocent blacks throughout the city. During the horrifying rioting the African American president of the Gammon Theological Society is pistol-whipped by a police officer, after asking for help from someone he thought could be of some assistance during the 10

terror and chaos. The rioters also destroy black owned property by breaking windows and catching fire to buildings. A militia is dispatched at 2:00 a.m. and the crowd does not respond until a front of rain comes down. They day after, W. E. B. Du Bois, an influential African American during the 1900?s, reports that, as he was walking down the street he noticed in the window of a butchery, the knees of a lynching victim, mixed with the rest of the butchered meat. After this sighting, he returns to his house, in sorrow for the sport made of a fellow human being. There have been reports of other lynchings and riots, and A cartoon drawn of Robert Charles, the victim of a race riot in New Orleans

each event is a devastating one.

After these terrible lynchings and riots African Americans have begun to migrate further North, and a large amount of the black population in the South has begun to drop. As they begin to integrate their culture into the northern states, many southerners are brewing with hatred

for

this

race.

Scar in g Each Ot h er Gigi Browne In the United States, there are only allowed 675,000 permanent immigrant residents. They can live her for as long as they like, and can get almost any job. The United States also allows some temporary immigrants to stay for certain amounts of time, for example, when they use visas. However, if you have a family member that is an immigrant, they are put under the immediate relatives category. To qualify for that category you must be married to an American citizen, be an unmarried minor, or be a parent of an American citizen. Sarah Root was 21 years old, living in Omaha Nebraska when she was killed by an illegal immigrant street racing. Eswin Mejia, from Honduras, rear ended Sarah and, unfortunately, she died. This occurred on January 21, 2016, one day after she graduated from Bellevue University with a 4.0 GPA. Because Nebraska has sanctuary laws, the police can not deport him and the police could only charged him with motor vehicle homicide, not with being an illegal immigrant. He was able to post bond, was released, and is still on the run today. A 32 year old Indian American was killed in a bar in Olathe, Kansas, on February 20. Adam Purinton, the shooter of the Indian American, walked up to two indians in a bar and asked them if they were illegal, right before he shot one of them he yelled ?Get out of my country,?. Later, while in another town, he bragged about shooting two Iranians to another bar tender. His crimes were listed as hate crimes. This This is a picture of Indian Americans at a memorial for an Indian American that was shot for being an Immigrant. 12

scared the Indian American community, and more shootings have happened after this one,

one was in Washington. In Washington an Indian immigrant was shot outside of his

home because he was an immigrant. These two scandals show that sometimes the immigrant is the victim and sometimes, it is the American. Both sides are scared of each other, which should not be happening. America is supposed to be a safe place for immigrants, but sometimes Americans treat

them

poorly, and

other

times the

immigrants are illegal or commit illegal crimes. There are laws that Americans and immigrants must follow in order for there to be immigrants in America. Immigrants should not try to come to People protesting for there to be no hate crimes towards immigrants

America illegally, and Americans should not

Trump will deport all illegal immigrants. He will build a wall along the border to keep immigrants out. He will ban all Muslims from entering the United States, for a certain amount of time. He will make America great again. 13

Tr u m p Th r eat en s San ct u ar y Cit ies Ingrid Roberson

Many cities in the U.S. have declared themselves as sanctuary cities, and President Trump has threatened to withhold federal funding from those cities, but what exactly is a sanctuary city? While there is no precise definition to the term, it is applied to jurisdictions that have put in policies made

reduce

the

cooperation

with

involvement in federal immigration enforcement actions. "That means, according to Congress, a city

New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu is opposed to Trump's that prohibits its officials from providing information order. to federal immigration authorities ? a sanctuary city ? is violating the law," read a White House statement. Many of the largest cities in the U.S. have forms of these rules. Sanctuary cities tend to be in more diverse communities to challenge harsh immigration policies, especially for those who were arrested for minor, non-violent crimes. A group of mayors recently held a meeting with U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions, and when Sessions was asked for a definition of the term he reportedly said, ?We haven't fully fleshed that out yet." New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu said, "We're happy to work with the president, but they have to understand what they're talking about. You can't accuse us of violating the rules if you haven't told us what the rules are." U.S. District Judge William Orrick also urged the administration to form regulations or guidance

"designating

jurisdiction

'sanctuary

jurisdiction.'"

Mitch Landrieu, the Mayor of New Orleans, has condemned Trump's stance towards these "sanctuary cities". Landrieu said that "the NOPD will not be President Trump's deportation force." He also argued that the city of New Orleans does not fall under this definition of a sanctuary city, saying that New Orleans police still cooperate with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) on criminal warrants for undocumented immigrants. However, Louisiana Attorney General Jeff Landry has said that the New Orleans police are not cooperating with federal immigration officers on raids. He also considers Marlin Gusman, the Orleans Parish Sheriff, not holding undocumented immigrants at the demands of ICE officials as proof that New Orleans is a sanctuary city. Landrieu said that New Orleans police are not instructed to ask witnesses, victims, or suspects questions regarding their immigration status.

States that continue to contain sanctuary cities risk losing tens of millions of dollars in federal grants. While the order made by Trump does not detail which funds would be pulled, there are five key funds that are predicted to be taken away: The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant, which helps states pay for different criminal justice needs; The U.S. Economic Development Administration grant, which helps ?economically distressed areas?with job creation and public works projects; The State Criminal Alien Assistance Program, which reimburses localities for costs associated with detaining immigrants; The Community Development Block Grant program, which helps fund a range of housing, infrastructure and business development projects; and The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, which provides money for law enforcement agencies to hire extra community police officers. The states that would have the highest amount of money pulled by the revoked funds would be California, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania and Maryland. California could lose up to $239.5 million, New York losing $191.1 million, Illinois at $91.3 million, Pennsylvania losing $65.2 million, and Maryland losing $35 million. Officials in New York City, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Boston say they won?t change their minds if pressured by the White House to stop being sanctuary cities. Sanctuary cities received $27 billion from federal grants in 2016, and risk the discontinuation 15

these

grants,

leading

massive

losses.

Block in g Ou t Im m igr at ion Lilly Hooper America's essential question for the wall is whether it will be effective or not. 66% of people are against the wall, but three quarters of the Republican Party supports it. Democrats and Hispanic voters are trying to keep Trump from building the wall. Chuck Schumer, a current New York senator, has also talked about "shutting down the government" if Trump tries to build the wall. Some also say that "If Trump?s wall is dead, then Trump?s presidency is dead." His supporters are still hoping that the wall will be built. Robert Bonner, the commissioner of the Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) between 2003 and 2006, says that the current border fence needs more reinforcements, but not across the entire border. Most say that we need more

immigrant

enforcement

sources

because illegal drugs are still making it across the border. make

Lower it

immigrants

fences

easier

for

get

A father and son looking at America from the border.

across. Brandon Judd, the head of border patrol, is a Trump supporter but does not think that we need a 2,000 mile long wall, and that it is the most expensive and least effective way to secure the border. Trump's goals for the border are to stop every entrance and allow no one to come in undetected. This is ?unachievable and unrealistic," especially around a mountainous terrain like the Rio Grande. 16

Currently, most immigrants turn themselves into Border Patrol so they can have legalized visas. In 2014, 2/3 of undocumented immigrants were people who came to America but overstayed their visas, roughly 42% of the immigrant population. Overstayed visas have exceeded the number of people who cross the border since 2007. In 2016, there was an average of 792 immigrants who would turn themselves in daily. Trump now wants to bring local forces into the deportation process, and is asking Congress for three billion dollars. This will add to the US debt, especially in immigration fees. The US already pays for 20 billion dollars in immigration fees. Taxpayers will have to pay more without knowing how it will impact them, their families, or the American people. Experts do not know how effective the wall will be and almost no one thinks it will be useful. Experts say it will cost around 21 billion dollars. Trump wants to get 15,000 more border agents, but the agency is not even able to obtain the current number of agents in its system. To be more effective, we actually need more immigration judges, but we are overfunding border patrol and underfunding immigration judges. Immigration enforcement is necessary is our system and needs a legal update. The system has not been updated for more than a quarter century. This means immigrants are applying for the wrong visas that are not proper for today's standards. Transferring to an electronic system would be much easier by making undocumented work almost impossible and decreasing illegal immigration. This would greatly benefit the US and improve the lives of Americans.

Immigrants and American citizens protesting for equal immigrant rights.

Imprisoned for My Race Cullen Lee After the unprovoked surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan, rumors began to spread that Japanese

Americans

were

dangerous,

and

something was not done to contain them, they would help their country win the war and sabotage America. These rumors were fueled by racism and prejudice, invoking

fear.

This

fear

eventually

reached

the

Japanese internment camp from WWII

president. On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, giving the military power to ban any Japanese American from any location designated as crucial to domestic security. Of the 127,000 Japanese Americans living in the United States, 120,000 lived in the designated areas along the West Coast. All Japanese Americans in the designated West Coast locations, from Washington State to southern Arizona, were forced to sell their homes, usually at a huge loss of value. They were then forced to board trains to internment camps.

Although many complied with the order, some attempted to defy it and refused to leave their homes along the West Coast. One of these attempts was made by Fred Korematsu, a citizen who was born in America. He refused to leave his home in San Leandro, California. By doing so, he was in violation of Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army and Executive Order 9066. He was convicted of evading internment. 18

Korematsu

appealed

the

Supreme

Court.

In 1944, his case, Korematsu v. United States, reached the Supreme Court. The case was argued on October 11-12, 1944. The ruling, decided on December 18, 1944, was a 6 to 3 majority upholding the conviction and siding with the military?s reasoning of national security. The majority believed that the need to protect

the

country

against

possible

spies and

sabotage

outweighed

Korematsu's rights. They believed that their ruling, which denied a large group of people their rights guaranteed by the Constitution, was justified in a time of "emergency and peril." The three judges who voted against upholding the conviction were Justice Robert Jackson, Justice Owen Roberts, and Justice Frank Murphy. The three judges believed that it is not a crime to be present in your state of citizenship, where you were born and raised. They disagreed that the wartime security concerns were sufficient reason to strip someone of their Constitutional rights. The judges stated that an internment camp was basically a different

type

imprisonment.

Many Japanese American citizens renounced their citizenship in frustration with the order as well as the Supreme Court ruling. A judge later concluded that renunciations of citizenship behind barbed wire were empty of meaning. The ruling also caused many Japanese Americans in unaffected areas to join with Axis forces to get revenge on America. In 1945, citizens with absolute loyalty to the United States were returned to their homes on the West Coast. However, the last camp was not closed closed until March of 1946. A 1948 law required that all those affected be reimbursed for property losses. In 1988, Fred Korematsu was awarded 19

the

Presidential

Medal

Freedom

Bill

Clinton.

For ever y pair of sh oes you bu y, h alf of t h e pr oceeds w ill go t ow ar ds h elpin g an Im m igr an t t o af f or d a Visa an d st ar t a n ew lif e.

Ever y st ep you t ak e in t h ese sh oes is a st ep t ow ar ds a bet t er lif e f or an im m igr an t . 20

Ar t s

Revenge on t he Fly Selling Tremendously Clay Williams Revenge on the Fly is a novel about young Irish immigrant William Alton who has a devastating past and is struggling with money. William starts to attend a new school in Hamilton, Ontario, where William feels very unwelcomed and meets Fred Leckie, Who quickly becomes William?s enemy. William and Fred get in a fight after Fred calls William an Revenge on the Fly Rocky Mountain Book Award.

"Ir ish scum", which reminds William about

his terrible past. William then punched Fred in the face. Although one day, William hears about a fly catching contest with a prize of

fifty-dollars. William uses this contest as an opportunity to impress his father, help himself and his father with their money issues, and get back at the insect that ruined his life. This young adult novel regards to the theme of immigration. Revenge on the Fly is written by Sylvia McNicoll and Published on April 15, 2014. William previously lived in England with his mother, father, and sister in the early in William?s life. In the early 1900?s, diseases were a major issue which caused William?s sister and mother to die. William and his father then moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, for a new start. Revenge on the Fly takes place in 1912 in Hamilton, Ontario during a time when diseases were a major issue. William learns that flies carry germs on their feet which causes disease and could have been the cause of his mother and sister?s death. He feels that the flies are the reason his mother and sister were infected by the disease. Now, William must

get

his revenge

killed_his_mother_and_sister. 22

the

insects that

could

have

Sylvia McNicoll wrote Revenge on the Fly.

Fred Leckie is a young, wealthy, handsome and smart boy who plays the role of the antagonist to William. William and Fred live very different lifestyles; William is very poor while Fred is wealthy. William and Fred compete against each other in the fly killing competition, which leads to many arguments between the boys. Also William meets a very pretty, intelligent, kind, and friendly girl named Rebecca who is William?s close friend but also his crush. Although William also meets a girl named Ginny Malone who is not very rich or pretty but is a true friend and is very clever, and soon Ginny and Rebecca create a conflict over William because they both have a crush on him. William is very good friends with Ginny and they decide to catch flies together to defeat Fred Leckie in the competition. Throughout the novel, William struggles with money, friends, Fred, and his uncle Charlie. Uncle Charlie is William?s uncle who he looks forward to seeing but is nowhere to be found. William is unsure what has happened to his uncle throughout the novel. William faces a very tough and difficult life.William and his father have been kicked out of their temporary housing units, and are have a very difficult time finding a place to live due to uncle Charlie being missing, since he owns a house where they might have been able to stay for a while.

Revenge on the Fly is a well written, young-adult novel that will allow the reader to experience the everyday life of a young Irish immigrant that is facing the struggles of finding a new place to live with very little money and a harsh past. This novel would be most recommended for historians that wish to learn about the Irish Immigration and the struggles they faced to adapt to a new culture. Revenge on the Fly is not meant for readers that dislike depressing narratives. Overall, Revenge on the Fly is a very well-written young adult novel that displays the everyday struggles that the young Immigrant went through.

William first meets Fred on his first day.

This image would have been an add to advertise the fly catching competition in order to stop flies from spreading diseases

The Harlem Renaissance - a Race Risen Sophie Rabalais ?Up you mighty race! You can accomplish what you will,?is one of many quotes by Marcus Garvey, the leader of the Back to Africa Move, and one of the many prominent African Americans in Laban Hill?s cultural history, Harlem Stomp!, published in 2003. This book examines the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920?s, a boom time for African American culture. This boom was primarily in northern states but specifically, Harlem, New York. Laban Hill fills the book with, not only grand

amounts of

information

but

also

beautiful

photographs, paintings, cartoons, and quotes. Although the book is not formatted chronologically it is grouped by major events during the Harlem Renaissance, in which the information is then placed in chronological order. The book not only lists major events, but also salient

Laban Carrick Hill, the author of the photographers, musicians, poets, award-winning book, Harlem Stomp!

authors, and artists during the Harlem Renaissance. One of the most commonly mentioned African

Americans

Harlem

"Now I star ted at the bottom and I stays

Stomp!, was Langston Hughes, and was even dubbed by Hills, ?The

r ight there, don't seem like I'm gonna get nowhere."

most important poet to emerge from the renaissance.? Hill analyses how Hughes had risen to fame. He starts by stating that he had written the empowering book, ?The Weary Blues,?which is filled with poem, after poem of the struggles of African Americans in their day to day lives. Hughes also wrote stories, screenplays, articles, and children?s books, and although he was a terrific artist, that was not the main reason as to why he was so important Poet and author, Langston Hughes was an incredibly important figure during the Harlem Renaissance

to the Harlem Renaissance. He was a man who promoted African American art and culture and was a powerful speaker.

He strongly supported the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and was clearly a fierce human rights advocate. Laban Hill also includes several timelines, one of which, in particular, was centered around lynching, violence, and riots through 1900 to 1908. Each section of the timeline explains where, why, and how the violence occurred. Although this information is intended to be heart wrenching and unfortunate, on the next page he explains a heart lifting, artistic movement. This movement was the creation of the A political cartoon from Crisis, September 27, 1927

song, ?Lift Every Voice and Sing,? which was the black national anthem, composed by James Weldon Johnson and his

brother, J. Rosamund Johnson. This song rose people?s spirits after the terrible lynchings and was clearly set in the book in this manner to create an encouraging effect on the reader. By decoding the book in this manner one can easily state that the book is not only meant to spark intellectual curiosity but is also meant to create an emotional and painful connection to the people in Harlem Stomp!. Hill was clever in arranging the book in this manner, as to shove the reader into the shoes of the people who had experienced such discrimination and prejudice. Even in the commencement of Harlem Stomp!, Hill explains how strongly he feels about the Harlem Renaissance, in both

The artistic book sleeve for Laban Hill's , Harlem Stomp!

an interested and empathetic state. He was clearly not writing the book, purely to create an encyclopedia but to gain people?s interest during this time period, as much as his enthusiasm and devotion to it. This book is clearly meant for an understanding of African American history and culture as much as it is for intellectual purposes. Harlem Stomp!, is plainly, dedicated to anyone who is willing to sit down and become engulfed in its beautiful literature, art and poetry. 25

Celest e?s Rebirt h Gigi Browne It is 1921, you are 13, have to move to Harlem, New York, and everything is about to change. Celeste's Harlem Renaissance is an exciting novel written by Eleanora E. Tate, published in 2007. This is a historical fiction of the Harlem Renaissance, the good times, the bad, and the hardships. In this novel Celeste Lassiter Massey loses her innocence, has to grow up, take responsibility, and make sacrifices. She also has to learn to accept her Aunt Society?s point of view on the world, even though Celeste doesn?t agree with her.

Eleanora E. Tate

The protagonist, Celeste, is originally from Raleigh, North Carolina but her dad gets sick and she is forced to move to Harlem, New York to live with her glamorous, famous Aunt Valentina. In every chapter she has a new adventure. Sometimes, they do not end well and other times make her grow as a person in spirit and in confidence. She has a runin with a robber, has to scrub floors, plays her violin in front of a crowd, and pass the seventh grade all in less than a year. By reading this novel readers will understand what life is like, in the North and South, for African Americans in the 1920?s. This novel also explains that many people left the South to go to Harlem for a fresh start where people wouldn?t segregate or threaten them. Others left for family purposes like Celeste.

"Rocks and Butter flies."

When she is overwhelmed she remembers a priest?s encouraging words ?Sometimes you had

to go through hell on earth to get to heaven above,?and she realizes that this was her trek to heaven. Even though she doesn?t know what the day will bring, she remains confident and optimistic. While she is in Harlem she experiences art, theater, parades, and many other activities and sites she couldn?t see or do in Raleigh. As a talented musical artist and a girl with high hopes and dreams of becoming a doctor, Celeste is conflicted with a decision that will change her life and the lives of others around her. She must decide if she will stay loyal to her family, or take a leap of faith into the new horizons. 26

?Sometimes you had to go through In this novel Celeste will

hell on ear th to get to heaven above,? bring you on an emotional

roller

coaster of happiness, sadness, and everything inbetween. In this novel, people are sometimes referred to as rocks and butterflies. Celeste is unsure if being a butterfly is good or bad, because when Miss D, Celeste?s neighbor and close friend in New York, describes rocks and butterflies to her, she implied that being a butterfly was bad. She also said that rocks were Parades in Harlem in the 1920's were much like this one, people having fun, dancing, and singing in the street

people that kept their herds out of the clouds, and were reliable. When she asked Valentina about whether or not being a butterfly was good, she told

Celeste that they were, ?beautiful, adventurous creatures that touched the sky.? After that, Celeste is conflicted as to whether it was good or bad, and also if she was a rock or a butterfly. This novel shows why people migrate to different places, and it normally isn?t for good reasons but the results can turn out even better than before. This novel is for people who want to know more about what life was like for African Americans in the 1920?s because it really showcases the language, jealousy, fast living, and ?the rocks and the butterflies.? People that want an exciting and emotion filled novel should read Celeste?s Harlem Renaissance because Celeste experiences almost everything anyone, her age, in the 1920?s could have gone through. 27

This is the cover of Celeste's Harlem Renaissance, with a backround of Harlem

Myst erious Prussian, Lovely Lit huanian, Damaged Pole, and a Prideful Nazi Ingrid Roberson Salt to the Sea sheds light on a maritime disaster larger than the sinkings of the Titanic or the Lusitania. This 2016, award-winning, historical

fiction

book

about

challenges

migration

American-Lithuanian author Ruta Sepetys gives readers insight on a little-known and neglected tragedy of World War II, and the individual stories of four teenagers make the reader turn the pages to discover a terrifying tale. The narrative will shockingly change your perspective on the Nazis. Instead of cheering that another Nazi ship has been sunk, the

Author Ruta Sepetys also wrote the New York Times bestseller Between the Shades of Gray

novel will make you wish they hadn?t. The book takes place in 1945 Nazi Germany, as World War II is coming to a close and the Red Army is advancing. In the port of Gotenhafen, Germany, present day Gdynia, Poland, refugees are making a final effort to escape the Soviet forces that loom over them. Four teenagers find themselves brought together in the East Prussian countryside, as the Nazi Reich collapses Salt to the Sea won the 2017 Golden Kite Award for Fiction

around them, and soon find themselves on board a ship that is soon to be another victim of the war.

?Death, it seems, has a mind of its own.? The main characters are four teenagers, each with their own secrets and stories. There is Florian, a Prussian with a suspicious letter of passage from a highly ranked Nazi official; Joana, a pretty Lithuanian nurse who ends up treating Florian?s shrapnel wound; and Emilia, an idealistic but traumatized Polish girl. They, among hundreds of thousands of refugees, hope to find safety aboard an evacuation boat leaving from Gotenhafen. 28

The group manages to dodge the brutalities of the looming Red Army, and then develop a risky behavior of lying to the Wehrmacht, also known as the Nazi army, to fix their places on a refugee ship. The scenes and dramatics in the book are not only developed by the horrors of war, which include bombings, battlefields, and armies on the move, but also by the individual crises of the characters, one of which ends up holding a key to an enormous mystery of

The Nazis occupied much of this region, including Germany and Poland.

The Second World War. Although the book is about a horrible tragedy, there is some comedy in it. It is found in Alfred, the last main character who a prideful Nazi and believes his role in the Reich is extremely important. Later, the reader discovers he?s actually an acne-covered deck swabber who spends his time hiding in a supply closet. While he is brainstorming another one of his love letters to his dear Hannelore, in which he mentions that he is saving well over 2,000 lives, he is interrupted with ?Have you cleaned the toilets yet, Frick??.

?Your daughter, your sister. She is salt to the sea,? The book is wonderful for learning a little more about

challenges of

immigration and

migration, with mentions of strict selections of who is allowed in and who is not. The book does feature

some

disturbing

images:

desperate

mothers hurling their babies to sailors on

The Wilhelm Gustloff was sunken by Soviet submarine S-13 on January 30, 1945 rooms, banging on the glass to try and evade drowning,

evacuation ships and missing the boat; people trapped in

dead bodies of infants floating upside down in the life vests that were meant to save them due to the disproportional sizes of their heads. Describing it as a disaster or catastrophe is an enormous understatement, because over 29

9,000 deaths is not

a mere tragedy.

Traveling t o Freedom Lilly Hooper

?We might not matter to Amer ica, but we are impor tant to each other.? This is one of the most important and impactful quotes from the novel, Illegal by Bettina Restrepo. Illegal is a present day fiction book that is focused on the dangerous, life-threatening journey across the border from Mexico to Texas. Illegal is about one girl?s story on this journey. Nora is a fourteen-year-old girl from Cedula, Mexico who is faced with hard town and family decisions on a daily basis. Nora?s father, Arturo, left for

Bettina Restrepo

Houston when Nora was a little girl, leaving her only family, her mother and grandmother. Her family owns an orchard but the fruits are not in a sellable condition. The plants and fruits do not grow because they have infestations, no water, and no buyers. No one in Cedula has enough money so Nora?s family has no source of income. Nora and her family?s problems give readers a new idea of how hard life in is Mexico. There are many poor families that are barely getting by. Nora and her family are fortunate to have a family member in Houston. Arturo sends his family some of his income every week, so they have a steady flow of cash. Arturo sends the money late one week, and leaves a message that says ?I?m sorry it is late. Tell Nora to be good. Work is difficult. Te amo para siempre y siempre, Arturo.? Arturo then does not send money for eight weeks. Nora hears an unknown voice saying, ?He?s gone?. Nora does not know where that voice came from. She assumes that it is Hector, who works at the bank. Nora freaks out, and goes home. Nora wants to go to Texas in hope of finding her father, but she does not know if her family has 30

enough money. She comes home one day to see her mother holding two one-way bus tickets for Houston.. She wonders why there are not three and realizes that she is going with her mother and not her grandmother. Nora is confused about how their journey is going to go, and begins to pray. She keeps finding roses, a sign of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and thinks that they are a sign. This part of Illegal will give readers a hopeful feeling about the fate of Nora and Aurora, her mother, in Houston. Nora and Aurora make it to Houston, and it is not how Nora expected it to be. There were large buildings everywhere, paved streets, restaurants, but also people begging just like Cedula. Nora realizes that all places are not how the stories say they are. Houston, for example, is not as different as Nora expected it to be. She expected the city to be very nice, but came to a city that looked a little better than Cedula. This shows Nora that there are more parts of cities than what people talk about. Nora and Aurora end up in a taqueria, and their waitress, Cecelia, is kind-hearted and wants to help them begin their life in Houston. She tells them about her cousin who owns apartments, and Nora and her mother rent and are

Illegal was listed as one of the top ten now living in them. Nora and her mother get fake debut novels for children in 2011, a YALSA "Quick Pick" for reluctant readers in papers and jobs with Jorge and Manuela, the 2011, on the Amelia Bloomer list for owners of the fruit stand near the local pool and Outstanding Feminine Literature for young readers in 2011, and listed on the Quitman park. Nora makes friends and enemies, Texas TAYSHAS reccomended reads.

like the gang girls that try to bully her and her friends. Nora stands up to her friends, losing her innocence and making her transition into adulthood. Nora?s story will impact readers in many different ways, like making them feel sorrowful for the people that are real immigrants and have experienced parts of Nora?s 31

story. She puts such a powerful impact on readers of Illegal. Her story of immigration from Mexico to America has such a powerful

influence

the

actual lives of people who are trying to escape to make their lives better. Illegal will keep readers on the edge of their seats the whole time, and is a fantastic story for all ages and types of people. There is not People coming to find a better life are willing to work for a better much history about future are frowned upon because they did not have the privilege of immigration in Illegal, but being born in America.

there is much discussion about

how

religion,

money, and travel are all factors

migrating

across the border. Illegal will change ideas as the book goes on, and will make readers want to keep reading until the very end to see what will happen

Nora

throughout her journey The above picture shows one of the opinions of the fight on illegal immigration in America.

from

Mexico

United States.

the

STATUE OF LIBERTY TOURS

Cr ow n Reser ve Tick et s Child (ages 4-12) - $12.00 Adult (ages 13-61) - $21.50 Seniors (ages 62 and over) - $17.00 33

By Lilly Hooper

Framed for My Cult ure Cullen Lee It Ain?t So Awful Falafel, published on May 3, 2016, is a real page turner. The author, Firoozeh Dumas, does an amazing job of making the reader feel like they are experiencing everything that the protagonist, Zomorod, also known as Cindy, is experiencing in real life. The experiences of Cindy?s family in this novel portrays the experiences of many other foreign families during a century of immigration. This Historical Fiction novel takes the readers back to the late 1970?s and 1980?s during the horrid events of the hostage crisis of Iran, as well as how they affect the Iranians seeking shelter in America. The novel is about an Iranian family, especially Cindy,

Firoozeh Dumas

who moves to America and faces discrimination because of where they are from. It Ain?t So Awful Falafel take place in Newport Beach, California. Along with Cindy and her parents, Carolyn, Rachel, Howie, and Brock play important character roles in the novel. Cindy befriends Carolyn, Rachel, and Howie during her first year of Lincoln Junior High. Together, they go on many adventures and overcome the hardships that Cindy is going through due to her Iranian nationality. Cindy?s family demonstrates a conflict of person versus society because almost all of the people around them demonstrate hatred towards Iranians. As a result of the hostage crisis, Cindy?s dad was fired from his job. After he was fired, he spent all day either watching TV, listening to the radio, and fighting with Cindy?s mom. Cindy's experiences are one of many examples of the hardships of being in an Iranian family in America. Dumas, developed the seven elements of plot with fluency and cohesion. It Ain?t So Awful Falafel starts with a thorough, yet to the point exposition. Shortly after that, Cindy?s first treacherous day of school kicks off the inciting action. Following the inciting action, 34

It Ain?t So Awful Falafel has many pages of enthralling rising action all leading up to the events of the climax. At the climax of the novel, 52 Americans living in Iran were taken hostage by the new government as a result of America welcoming the old shah of Iran into America for cancer treatment. After that, the falling action leads the reader to the denouement when the hostages are finally freed by a rescue mission led by the new president, Ronald Reagan. For the resolution, the story is brought to a solid and very satisfying end. Dumas does a great job of grabbing your emotions and not letting go until the last word of the book has been read. It Ain?t So Awful Falafel

The cover of the novel It Ain?t

So Awful Falafel

will bring out so many different emotions as the readers feel everything that Cindy is feeling throughout this novel. It Ain?t So Awful Falafel contains many significant aspects of a century of Immigration. After the change in government, many Iranians, especially the rich, immigrated to America to escape the persecution of any rich citizens who were believed to be associated with the old shah. Cindy?s family was one of the families that moved to America before the government transition and hostage crisis. Unfortunately, her family was still associated with the crisis and treated unfairly shortly after the crisis took place. It Ain?t So Awful Falafel is recommended for any readers who can appreciate the important history of our Immigration as well as the history of the devastating hostage crisis that took place as a result of America welcoming the shah into their country. This novel is also recommended for anyone who loves a riveting story that can?t be put down until the end. Dumas?novel shows the reader that even though life may be hard and unfair sometimes, it almost always ends up working out in the end for the better.

?It Ain?t So Awful Falafel? 35

Who is Dayani Cristal? By Clay Williams An immigrant with an anonymous identity, died while refusing to give his name in the desert. He is considered a John Doe which is a name for a person with an anonymous identity that died. Marc Silver has made his story famous in an award winning documentary that retraces the mystery of his identity and his story. Gael Garcia documented his experience to desert, where the anonymous immigrant died, in order to experience what the immigrant went through and where he came from. This is in an effort to understand all the motivations and risks related to the illegal entry from Mexico to the United States. The immigrant who was referred to as John Doe, was named Dayani Cristal and his anonymous status has made a very personal and shocking story for the immigration issue. Gael Garcia Bernal is a 38 year-old activist, who was willing to document his journey to retrace the anonymous immigrant?s steps to experience what the immigrant would go through on a day-to-day basis. Marc Silver is the producer of the documentary with Gael Garcia. Bernal and Silver?s documentary made the immigrant?s story very famous and went on to win an award. This documentary's purpose was not just show this one immigrant?s story, but to spread awareness about the thousands of immigrants that have been dieing.

Detaining the Innocent Lilly Hooper There was an uproar of protesters on January 28 because of Trump's newly passed immigration law. In the DFW Airport, or Dallas Fort Worth Airport, security was detaining immigrants coming into the airport as travelers. They had not committed any crimes, but were held in a room because they were not allowed into the country. This news spread around the city and the airport quickly, and protesters arose in DFW Airport, and across the country protesting this travel ban. This news of protesters spread around the country causing other protests to take off. The protesters fought immensely for the travelers to be let go from their detention. The protesting payed off and the travelers were let go. As the detainees walked through the halls to get to their car or next gate, barriers that were originally put along the halls to block off the protesters still stood. As the travelers were walking through the barricaded halls, the protesters were applauding them. Both sides felt powerful for being able to peacefully go through a hallway in an airport, and having impacted the release of these travelers.

Art Influences Immigration Debate Ingrid Roberson Posters and other artworks have had a major influence on the current debate about illegal immigrants coming primarily from Central and South American countries like Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala. They have caught the attention of the public through their eye-catching visuals and short, easy to remember phrases like "AquĂ Estoy y No Me Voy" (I am here and I am not leaving). Artists like Ernesto Yerena, who was born in California but is of Mexican descent, create these posters whose goal is to bring light to political issues, more specifically the U.S.-Mexico border and immigration. These artists have managed to draw public interest into immigration issues and shape the current immigration debate. The National Museum of Mexican Art in Chicago features a collection called "A Declaration of Immigration", which depicts immigrant workers at their everyday jobs, and aim to show that illegal immigrants have families to provide for too.

The Tragedy of Kathryn Steinle Cullen Lee On July first of 2015, Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed by a bullet that ricocheted and hit her in the back. The bullet was fired from a stolen handgun by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez, an illegal immigrant. Sanchez had previously been deported five times for crossing the border illegally. He was also charged with a multitude of drug abuse crimes. As a result, Sanchez was tried in court for first degree murder. He pleaded not guilty and that he found the gun wrapped in a t-shirt and it fired when he touched it. He then kicked the gun off of the pier. Sanchez has been taken into custody and soon will be deported. Because San Francisco is a sanctuary city, they do not always respect and obey the commands of organizations that deport immigrants. As a result of the tragedy of Kathryn Steinle's murder, new regulations were put into effect in order to force sanctuary cities to obey immigration laws. The consequences for failing to comply is loss of government funding for the sanctuary city. The death of Kathryn Steinle galvanized attention toward the issues with sanctuary cities because she had a good life and it was taken away just like that because sanctuary cities didn't listen to the government and did nothing to stop Lopez.

Jazz Lif t s t h e Spir it s of t h e Segr egat ed Sophie Rabalais Jazz helped fuel the Great Migration and was also an extremely popular form of music in the North during the 1920?s. A major step taken to encourage integration during this migration was in 1921, the year the jazz musical, Shuffle Along was introduced at the Howard Theatre in Washington D.C. The cast was entirely African American and featured songs such as, ?I?m Just Wild About Harry?and ?Love Will Find A Way.?One cast member, in particular was Florence Mills, an incredibly impactful singer, dancer, and stage performer. She died, extremely suddenly at a young age of thirty-one, in 1927. Her funeral harbored a mass of people, who mourned the terrible loss. Another significant performer during the roaring twenties was Louis Armstrong, the popular trumpet player and jazz singer. His performances were also during the Great Migration which, also took place during the Great Depression, and many people from that time have reported that listening to jazz allowed them to have joy in their life that they weren?t able to experience without it. Clearly, jazz affected not only the act of the Great Migration, but also the people experiencing the pain of being a segregated, African American, living during the Great Depression.

Wanting Freedom Gigi Browne The Immigrant is an award winning movie, referred to as, ?An American masterpiece.? It won 12 awards and was nominated for, but did not win, 18 awards. The Immigrant shows how people in the 1920?s, and even now, manipulate and exploit immigrants. Ewa, a Polish immigrant, tells Bruno, an American man, that she needs to work for money to get her sister, Magda, off of Ellis Island, and out of quarantine. Bruno tells her he has a job for her. He prostitutes her and other immigrant women, because they can not get employed. Bruno dresses them up in elegant outfits, and acts as their pimp to please the men watching the show. This movie promotes many emotions, for example, the sadness Ewa feels when her sister Magda is quarantined because of her lung disease. The constant fear of deportation or people turning you into the police. The love Bruno and Emil have for Ewa. The jealousy and anger Bruno and Emil feel towards each other because they love the same woman. It also shows that immigrants now and then ?are treated lower than scum?and taken advantage of. This movie made people talk about immigration and how the system doesn?t always try to help immigrants, but merely take advantage of them, or attempt to make them leave America.