Academic Magazine, Vol. 03

VOL. 03, 2021

MARCH-NOVEMBER

ALSA LC UNDIP

ACADEMIC MAGAZINE FEATURING

LAW DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

ENGLISH DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

Law Content Legal Headlines Events Review

English Content Legal English Glossary Events Review

AND OUR MEMBERS' INSIGHTS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR!

"Orang boleh pandai setinggi langit, tapi selama ia tidak menulis, ia akan hulang di dalam masyarakat dan dari sejarah. Menulis adalah bekerja untuk keabadian."

- Pramoedya Ananta Toer -

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

\

KATA SAMBUTAN DIRECTOR Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb., Shalom, Om Swastiastu, Namo Buddhaya, First and foremost, let us praise to the almighty God for His mercies and blessings that has been given to us, which led ALSA LC Undip for 27 years firm and strong. I would like to express my endless gratitude to the Local Board and the Advisory Board for their continuous contribution and dedication through this organization and to the Demissioners and Alumni of ALSA LC Undip for their endless support and help for our members to grow and to improve this organization in every aspect.

Established in 1994, ALSA LC Undip continually improve as one of the premier student organizations in the Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro that set the examples on how law students should be prepared to be fit in the profesional and global area. We aim to develop our members’ individual skills and continually act as a platform for law students to channel their interests and aptitudes, creating active and critical members academically and non-academically. We hope to create future leaders that will always implement our values in helping and creating our society into a better one.

One of the efforts to achieve our vision above is through ALSA LC Undip’s magazine which releases annually every period. Academic Magazine is presented to you by the Academic Post (Law Development and English Development Division) of ALSA LC Undip as the Editoral Board. This magazine is made to introduce the academic writings written by members of Law Development Division and English Development Division Local Board 2020-2021.

Through this release of Academic Magazine, we hope that the provided information and knowledge that has been highlighted will stimulate informed debate and a lively exchange of ideas. We highly appreciate and look forward to receiving comments and feedbacks on this issue!

ALSA, Always be One! Warmest, Regards Muhammad Raihan Pramudya Director Asian Law Students’ Association Local Chapter Universitas Diponegoro 2020-2021

FOREWORD

ACADEMIC MAGAZINE

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KATA SAMBUTAN PROJECT OFFICER Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, Shalon, Om Swastiastu, Namo Buddhaya, Salam Kebajikan.

Salam sejahtera untuk kita semua.

Puji syukur saya ucapkan kehadirat Allah Yang Maha Esa atas segala rahmat-Nya sehingga Academic Magazine Vol. 03 karya ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Diponegoro ini dapat tersusun sampai dengan selesai. Tidak lupa saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak yang telah berkontribusi, yakni Badan Pengurus Harian dan seluruh Panitia Academic Magazine, Manager dan Vice Manager dari Law Development Division dan English Development Division, serta kepengurusan ALSA LC Undip 2020/2021.

“Orang boleh pandai setinggi langit, tapi selama ia tidak menulis, ia akan hilang dari masyarakat dan dari sejarah. Menulis adalah bekerja untuk keabadian,” diucapkan oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Saya meyakini Academic Magazine merupakan sebuah wujud dari ucapan tersebut. Academic Magazine merupakan karya kolaborasi dari LDD (Law Development Division) dan (English Development Division) yang berisi kontenkonten yang terkait isu-isu hukum nasional maupun internasional yang ditulis oleh para member LDD dan EDD selama satu tahun kepengurusan terakhir. Selain itu, Academic Magazine juga berisi event review dan members’ insights. Saya berharap Academic Magazine Vol. 03 dapat menjadi sebuah wadah ilmu bagi mereka yang membacanya dan menjadi memori indah tentang output kepengurusan LDD dan EDD ALSA LC Universitas Diponegoro.

Selamat membaca dan mengenang hal-hal baik, terima kasih!

ALSA, Always Be One! Lovisia Eva Karensa Staff of Law Development Division Asian Law Students’ Association Local Chapter Universitas Diponegoro 2020-2021

FOREWORD

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TABLE OF

CONTENTS LAW CONTENTS

9

Peran dan Fungsi Pengawasan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Terhadap Perlindungan Konsumen dalam Sektor Perbankan Polemik Pemberian Izin Tambang Emas di Kepulauan Sangihe

14

Urgensitas Pembentukan Lembaga Penjamin Polis dalam Menjamin Kepastian Hukum bagi Nasabah Asuransi di Indonesia

19

Implementasi Kebijakan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) sebagai Upaya Penanggulangan Virus COVID-19.

23 LEGAL HEADLINES

27

“PP No. 56 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu dan/atau Musik terhadap Kesejahteraan Musisi dan Pengusaha”

29

Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual (RUU PKS) sebagai Unifikasi dan Pembaharuan Instrumen Hukum terkait Kekerasan Seksual

32

Urgensi Pengesahan Rancangan Undang-Undang Masyarakat Hukum Adat Sebagai Kepastian Hukum

LDD'S EVENT REVIEW ALSA Internal Competition

Seminar-Workshop NMCC & Legal Workshop

36 37

ENGLISH CONTENT

The Intricate Nature of Abortion and The Regulations Surrounding It

39

The Struggle Inside: Labor Rights Violation Surrounding Pepsico's Exit

43

International Legal Overview On Japanese Whale Hunting Activities

45

Digital Economy: Cryptocurrency Dominates The Stock Market And Regulations Behind It

50

Issue Arises: On Turkey’s Withdrawal from Istanbul Convention

53

Nigerian Diplomat Incident : A Review from the Perspective of International Law

55

Usage of the Global Currency: Dedolarization or Yuanization?

57

The Britney Spears Conservatorship Case: Abuse of Guardianship by Jamie Spears

59

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Myanmar Coup d’Etat

62

Samuel Paty: The Gruesome Beheading Of A History Teacher In An Attack Near Paris

64

Lil Nas X Devil Shoes: Trademark Dispute between Nike with MSCHF

65

Jerusalem Violence: Palestinians And Israeli Forces Clash At Al-Aqsa Mosque

67

A Little Birdie Gold Me: The Environmental Dangers of Gold Mining In The Sangihe Islands

69

Tokyo Olympics 2020: The Olympics New Guidelines Regarding Freedom Of Expression Of The Athletes

71

Taliban Sweeps Control of Afghanistan

73

Indonesian Intelligence Agency Compromised In Suspected Chinese Attack

75

Holmes Falsifies Pharmaceutical Reports

77

EDD'S EVENT REVIEW

IMCC Class

80

ALSA English Class

81

Informal Discussion I

82

Legal English Training

83

IHL Study Group

84

Informal Discussion II

85

MEMBERS' INSIGHTS

Members' Insight

86

Law Contents

LAW CONTENT

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PERAN DAN FUNGSI PENGAWASAN OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DALAM SEKTOR PERBANKAN

OLEH NABILA KHOIRUNNISA DAN DARRYL SEPHANDRA HESATAMA

Latar Belakang Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan telah dinyatakan dengan tegas bahwa sebagai Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan (PUJK) dalam melakukan usahanya harus berasaskan demokrasi ekonomi dengan menggunakan prinsip kehati-hatian, dimana demokrasi ekonomi dalam hal ini merupakan demokrasi ekonomi yang berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Selain bertujuan dalam pengembangan perekonomian nasional, UU Perbankan juga mengatur bagaimana pembinaan dan pengawasan demi kepentingan nasabah yang merupakan salah satu implementasi dari asas keamanan dan keselamatan konsumen dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen atau UUPK. PUJK atau lembaga perbankan, merupakan salah satu lembaga keuangan yang mempunyai nilai strategis dalam kehidupan perekonomian negara. Lembaga tersebut dimaksudkan sebagai perantara pihak-pihak yang memiliki kelebihan dana (surplus of funds) dengan pihak-pihak yang kekurang dan memerlukan dana (lack of funds). Berdasarkan Pasal 28 huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun2 011 tentang OJK telah menegaskan bahwa OJK berwenang melakukan pencegahan kerugian konsumen dan masyarakat dengan memberikan informasi dan edukasi kepada masyarakat, dapat meminta pemberhentian kegiatan Lembaga Jasa Keuangan jika berpotensi merugikan masyarakat, dan tindakan-tindakan preventif lainnya. Namun dewasa ini, banyak laporan mengenai kasus pelanggaran klausula antara bank dan nasabah yang menyebabkan kerugian pihak konsumen sehingga mempertanyakan kapasitas hukum dari UUPK dan kinerja lembaga pengawasan perbankan itu sendiri.

Menurut David M. L. Tobing, menyebutkan bahwa terdapat paradoks dalam penegakan UUPK, tepatnya pada penerapan klausula baku. David mendapatkan datanya melalui riset dengan metode empiris sosiologis dan mendapatkan kesimpulan yang ironis. UUPK yang seharusnya melindungi konsumen, justru menempatkan konsumen di posisi yang lemah atau bahkan sebagai konsumen tidak tersosialisasikan bagaimana hak konsumen seharusnya sehingga tidak tercapainya tujuan dari Pasal 3 UUPK itu sendiri yang mana perlindungan konsumen bertujuan untuk menciptakan sistem yang dapat memberikan unsur kepastian hukum dan keterbukaan serta akses informasi mengenai hak konsumen.

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Fakta Hukum

Analisis

Perlindungan konsumen adalah segala upaya yang menjamin adanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepada konsumen.

Pelaku Usaha Jasa Keuangan (PUJK) adalah Bank Umum, Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, Perusahaan Efek, Penasihat Investasi, Bank Kustodian, Dana Pensiun, Perusahaan Asuransi, Perusahaan Reasuransi, Lembaga Pembiayaan, Perusahaan Gadai, dan Perusahaan Penjaminan, baik yang melaksanakan kegiatan usahanya secara konvensional maupun secara syariah.

Klausula Baku adalah setiap aturan atau ketentuan dan syarat-syarat yang telah dipersiapkan dan ditetapkan terlebih dahulu secara sepihak oleh pelaku usaha yang dituangkan dalam suatu dokumen dan/atau perjanjian yang mengikat dan wajib dipenuhi oleh konsumen.

Otoritas Jasa Keuangan adalah lembaga yang independen dengan fungsi lembaga yang independen yang mempunyai fungsi, tugas, dan wewenang pengaturan, pengawasan, pemeriksaan, dan penyidikan dalam sektor jasa keuangan.

I, Pemahaman Perlindungan Nasabah dalam Perbankan di Indonesia Indonesia telah mengesahkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen atau UUPK demi mewujudkan suatu masyarakat adil dan makmur serta terjamin secara hukum. Hal tersebut menjadikan UUPK sebagai batu uji suatu regulasi dalam pelayanan, termasuk dalam jasa layanan perbankan. Perbankan sebagai pelaku usaha jasa keuangan bertugas menghimpun dana dari masyarakat ini tentunya memiliki peranan penting dalam rangka melindungi masyarakat konsumen secara umum dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan. Perlindungan hukum terhadap nasabah dalam Dalam UU Perbankan memberikan kejaminan terhadap penjagaan rahasia atau segala sesuatu yang berhubungan mengenai nasabah penyimpan dan simpanannya.

Sebagai konsumen, nasabah juga memiliki kewenangan terhadap segala informasi sesuai Pasal 29 ayat (4) UU Perbankan, sehingga sudah seharusnya terdapat sosialisasi mengenai segala informasi kepada nasabah sebagai tindakan preventif.

Dasar Hukum Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2011 tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 1999 tentang Pencabutan Izin Usaha, Pembubaran, dan Likuidasi Bank Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor: 7/7/PBI/2005 tentang Penyelesaian Pengaduan Nasabah Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 1/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan

LAW CONTENT

Nasabah sebagai pengguna jasa layanan perbankan memiliki hak-hak untuk dilindungi yang meliputi prinsip perlindungan konsumen yaitu transparansi, perlakuan yang adil, keandalan, kerahasiaan dan keamanan data atau informasi konsumen, serta penanganan pengaduan yang cepat dan biaya terjangkau.

Berdasarkan Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 7/7/PBI/2005, Bank Indonesia telah menetapkan bahwa tiap-tiap bank memiliki kewajiban dalam menyelesaikan setiap pengaduan yang diajukan nasabah maupun perwakilan nasabah, maka dari itu tiap bank diwajibkan memiliki unit yang dibentuk khusus di setiap kantor bank untuk menangani hingga menyelesaikan pengaduan tersebut.

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2. Penegakan Klausula antara Pihak Perbankan, Nasabah, dan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) Dalam perkembangan ekonomi yang pesat, kebutuhan akan perjanjian dalam bentuk klausula baku semakin marak dikarenakan cepat dan praktis. Namun, kelebihan dari klausula baku adalah yang menjadi kelemahannya juga dikarenakan semua syarat-syarat yang berada dalam klausula baku telah ditentukan oleh pihak pelaku uasaha tanpa adanya proses negosiasi dengan konsumen. Pada umunya klausla baku dapat berlaku dalam bentuk dokumen atau surat panjang, baik kertas maupun digital, pada suatu produk dari pelaku usaha kepada konsumen yang digunakan untuk mendapat persetujuan dari pihak konsumen sebelum menggunakan suatu produk. Pada faktanya, tidak semua orang membaca seluruh isi klausula baku dan cenderung untuk langsung setuju dengan klausula-klausula tersebut. Yang menjadi kekhawatiran adalah jika pihak pelaku usaha mencantumkan klausula pengalihan tanggung jawab (eksonerasi).

Menurut J. Satrio, klausula eksonerasi adalah “suatu klausula dalam suatu perjanjian, dimana ditetapkan adanya pembebasan atau pembatasan dari tanggung jawab tertentu, yang secara normal menurut hukum seharusnya menjadi tanggung jawabnya.” Menurut beliau klausula eksonerasi dimungkinkan karena adanya asas kebebasan berkontrak. Ironis saat salah satu asas terpenting dalam terbentuknya kontrak justru menjadi penyebab munculnya kerugian konsumen yang dapat dijustifikasi melalui hukum. Hal ini membawa akibat yaitu hak dan kewajiban pihak yang tidak seimbang, cenderung lebih berat atau menguntungkan pelaku usaha.

Salah satu penyebab klausul eksonerasi lahir, adalah karena adanya justifikasi dari asas kebebasan berkontrak. Dengan adanya asas tersebut, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa klausula ekesnorasi tidak melanggar apapun secara hukum perdata, hanya saja pada klausula baku hanya didominasi oleh salah satu pihak saja yaitu pihak pelaku usaha yang menyodorkan perjanjian baku

sedangkan pada pihak yang disodorkan perjanjian yaitu pihak konsumen hanya memiliki kebebasan dalam hal: (1) Kebebasan untuk membuat atau tidak membuat perjanjian dan (2) Kebebasan untuk memilih pihak siapa ia ingin membuat perjanjian. Hal ini mendorong penyalahgunaan keadaan yang tergantung pada apakah konsumen sangat membutuhkan perjanjian atau tidak.

Menurut Mariam Darus Badrulzaman “campur tangan pemerintah merupakan pergeseran hukum perdata ke dalam proses pemasyarakatan (vermaatschappelijking) untuk kepentingan umum.” Beliau menyatakan bahwa seiring perkembangan waktu, hukum perdata yang saat ini merupakan hukum privat, manusia antar manusia, jika menyangkut kepentingan umum akan mendapat perlindungan dari pemerintah.

Salah satu wujud penegakan hukum dari pemerintahan mengenai klausula baku berada dalam Pasal 18 UUPK yang menentukan berbagai ketentuan dan larangan dalam klausula baku. Sebelum adanya OJK, melalui Pasal 29 Ayat (4) UU Nomor 10 tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan yang menyatakan “Untuk kepentingan nasabah, bank wajib menyediakan informasi mengenai kemungkinan timbulnya risiko kerugian sehubungan dengan transaksi nasabah yang dilakukan melalui bank.” Serta dalam Bab VI Pasal 28-31 UUOJK mengenai Perlindungan konsumen dan masyarakat yang menyatakan kewajiban OJK untuk melakukan tindakan pencegahan kerugian konsumen, layanan pengaduan konsumen, dan pembelaan hukum kepada konsumen. Lalu yang menjadi pertanyaan jika terjadi kelalaian pengawasan dari OJK tersendiri. Apakah BI, bank sentral, dapat melakukan intervensi dengan menggunakan kebijakannya dan keputusannya?

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3. Interupsi BI Ketika Terjadi Kelalaian Pengawasan oleh OJK? Bank Indonesia/Bank Sentral adalah lembaga negara yang mempunyai wewenang untuk mengeluarkan alat pembayaran yang sah dalam suatu negara Indonesia, merumuskan dan melaksanakan kebijakan moneter, mengatur dan menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran, menjalankan fungsi lender of last resort, dan sebelum munculnya Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), sesuai dalam Pasal 23 UUD 1945, menuturkan bahwa bank sentral Indonesia adalah Bank Indonesia yang mengeluarkan dan mengatur peredaran uang kertas yang kemudian kedudukannya diatur lebih lanjut dalam UU Nomor 6 Tahun 2009 tentang Perubahan Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 dan perubahan kedua Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1999 Tentang Bank Indonesia.

Sebelumnya, dalam kegiatan sehari-hari BI memberikan fokus pengawasan pada 2 (dua) jenis bank yaitu Bank Umum (komersil) dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR). Bank Indonesia mengemban tugas dalam mengatur dan mengawasi bank sesuai dengan ketentuan UU Nomor 6/2009, mereka berwenang untuk menetapkan peraturan, memberikan dan mencabut izin atas kelembagaan dan kegiatan usaha tertentu dari bank, melaksanakan pengawasan terhadap bank, dan mengenakan sanksi sebagaimana tertera dalam UU. Dengan pernyataan tersebut maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan wewenang, tanggung jawab, dan kewajiban BI sebelum ada OJK adalah untuk memberikan pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap bank dengan upaya-upaya yang bersifat preventif maupun represif.

LAW CONTENT

Seiring berjalannya waktu, pertumbuhan populasi semakin meningkat yang menyebabkan meningkatnya kebutuhan ekonomi sehingga peran lembaga jasa keuangan, bank umum/komersil, semakin diperlukan untuk menjaga peredaran uang dan kelancaran transaksi masyarakat dan untuk menjaga stabilitas nilai rupiah. Hal ini menjadi dasar dibentuknya UU OJK pada tahun 2011 yang tujuannya adalah untuk tugas pengawasan agar Bank Sentral dapat lebih fokus untuk menjaga stabilitas nilai rupiah dan OJK yang mengawasi arus transaksi antara lembaga jasa keuangan di seluruh Indonesia dengan para nasabah yang hendak melakukan aktivitas perbankan. Dalam Pasal 1 angka 1 UU OJK, menjelaskan bahwa OJK merupakan lembaga independen yang bergerak dengan wewenang untuk melakukan pengaturan, pengawasan, pemeriksaan, dan penyidikan. Hal ini menujukan bahwa OJK sekarang memiliki wewenang utuh dalam bidang pengawasan yang sebelumnya dimiliki oleh BI. Namun ada beberapa hal yang mana OJK dapat bekerja sama dengan BI dalam hubungan perbankan sesuai dengan tertera dalam Pasal 39 UU OJK yang menyatakan bahwa“Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, OJK berkoordinasi dengan Bank Indonesia dalam membuat peraturan pengawasan di bidang Perbankan” Dalam hal pengawasan, karena berlakunya asas “lex posteriori derogate legi priori”, UU OJK akan meniadakan fungsi UU BI yang lama. Wewenang pengawasan tersebut tertera dalam Pasal 7 UU OJK yang meliputi pengawasan mengenai lembaga bank, kesehatan bank (credit adequacy ratio), aspek kehatihatian bank, dan pemeriksaan bank. Maka kita dapat menarik kesimpulan bahwa kecuali termasuk dalam kategori Pasal 39 UU OJK maka BI tidak dapat melakukan intervensi dalam bentuk apa pun.

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Kesimpulan dan Saran Perkembangan ekonomi yang pesat mendorong pentingnya lembaga perbankan sebagai alat yang mengatur arus ekonomi suatu negara. Oleh sebab itu, OJK memiliki kewajiban sebagai badan pengawasa jasa keuangan agar terjaminnya hak dan keamanan nasabah sebagai subjek pengguna jasa perbankan.

Dengan berbagai undang-undang yang memiliki asas kepastian hukum bagi nasabah, implementasi perlindungan hukum dalam hubungan antara nasabah dan lembaga jasa keuangan ini masih belum terpenuhi sehingga diperlukannya kepekaan kepada penegakan hukum dan pelaksanaan regulasi yang mana telah dibuat demi keberlangsungan hubungan antara nasabah dan bank, dimana diperlukannya penekanan dalam pelaksanaannya di tiap lembaga jasa keuangan yang dapat menguatkan asasasas dalam perlindungan konsumen.

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POLEMIK PEMBERIAN IZIN TAMBANG EMAS DI KEPULAUAN SANGIHE OLEH ARTEZYA GHANIA SHANANDRA, ANNISA NURIEL ANINDIA, VHIANDA IGNASIA DEWI, DAN HANIF NUGROHO

Indonesia merupakan negara dengan jumlah pulau terbesar di dunia. Indonesia ditetapkan sebagai sebuah negara kepulauan sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam hasil amandemen kedua Pasal 25A Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945. Sebagai negara kepulauan, Indonesia tak hanya dikelilingi oleh pulau-pulau besar, tetapi juga oleh pulau-pulau kecil yang menghiasinya. Salah satunya, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe atau yang biasa dikenal Pulau Sangihe. Menjaga dan mengelola pulau-pulau kecil Nusantara merupakan kewajiban bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia, termasuk pemerintah, institusi, LSM, dan perusahaan dalam memanfaatkannya. Hal ini didukung oleh diterbitkannya UndangUndang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil dan disebutkan dalam Pasal 5 bahwa P “Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil meliputi kegiatan perencanaan, pemanfaatan, pengawasan, dan pengendalian terhadap interaksi manusia dalam memanfaatkan Sumber Daya Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil serta proses alamiah secara berkelanjutan dalam upaya meningkatkan kesejahteraan Masyarakat dan menjaga keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.”

Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe adalah sebuah kabupaten di Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Kabupaten ini memiliki luas wilayah 1.012,94 kilometer persegi, dan berpenduduk sebanyak 139.262 jiwa.

Kepulauan ini memiliki beragam flora dan fauna serta biota laut yang berlimpah, termasuk burung endemik langka atau yang sering disebut dengan “seriwang sangihe”. Karena kekayaan alamnya tersebut, PT Tambang Mas Sangihe (TMS) berniat menjadikan lebih dari setengah Kepulauan ini sebagai lahan pertambangan emas. Sesuai dengan data hasil eksplorasi perusahaan di Binebas dan Bowone bahwa terdapat potensi 114.700 ons emas dan 1,9 juta ons perak berdasarkan sumberdaya terunjuk (indicated resource) dan 105.000 ons emas dan 1,05 juta ons perak berdasarkan sumberdaya tereka (inferred resource) di Kepulauan Sangihe.

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Fakta Hukum 1. Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil adalah suatu proses perencanaan, pemanfaatan, pengawasan, dan pengendalian Sumber Daya Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil antarsektor, antara Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah, antara ekosistem darat dan laut, serta antara ilmu pengetahuan dan manajemen untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

2. Sumber Daya Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil adalah sumber daya hayati, sumber daya non hayati; sumber daya buatan, dan jasa-jasa lingkungan; sumber daya hayati meliputi ikan, terumbu karang, padang lamun, mangrove dan biota laut lain; sumber daya non hayati meliputi pasir, air laut, mineral P dasar laut; sumber daya buatan meliputi infrastruktur laut yang terkait dengan kelautan dan perikanan, dan jasa-jasa lingkungan berupa keindahan alam, permukaan dasar laut tempat instalasi bawah air yang terkait dengan kelautan dan perikanan serta energi gelombang laut yang terdapat di Wilayah Pesisir.

3. Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP) adalah izin untuk melaksanakan Usaha yang bergerak pada sektor tambang.

IUP diberikan oleh Menteri, Gubernur, atau Bupati/Walikota sesuai dengan kewenangannya. IUP diberikan kepada Badan usaha, yang dapat berupa badan usaha swasta, Badan Usaha Milik Negara, atau Badan Usaha Milik Daerah; Koperasi; dan Perseorangan, yang dapat berupa orang perseorangan yang merupakan warga Negara Indonesia, perusahaan firma, atau perusahaan komanditer.

Dalam hal ini adalah PT Tambang Mas Sangihe.

4. Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus adalah izin usaha untuk melakukan operasi baik secara individu maupun korporasi dalam sektor tambang yang dilakukan dalam wilayah usaha tambang khusus. Dalam pemberian izin ini, pejabat yang berwenang memberikannya dan siapa saja yang menerimanya pun sama dengan IUP, yang mana dalam hal ini pun PT Tambang Mas Sangihe juga mendapatkannya.

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Izin Usaha Pertambangan Rakyat (IUPR) adalah izin usaha yang diberikan oleh pejabat yang berwenang seperti halnya penerbitan IUP dan IUPK, namun dalam hal ini IUPR dikeluarkan untuk wilayah usaha pertambangan rakyat. Suatu wilayah tambang dapat disebut sebagai wilayah tambang rakyat apabila mencakup penambangan yang mengandung penambangan batuan, penambangan batubara, penambangan mineral logam, dan penambangan bukan logam. Wilayah konsesi PT TMS ini termasuk wilayah penambangan rakyat dikarenakan emas sebagai bahan baku logam termasuk dalam IUPR Analisis Potensi pertambangan mineral yang cukup menjanjikan ditunjukkan oleh hasil penelitian Fraser institute yang menyatakan bahwa prospek mineral di Indonesia menduduki peringkat enam teratas di dunia. Indonesia menempati posisi produsen terbesar kedua untuk komoditas timah, posisi terbesar keempat untuk komoditas tembaga, posisi kelima untuk komoditas nikel, posisi terbesar ketujuh untuk komoditas emas, dan posisi kedelapan untuk komoditas batubara (Widayati, 2011).

Hal ini sejalan dengan Pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang mengamanatkan bahwa bumi, air dan kekayaan yang terkandung di dalamnya milik negara dan digunakan sebesarbesarnya untuk kemakmuran rakyat. Bunyi pasal ini memberikan keleluasaan kepada negara untuk memaksimalkan potensi yang ada dalam bumi negara Indonesia. Pemanfaaatan potensi tersebut hendaknya berorientasi pada kepentingan negara dan tentunya kemakmuran rakyat. Namun nyatanya, sejak diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang otonomi daerah, keluhuran bunyi undang-undang dasar 1945 tersebut khususnya Pasal 33 semakin menghilang.

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Hal tersebut tentu akan memberikan dampak terhadap proses perizinan usaha tambang di Indonesia. Perlu diketahui, beberapa regulasi mengenai wilayah usaha pertambangan yang ada di Indonesia memang sudah tepat. Namun, dengan masih banyaknya regulasi yang tumpang tindih jelas akan mengganggu keberjalananannya ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Salah satunya, revisi Undang-undang Minerba yang ditinjau dari ketidakrelevanannya terhadap prosedur pembentukan undangundang. Tumpang tindih yang sangat erat kaitannya dengan kasus Polemik Pertambangan Emas di Kepulauan Sangihe ialah pasal-pasal dalam Undang-Undang Minerba yang dihapuskan dengan alasan yang kurang jelas, yaitu Pasal 7, Pasal 8, Pasal 37, Pasal 43, Pasal 44, Pasal 45, Pasal 142, dan Pasal 143 yang mana menjelaskan penghapusan kewenangan Daerah (Gubernur, Kabupaten/Walikota) dalam pengelolaan pertambangan minerba yang berpotensi menggerus prinsip desentralisasi. Hal tersebut jelas akan berdampak pada Pemda yang tidak memiliki posisi tawar dan terlibat dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam sehingga natural resource untuk rakyat menjadi sentralistik hanya pada pemerintah pusat. Sense of belonging Pemprov terhadap natural resource akan semakin hilang. Kemudian yang sangat krusial yaitu penghapusan Pasal 165 Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 atau UU Minerba Lama dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batu Bara terkait sanksi pidana bagi pelaku penyalahgunaan wewenang penerbitan izin tambang mencakup IUP, IUPR, IUPK. Nyatanya, Izin Usaha Tambang (IUP) emas di Kepulauan Sangihe masih banyak melanggar peraturan regulasi di Indonesia. Pelanggaran-pelanggaran Izin Usaha Tambang tersebut di antaranya, Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil.

Aturan tersebut melarang aktivitas pertambangan di daratan berukuran 2000 kilometer persegi. PT Tambang Mas Sangihe mengantongi izin operasi seluas 420 kilometer persegi, lebih dari separuh luas pulau sangihe yang hanya 737 kilometer persegi.

Sebaliknya, pemanfaatan boleh dilakukan di pulau kecil terbatas untuk kegiatan tertentu seperti yang tercantum pada pasal 33 yaitu pemanfaatan mencakup kegiatan konservasi Pendidikan dan pelatihan, penelitian, budidaya laut, pariwisata serta usaha perikanan dan kelautan. Ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang ini juga mengatur soal bisnis penanaman modal asing hanya boleh

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dilakukan di pulau tidak berpenghuni dan tidak ada pemanfaatan oleh masyarakat lokal. Kepulauan Sangihe dihuni oleh 131 ribu jiwa dengan mata pencaharian petani dan nelayan serta bergantung pada Gunung Sahendaruman.

Pemberian Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP) batuan berdasarkan PP No. 23 Tahun 2010 dilakukan dengan cara permohonan wilayah. Permohonan wilayah maksudnya adalah setiap pihak badan usaha, koperasi atau perseorangan yang ingin memiliki IUP harus menyampaikan permohonan kepada Menteri, Gubernur atau Bupati/Walikota sesuai kewenangannya.

Pembagian kewenangan Menteri, Gubernur atau Bupati/Walikota adalah Pertama, Menteri ESDM, untuk permohonan wilayah yang berada lintas wilayah provinsi atau wilayah laut lebih dari 12 mil dari garis pantai. Kedua, Gubernur, untuk permohonan wilayah yang berada lintas wilayah kabupaten/kota dalam 1 provinsi atau wilayah laut 4 sampai dengan 12 mil. Ketiga, Bupati/Walikota, untuk permohonan wilayah yang berada di dalam 1 wilayah kabupaten/kota atau wilayah laut sampai dengan 4 mil. IUP mineral batuan diberikan oleh Menteri ESDM (selanjutnya disebut Menteri), Gubernur atau Bupati/Walikota sesuai dengan kewenangannya berdasarkan permohonan yang diajukan oleh: badan usaha, koperasi, dan perseorangan. IUP diberikan melalui 2 tahapan, yaitu: Pemberian Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan (WIUP) dan Pemberian Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP).

Namun, jika Izin pertambangan sudah terbit tetapi tidak sesuai dengan Rencana Tata Ruang (RTR), berpotensi tidak dapat melanjutkan kegiatan usaha baik dalam penerbitan perizinan lingkungan maupun persetujuan pemanfaatan ruangnya.

Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja Pasal 40 Angka 3 mengamanatkan bahwa Kegiatan Usaha Minyak dan Gas Bumi dilaksanakan berdasarkan Perizinan Berusaha dari Pemerintah Pusat. Lebih lanjutnya melalui Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Penataan Ruang Pasal 101 menyebutkan bahwa pelaksanaan kesesuaian kegiatan pemanfaatan ruang untuk kegiatan berusaha non-UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) dilakukan melalui Konfirmasi dan Persetujuan KKPR. Dalam hal ini Kepulauan kecil Sangihe memerlukan pula Izin dari Kementerian KKP yang datangnya dari Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang (ATR). Ketentuan ini berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil. Dalam pasal 26A ayat 1 disebutkan pemanfaatan pulau-pulau kecil dan pemanfaatan perairan di sekitarnya dalam rangka penanaman modal asing harus mendapat izin Menteri KKP. Nantinya, KKP akan memberikan rekomendasi berupa izin melanjutkan proyek pertambangan (hijau) atau menolak proyek tersebut (merah).

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Koalisi Masyarakat Selamatkan Pulau Sangihe menilai pemberian izin usaha kepada PT Tambang Mas Sangihe (TMS) melanggar beberapa aturan yang seharusnya diterapkan. Salah satu indikatornya, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) yang belum mengetahui adanya perizinan usaha tambang oleh PT TMS. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM) tidak mendapatkan izin dari Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Jika KKP sudah memberi rekomendasi, diperlukan pula adanya perizinan dari Kementerian ATR (Agraria dan Tata Ruang). Jika Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP) bukan terdapat di wilayah pulau kecil, perizinan dapat langsung ditangani oleh ATR. Oleh karena itu, disinilah IUP di Kepulauan Sangihe memerlukan izin usaha di Kementerian ESDM. Artinya, PT TMS mendapatkan izin dengan melanggar Pasal 26A (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 yang seharusnya dipenuhi oleh PT TMS maupun Kementerian ESDM dalam penerbitannya. Masalah dalam proses perizinan PT TMS dapat menjadi indikasi korupsi di sektor perizinan.

Kontroversi ini merupakan dampak dari perubahan kebijakan yang memangkas kewenangan pemerintah daerah, tepatnya pada Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batu Bara alias UU Minerba.

Perubahan kebijakan ini berimplikasi pada mudahnya surat Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP) ilegal diterbitkan tanpa melalui administrasi dan tahap yang sesuai dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek perlindungan dan pengelolaan ruang hidup, seperti yang terjadi pada penambangan emas Kepulauan Sangihe oleh PT TMS. Dampak Penambangan Sejatinya, penambangan yang dilakukan oleh PT. Tambang Mas Sangihe (PT TMS) ini memberikan dampak yang amat besar dan tentunya dirasakan secara langsung oleh masyarakat di sekitar konsesi. Pertama, hilangnya ruang hidup untuk tempat tinggal. PT. Tambang Mas Sangihe sendiri dalam Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP) nya memiliki wilayah pertambangan seluas 42.000 hektar atau setara 420 km persegi. Luas wilayah tersebut apabila dihitung lebih dari separuh wilayah keseluruhan Kabupaten Sangihe, dengan total penduduk yang berada dalam wilayah konsesi sebanyak kurang lebih 58.000 jiwa yang tersebar di 80 desa yang berada di dalam 7 kecamatan. Apabila penambangan di wilayah tersebut tetap dilakukan, maka sudah pasti masyarakat disana akan tergusur dari tempat tinggal yang selama ini mereka tinggali.

Kedua, terancamnya sumber mata air yang menghidupi masyarakat Sangihe. Wilayah yang dijadikan sebagai konsesi tambang ini rupanya juga mengorbankan hutan lindung di sana, yakni Hutan Lindung Sahendamurang. Hutan lindung ini merupakan hulu dari tujuh sungai yang mengalirkan air bersih bagi tujuh sungai yang mengairi wilayah penduduk di Sangihe.

Apabila hutan tersebut menjadi korban dari penambangan, maka sumber mata air tersebut pun terancam kelestariannya dan warga sekitar pun dapat kehilangan mata air bershi sebagai penghidupan utamanya. Sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam Pasal 26A (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil bahwa Izin Pertambangan haruslah memenuhi salah satu syarat yaitu memperhatikan aspek ekologi. Ekologi berarti meninjau aspekaspek manakah yang dapat mempengaruhi kelestarian lingkungan/ekosistem di pulau-pulau kecil, dalam hal ini Kabupaten Sangihe.

Ketiga, memperparah ancaman bencana alam. Perlu diketahui bahwasanya Wilayah Sangihe ini merupakan wilayah yang rawan akan bencana alam. Secara geografis, Wilayah Kepulauan Sangihe berada pada dua lempeng besar, yaitu lempeng Eurasia dan lempeng Pasifik, dan dua lempeng kecil, yakni lempeng Sangihe dan lempeng Laut Maluku, yang mana daerah tersebut rawan terjadi gempa bumi. Apabila penambangan tetap dilanjutkan, maka konsekuensinya ialah risiko dari ancaman terjadinya bencana alam semakin besar, yang mana tanah longsor menjadi bencana yang lebih mudah terjadi apabila penambangan tetap dilakukan. Padahal, tanpa adanya penambangan saja, wilayah Sangihe ini sudah sering mengalami bencana alam, baik tanah longsor, gempa bumi, tsunami, hingga angin puting beliung.

Keempat, hilangnya mata pencaharian. Menurut salah seorang warga setempat, penambangan yang dilakukan di hampir seluruh wilayah Sangihe ini dapat menyebabkan hilangnya mata pencaharian warga sekitar. Pasalnya, mata pencaharian dari warga Sangihe sendiri merupakan seorang petani dan nelayan.

Wilayah Kepulauan Sangihe yang dijadikan konsesi tambang tentunya dapat mengorbankan lahan yang biasanya digunakan oleh warga sekitar untuk menanam beberapa komoditas unggulan seperti tomat, jahe, dan komoditas lainnya.

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Tak hanya itu, wilayah perairan di sekitar Kepulauan Sangihe yang menjadi tempat bagi para nelayan untuk mencari ikan pun dapat terancam, sehingga warga sekitar yang biasanya dapat menangkap ikan di wilayah tersebut menjadi kehilangan tempat untuk menangkap ikan. Jika hal ini terjadi, tentu akan berkontradiksi dengan Pasal 17 Undang-Undang No. 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil yang menyebutkan bahwa Pemberian Izin Lokasi berdasarkan rencana zonasi wilayah pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil wajib mempertimbangkan kelestarian Ekosistem pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil, Masyarakat, nelayan tradisional, kepentingan nasional, dan hak lintas damai bagi kapal asing.

Sejauh ini upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh PT TMS adalah memberikan kompensasi sebesar Rp5 ribu per meter untuk tanah mereka. Selanjutnya PT TMS akan melakukan reklamasi saat tambang dibuka, sesuai dengan program CSR (pemberdayaan masyarakat) dengan tujuan untuk membantu petani, mengembalikan perekonomian rakyat, dan membantu penduduk lokal. Menurut hasil wawancara dengan PT TMS, PT TMS akan membantu perekonomian masyarakat setempat.

Sekitar 70% dari pekerja akan diambil dari penduduk lokal dan uang akan dikembalikan kepada mereka.

Sekitar lima atau enam ribu orang yang akan di pekerjaan langsung sedangkan Yang tidak langsung, mungkin ada 30.000 orang. Dalam 10 tahun ke depan, PT TMS juga akan berinvestasi di resor dan pariwisata, terutama karena bupati akan menanyakan apa yang Anda inginkan dan apa yang kami butuhkan. Mereka membutuhkan pariwisata.

Berdasarkan analisis di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa letak geografis Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe memiliki nilai strategis yang tinggi juga kekayaan hasil galian yang melimpah.l inilah yang menjadikan Sangihe wilayah yang tepat bagi PT TMS untuk mendirikan usaha tambangnya. Akan tetapi, dalam prosesnya ditemukan banyak kecacatan hukum baik yang dilakukan PT TMS karena melanggar regulasi-regulasi yang ditetapkan maupun pemerintah yang terkesan melonggarkan sanksi bagi pelanggar IUP. Ditambah lagi, masifnya dampak dari adanya penambangan tersebut kelak akan merugikan banyak pihak. Mulai dari hilangnya ruang hidup hingga ancaman timbulnya bencana alam.

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Perlu ditegaskan kembali bahwa Kabupaten Sangihe merupakan kepulauan kecil yang seharusnya dikelola dan dimanfaatkan dengan baik sesuai dengan regulasi atau undang-undang yang ditetapkan.

Oleh karena itu, salah satu kebijakan yang mampu menghalau dan meminimalisasi terjadinya pelanggaran IUP adalah dengan membentuk peraturan perundang-undangan yang baru.

Pasalnya, dengan banyaknya regulasi yang masih tumpang tindih dan fakta bahwa telah dihapuskannya Pasal 165 pada UndangUndang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batu Bara (Minerba) terkait sanksi pidana bagi pelaku penyalahgunaan wewenang penerbitan izin tambang (IUP, IPR, dan IUPK) jelas akan melemahkan andil pemerintah dalam menegakkan hukum dan menguatkan para pelaku untuk melancarkan aksinya. Tak hanya itu, diperlukan juga adanya keselerasan antara Kementerian ESDM dan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) dalam mengeluarkan perizinan usaha tambang di Indonesia.

Hal ini sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil yang tercantum pula pada Pasal 26A Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan PulauPulau Kecil. Maka, sudah sepatutnyalah pemerintah bersikap tegas dan memaksimalkan kewenangan yang dimilikinya untuk memberantas izin pertambangan ilegal. Mengadili pihak-pihak yang bermasalah dalam penerbitan IUP ilegal adalah keharusan bagi pihak-pihak berwajib tersebut. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK), kepolisian, kejaksaan dan pengadilan tak terkecuali. Semua wajib menjalankan amanat konstitusi untuk memelihara dan menjaga ketertiban kehidupan bersama, terkhusus dalam hal ini Perizinan Tambang di Kepulauan kecil, Sangihe.

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URGENSITAS PEMBENTUKAN LEMBAGA PENJAMIN POLIS DALAM MENJAMIN KEPASTIAN HUKUM BAGI NASABAH ASURANSI DI INDONESIA

OLEH DIAN QONITA, LOVISIA EVA, DIFA S.

Latar Belakang​​

Dewasa ini, asuransi nampaknya sudah tidak dapat lagi dipisahkan dari kehidupan masyarakat mengingat pula perkembangannya yang semakin marak. Asuransi menjadi pilihan di kalangan masyarakat karena dirasa sebagai salah satu alternatif terbaik dalam menabung​​dan​​​merencanakan keuangan dan masa depan.​​ Asuransi dinilai dapat menjadi salah satu instrumen investasi jangka panjang karena asuransi bukan hanya sebagai alat penyebaran resiko bisnis namun juga memberikan manfaat dalam melindungi jiwa, harta (asset), dan tanggungan (liabilities).​​ Sehingga​​ asuransi tumbuh dengan sangat pesat dan tersebar luas di seluruh Indonesia. ​ Namun,​​ kasus gagal bayar perusahaa​​ asuransi seringkali menjadi sorotan, apalagi kasus tersebut terjadi pada perusahaanperusahaan besar, antara lain ; PT Asuransi Jiwa Kresna (Kresna Life), PT Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero), dan Asuransi Jiwa Bersama Bumiputera. Gagal bayar perusahaan asuransi dikhawatirkan menggerus kepercayaan publik terhadap industri jasa keuangan yang satu ini.

Industri asuransi jiwa telah mencatat perkembangan tertanggung yang jumlahnya mencapai 10,8 juta orang dalam satu tahun terakhir, namun nyatanya premi malah terjadi penurunan yang cukup besar sekitar 2,3 triliun rupiah hingga maret 2020.

Reasuransi yang dilakukan oleh sebagian perusahaan asuransi di Indonesia ternyata dirasa belum cukup untuk menjamin nasabah mendapatkan pertanggungan​​ sepenuhnya dari perusahaan asuransi. Karena, jika perusahaan asuransi mengalami kepailitan maka perusahaan reasuransi hanya​​mengeluarkan 30% dari biaya pertanggungan yang tertera di polis nasabah.​​ dengan demikian, adanya lembaga penjamin polis dirasa sangat penting di tengah banyaknya penurunan pendapatan premi yang terjadi.

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Fakta Hukum

Asuransi adalah perjanjian antara dua pihak, yaitu​​ perusahaan asuransi dan pemegang polis.

Perusahaan Asuransi adalah perusahaan asuransi umum dan perusahaan asuransi jiwa.

Pemegang Polis adalah​​ Pihak yang mengikatkan diri berdasarkan perjanjian dengan Perusahaan Asuransi, Perusahaan Asuransi Syariah, perusahaan reasuransi, atau perusahaan reasuransi syariah untuk mendapatkan pelindungan atau pengelolaan atas risiko bagi dirinya, tertanggung, atau peserta lain.

Polis asuransi adalah​​ salah satu dari alat bukti telah terjadi perjanjian asuransi.

Pengaturan dan pengawasan kegiatan Usaha Perasuransian dilakukan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan.

Program penjaminan polis dimaksudkan untuk menjamin pengembalian sebagian atau seluruh hak Pemegang Polis,​​ Tertanggung, atau Peserta dari Perusahaan Asuransi atau Perusahaan Asuransi Syariah yang dicabut izin usahanya dan dilikuidasi.

Polis asuransi adalah bukti atau surat perjanjian antara pihak-pihak yang mengadakan perjanjian asuransi.​​ Pemerintah tengah mempersiapkan desain pembentukan Lembaga Penjamin Polis (LPP) melalui Rancangan UndangUndang (RUU) Penjaminan Polis yang masuk dalam Program Legislasi Nasional (Prolegnas) 2020-2024.

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Dasar Hukum Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD) UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen UU No. 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Perasuransian Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No. 1/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan.

Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No. 28 /POJK.05/2015 Tentang Pembubaran, Likuidasi, Dan Kepailitan Perusahaan Asuransi, Perusahaan Asuransi Syariah, Perusahaan Reasuransi,​​Dan Perusahaan Reasuransi Syariah.

Perasuransian menurut ​hukum​​positif ​di Indonesia Asuransi​​ merupakan​​ lembaga yang sengaja dibentuk dan dirancang sebagai lembaga yang dapat dan mampu mengambil alih dan menerima risiko pihak lain secara efektif.​​ Namun peralihan risiko tersebut tidak terjadi begitu saja, tanpa kewajiban apa-apa pada pihak yang memperalihkan. Hal itu harus diperjanjikan terlebih dahulu. Perjanjian khusus diadakan dengan tujuan untuk memperalihkan risiko dan membagi risiko, dimana hal ini disebut dengan perjanjian pertanggungan/perjanjian asuransi.​​ Terdapat​​ empat​​ unsur asuransi,​​ dua di antaranya adalah pihak peserta​​ (insured)​​ dan pihak penanggung (insurer).​​ Permasalahan yang sering dialami ​ oleh​​ peserta​​ (insured)​​ atau​​ ​ pemegang polis adalah sulitnya memperoleh pembayaran ganti kerugian ketika​​ evenement​​terjadi. Padahal tujuan utama seorang pemegang polis atau nasabah mengikatkan diri dalam perjanjian asuransi adalah untuk menerima ganti kerugian bila terjadi suatu peristiwa yang tidak diduga menimpa objek asuransi.​​ Untuk mengantisipasi masalah tersebut, maka di Indonesia sendiri telah dibentuk sebuah lembaga khusus yang bertujuan sebagai pengawas jasa keuangan, industri perbankan, pasar modal, reksadana, perusahaan pembiayaan, dana pensiun serta asuransi. Lembaga tersebut dinamakan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan atau biasa disingkat OJK.​​

peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang perasuransian.14​​ Dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap konsumen, OJK mengeluarkan Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No. 1/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan. POJK tersebut sebagai payung hukum atas apa yang terjadi pada industri lembaga jasa keuangan. POJK tersebut merupakan peraturan yang pertama kali ditetapkan oleh OJK pasca pendiriannya. Pada UU No. 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Perasuransian, OJK telah memiliki kewenangan sejak mulai pemberian izin pendirian usaha perasuransian.​​ Di dalam UU tersebut, perusahaan asuransi harus menetapkan paling sedikit satu orang pengendali. Yang dimaksud pengendali disini adalah pihak mempunyai kemampuan untuk menentukan direksi, dewan komisaris, atau yang setara dengan direksi atau dewan komisaris pada badan hukum berbentuk koperasi atau usaha bersama dan/atau mempengaruhi tindakan direksi, dewan komisaris, atau yang setara dengan direksi atau dewan komisaris pada badan hukum berbentuk koperasi atau usaha bersama.

Dalam hal perusahaan asuransi belum menetapkan pengendali maka OJK berwenang menetapkan pengendali tersebut. Dalam hal pengaturan mengenai tata cara pembubaran, likuidasi dan kepailitan maka OJK mengeluarkan POJK No. 28 /POJK.05/2015 Tentang Pembubaran, Likuidasi, Dan Kepailitan Perusahaan Asuransi, Perusahaan Asuransi Syariah, Perusahaan Reasuransi,Dan Perusahaan Reasuransi Syariah.

Banyaknya hak yang diberikan ternyata tidak berpengaruh dan masih adanya kasus-kasus yang terjadi mengenai gagalnya nasabah dalam mengklaim asuransi yang nasabah miliki.

Beberapa kasus diantaranya yakni pertama, pada tahun 2010 kasus Grup Bakrie yang gagal dalam membayarkan atas produk Diamond Investa Bakrie Life dengan alasan terkena imbas dari krisis moneter di tahun 2008. Kedua, kasus PT Bumi Asih Jaya, pada tahun 2013 OJK mencabut izin usahanya karena gagal dalam memenuhi aturan terkait​​kesehatan keuangan yakni rasio perimabangan investasi dan rasio solvabilitas terhadap cadangan teknis dan utang klaim.

OJK melaksanakan tugas pengaturan dan pengawasan terhadap Kegiatan jasa keuangan di Sektor Perasuransian. Dalam rangka menjalankan fungsi pengaturan nya maka OJK menetapkan

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Banyaknya hak yang diberikan ternyata tidak berpengaruh dan masih adanya kasus-kasus yang terjadi mengenai gagalnya nasabah dalam mengklaim asuransi yang nasabah miliki. Beberapa kasus diantaranya yakni pertama, pada tahun 2010 kasus Grup Bakrie yang gagal dalam membayarkan atas produk Diamond Investa Bakrie Life dengan alasan terkena imbas dari krisis moneter di tahun 2008. Kedua, kasus PT Bumi Asih Jaya, pada tahun 2013 OJK mencabut izin usahanya karena gagal dalam memenuhi aturan terkait​​kesehatan keuangan yakni rasio perimabangan investasi dan rasio solvabilitas terhadap cadangan teknis dan utang klaim.

Urgensitas pembentukan​​Lembaga Penjamin Polis di Indonesia Polis asuransi yang dibuat antara kedua belah pihak (pihak tertanggung dan penanggung) yang memiliki kekuatan hukum yang menjamin pihak tertanggung atas suatu peristiwa yang tidak terduga.​​ Berkaitan dengan​​ hal tersebut diperlukan adanya​​ tanggung jawab perusahaan asuransi​​ yang diamanatkan di dalam Pasal 31 UU Perasuransian. Seluruh bagian dari lembaga asuransi wajib untuk melaksanakan seluruh keahlian, perhatian, serta kecermatan saat melayani nasabah, tidak memberikan informasi yang menyesatkan, menangani klaim nasabah dengan baik dan pengaturan lebih lanjut secara spesifik dijelaskan dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan.

Mengenai kerugian yang dialami konsumen di bidang asuransi, telah diwadahi di dalam Pasal 4 UU No. 8 Tahun 1999​​ tentang Perlindungan Konsumen.​​ Di dalam pasal tersebut perlindungan tersebut meliputi kenyamanan, keamanan, dan keselamatan dalam mengonsumsi barang dan/atau jasa; memilih barang dan/atau jasa serta mendapatkan barang dan/atau jasa tersebut sesuai dengan perjanjian; informasi yang benar, jelas, dan jujur sebagaimana perjanjian; didengar pendapat dan keluhannya atas barang dan/atau jasa yang dipergunakan; mendapat dengan patut perlindungan serta penyelesaian permasalahannya; mendapat pembinaan serta pendidikan konsumen; diperlakukan atau dilayani dengan benar dan jujur serta tidak bersifat diskriminasi; mendapat penggantian, jika barang dan/atau jasa yang didapatkan tidak sama dengan kesepakatan yang telah dilakukan; serta hak-hak yang diatur melalui ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya.​​

Pasal 53 ayat (1) UU Perasuransian sudah menegaskan bahwa perusahaan asuransi maupun perusahaan asuransi syariah harus masuk sebagai peserta program penjamin polis. Selain itu, seharusnya pendirian LPP tersebut dilaksanakan setelah 3 tahun undang-undangan tersebut diundangangkan pada Oktober 2014 silam. Dengan ​tidak ​dibentuknya ​LPP ​ini ​maka ​secara tidak ​ langsung ​ pemerintah ​ tidak menjalankan ​ isi ​ dari undangundang tersebut. ​ Dengan dibentuknya LPP maka akan dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan masyrakat pada perusahaan asuransi karena telah ada yang menjamin. LPP yang dibentuk tentu harus memiliki kriteria perusahaan yang layak menjadi peserta LPP sehingga tidak menjadi beban bagi industri asuransi dan dana nasabah juga aman. Selain itu dalam membentuk LPP, pemerintah juga harus mempertimbangkan terkait batasan pertanggungan yang diberikan jaminan dari LPP. Perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang polis sudah dijamin undang-undang di berbagai negara, sehingga negara Indonesia perlu untuk mencontohnya. Apabila dibandingkan, Peraturan perundang-undangan asuransi di Indonesia, mencerminkan dan menunjukan kepada kita bersama bahwa penyelesaian kasus insolvensi asuransi ditangani oleh otoritas jasa keuangan dan akan berakhir pada putusan pengadilan. Sedangkan negara lain sudah mengatur secara komprehensif tindakan preventif maupun tindakan represif. Sehingga para pemegang polis asuransi mendapatkan jaminan dan kepastian hukum dari asuransi.

Kasus gagal bayar yang terjadi tentu sangat bertentangan dengan hak yang seharusnya didapatkan nasabah seperti yang sudah diamanatkan​​ di dalam UU Perlindungan Konsumen berupa ​ hak untuk ​ mendapat perlindungan, advokasi, dan ​ ​ upaya ​ ​ penyelesaian ​ ​ sengketa perlindungan ​ konsumen. Dengan adanya Lembaga Penjamin Polis maka akan mampu meminimalisir kerugian pemegang polis serta memberikan keringanan pemerintah atau regulator​​(OJK).

Yang​​ sering​​ menjadi masalah dalam perusahaan asuransi tidak ada Lembaga Penjamin Polis​​ (LPP) seperti yang dimiliki dalam dunia perbankan yakni Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS). Saat ini perusahaan reasuransi yang dimiliki Indonesia belum efektif untuk melakukan pertanggungan terhadap polis nasabah.

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Berdasarkan perumusan masalah dan analisis​​ hukum dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Pengaturan mengenai Lembaga Penjamin Polis (LPP) di Indonesia sudah diamanatkan di dalam Pasal 53 ayat (1) UU No. 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Perasuransian.

Saat ini di Indonesia hanya memiliki perusahaan reasuransi namun perusahaan tersebut hanya dapat mengembalikan 30% kepada nasabah.21 ​ Peraturan lainnya yang setingkat dengan Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dan Pelindungan Konsumen ternyata belum dapat melindungi hak-hak dari pemegang polis.

Dengan demikian, diperlukannya pengaturan mengenai pembentukan LPP yang juga memuat kriteria perusahaan yang layak menjadi peserta LPP dan batasan pertanggungan yang dijamin oleh LPP tersebut.​​

Penulis memberikan beberapa rekomendasi terkait perlindungan bagi pemegang polis asuransi di Indonesia. Pemerintah diharapkan untuk segera membentuk Lembaga Penjamin Polis Asuransi di Indonesia sesuai dengan amanat Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Perasuransian. Sehingga para pemegang polis asuransi mendapatkan jaminan serta kepastian hukum dari asuransi. Selain itu, penulis juga merekomendasikan Pembentukan Undang-Undang baru yang mengatur lebih lanjut mengenai tugas, wewenang, teknis keuangan, investasi, serta kepesertaan yang layak untuk dapat menjadi anggota/peserta dari Lembaga Penjamin Polis Asuransi di Indonesia. Serta mengatur mengenai batasan pertanggungan yang dijamin oleh Lembaga Penjamin Polis tersebut. ​ ​ Lembaga ini akan mengatur secara komprehensif tindakan preventif maupun tindakan represif.​​ Lembaga ini merupakan lembaga yang independen, transparan, dan akuntabel dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya. Lembaga ini juga akan bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden.

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IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMBERLAKUAN PEMBATASAN KEGIATAN MASYARAKAT (PPKM) SEBAGAI UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN VIRUS COVID-19.

OLEH SALMAN IMAM, AFLAH A., PATRICIA PUTRI, FIOLLA T.

Pendahuluuan Pandemi Covid-19 telah menjadi masalah kesehatan dunia, WHO resmi menyatakannya sebagai pandemi pada 11 Maret 2020.

Secara global sampai dengan 6 Oktober 2021, kasus terkonfirmasi mencapai 236.561.621 kasus yang tersebar di 205 negara dan 2 transportasi internasional, dengan 4.830.540 kematian.

Pemerintah resmi menerapkan kebijakan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) darurat. Kebijakan tersebut mulai berlaku pada 3 Juli hingga melakukan perpanjangan hingga 6 September 2021 di berbagai kabupaten/kota di Pulau Jawa dan Bali. Diambilnya kebijakan ini berkaitan dengan masih tingginya angka kasus Covid-19 di Indonesia.

Pemerintah menindaklanjuti arahan Presiden Republik Indonesia yang menginstruksikan agar melaksanakan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Darurat Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) di wilayah Jawa dan Bali sesuai dengan kriteria level situasi pandemi berdasarkan asesmen dan untuk melengkapi pelaksanaan Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri mengenai Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat Berbasis Mikro serta mengoptimalkan Posko Penanganan COVID-19 di Tingkat Desa dan Kelurahan untuk Pengendalian Penyebaran COVID-19.

Pemerintah Indonesia telah mempelajari berbagai opsi penanganan COVID-19 dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi ekonomi, kondisi sosial, kondisi politik, dan pengalaman dari negara-negara lain. Pemerintah telah memutuskan untuk menjadikan PPKM sebagai kebijakan yang paling tepat untuk menghentikan laju penularan COVID-19. Kebijakan PPKM Darurat dilakukan karena lonjakan kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia serta adanya varian baru virus corona. Menurut Presiden Joko Widodo PPKM dan lockdown memiliki esensi yang sama yaitu membatasi kegiatan masyarakat. Efektivitas pelaksanaan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) akan mendorong momentum pemulihan ekonomi berlanjut di sisa tahun 2021. Implementasi PPKM terutama level 4 memang membatasi aktivitas sementara, Efektivitas pelaksanaan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) akan mendorong momentum pemulihan ekonomi berlanjut di sisa tahun 2021. Implementasi PPKM terutama level 4 memang membatasi aktivitas sementara,.

Namun, kebijakan pembatasan sosial sampai hari ini masih tidak merata dan tidak mutakhir, yang mana saat ini masih diberlakukan pengendalian mobilitas yang sulit karena masih banyak orang yang tidak patuh dan abai terhadap kebijakan yang ada. Selain itu, evaluasi terbesar selama adanya kebijakan pembatasan sosial adalah kebijakan yang tidak konsisten dan absolut sehingga masyarakat pun bingung dengan kebijakan yang ada.

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Fakta Hukum 1. Pandemi adalah wabah penyakit menular yang berjangkit serempak meliputi dan melintasi batas wilayah geografis antar beberapa dan banyak negara 2. Kekarantinaan Kesehatan adalah upaya mencegah dan menangkal keluar atau masuknya penyakit dan/atau faktor risiko kesehatan masyarakat yang berpotensi menimbulkan kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat.

3. Karantina Wilayah adalah pembatasan penduduk dalam suatu wilayah termasuk wilayah pintu masuk beserta isinya yang diduga terinfeksi penyakit dan/atau terkontaminasi sedemikian rupa untuk mencegah kemungkinan penyebaran penyakit atau kontaminasi.

4. Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar adalah pembatasan kegiatan tertentu penduduk dalam suatu wilayah yang diduga terinfeksi penyakit dan/atau terkontaminasi sedemikian rupa untuk mencegah kemungkinan penyebaran penyakit atau kontaminasi.

Kesesuaian Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri dengan Ketentuan yang Tercantum dalam UU Karantina Kesehatan Pada tanggal 3 Juli 2021, Pemerintah resmi menerapkan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Darurat se Jawa-Bali untuk mencegah meningkatnya kasus Covid-19 yang melanda Indonesia. Sebab hal ini berbeda dengan negara-negara lain ketika menerapkan lockdown, seperti Australia, Italia, China. Agar mendukung tujuan tersebut, pemerintah melalui Kementerian Dalam Negeri RI yang dipimpin oleh Tito Karnavian merilis Intruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 15 Tahun 2021 tentang Pemberlakukan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat Darurat Corona Virus Disease 2019 di Wilayah Jawa dan Bali yang ditujukan kepada Gubernur dan Bupati/Walikota.

Berdasarkan Bab XI Pasal 82 dan 83 UU No. 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan, substansi penegakan hukum memuat dua hal yaitu pembinaan dan pengawasan. Pembinaan terdiri dari pengelolaan sumber daya, meningkatkan kemampuan teknis sumber daya manusia, serta penelitian dan pengembangan.

Hal ini merupakan aspek penting yang saat ini perlu dibina dalam kekarantinaan agar sesuai dengan perkembangan saat ini.

Pengawasan dilaksanakan agar tidak terjadi penyimpangan yang

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dapat menghambat dan mempengaruhi dalam pelaksanaan kekarantinaan. Tujuan pengaturan pengawasan kekarantinaan adalah agar dapat meminimalisir dampak yang akan ditimbulkan dari wabah/kejadian luar biasa (KLB).

Keterlibatan TNI dan Polri dalam PPKM Darurat dapat menjadi sarana pendukung Gubernur, Bupati, dan Walikota dalam rangka melakukan pencegahan, penanggulangan, dan memberikan edukasi serta informasi kepada masyarakat.

Implikasi Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Terhadap Pemenuhan Hak dan Kewajiban Masyarakat Oleh Pemerintah Dalam Menanggulangi Pandemi Covid-19 Pasal 4 UU No.11 Tahun 2009 “Negara bertanggung jawab atas penyelenggaraan kesejahteraan sosial.” dalam pasal ini jelas sekali termaktub bahwa pemerintah wajib dan bertanggung jawab atas kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat, implementasi kesejahteraan sosial di masa pandemi seperti ini menjadi tulang punggung utama pemenuhan hajat masyarakat, ketergantungan masyarakat atas bantuan sosial dari pemerintah sangat tinggi dikarenakan perekonomian masyarakat sedang berada pada titik terendahnya.

Diterapkan PPKM terkhusus pada PPKM darurat membuat masyarakat harus kembali menepi ke kediamannya masingmasing karena aturan Instruksi Mendagri No.15 Tahun 2021 mewajibkan adanya pembatasan sosial berskala besar untuk masyarakat otomatis hal ini membuat para pelaku usaha harus membatasi usahanya. Menurut Sarman Simanjorang, Ketua Umum DPD Hippi DKI Jakarta, apabila PPKM Darurat diperpanjang lagi maka tidak terdapat pemasukan bagi para pedagang. Padahal mereka harus membayar sewa tempat.

Angka PHK kian meningkat tiap harinya menurut Wakil Ketua Persatuan Hotel dan Restoran Indonesia (PHRI) Bidang Restoran, Emil Arifin kepada CNBC Indonesia, Kamis (22/7/21) jumlah karyawan yang di PHK atau dirumahkan mencapai angka dua ratus ribuan karyawan selain itu berdasarkan data dari Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan yang dihimpun dari berbagai provinsi di wilayah Jawa dan Bali, dari total pekerja pada kategori sektor kritikal,esensial dan non esensial terdapat 24,66 persen pekerja yang berpotensi ter-PHK dan 23,72 persen dirumahkan sehingga total hampir 48 persen mereka yang terdampak secara serius dari adanya kebijakan ini, hal ini disampaikan oleh Sekretaris Jendral Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Anwar Sanusi pada webinar TNP2K. Hal ini bukan tanpa sebab faktor yang paling besar yaitu diakibatkan oleh merosotnya sektor perekonomian hal ini diakibatkan minimnya mobilitas dari masyarakat dan menurunnya daya beli dari masyarakat, para pengusaha pun sudah kehabisan jalan dalam menyiasatinya.

Satu-satunya obat bagi merosotnya keadaan ekonomi dewasa ini ialah bantuan sosial. Jika ditinjau dari UU No.6 Tahun 2008 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan pada Pasal 8 menyatakan bahwa “Setiap Orang mempunyai hak mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan dasar sesuai kebutuhan medis, kebutuhan pangan, dan kebutuhan kehidupan sehari-hari lainnya selama Karantina”.

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Menurut Ombudsman, selama PSBB ada 5 jenis laporan terbanyak yakni pengaduan bantuan sosial, layanan kesehatan, keuangan, keamanan, dan transportasi. Terdapat sekitar 1.346 pengaduan dari masyarakat terkait bantuan sosial (bansos) yang disalurkan pemerintah pusat maupun daerah. Angka itu didapat selama Ombudsman membuka posko pengaduan pandemi Covid-19 hal ini disebabkan data yang dimiliki pemerintah pusat dengan pemerintah daerah seringkali berbeda dikarenakan data yang ada tidak terintegrasi dengan baik. Pemerintah sendiri saat ini mencanangkan pemberian bantuan sosial dengan alokasi anggaran Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN) naik menjadi Rp 744,5 triliun dari Rp 699,4 triliun. Sejauh ini pemerintah sudah melalukan segala daya dan upaya untuk memenuhi kewajibannya melalui bantuan sosial kepada masyarakat, selaras dengan yang disampaikan Menteri Sosial Tri Risma Maharini, 95% bantuan sosial tunai sudah tersalurkan kepada masyarakat melalui PT Pos Indonesia, Rincian dari BST yang diberikan yaitu sebesar 300 ribu rupiah per bulan untuk masing-masing penerima kepada 10 juta penerima. Pemerintah menyalurkan BST periode Mei dan Juni 2021 secara sekaligus pada Juli 2021, sehingga masing-masing penerima mendapatkan Rp600 ribu BST diberikan sebesar 300 ribu rupiah per bulan untuk masing-masing penerima kepada 10 juta penerima. Pemerintah menyalurkan BST periode Mei dan Juni 2021 secara sekaligus pada Juli 2021, sehingga masing-masing penerima mendapatkan 600 ribu rupiah. Jika memang pemenuhan hak bagi masyarkat terpenuhi maka PPKM ini sudah selaras dengan apa yang diamanatkan oleh UU No.6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan.

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Kesimpulan dan Saran Berdasarkan UU No. 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan, substansi penegakan hukum memuat dua hal yaitu pembinaan dan pengawasan. Hal ini merupakan aspek penting yang saat ini perlu dibina dalam kekarantinaan agar sesuai dengan perkembangan saat ini. Keterlibatan TNI dan Polri dalam PPKM Darurat dapat menjadi sarana pendukung Gubernur, Bupati, dan Walikota dalam rangka melakukan pencegahan, penanggulangan, dan memberikan edukasi serta informasi kepada masyarakat. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan amanat dari UU No. 6 Tahun 2018 karena sebagai sarana pengawasan agar dapat meminimalisir dampak yang akan ditimbulkan dari Covid-19.

Berdasarkan hasil penulisan di atas, pemerintah dapat mengambil langkah awal penanganan pandemi dengan membangun kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap seberapa berbahayanya wabah Covid-19 serta penyuluhan terhadap urgensi penerapan Protokol Kesehatan dan juga Vaksinasi bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Dan tidak kalah penting pula ialah pengimplementasian kebijakan PPKM Darurat ini dilapangan, di hari-hari mendatang. Selain itu, monitoring dan evaluasi seharusnya perlu dilakukan secara ketat dan dengan saintifik yang baik sehingga kebijakan selanjutnya akan memenuhi kaidah ilmiah dan berlandaskan bukti empiris. Pelaksanaan PPKM darurat juga dihimbau untuk dilakukan bersama masyarakat, sehingga bukan hanya meminta partisipasi masyarakat atau bukan hanya mengajak peran serta masyarakat, namun ini harus menjadi kegiatan bersama-sama dengan masyarakat karena dengan ini maka PPKM darurat dapat memberi dampak yang optimal bagi Indonesia.

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Legal Headlines

“PP NO. 56 TAHUN 2021 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN ROYALTI HAK CIPTA LAGU DAN/ATAU MUSIK TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MUSISI DAN PENGUSAHA” OLEH SALMAN IMAM, ALLYSHA, ANDIN, NAUFAL

PP No. 56 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu dan/atau Musik merupakan bentuk tanggung jawab pemerintah terhadap perlindungan karya seniman yang mana selama ini belum mendapatkan haknya secara optimal. Selain itu, dengan keberadaan peraturan ini juga merupakan penguatan dari UU No. 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta. Namun di satu sisi regulasi ini dirasa memberatkan pengusaha dimana pengusaha tempat hiburan harus mengeluarkan biaya tambahan untuk membayar royalti,terkhusus pengusaha berskala kecil.

Hak Cipta adalah hak yang mengatur karya intelektual di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, seni dan sastra yang dituangkan dalam bentuk yang khas dan diberikan pada ide, prosedur, metode atau konsep yang telah dituangkan dalam wujud tetap. Royalti merupakan imbalan atas pemanfaatan hak ekonomi suatu ciptaan atau produk hak terkait yang diterima oleh pencipta atau pemilik hak terkait. Penentuan besaran royalti dan tata cara pemberian royalti dilakukan berdasarkan perjanjian lisensi antara pemegang hak cipta atau pemilik hak terkait dan penerima lisensi.

Dengan adanya PP No. 56 tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu dan/atau Musik Pengusaha diwajibkan untuk membayar royalti sesuai dengan yang tercantum \,hal tersebut tercantum pada: 1. Pasal 3 ayat (1) (1) Setiap Orang dapat melakukan Penggunaan Secara Komersial lagu dan/atau musik dalam bentuk layanan publik yang bersifat komersial dengan membayar Royalti kepada Pencipta, Pemegang Hak Cipta, dan/atau pemilik Hak Terkait melalui LMKN.

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Dengan adanya PP No. 56 tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu dan/atau Musik Pengusaha diwajibkan untuk membayar royalti sesuai dengan yang tercantum \,hal tersebut tercantum pada: 1. Pasal 3 ayat (1) (1) Setiap Orang dapat melakukan Penggunaan Secara Komersial lagu dan/atau musik dalam bentuk layanan publik yang bersifat komersial dengan membayar Royalti kepada Pencipta, Pemegang Hak Cipta, dan/atau pemilik Hak Terkait melalui LMKN. 1. Pasal 3 ayat (2) (2) Bentuk layanan publik yang bersifat komersial sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi: a) seminar dan konferensi komersial; b) restoran, kafe, pub, bar, bistro, kelab malam, dan diskotek; c) konser musik; d) pesawat udara, bus, kereta api, dan kapal laut; e) pameran dan bazar f) bioskop; g) nada tunggu telepon; h) bank dan kantor; i) pertokoan; j) pusat rekreasi;

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k) lembaga penyiaran televisi; l) lembaga penyiaran radio; m) hotel, kamar hotel, dan fasilitas hotel; dan n) usaha karaoke.

Dengan dikeluarkannya PP No 56 tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu dan/atau Musik merupakan jawaban dari pemenuhan hak ekonomi pemegang hak cipta karya musik,lantaran pemutaran lagu secara ilegal masih marak di Indonesia. Jika hal ini terus dibiarkan merusak ekosistem perlindungan karya di Indonesia. Namun di sisi lain pebisnis juga perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraanya dengan memberikan keringanan yang signifikan terkhusus bagi bisnis yang berskala kecil,sehingga ketika nantinya peraturan Menteri yang mengatur megenai keringan bagi umkm,keringanan yang diberikan berdampak secara signifikan sehingga bukan hanya musisi saja yang diuntungkan namun juga pebisnis diuntungkan dengan adanya regulasi ini.

Dengan dikeluarkannya regulasi ini merupakan upaya untuk memenuhi hak ekonomi dan hak moral dari musisi agar haknya terpenuhi serta diharapkan menjadi titik balik untuk mengoptimalkan hak ekonomi dari musisi dan pemilik hak terkait sehingga dapat ditegakkannya keadilan bagi seluruh pihak yang terlibat. Keberadaan perarturan ini pula diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan kesadaran di masyarakat akan pentingnya menghargai suatu karya.

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RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG PENGHAPUSAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL (RUU PKS) SEBAGAI UNIFIKASI DAN PEMBAHARUAN INSTRUMEN HUKUM TERKAIT KEKERASAN SEKSUAL OLEH PATRICIA ANGGIT, ARTHAMOZA, PATRICIA PUTRI

LATAR BELAKANG

DATA STATISTIK C

K ekerasan seksual merupakan jenis publik

maupun

mayoritas

perempuan

dan

terjadi

pada

anak,

yang

lemah.

Berdasarkan

mencapai

15

bentuk

Perempuan

kekerasan

terhadap

4.898

kasus,

menurun

dibandingkan

tahun 2018 yang mencapai 5.280 kasus Kekerasan

seksual

pada

anak

dan

perempuan

mencapai angka tertinggi pada tahun 2020, yakni

data

sekitar 7.191 kasus. Sementara pada 2020 , jumlah

pemantauan Komnas Perempuan, terdapat

Komnas

jumlah

Pada tahun 2019, jumlah kasus kekerasan seksual

seringkali dianggap sebagai target yang

Tahun

bahwa

kasus.

domestik.

Subjek hukum korban kekerasan seksual

Akhir

perempuan hingga tahun 2019 mencapai 431.471

kekerasan yang dapat terjadi baik di ruang

atatan

melaporkan

kasus

kekerasan

kekerasan

pada

anak

dan

perempuan

meningkat mencapai 11.637 kasus.

seksual, yaitu: Pemerkosaan Intimidasi seksual

REGULASI

Pelecehan seksual Eksploitasi seksual Perdagangan perempuan untuk tujuan seksual

Instrumen hukum yang mengatur tentang kekerasan seksual di Indonesia dapat

dijabarkan sebagai berikut:

Prostitusi paksa

1. Pasal 281 sampai 295 KUHP Bab IV yang secara garis besar mengakomodir

Perbudakan seksual Pemaksaan perkawinan

mengenai kekerasan seksual dalam bentuk pemerkosaan, pencabulan, dan

Pemaksaan kehamilan

persetubuhan.

Pemaksaan aborsi Pemaksaan

kontrasepsi

2. Pasal 81, 82, dan 88 UU No. 23 Tahun 2002 sebagaimana diubah dengan UU dan

sterilisasi Penyiksaan seksual Penghukuman tidak manusiawi dan bernuansa seksual Praktik tradisi bernuansa seksual, dan kontrol seksual.

No. 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak.

3. Pasal 1 sampai 4, 8, dan 84 UU No. 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang.

4. Pasal 1, 5, dan 8 UU No. 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga.

5. Pasal 27 huruf b Peraturan Pemerintah No. 61 Tahun 2014 tentang Kesehatan Reproduksi.

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Baru-baru ini, kembali mencuat kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap seorang anak perempuan berusia 15 tahun. Pelaku dilaporkan oleh keluarga korban atas tuduhan tindakan penyekapan, pemerkosaan, dan penganiayaan anak dibawah umur. Setelah diusut, pelaku juga melakukan eksploitasi seksual berupa pemaksaan prostitusi. Olehnya, korban dipaksa untuk melayani 4-5 orang pria perhari dengan harga Rp 400.000,00 yang didapatkan pelaku dengan menawarkan jasa prostitusi melalui aplikasi media sosial MiChat.

Kekerasan seksual yang dilakukan pelaku kepada korban menyebabkan korban mengalami trauma baik secara fisik maupun psikis. Tak hanya itu, pemaksaan prostitusi yang dilakukan juga membuat korban terkena Penyakit Menular Seksual (PMS) sehingga harus menjalani serangkaian perawatan medis.

Alih-alih bertanggung jawab secara hukum, pelaku melalui kuasa hukumnya mengungkapkan niat untuk menikahkan pelaku dengan korban. Ia mengatakan bahwa ayah pelaku menyarankan untuk pelaku menikahi korban dengan alasan untuk menghapus dosa dan menutup aib. Wacana ini kemudian ditolak mentahmentah oleh keluarga korban. Wacana menikahkan korban dengan pelaku ini selain dapat memunculkan kembali unsur traumatis dalam diri korban, juga disinyalir dilakukan sebagai upaya meringankan ancaman hukuman yang akan diterima pelaku.

Dalam draf RUU PKS, kekerasan seksual yang dilakukan pelaku dapat dijerat dalam beberapa Pasal, yang dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut: Terkait Pemerkosaan yang dilakukan kepada anak, pelaku diancam terjerat Pasal 16 jo. Pasal 108 ayat (2) dengan pidana penjara maksimal 13 tahun dan pidana tambahan ganti kerugian.

Pemaksaan prostitusi yang dilakukan pelaku juga diancam terjerat Pasal 18 jo. Pasal 120 ayat (2) dengan ancaman pidana penjara maksimal 17 tahun, pidana tambahan ganti kerugian, dan pidana tambahan perampasan keuntungan yang diperoleh dari tindak pidana.

Kemudian wacana pelaku untuk menikahkan korban dengan pelaku jika dilakukan dengan berbagai upaya pemaksaan juga dapat terjerat dengan Pasal 17 jo. Pasal 118 dengan ancaman pidana maksimal 13 tahun penjara dan pidana tambahan pembinaan khusus.

Pemidanaan ini merupakan bentuk pembaharuan regulasi terkait pemaksaan perkawinan, sebab sebelumnya belum terdapat instrumen hukum yang mengatur secara spesifik mengenai hal ini. Tidak adanya regulasi yang mengancam pelaku pemaksaan perkawinan inilah yang seringkali dijadikan tameng bagi para pelaku dalam melangsungkan perkawinan yang bersifat memaksa yang kerap kali dijadikan upaya peringanan hukuman para pelaku kekerasan seksual.

Adapun saat ini pelaku dijerat dengan Pasal 81 ayat (2) jo. Pasal 76D Undang-undang (UU) 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak. Tak hanya itu, pelaku juga diancam dengan penjeratan Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU No 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang.

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Keberadaan RUU PKS pada hakekatnya merupakan upaya unifikasi berbagai instrumen hukum terkait kekerasan seksual.

Berdasarkan draft RUU PKS tersebut, pelaku dapat dijerat dengan berbagai pasal yang termuat dalam satu payung regulasi.

Sementara dengan instrumen hukum yang telah ada saat ini, Pelaku akan dijerat dengan berbagai pasal dari beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan yang berbeda. Tak hanya bertujuan untuk unifikasi, RUU PKS juga berupaya memberikan proteksi menyeluruh dalam berbagai sektor kekerasan seksual lain yang belum terakomodir dalam instrumen hukum yang telah ada melalui rumusan-rumusan pasal didalamnya. Atau singkatnya, bentuk pembaharuan regulasi terkait kekerasan seksual.

Lebih dari itu, solusi dari kasus seperti ini seharusnya tidak menghasilkan bentuk kekerasan seksual lainnya. Penanganan kasus kekerasan seksual seharusnya mengutamakan kepentingan korban dan pemulihan korban terhadap apa yang dialaminya.

Disinilah peran RUU PKS menjadi penting karena RUU PKS tak hanya mengatur mengenai pemidanaan berbagai bentuk kekerasan seksual, namun juga memberikan upaya perlindungan terhadap korban melalui pendampingan hingga pemulihan terhadap korban kekerasan seksual.

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RUU PKS merupakan upaya unifikasi berbagai instrumen hukum terkait kekerasan seksual sehingga pelaku dapat dijerat dengan berbagai pasal yang termuat dalam satu payung regulasi dan tidak dengan peraturan perundangundangan yang berbeda.

Memberikan upaya perlindungan terhadap korban melalui pendampingan hingga pemulihan terhadap korban kekerasan seksual.

Memberikan proteksi menyeluruh dalam berbagai sektor kekerasan seksual lain yang belum terakomodir dalam instrumen hukum yang telah ada melalui rumusan-rumusan pasal didalamnya. Atau singkatnya, bentuk pembaharuan regulasi terkait kekerasan seksual.

Memberikan upaya perlindungan terhadap korban melalui pendampingan hingga pemulihan terhadap korban kekerasan seksual.

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URGENSI PENGESAHAN RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT SEBAGAI KEPASTIAN HUKUM

OLEH: ADISPUTRA DIGJAYA, NALANI ZADA, RACHEL GLADIES, CHRISTIAN HAGAI

Keberadaan RUU PKS pada hakekatnya merupakan upaya unifikasi berbagai instrumen hukum terkait kekerasan seksual.

Berdasarkan draft RUU PKS tersebut, pelaku dapat dijerat dengan berbagai pasal yang termuat dalam satu payung regulasi.

Sementara dengan instrumen hukum yang telah ada saat ini, Pelaku akan dijerat dengan berbagai pasal dari beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan yang berbeda. Tak hanya bertujuan untuk unifikasi, RUU PKS juga berupaya memberikan proteksi menyeluruh dalam berbagai sektor kekerasan seksual lain yang belum terakomodir dalam instrumen hukum yang telah ada melalui rumusan-rumusan pasal didalamnya. Atau singkatnya, bentuk pembaharuan regulasi terkait kekerasan seksual.

Lebih dari itu, solusi dari kasus seperti ini seharusnya tidak menghasilkan bentuk kekerasan seksual lainnya. Penanganan kasus kekerasan seksual seharusnya mengutamakan kepentingan korban dan pemulihan korban terhadap apa yang dialaminya.

Disinilah peran RUU PKS menjadi penting karena RUU PKS tak hanya mengatur mengenai pemidanaan berbagai bentuk kekerasan seksual, namun juga memberikan upaya perlindungan terhadap korban melalui pendampingan hingga pemulihan terhadap korban kekerasan seksual.

Instrumen hukum yang mengakui eksistensi MHA sejauh ini : 1. Pasal 18 B ayat (2) UUD 1945 yang berbunyi, “Negara mengakui dan menghormati kesatuan-kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat serta hak-hak tradisionalnya sepanjang masih hidup dan sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, yang diatur dalam undang-undang.”

1. UU No.5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria, yang berbunyi 1. Pasal 2 ayat (4) “Hak menguasai dari Negara tersebut di atas pelaksanaannya dapat dikuasakan kepada daerah-daerah Swatantra dan masyarakat-masyarakat hukum adat, sekedar diperlukan dan tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan nasional, menurut ketentuan-ketentuan Peraturan Pemerintah.”

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Pasal 3 “Dengan mengingat ketentuan-ketentuan dalam pasal 1 dan 2 pelaksanaan hak ulayat dan hak-hak yang serupa itu dari masyarakat-masyarakat hukum adat, sepanjang menurut kenyataannya. masih ada, harus sedemikian rupa sehingga sesuai dengan kepentingan nasional dan Negara, yang berdasarkan atas persatuan bangsa serta tidak boleh bertentangan dengan Undangundang dan peraturan-peraturan lain yang lebih tinggi.”

Pasal 5 “Hukum agraria yang berlaku atas bumi, air dan ruang angkasa ialah hukum adat, sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan nasional dan Negara, yang berdasarkan atas persatuan bangsa, dengan sosialisme Indonesia serta dengan peraturan-peraturan yang tercantum dalam Undang-undang ini dan dengan peraturan perundangan lainnya, segala sesuatu dengan mengindahkan unsur-unsur yang bersandar pada hukum agama.”

Pasal 22 ayat (1) “Terjadinya hak milik menurut hukum adat diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.”

Pasal 56 “Selama Undang-undang mengenai hak milik sebagai tersebut dalam pasal 50 ayat (1) belum terbentuk, maka yang berlaku adalah ketentuan-ketentuan hukum adat setempat dan peraturan-peraturan lainnya mengenai hak-hak atas tanah yang memberi wewenang sebagaimana atau mirip dengan yang di maksud dalam pasal 20, sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan jiwa dan ketentuan-ketentuan Undang-undang ini.”

UU Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan Pasal 1 butir 6 “Hutan adat adalah hutan yang berada dalam wilayah masyarakat hukum adat.”

Pasal 4 ayat (3) “Penguasaan hutan oleh Negara tetap memperhatikan hak masyarakat hukum adat” Pasal 37 1) Pemanfaatan hutan adat dilakukan oleh masyarakat hukum adat yang bersangkutan, sesuai dengan fungsinya.

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Pasal 67 ayat (1) “Masyarakat hukum adat sepanjang menurut kenyataannya masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya berhak: 1. melakukan pemungutan hasil hutan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari masyarakat adat yang bersangkutan; 2. melakukan kegiatan pengelolaan hutan berdasarkan hukum adat yang berlaku dan tidak bertentangan dengan undang undang; dan 3. mendapatkan pemberdayaan dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraannya.

Masyarakat Hukum Adat adalah sekelompok orang yang hidup secara turun temurun di wilayah geografis tertentu, memiliki asal usul leluhur dan/ atau kesamaan tempat tinggal, identitas budaya, hukum adat, hubungan yang kuat dengan tanah dan lingkungan hidup, serta sistem nilai yang menentukan pranata ekonomi, politik, sosial, budaya, dan hukum.

menguasai Hak Guna Bangunan (HGB) atau Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) suatu tanah dalam skala luas.

Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) mencatat bahwa pada tahun 2020, terdapat 40 kasus yang berkaitan dengan masyarakat adat, yang dimana kasus terbanyak terdapat pada sector yang berhubungan dengan pertanahan, seperti :perkebunan, kehutanan, dan pembangunan bendungan dan PLTA. dalam 40 kasus ini, sebanyak 39.069 orang Masyarakat Adat yang terbagi menjadi 18.372 Kepala Keluarga yang mengalami kerugian, baik kerugian ekonomi, kerugian sosial, bahkan kerugian moral sebagai dampak dari Tindakan eksploitasi, represif, hingga teror. Adapun total wilayah adat tempat berlangsungnya keempat puluh kasus tersebut mencapai 31.632,67 hektar. Angka ini hanya merupakan angka yang merepresentasikan kasus-kasus yang muncul ke permukaan.

Sementara angka sesungguhnya jauh lebih tinggi mengingat tipologi konflik yang sebagian besar tidak selalu muncul ke permukaan.

Konstitusi yang ada di Indonesia sebenarnya sudah memberikan pengakuan tertinggi terhadap keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat di Indonesia hal tersebut tertuang pada Undang-Undang Dasar Indonesia 1945 Pasal 18B ayat (2) yang menyatakan bahwa negara mengakui dan menghormati kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat serta hak-hak tradisionalnya. Selain itu, pengakuan atas masyarakat hukum adat juga tertuang pada Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No.35/PUU-X/2012 tentang Pengujian UU No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan yang memutuskan untuk lebih melindungi keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat khususnya masyarakat adat yang berada dalam kawasan hutan.

Namun, Pengakuan akan masyarakat hukum adat dalam UUD 1945 dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi ini dirasa belum cukup dalam mengatasi permasalahan hukum atas pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat adat. Sampai saat ini masih banyak masyarakat adat yang tergusur haknya atas kepentingan tertentu dikarenakan tidak adanya jaminan terhadap hak masyarakat adat sebagai bagian dari Warga Negara Indonesia.

Secara yuridis, bukti formal kepemilikan akan tanah merupakan hal yang mutlak bagi pihak pemodal, sedangkan bagi masyarakat desa dan masyarakat hukum adat, bukti penguasaan fisik lebih diutamakan. Pendaftaran tanah yang belum tuntas di seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia juga membuka peluang terjadinya konflik karena klaim wilayah oleh berbagai pihak.

Perbedaan persepsi mengenai kepemilikan akan suatu tanah ini merupakan penyebab konflik kepentingan antara pihak yang berusaha mempertahankan tanah nenek moyangnya, dan pihak yang memburu kesempatan untuk memperoleh tanah sebagai modal, setiap ada peluang, tak terkecuali di masa pandemi saat ini. Hal ini kemudian memicu ketimpangan dalam penguasaan tanah. Di satu sisi masyarakat pedesaan dan masyarakat hukum adat sulit mempertahankan tanah mereka apalagi memperolehnya. Di lain sisi mereka yang mempunyai modal yang kuat dapat memperoleh tanah sebagai modal usahanya, bahkan

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Dalam Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria No.5 Tahun 1960 dijelaskan secara tertulis bahwa pelaksanaan hak ulayat dan hakhak yang serupa itu dari masyarakat-masyarakat hukum adat, sepanjang menurut kenyataannya masih ada, harus sedemikian rupa sehingga sesuai dengan kepentingan nasional dan Negara.

Frasa kepentingan nasional dan negara pasal ini bisa dikatakan ambivalen karena tidak ada indikator yang jelas tentang apa yang dimaksud dengan “kepentingan nasional dan kepentingan negara” hal ini merupakan lubang yang harus diperbaiki dalam RUU Masyarakat Hukum Adat guna menciptakan kepastian hukum atas pelaksanaan hak ulayat dan berbagai hak lainnya bagi masyarakat hukum adat.

Jika dilihat secara objektif, Peraturan perundang-undangan cenderung lebih berpihak kepada kepentingan pemodal. Hal ini dapat tercermin pada UU No. 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara dan UU No. 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja. Di lain pihak, pembahasan akan RUU Masyarakat Hukum Adat selalu tersendat sejak 15 tahun belakangan ini. Peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih cenderung pro pemodal ini tak cukup memberikan penguatan hak masyarakat pedesaan dan masyarakat hukum adat. Konflik agraria yang menimpa sekelompok masyarakat itu bersifat lintas sektoral dan setiap sektor memiliki UU yang tak selalu sejalan bahkan tumpang tindih dan bertentangan satu sama lain.

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Masyarakat Hukum Adat merupakan kelompok masyarakat yang menetap di suatu daerah tertentu, mempunyai kekuasaan sendiri dan memiliki kekayaan sendiri. Masyarakat Hukum Adat diakui sebagai subjek hukum di Indonesia pada UUD 1945 Pasal 18.

Regulasi Internasional yang mengakui eksistensi MHA terdapat dalam hak manusia yang diikuti oleh hak MHA secara kolektif.

Pengesahan instrument Internasional HAM yang berkaitan dengan hak masyarakat, antara lain, Kovenan Internasional HakHak Ekonomi,Sosial, dan Budaya 1966, Kovenan Internasional Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik 1966, Konvensi Internasional Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Rasial 1965 dll.

Sementara itu, regulasi nasional yang mengakui eksistensi MHA terdapat dalam Pasal 18B ayat 2, UU No.5 Tahun 1970, UU Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 .

Terdapat beberapa alasan yang menyebabkan kurang optimalnya penerapan Undang-Undang Sektoral dalam mengakui dan melindungi MHA beserta haknya, yaitu, syarat pengakuan masyarakat hukum adat sulit dipenuhi, kurangnya instrument hukum, dan tumpang tindih regulasi pengakuan masyarakat hukum adat. Bahkan, terjadi beberapa kasus konflik MHA yang disebabkan kurang terintegrasinya peraturan yang melindungi MHA..

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Event Review

ALSA INTERNAL COMPETITION DESKRIPSI & TUJUAN KEGIATAN Sebagai pengejawantahan tanggung jawab dari divisi Law Development Division, ALSA Internal Competition hadir untuk tak hanya memberikan edukasi namun juga menumbuhkan semangat kompetisi di kalangan member ALSA LC Undip. ALSA Internal Competition dilaksanakan melalui dua tahapan acara, yaitu ALSA Internal Competition Class yang pada pokoknya bertujuan untuk memberikan edukasi dan pembekalan bagi para calon delegasi mengenai kompetisi yang dihadirkan serta ALSA Internal Competition and Seminar, yang merupakan puncak dari seluruh rangkaian kompetisi yang ditutup dengan seminar untuk memberikan penjelasan komprehensif mengenai tema yang diangkat.

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Di tahun 2021, AIC yang sebelumnya bernama ALSA Internal Lawfair, mengusung inovasi untuk berkerja sama dengan English Development Division. Penggabungan kedua divisi akademik ini ditunjukkan agar ruang lingkup cakupan kompetisi yang dapat dihadirkan menjadi lebih luas sekaligus sebagai pemenuhan tanggung jawab kami, sebagai divisi di bidang akademik, untuk senantiasa memberikan upaya terbaik dalam pengoptimalan kemampuan akademis member ALSA LC Undip. Tak hanya kompetisi mengenai pengetahuan hukum, namun juga kompetisi mengenai kemampuan legal english yang diimplementasikan melalui dua cabang lomba, yaitu debat dan paper presentation. Kompetisi yang berusaha kami hadirkan pada dasarnya memiliki tujuan untuk peningkatan etos pengetahuan dalam kalangan mahasiswa untuk dapat menuangkan pemikirannya melalui tulisan maupun argumentasi berdasar yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.

Keseluruhan rangkaian acara kami pada dasarnya merupakan upaya untuk sebaik-baiknya meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif, analitis, kritis, solutif, dan konstruktif bagi para member ALSA LC Undip melalui iklim kompetisi yang sehat dengan senantiasa menjunjung sportifitas dan kejujuran di tiap prosesnya. Harapan kami, pelaksanaan AIC ini dapat terus berjalan secara kontinuitas di tiap tahun kepengurusan dan segala manfaat yang berusaha kami hadirkan dapat diimplementasikan bagi seluruh peserta.

Rangkaian kegiatan AIC diawali dengan ALSA Internal Competition Class yang merupakan pembuka bagi keseluruhan rangkaian acara AIC yang berisi pemaparan materi mendasar mengenai kedua cabang kompetisi yang kami hadirkan, yaitu debat dan paper presentation. Harapannya, para delegasi dapat menyerap materi ini yang akan berguna dalam persiapannya berkompetisi. Kemudian sebagai penutup, kami menghadirkan ALSA Internal Competition Seminar yang ditunjukkan untuk memperluas cakrawala berpikir dari keseluruhan participants yang telah diimplementasikan dalam kompetisi yang baru saja diselesaikan. Para ahli yang berusaha kami undang juga diharapkan memberi pencerahan komprehensif kepada para peserta lomba maupun para peserta seminar guna mengurangi terjadinya miskonsepsi, mengingat target peserta kami yang memiliki peran sebagai mahasiswa hukum, sudah merupakan kewajiban untuk memiliki pemahaman terkait isu hukum terkini.

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SEMINAR & WORKSHOP NMCC Seminar dan Workshop National Moot Court Competition (NMCC) merupakan salah satu program kerja dari Law Development Division yang terdiri atas seminar tentang NMCC yang diisi oleh beberapa narasumber yang merupakan alumni ALSA LC Undip dan dilanjut dengan kegiatan workshop berupa pembuatan surat dakwaan dari kasus posisi yang telah disediakan oleh panitia. Peserta yang hadir pada Semwork NMCC 2021 adalah civitas akademik Fakultas Hukum Undip dan member ALSA LC Undip. Tujuan dari program kerja ini adalah untuk memberi edukasi terkait NMCC bagi para civitas akademika Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro, terutama yang memiliki minat dalam kompetisi peradilan semu terkhususnya NMCC ALSA Piala Mahkamah Agung serta pengetahuan mengenai hukum acara pidana.

LEGAL WORKSHOP Legal Workshop 2021 merupakan salah satu program kerja dari Law Development Division ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. Kegiatan Legal Workshop 2021 itu sendiri merupakan serangkaian kegiatan yang terdiri dari seminar dan workshop yang terbuka untuk umum. Kegiatan ini diawali dengan pemberian seminar untuk memberikan edukasi dasar mengenai tema yang diangkat. Kemudian sebagai implementasi langsung dari materi seminar, kami juga berusaha menghadirkan workshop yang harapannya dapat menjadi upaya praktikal dari tema yang kami angkat.

Acara ini diadakan dengan tujuan untuk menambah wawasan member ALSA LC Undip dan juga masyarakat umum terkait hukum bisnis serta materi spesifik mengenai praktek dalam pembuatan Perjanjian Patungan atau Joint Venture. Dengan adanya pemaparan langsung dari praktisi yang ahli di bidangnya maka mahasiswa dapat memiliki perkembangan terkait pemahaman tentang hukum bisnis yaitu dalam hal joint venture (perjanjian patungan) suatu perusahaan. Selain itu, dengan adanya workshop berupa simulasi pembuatan kontrak joint venture agreement di mana peserta dibebaskan untuk negosiasi mengenai klausul kontrak sesuai dengan kaspos yang diberikan. Besar harapan kami peserta yang merupakan member ALSA LC Undip serta Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum dapat memperoleh ilmu yang bermanfaat untuk kedepannya dari seluruh rangkaian acara yang telah kami susun. Acara ini mengusung tema: “JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENT 101: DRAFTING DISPUTE RESOLUTION CLAUSES” Legal Workshop tahun 2021 bekerjasama dengan mitrabestari yaitu : Walalangi & Partners dan Bapak Togi Pangaribuan.

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EDD PRESENTS

ENGLISH CONTENT

"THE INTRICATE NATURE OF ABORTION AND THE REGULATIONS SURROUNDING IT"

BY FRANSISCA WINDA PUSPITA AND MUHAMMAD RAFIF PUTRA NANDA

There are a lot of points of view considering the acceptance of the act of abortion, but ultimately there are two sides of the motion.

Those who accept it and deemed that it is understandable to do it and also those who are against it. Abortion is commonly associated with the major consequences of unplanned pregnancy by those who aren't ready to have a family yet, typically for people in their teenage years. Many people believe that abortion represents a woman's right to do what they want with their own body, while many other people believe that abortion is equivalent to the murder of an innocent soul. This begs the question, would it be the right choice to imprison a woman for choosing to do an abortion.

Based on the World Health Organization, each year almost half of all pregnancies – 121 million – are unintended, and six out of ten unintended pregnancies end in induced abortion. When an unsafe abortion is carried out to terminate a pregnancy, there can be devastating and long-term physiological, financial, and emotional costs to the woman and her family, as well as to her community at large. However according to Law no. 36 year 2009 regarding health (Health Law) in article 75 point 1 stipulates that basically, everyone is prohibited from doing an abortion. But looking through the Guttmacher Institute research, Indonesian law allows abortion in medical emergencies, as well as in cases of severe fatal anomaly. In the latter situation, if the woman is married, both she and her husband must consent. The law was expanded in 2009 to legalize abortion in cases of rape, but only up to six weeks gestation.

Moreover, the research also shows that 4.5 million births occur each year in Indonesia, around 760,000 or 17% of births are unwanted or mistimed births. The research also identifies the methods of Indonesian in doing abortion, wherein in 2018, a majority of women (73%) who had an abortion self-managed it.

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About one in five women (21%) reported obtaining an abortion from a doctor or midwife. The remaining 6% went to either a traditional provider or a pharmacist. Also, few women (6%) reported obtaining a surgical procedure, 16% used pills or other medication and 39% used some other method, such as a massage performed by a traditional provider. During this pandemic, according to the BKKBN (Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional) data, there were at least 420,000 unwanted pregnancies in Indonesia from March to September 2020.

Internationally speaking according to the World Health Organization, the rate of unsafe abortions is four times higher in countries with restrictive abortion laws than in countries where abortion is legal. Countries like Argentina, the second Latin American country that has legalize abortion, their InterAmerican Court of Human Rights have repeatedly noted that under international human rights law there is no absolute right to life before birth. While the opponents of the bill to legalize abortion often invoke the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, claiming that the bill would run counter to children’s right to life. Indeed, data from multiple studies, including by the World Health Organization (WHO), strongly suggests that people experiencing unwanted pregnancies seek access to abortion services even in highly punitive legal situations.

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But for the analysis regarding the abortion issues, the Criminal sanctions for perpetrators of illegal abortion are also regulated in the Criminal Code ("KUHP" = Kitab Undang - Undang Hukum Pidana) becomes the main basis in discussing the topic. Following the aforementioned statement, Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 3 of 2016, abortion is an effort to remove the product of conception from the uterus before the fetus can live outside the womb. Meaning that the definitions given to us specifically on what abortion is according to the constitution, it is fair to say that in doing abortion, a life of a child is not necessarily taken away by them. Since it is stated that what is removed from abortion is the product of conception from the uterus before the fetus can live outside the womb, which means that the child is not even alive yet when the abortion operation is taking place, therefore crossing off the possibility of the process of abortion considered to be a murder.

Government Regulations No. 61 year 2014 about reproductive health set a maximum limit of up to 40 days of pregnancy is deemed allowed to go through abortion. In Indonesia where the majority of the citizen are Muslims, in fact, According to World Population Review data, the current Muslim population in Indonesia by 2020 reaches 229 million people or 87.2% of the total population of 273.5 million people, it has become apparent that the point of view taken by the country's social stigma, especially in the Muslim community believes that the human spirit is breathed when the fetus is 120 days old.

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The variety of statistical data released by several institutions regarding the frequency of abortion indicated the reality of abortion as an iceberg phenomenon. Data released is data that is visible and recorded on the surface, temporarily the reality that happened is far more than what is recorded. In 1999 WHO researched 4 provinces in Indonesia (North Sumatra, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and North Sulawesi) shows the rate of 2.3 million abortion cases by category 600,000 failed family planning, 700,000 economic conditions, 1,000,000 because of miscarriage with various factors. Based on this research WHO estimates that 10-50% of maternal deaths are caused by abortion. This data is confirmed by the BKKBN data which recorded the number of cases of abortion reached 2.4 million in 2012. Even though there are rules about abortion being forbidden. There are also exceptions within the constitution regarding which of the following cases would be permitted to be done under strict circumstances. It is explained in the "Laws of The Republic of Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 About Health" in the following article: Article 75 (1) Everyone is prohibited from having an abortion.

(2) The prohibition as intended in paragraph (1) can be excluded based on the following cases: a. an indication of a medical emergency detected from early pregnancy age, both of which are life-threatening to the mother and/or fetus, suffering from a genetic disease, weight and/or congenital disabilities, or can't be repaired making it difficult for the baby to be able to live outside of the womb; or b. pregnancy as a result of rape can cause psychological trauma for the rape victim.

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Also, there are criminal sanctions for those who disobey or who are doing an illegal abortion whether it is from the woman's perspective and those people who are helping the abortion process. Based on the Criminal code article 346 stipulates that a woman who deliberately aborts or terminates her womb or orders someone else to do so shall be punished by a maximum imprisonment of four years. The following article 347 and 348 describes specifically about the sanction when there is no approval of consent before the process of abortion such like “Any person who deliberately aborts or kills a woman without her consent shall be punished by a maximum imprisonment of twelve years. Any person who deliberately aborts or kills a woman with his consent shall be punished by a maximum imprisonment of five years and six months.” While in article 349 states the consequences when there is neglect during the process of abortion which is done by the external like by the doctors or the people who are responsible for the process “If a doctor, midwife, or medicine officer assists in committing a crime under article 346, or commits or assists in committing one of the crimes described in articles 347 and 348, then the penalty specified in that article can be increased by one third and the right to carry out a search in where the crime was committed”.

Looking at article 346 in the Criminal Code, it is highlighting that a woman has a limited space of freedom in choosing what she wants to do and the article itself has an ambiguity in stating what is being considered as a child in a woman's womb. This has been stated in Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 3 of 2016 about the definition of abortion itself where it happens before the fetus live in the womb it is not considered as killing a living that means there should not be any sanctions such as imprisonment for woman.

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Even if there are already regulations giving explanations about the exceptions of the imprisonment, what if the reason for the abortion itself would be to save the unborn child from a life that they wouldn't want. What if the soon-to-be parents aren't ready yet to take care of a child. It raises questions on whether the child should still be born or not. The cost to raise a child has a high amount of sum that unplanned pregnancy would just be too much to handle for unready parents with low income, causing more poverty for the country, as Isabel Sawhill Ph. D. once said in her presentation, "If we could reduce unplanned pregnancies, we would also reduce child poverty and improve social mobility. In my 2014 book, Generation Unbound, I estimate that the growth of singleparent families, now driven almost entirely by unwed and unplanned childbearing, has led the child poverty rate to be 25 percent higher than it would be if we had stabilized the proportion of such families at 1970 levels.

The World Health Organization has been doing researches and giving out data on the number of unsafe abortion in all countries and it is being concluded that the percentage of abortion are still considered high which most of the unsafe procedure lead to death. Argentina as an example of country that legalized abortion in which according to the WHO, unsafe abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Argentina. However abortion is still a neverending problem especially in Indonesia due to the ambiguity of law in this country and the social stigma that happens to surround it. Such laws like the Laws of The Republic of Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 About Health that state about abortion being prohibited. The authors would like to propose that there should be a revision about the imprisonment for the act of abortion because forced situations sometimes don't only speak of the events that will take place instantaneously.

If a woman is forced to not do abortion affected by the fear of breaking the law, it would mean that the woman might suffer in carrying the unborn child out and taking care of them until they grow out, considering that the majority of women considering doing abortion has monetary difficulty, it would just add up poverty in the world since they won't be able to support themselves, let alone the unborn child. It should be clear that there should be a regulation added in regards to how the monetary standings of the women in question where there should be restrictions on what is considered to have a monetary difficulty and which aren’t so that the unborn child would have a better likelihood to live a happy life in the future.

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"THE STRUGGLE INSIDE: LABOR RIGHTS VIOLATION SURROUNDING PEPSICO'S EXIT"

BY ALIA ARRAINA SANDRA AND DANIS NAYLA SAKINAH

The statement regarding PepsiCo's resignation drew a lot of reactions from the public. Most of whom felt disappointed, confused, and upset. As a result of this action, of course, inevitably many snack products and soft drinks under their auspices were withdrawn from the market. This is the result of the breakup of PepsiCo's collaboration with PT. Anugerah Indofood Barokah Makmur (AIBM), which carries out the packaging, sales, and distribution of products from PepsiCo. It is known the reason why the long-standing cooperation between PepsiCo and AIBM ran aground due to disputes between the two.

An investigation by the NGO Rainforest Action Network found that there were violations of labor rights in the IndoAgri palm plantation owned by the Salim Group, which is the main company of the AIBM company, in North Sumatra.

According to the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil where they received a complaint from the Indonesian Labour Rights Association (OPPUK), Rainforest Action Network (RAN), and International Labour Rights Forum (ILRF) against PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk (a subsidiary of PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama Tbk) regarding workers exploitation on two palm oil plantations owned and operated by RSPO member and Indofood subsidiary PT. London Sumatra in June 2016. Key findings from the investigation in a report published by RAN, OPPUK, and ILRF titled, “The Human Cost of Conflict Palm Oil: Indofood, PepsiCo’s Hidden Link to Worker Exploitation in Indonesia”, conclude that: 1. Indofood categorized many of its long-time workers as temporary and placed them at heightened risk through precarious employment practices 2. Indofood paid its workers unethically low wages 3. Children worked on Indofood plantations 4. Indofood did not provide adequate health and safety protection for many workers, and casual maintenance workers were exposed to highly hazardous pesticides.

5. Indofood undermined Freedom of Association.

Violations allegations filed against PT. LONSUM related to labor rights violations is not the first time. The Institute for Community Studies and Advocacy (ELSAM) also issued a position paper on "Human Rights Violations in the Oil Palm Plantation Area of ​PT PP Lonsum Tbk-North Sumatra" in 2010.

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Derived from the results of ELSAM research from 2004-2007, by sending field researchers to PT PP's plantation Lonsum TbkNorth Sumatra in Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai, and Simalungun. ELSAM tried to dig up the testimonies of residents of Pargulaan Village, Simpang Empat Village, Cempedak Lobang Village, Naga Rejo Village, and Naga Timbul Village regarding the practices of dominant human rights violations in the area.

The violations cases that occurred among them ranged from incidents of using force, vandalism, and road blockades in land dispute resolution, application of arbitrary working hours and systems, arbitrary wage systems, poor work safety protection systems, to child labor use.

In Indonesia, labor rights have been regulated in the Manpower Law, this law contains labor rights, especially regarding labor welfare. According to Article 31 of the Manpower Law Number 13 of 2003 states that "every worker has the same rights and opportunities to choose, get, or change jobs and earn decent income at home or abroad", thus, employers must comply with this rule. Criminal sanctions that will be given to employers or employers who violate are given various forms of punishment, fines, and imprisonment.

The punishment for imprisonment of 2-5 years and/or a fine of Rp.200-500 million is given to people who employ or involve children in work. A prison sentence of 1-5 years and/ or a fine of Rp. 100-500 million is given to employers who do not include their company employees in the pension program. Sanctions for 1-4 years imprisonment and/or a fine of Rp100-400 million are given to parties who violate the provisions on: 1. Employing Foreign Workers Who Do Not Comply With The Regulations (Article 42 Paragraph (1) And (2)); 2. Employing Children (Article 68); 3. Employing Children In Light Work Not In Accordance With The Requirements (Article 69 Paragraph (2)); 4. Does Not Provide Opportunities For Worship For Workers (Article 80); 5. Does Not Provide The Rightful Morning Rest For Workers Who Want To Give Birth (Article 82)); 6. Pay Wages Lower Than The Minimum Wage (Article 90 Paragraph (1)); 7. Obstruct The Right To Strike Employees (Article 143 Paragraph (1)); 8. And Not Re-employing Workers After Being Proven Innocent Or Giving The Right To Termination Of Employment (Article 160 Paragraph (4) And (7)).

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The International Labour Organization (ILO), a specialized body of the United Nations with the mission to uphold social justice and globally recognized human and labor rights, is the primary international organization that implements and enforces international labor law. Its primary goals are to foster workplace freedom, facilitate fair job conditions, improve social security, and strengthen dialogue on workplace issues. The bulk of international labor law is derived from the ILO's labor laws.

Labor law, internationally regulated under the International Labor Organization or known as ILO. The ILO's goals are stated in the Preamble to the ILO Constitution as well as the Annex to the Constitution titled Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labour Organization (the "Declaration of Philadelphia"). These goals serve as the foundation for the creation of universal labor standards.

The International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. This declaration is binding on all Member States and binds them to respect and promote four types of values and rights, regardless of whether they have ratified the applicable Conventions. All four categories are freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining, the abolition of involuntary or compulsory labor, the abolition of child labor, and the abolition of work and occupation discrimination (Article 2).

In regards to ILO ratification K-138 by indonesian government, considering the regulations and indictment above, PT Lonsum failed to meet the deadline set by the complaints panel that had resulted in the Complaints Panel issuing the first letter of warning to PT Lonsum. Followed by a notice issued to SIMP as the parent. However, SIMP has failed to meet the deadline set by the complaints panel. By reason of the aforementioned breach of the decision by PT Lonsum and due to the extent of the breach, the refusal to engage constructively and collaboratively with the RSPO decision that becomes evident that PT Lonsum and SIMP are refusing and unwilling to meet RSPO's standards and principles expected of its members. Hereby, they terminated the membership of SIMP as being the Parent of PT Lonsum with immediate effect.

The issue of rights violation isn't new in labor fields. The emergence of manpower law and organization as well as institutions that regulate the rights and obligations of workers is an exact form of government guaranteeing protection for Indonesian workers in order to avoid any kind of oppression from certain parties. Labor rights violation in palm plantation is one of the violations that are often highlighted by the mainstream media.

Indonesia, which is one of the largest importing countries of palm oil, obviously opens up many jobs for laborers. However, unfortunately, there are so many violations that go undetected.

Labor rights violations are often undermined and underestimated, since the majority of workers do not have a voice, where most are small people who are oppressed because of their economic conditions, even though they are the foundation and driving force for the running of an organization, agency, and company.

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"INTERNATIONAL LEGAL OVERVIEW ON JAPANESE WHALE HUNTING ACTIVITIES"

BY DAFFAREL ABDILLAH , THARIQ RAFIF WARDHANA, AND TARISSA ZAHRA HIDAYATI

Whale hunting has been a human activity for thousands of years.

Whale hunting or whaling, is the hunting of whales for food and oil.

Whaling was once conducted around the world by seafaring nations in pursuit of the giant animals that seemed as limitless as the oceans in which they swam. However, since the mid-20th century, when whale populations began to drop catastrophically, whaling has been conducted on a very limited scale. It is now the subject of great scrutiny, both by formal regulatory bodies and by nongovernmental organizations. Norway was one of the first nations to hunt whales, dating back over 4000 years. The Japanese started hunting whales with a hand harpoon centuries later, in the 12th century. Whales became a marine commodity used by Japanese citizens shortly after that. Japanese people use anything from meat to bones to fat layers to oil. To date, a total of 38,539 large whales have been confirmed to have been killed by several nations in 1986, including Japan, Norway, and Iceland.

This is a concern since, because whales have a slow reproductive cycle, large-scale hunting will result in extinction. Whales, in particular, play an important role in reducing carbon emissions and are an important part of marine ecosystems. A great whale will accumulate an average of 33 tons of carbon over its lifespan before its carcasses fall to the ocean floor. This is far more than a tree, which can only consume up to 48 pounds of CO2 per year. Furthermore, whale dung is a phytoplankton food source that consumes 4x the total carbon consumed by the Amazon forest each year and provides 85 percent of the oxygen we breathe. Therefore, whale conservation in the form of halting hunting is critical, as whales play an important role in environmental protection.

However, after Japan signed a moratorium on stopping hunting in 1986, Japan has once again allowed whaling for commercial purposes.

In fact, after signing the moratorium, Japan had never stopped hunting whales. For years, they hunt the whales up to the Antarctic under the guise of scientific research. In 2013, Australia took Japan to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to question the legality of its Antarctic whaling program, and in 2014, the ICJ found that the whaling was "not for the purposes of scientific research" and ordered Japan to end its Antarctic whaling program immediately. Japan fulfilled the order but reintroduced the program in 2015 with slightly different research objectives. Nevertheless, the program was specifically designed to achieve a commercial goal, and in 2017, Japanese lawmakers and Fisheries Agency officials publicly admitted that scientific whaling is Japan's way of ensuring a return to commercial whaling in the future. The International Whaling Commission

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Commission (IWC) rejected Japan's request to resume commercial whaling in 2018, and Japan declared its intention to leave the IWC in December of that year. Japan formally left the IWC on June 30, 2019, and commercial whaling resumed the next day.

Japanese Government argues that whale hunting is a part of their national identity and a culture that has lasted for a long time.

They also stated their whale hunting activities are sustainable and won't be a threat to the whales population, even though they have yet to prove it. This runs counter to the United Nations Convention Law of The Sea (UNCLOS), which Japan has ratified and states that countries that have ratified must conserve marine mammals and adhere to IWC guidelines. Furthermore, of the 383 whale hunting quotas released by Japan, one out of three hunted species, the Sei Whale, is an endangered whale. This whaling cannot be justified unless there is a pressing need for it.

In accordance with international law, legal protection for all whale species has been sought since 1948, when the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was established, an organization whose objective is to conserve whale numbers and organize a safe whale hunting industry. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) was established in 1946 as a follow-up to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), which was drafted by 15 governments in 1946. Several whale species had been overexploited to the point of extinction at the time, and the international community saw it as imperative to save them from extinction The IWC's policy to conserve whales for the first 20 years did not prevent industrial whaling. For the first 20 years, IWC focuses on the whaling industry business aspect, then the whale population keeps depleting. As a result, a meeting was called in 1982 to explore a moratorium on commercial whaling. In the end, 25 countries voted in favor of banning commercial whaling, while 7 nations voted against it and 5 nations abstained. Therefore, whaling for commercial purposes was outlawed in 1986.

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The existence of this moratorium prevents whale hunting from being commercialized, even though it is not absolute. Indigenous interests (Indigenous Whaling) and scientific interests (Scientific Whaling / Special Permit Whaling) are exempt from the whaling ban. The legality of whaling for scientific purposes is stated in Article VIII (1) of the ICRW which states: “Notwithstanding anything contained in this convention any Contracting Government may grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take, and treat whales or purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to the number and to such other conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales in accordance with the provisions of this article shall be exempt from the operation of this convention."

Apart from the moratorium on commercial whale killing, UNCLOS also contains provisions for whale protection under international legal instruments. UNCLOS authorizes fishing in international waters, which is consistent with the idea of res communis. However, UNCLOS also establishes restrictions for marine mammals, as indicated in Articles 65 and 120, which states: “Notwithstanding anything contained in this convention any Contracting Government may grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take, and treat whales or purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to the number and to such other conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales in accordance with the provisions of this article shall be exempt from the operation of this convention."

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Apart from the moratorium on commercial whale killing, UNCLOS also contains provisions for whale protection under international legal instruments. UNCLOS authorizes fishing in international waters, which is consistent with the idea of res communis. However, UNCLOS also establishes restrictions for marine mammals, as indicated in Articles 65 and 120, which states: (Art. 65) “Nothing in this Part restricts the right of a coastal State or the competence of an international organization, as appropriate, to prohibit, limit, or regulate the exploitation of marine mammals more strictly than provided for in this Part. States shall cooperate with a view to the conservation of marine mammals and in the case of cetaceans shall in particular work through the appropriate international organizations for their conservation, management, and study."

(Art. 120) “Article 65 also applies to the conservation and management of marine mammals in the high seas.”

In short, Article 65, which is part of the Chapter on the Exclusive Economic Zone, specifies that governments shall collaborate to conserve marine mammals, particularly cetaceans, through international organizations. The rules of Article 65 also apply on the high seas, according to Article 120. As a result of this agreement, whales belonging to the cetacean order are implicitly protected.

In short, Article 65, which is part of the Chapter on the Exclusive Economic Zone, specifies that governments shall collaborate to conserve marine mammals, particularly cetaceans, through international organizations. The rules of Article 65 also apply on the high seas, according to Article 120. As a result of this agreement, whales belonging to the cetacean order are implicitly protected. most of the whales in Appendix 1 such as Minke Whale, Sei Whale, and Sperm Whale, Humpback Whale, etc. indicating that the species must be preserved and not hunted. Furthermore, Japan accepted the pact, putting them under obligation to protect the whale species listed in Appendix 1.

Nevertheless, despite all of the protections in place to preserve whales, Japan’s decision to keep slaughtering whales raises attention in the global community. As previously said, Japan did it for the purpose of scientific research. Whaling for scientific purposes is permitted under IWRC regulations. The regulation, as stated in Article VIII, states that: "Notwithstanding anything contained in this convention any Contracting Government may grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take, and treat whales or purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to the number and to such other conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales in accordance with the provisions of this article shall be exempt from the operation of this convention."

There is no further explanation of the meaning of "scientific research" in the article, leaving the interpretation of the term open to interpretation. In terms of scientific research, the international world has frequently condemned Japanese whale hunting for this purpose. The Japanese Whale Study Program Under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA), for example, sells whale meat after it has been utilized for research. JARPA is carried out twice, namely JARPA I and JARPA II.

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There is no further explanation of the meaning of "scientific research" in the article, leaving the interpretation of the term open to interpretation. In terms of scientific research, the international world has frequently condemned Japanese whale hunting for this purpose. The Japanese Whale Study Program Under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA), for example, sells whale meat after it has been utilized for research. JARPA is carried out twice, namely JARPA I and JARPA II. During the process, this study was criticized for using lethal methods that harm marine ecosystems and reduce whale populations to the point where they can be labeled as endangered. IWC recommends that the JARPA II program be halted until the research results from JARPA I have been reviewed. Japan, on the other hand, disregarded the warning and proceeded to hunt whales for "scientific research". Australia and New Zealand then sued because they believed Japan had broken its international commitments under the ICRW's provisions.

Whale hunting that violates international law on the basis of "scientific research" exposes Japan as a hypocrite because it consistently violates the ratified international law rules. The long history of Japan's relationship with the Pope, which incorporates the country's culture, is the explanation. Whale hunting is done to fill nutritional demands and to follow the Japanese people's beliefs. Because Buddhism, the majority religion at the time, prohibited its followers from consuming land animals so that Japanese people turned to marine animals to supplement their nutrition. This tradition persisted for hundreds of years until the 19th century, specifically during World War 2, when whale numbers were extremely popular among Japanese people. From the late 1940s to the mid-1960s whale was the single biggest source of meat in Japan.

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It answers why Japan is now back hunting whales. The country has been whaling for hundreds of years and the government insists eating whales is an important part of Japan's food culture.

Taiji, a western town in the Higashimuro District, was a famous town known for whaling but gained notoriety for also hunting dolphins. The town still has a whaling ship that is taking part in today's hunt. Since whale hunting has been a culture in Japan, especially in the Taiji region, it is hard for Japan to comply with the whale hunting moratorium without sustainable quotas.

Responding to the matter in 2018 Japan tried to convince the IWC to allow the whale hunt under sustainable quotas, but it failed. With the rejection of the Japanese request, Japan left the IWC in July 2019.

Seeing this incident, The IWC has failed to provide a middle ground that would have made it easier for both parties. Japan has agreed to comply with the moratorium but asked for relief in the form of licensing for whaling but under the quota limitation seeing Japan has a custom culture regarding whaling, and the request was rejected without consideration causing Japan to leave the IWC. In case if IWC provides a special license for Japan whaling under sustainable quota, it will not harm both parties as well as other parties, considering whale hunting in Japan's request is given a quota limitation.

Concerning the legality of Japan's whaling action, Since Japan has left the IWC, Japan has no obligation to comply with the following rule and it does bring into question whether or not Japan would be consistent with the convention.

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"By leaving the IWC, this means Japan will no longer hunt whales in the Antarctic, as it did under its earlier research program. Even though Japan has withdrawn from the International Whaling Commission (IWC), the legal opinion commissioned by the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) and the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) outlines how the country still has a raft of obligations under international law. Darren Kindleysides, chief executive of AMCS, said: "Japan has run away from the International Whaling Commission but its whaling can't escape the reach of international law". Also, Since Japan's whaling takes place in international waters, the CITES (the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species) Standing Committee ruled that Japan had violated trade restrictions for this endangered species.

Japan has until Feb. 1st, 2019, to fix their violation and report back to CITES. Reports in Japanese media claim Japan's government will make changes to their whaling plans to comply with the CITES decision, likely reducing or eliminating hunts for sei whales while continuing the slaughter of other whales.

The scientific excuse Japan uses for whale hunting also has not been proved yet. Which implies that Japan has violated Article 65 and Article 120 stated in UNCLOS. Japan has faced a variety of problems, including the country's cultural requirements of whale hunting, international law, and conventions that prohibit whale hunting, as well as a dramatized global point of view of whale hunting. For now, Japan is still violating several regulations that have been set by the global community regarding whale hunting and there is still an obligation Japan needs to fulfill for Japanese society culture that must be addressed. Japan has to resolve its duty without violating the laws quickly, considering the whale population will become extinct over time.

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Indeed, whaling in Japan is a culture and a national identity.

And according to the ICRW indigenous interests (Indigenous Whaling) and scientific interests (Scientific Whaling / Special Permit Whaling) are both excluded from the whaling moratorium. Japan, on the other hand, could not use this as an excuse to continue whaling. Although whaling has developed a culture over thousands of years, it is actually done for commercial purposes.

In conclusion, Japan ideally should stop hunting whales. If Japan insists on whaling, they should implement very tight whaling quotas. since there is no longer a pressing need for whale meat, and demand has fallen drastically. Aside from that, Japan has also joined the CITES agreement regarding whale species that must be protected and not hunted in Appendix 1. So Japan should have committed to protecting the whale species mentioned in Appendix 1. However, in fact Japan has violated the agreements. The issue of commercial whaling in Japan has even been addressed before the International Court of Justice. On the basis of scientific research, they also lied about whaling. Until it was uncovered that Japan was still commercially hunting whales. Of course, this is unjustifiable.

Furthermore, despite the fact that Japan has quit the IWC, it should have been allowed to ignore the IWC's rules. However, some sources claim that Japan still has obligations of international law. Also, because Japan's whaling occurs in international waters, the CITES Standing Committee ruled that Japan had broken trade limits for this endangered species.

Given that the whale population would go extinct over time, Japan must rapidly address its responsibilities without violating the law.

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"DIGITAL ECONOMY: CRYPTOCURRENCY DOMINATES THE STOCK MARKET AND REGULATIONS BEHIND IT"

BY: CARTIER ICHSANITALLIA LEMBAYUNG, GRANDSON TAMARO SIMANJUNTAK, AND SAMUEL HILMAN JUNINHO TAMBUNAN

On May 4th 2021, one bitcoin was valued at $56,000. Bitcoin is the world’s first decentralized cryptocurrency (no central authority and no third party in transactions) created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. This is what makes it so popular and recognized as a de facto cryptocurrency for mainstream investors. The advantage of bitcoin over other financial instruments is that it is not tied to a tangible asset and is considered a deflationary currency which means the more people want and buy it, the higher its value will be.

Nevertheless, the manifestation of polemics regarding the circulation and the use of bitcoins among the world’s community is inevitable. Many investors invest their capital there but on the other hand, there are some government officials who are kind of less supportive about the existence of these cryptocurrencies, more specifically, bitcoin. Gita Gopinath, an economic counsellor at the International Monetary Fund said, “Bitcoin is an example of a cryptocurrency that doesn’t serve the role of money at all. It’s a very speculative investment class. In terms of substituting for what money is, I don’t think it comes close.” (April 21st 2021) price on quote date $54,996.31. The argument given is strengthened by the decline of bitcoin’s rate on June 14th, 2021 to $38,928.44.

Based on fact, the presence of cryptocurrency triggers the formation of a fundamentally new system of economic relations where the exchange of assets takes place without involving centralized financial institutions or other intermediaries. The security and reliability of transactions between counterparties is provided by a distributed ledger system that controls and reliably records committed transactions with the help of cryptographic functions also known as a blockchain.

Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon in public life challenges the state with difficult tasks arising from the need for legal regulation of newly emerged and intensively developing social relations – providing the balance of interests of various stakeholders, strategic planning is oriented toward building a digital economy, which is impossible without this blockchain.

Blockchains are digital sequences of numbers coded into computer software that permit the secure exchange, recording, and broadcasting of transactions between individual users operating anywhere in the world with Internet access. Like any technological changes, the development of blockchains drew on and combined several existing technologies. Blockchains are intended to be maintained by all users in

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manners meant to be immutable, unless users arrive at a clear consensus to undertake changes.

One of several things that use blockchain as the technology is cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency or cryptographic money is a virtual type of cash that is used as alternative money, where the currencies are generated and traded by cryptographic process.

Most of these cryptocurrencies are decentralized in computerbased networks and based on peer-to-peer technology and opensource cryptography that does not depend on central authorities such as central banks or other administrative institutions. In our legal system, the definition of cryptocurrencies could be found in the explanation of Article 34 letter A, that is “What is meant by “virtual currency” is digital money issued by a party other than the monetary authority obtained by mining, purchasing, or transferring gifts, including Bitcoin, BlackCoin, Dash, Dogecoin, Litecoin, Namecoin, Nxt, Peercoin, Primecoin, Ripple, and Ven. Not included in the definition of virtual currency is money electronic.”

Looking back at history, the first, not perfect, cryptocurrency was created by Berkeley Programmer David Chaum called ecash using a Blind Signature technology, which is the purpose of it to be an untraceable payment system that separates people from the transactions they made in 1983. Next in 1997, someone called Adam Beck introduced the first proof-of-work algorithm, the algorithm would be an important source for controlling the circulation of cryptocurrencies. In the same year, another member of cyberpunks and a researcher at Microsoft company named Wei Dei released a cryptocurrency called B-money that implements the concept of decentralization. Seven years later, Hal Finney, a computer scientist and another member of cyberpunks developed proof-of-work protocol by Adam Beck into Reusable Proof of Work (RPOW). RPOW would allow the user to transfer a digital token then delete and make a new token. The process of it would be known as the first digital cash system proof-of-work. In the same year, 2014, released another failed cryptocurrency named Bit Gold, that was created by another computer scientist and cryptographer called Nick Szabo. Bit Gold is a protocol consisting of a combination of the decentralized concepts of Wei Dei and RPOW. Then in 2009, the first perfect cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, was launched. The launch was made after a paper entitled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, written under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, was released. And now, per Jan 2021, the calculation of the number of cryptocurrencies is more than 4,000.

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Regulations 1. BI Regulation Number 19/12/PBI/2017 This regulation explains that fintech are prohibited to conduct payment system activities using virtual currency.

1. Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market for Crypto Assets on the Futures Exchange.

This regulation explains that Indonesia considers cryptocurrency as crypto assets and classifies it as a commodity that can be used as the subject of futures contracts.

Cryptocurrencies can be a means of payment for goods and services, and, for example, US law specifically stipulates that it can be a unit of payment through which wages are paid. In some countries, cryptocurrency has become a recognized and accepted unit of settlement by various subjects in the market.

The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) believes that transactions involving the exchange of cryptocurrencies for fiat money should be regulated in the same way as operations involving the exchange of fiat money only.

Contrary to the US, China explicitly banned exchange or financing activities between banknotes and “coin substitution” in 2017. This can be seen from the announcement of the People's Bank of China (“PBoC”) and five other ministries, that financing uses cryptocurrencies, such as ICOs. , "essentially an unauthorized public financing of illegal, and suspected involvement in the sale of illegal coins, illegal issuance of securities, illegal fundraising, financial fraud, pyramid sales, and other illegal and criminal activities in September 2017."

From these particular datas, it can be concluded that cryptocurrencies are still not allowed and legal in several countries. This creates an issue while transacting with any parties from such countries.

A series of Indonesian policies towards cryptocurrencies to date seem skeptical. First, BI Regulation Number 19/12/PBI/2017 which prohibits fintech from processing payment transactions using virtual currencies, hit hard the entire virtual currency ecosystem in Indonesia. Following this ban, Indonesian Bitcoin payment platforms, including Toko Bitcoin and Bitpay, closed voluntarily in October 2017, and other extant virtual currency exchanges such as ArtaBit, Luno and Indodax are gripped by desperate concerns over the government making aggressive steps to remove the entire virtual currency industry in Indonesia.

Second, when the Bitcoin market price peaked from December 2017 to January 2018, Government concerns also hit new highs.

Bank Indonesia, the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, and the Center for Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis (PPATK) all issued press releases warning the public against the use or investment of virtual currencies. At the same time, the Financial Supervisory Service Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia simultaneously officially appealed to the public not to own, acquire or trade cryptocurrencies following a pre-launch event for cryptocurrency-based investment products by Aladin Capital, a global financial group based in the United States.

United States and Switzerland.

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Third, as the price of Bitcoin has weakened significantly since then, there was no explicit attempt by the Government to adopt regulations governing activities with virtual currencies as part of the fintech industry, until the Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (CoFTRA), under the Ministry of Commerce, announced that they have approved a decree allowing trading of cryptocurrencies as commodities on futures exchanges. The decree resulted as Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market for Crypto Assets on the Futures Exchange. It shows that Indonesia considers cryptocurrency as crypto assets and classifies it as a commodity that can be used as the subject of futures contracts.

In addition to these regulations, Indonesia has now established a new regulation that explains that there are 229 types of crypto that can be traded on the physical market for crypto assets.

Even though there is a regulation that made cryptocurrency seems legal, its reach among various parties in the market (e.g., investors, owners, sellers, buyers, developers, stock exchange business holders, secured creditors, various parties to the offer), prime public, or interest holders) remain very limited. The failure of the judiciary or academics to explore theoretical developments in the field only exacerbates the situation.

In other words, at this point in its development, Indonesia does not accommodate the basic principles of global policy but is simply sticking to piecemeal regulations while avoiding the hard work of successfully creating a clear regulatory approach to this challenging subject. While the Government's skepticism about the health of the cryptocurrency market is completely understandable, how to protect the various parties in the existing market is a distinct issue that requires urgent attention from policymakers, legal practitioners, judiciaries and academic researchers.

Cryptocurrencies have seen their biggest boom since late 2017 that has attracted a lot of eyeballs. Investors are eyeing the top cryptocurrencies to add a mix to their portfolios. Bitcoin, an exemplar cryptocurrency, recently hit a record high of $63,000 before seeing high sales. Nevertheless, the manifestation of polemics regarding the circulation and the use of bitcoins among the world’s community is inevitable.

In our legal system, the definition of cryptocurrencies could be found at the explanation of Article 34 letter A, that is “What is meant by “virtual currency” is digital money issued by a party other than the monetary authority obtained by mining, purchasing, or transferring gifts, including Bitcoin, BlackCoin, Dash, Dogecoin, Litecoin, Namecoin, Nxt, Peercoin, Primecoin , Ripple, and Ven. Not included in the definition of virtual currency is money electronic.”.

The use of cryptocurrencies differs in many countries, depending on their own constitutions. There are certain countries that allow the use of cryptocurrencies. However, there are some countries that still do not allow the use of cryptocurrencies.

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US law specifically stipulates that it can be a unit of payment through which wages are paid. The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) believes that transactions involving the exchange of cryptocurrencies for fiat money should be regulated in the same way as operations involving the exchange of fiat money only.

Contrary to the US, China explicitly banned exchange or financing activities between banknotes and “coin substitution” in 2017. This can be seen from the announcement of the People's Bank of China (“PBoC”) and five other ministries, that financing uses cryptocurrencies.

A series of Indonesian policies towards cryptocurrencies to date seem skeptical. First, BI Regulation Number 19/12/PBI/2017 which prohibits fintech from processing payment transactions using virtual currencies, hit hard the entire virtual currency ecosystem in Indonesia. Second, the Financial Supervisory Service Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia simultaneously officially appealed to the public not to own, acquire or trade cryptocurrencies. Third, as the price of Bitcoin has weakened significantly since then, there was no explicit attempt by the Government to adopt regulations governing activities with virtual currencies as part of the fintech industry. The decree resulted as Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2019, It shows that Indonesia considers cryptocurrency as crypto assets and classifies it as a commodity that can be used as the subject of futures contracts, Indonesia has now established a new regulation that explains that there are 229 types of crypto that can be traded on the physical market for crypto assets. In other words, at this point in its development, Indonesia does not accommodate the basic principles of global policy but is simply sticking to piecemeal regulations while avoiding the hard work of successfully creating a clear regulatory approach to this challenging subject.

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"ISSUE ARISES: ON TURKEY’S WITHDRAWAL FROM ISTANBUL CONVENTION"

BY MIKHAEL BERNAND HARIANJA, RAISSA ZANDRA SARASWATI, AND ZAHRA AUDREY PADALAS

Through the Presidential Decree issued on March 20th, Turkey’s government declared their withdrawal from the Council of Europe Convention that aims to prevent and protect women’s rights against violence. The withdrawal’s decision promptly received many protests from both women’s groups and many harsh social media critics. They argue that the withdrawal can cause a major impact on women’s rights protection for the incoming regulations.

There are many reasons covered due to the withdrawal. One of the most significant reasons is the pressure from the religious conservatives and various Muslim orders after viewing the Convention as an affront to national’s fundamental principle on the basis that it destroys Turkish tradition family values and promotes homosexuality.

In the principle of international law, an international convention or treaty is an agreement between different countries that becomes legally binding to a particular State when that State ratifies it. Signing does not make a convention binding, but it indicates support for the convention's principles and the country's intention to ratify it. In this case, however, the Istanbul Convention was ratified by Turkey in 2012, followed by another 11 European nations. The main purpose of the convention itself to provide a unique legal instrument for protecting women against violence with coverage not only domestic, but other forms of violence against women, including psychological and physical abuse, sexual harassment, rape, crimes committed in the name of so-called "honor," stalking, and forced marriage.

According to the fact, the existence of the Istanbul Convention bears a considerable impact on Turkey’s legislative drafting. One of the legal products created in accordance with the Istanbul Convention was Law No 6284 to Protect Family and Prevent Violence Against Women. The Istanbul Convention indeed has a strong impact on the creation of regulations that protect women’s rights by providing bases to examine.

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Here are a few regulations concerning the issue that would be discussed in this paper; 1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 2. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 3. the Council of Europe's Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) 4. Turkey's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2017 (Art. 2) Pursuant to the principles contained in UDHR, it generally implies that girls and women and boys and men have the same right. Although the UDHR is not legally binding among nations, as its title suggests, universal – meaning it applies to all people in all countries around the world. The protection of the rights and freedoms set out in the Declaration has been incorporated into many national constitutions and domestic legal frameworks.

However, the rights of women, including the principles of equality generally imposed by UDHR, are specifically enumerated and defined through the CEDAW and Istanbul Convention. Although Turkey might has officially exited from the Istanbul Convention, it, however, has ratified The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women back in 1985. However, many groups view Turkey’s withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention as a form of lacking dedication by the government to protect women's rights and equality principle any further.

Justice and Development Party (AKP) acknowledged that the withdrawal was conducted after several pressures and intense lobbying by the religious conservatives and Islamic Fundamentalists. However, this condition, in some way, did not align with Article 2 Constitution of Turkey. According to Article 2 it describes Turkey as a nation that embraces secularism as one of its principles.

As defined by Cambridge Dictionary, Secularism is a belief that should not involve the ordinary social and political activities of a country. In this regard, the government of Turkey has conducted inclusiveness in operating on behalf of a certain group, instead of upholding secularism as one of the Principles that generally aim to serve people as a whole without considering their political ideology, economic interest or religion.

Even though the existence of foreseeable direct effects due to Its exit, similar to any bold contradiction toward Turkey’s constitutional law are absent. Many predict this withdrawal will cause women’s rights to be deprived and gender equality will not be guaranteed under future lawmaking. Moreover, the fact that Turkey has already rank poorly in the gender equality Index, the decision to withdraw from the Istanbul Convention is surely considered imprecise.

Turkey likewise ranks poorly on the gender equality index. This inequality is fueled by the high rate of femicides and domestic abuse in Turkey. According to the 2021 World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Index, Turkey is ranked 133rd out of 156 countries, making the country lag from other European countries. Many fear that by withdrawing from the Istanbul Convention, women's rights will further deteriorate, considering that the aim of the convention itself is to provide protection to violence against women and domestic violence.

Moreover, the concern might emerge from the reason behind Turkey’s withdrawal. Although it has not been confirmed, some

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"NIGERIAN DIPLOMAT INCIDENT : A REVIEW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW"

BY KEISHA ANNISA PUTRI, EMYR ZAKI SATYARESWARA, AND MUHAMAD HARLI UNANDA

We tend to see the ideal condition of freedom, and world peace around the globe as the perception of a world without violence, in which nations attempt to cooperate with one another. Equal human rights, technology, free education for all, engineering, the availability of medication, diplomacy, or an end to all types of conflict might all contribute to world peace. Indonesia’s Foreign Ministry apologized for the immigration officers maltreating a Nigerian diplomat they suspect was staying illegally.

Abdurrahman İbrahim, a Nigerian consular officer, primarily based in Jakarta, was captured on a well-known video showing three immigration officials pinning the diplomat inside a car. In line with Indonesian authorities, the Nigerian embassy official did not show his identity files during a periodic checking in South Jakarta. The diplomat turned into uncooperative or even rebuked the immigration officers. Ibnu Chuldun, the top of the Jakarta branch of the Ministry of law and Human Rights, stated and delivered that Mr. Ibrahim was held down in the automobile after he attacked immigration officials utilizing shouting, biting, elbowing, and trying to break vehicle windows due to the fact they did not inform him wherein he might be taken to. Mr. Chuldun stated one of the immigration officers was injured in his lips, forcing them to restrain the diplomat to prevent more assaults.

Later, he produced his identification documents.

The unwarranted attack on a Nigerian diplomat in Indonesia is reprehensible. The unprovoked and condemnable attack on the Nigerian has similarly underlined the need for Nigeria authorities to make sure that its citizens abroad are accorded the deserved admiration in their international host locations. In the strongest terms, the Nigerian government condemns what is in effect an egregious act of international delinquency by Indonesian state actors against an accredited representative of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, with absolutely no justification and against international law,” it said in a statement.

International netizens have said the assault on Ibrahim is reminiscent of George Floyd’s treatment in the United States by racist white policemen, which led to the death of the black American. It is said that the Nigerian diplomat was treated as if he was a criminal. Many Americans have supported the Nigerian diplomat and other well-meaning global citizens condemn in strong terms the barbaric action of the Indonesian officials.

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The assault on the Nigerian diplomat is against international law and the 1961 Vienna Conventions governing Diplomatic and Consular Relations between States. Article 29 of the Convention specifically states: “The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable.” Also, Article 29 states that the person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on his person, freedom, or dignity. Therefore, Article 29 accommodates the individual wellbeing of a representative. On account of Respublica v De Longchamps, it was expressed that "the individual of a public minister is sacrosanct and untouched.

Whoever offers any brutality as far as he might be concerned, not only affronts the Sovereign he addresses, yet additionally harms the normal security and prosperity between the countries. He is at real fault for the wrongdoing against the entire world". Global law takes a genuine perspective on any infringement of the individual insusceptibility delighted in by emissaries. Many states have outlined laws which seriously rebuff people acting infringing upon this standard of assurance. The unfamiliar state to which a conciliatory agent is licensed has an obligation to find quick ways to arraign the offender.

The Vienna Convention on the Law of treaties is a worldwide attention directing arrangements between states. Known as the "treaties on treaties”, it sets up comprehensive rules, methods, and rules for how settlements are characterized, drafted, corrected, translated. The present Convention applies to treaties between States. The provisions of paragraph 1 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms or to the meanings which may be given to them in the internal law of any State.

Nevertheless, some Indonesian citizens react horrendously towards this issue and blame the Nigerian diplomat instead for his unpleasant mannerism. However, citizens think that the immigration officers from South Jakarta Immigration Office were carrying out surveillance functions on foreigners. When they asked Mr Abdulrahman for identification, he refused to identify himself or tender his passport, the official said.

However, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations does not regulate penalties for the violence. The penalty to this matter

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is left entirely to the country concerned. For the equation, authors will review another case which is similar to the Nigerian diplomat incident. In 2015, US Ambassador Mark Lippert was slashed on the face and wrist by a man wielding a knife with a 10-inch blade and screaming that the rival Koreas should be unified. The attack on the United States Ambassador in South Korea was carried out by South Korean civil society by Kim Ki-Jong, a South Korean citizen who is a member of the Korean nationalist society. Kim attacked with a political motive, namely as a protest against joint military exercises that will be carried out by South Korea and the United States. Kim did not agree with the military drills because he thought South Korea could unite with North Korea, with military exercises damaging South-North Korea relations. Therefore, Kim attacked Lippert, who was then the American ambassador to South Korea, as an act of protest.

Protected individuals are entitled to respect for their person, honor, family rights, religious views and practices, and manners and traditions under all situations. They must be treated humanely at all times, and they must be safeguarded from any acts of violence or threats of violence, as well as insults and public curiosity. The legal systems differ substantially in terms of how penalties are administered, as well as in terms of societal and judicial understanding of the necessity of effective, proportionate, and dissuasive punishments in discrimination cases.

As a result, one form of penalty may be the most effective, proportional, and dissuasive in one country while being ineffective in another. Another factor that influences the appropriateness, proportionality, and efficacy of a tangible penalty is the victim's perspective.

Based on the internationally agreed provisions in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the attack on the United States Ambassador to South Korea, Mark Lippert by South Korean civilians has clearly failed to implement the provisions in article 29 of the 1961 Vienna Convention, namely every Diplomatic Representative the receiving state has the right to be treated with respect and the receiving state must prevent any attack on his body, freedom, or dignity, in other words, that diplomatic representatives must be protected from all kinds of things that threaten him, and South Korea is negligent to fulfill the prevention of attacks to the body, freedom, and dignity of diplomatic representatives. South Korea is responsible for restitution by paying for treatment to recover as before as well as by apologizing and taking the perpetrators of the attack with a prison sentence of 12 years.

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"USAGE OF THE GLOBAL CURRENCY: DEDOLARIZATION OR YUANIZATION?"

BY HANNA AULIA AZZAHRA, MUKHTAR FAZA DAULAY, AND SARAH KUSUMAWARDANI

In recent decades, China has become a major challenge to the United States. Rising through economic reforms in 1978, China slowly evolved as the second largest economic power in the world today. China has clearly demonstrated its economic power through the rapid growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) every year, the expansion of investment that is increasingly widespread, the main supplier of commodities in the world, to the progressive revaluation of the Renminbi Yuan. Referring to this, this power is a major threat that continues to pursue the world's main power, namely the United States.

As the country with the greatest power in the world, the United States through its attitudes and policies is very confident in fighting China. As in the issue of the trade war. The United States clearly challenges China's trade policies and mentions that China enforces unfair industrial policies and trade practices, such as dumping and nontariff barriers and discriminatory industrial subsidies that harm the United States. Moreover, this encourages the potential for a new form of war, namely a financial war as a result of China's internationalization of the country's Yuan value. Referring back to the form of war that occurred, it is worth worrying if China continues to implement an increasingly integrated market economy, it is not impossible that the position of financial dependence and global value chains can shift from the United States to China.

In accordance with the competition between the U.S and China in many aspects. This is more relevant with the knowledge that the relation among the two is very rocky.

And this is known from the competitive nature of the two countries.

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And the yuanization itself is in accordance with China’s strategy in pursuing their goal. To achieve this, China appears to be pursuing a three-pronged medium-term strategy: maintaining a non-hostile external environment in order to focus on domestic priorities; reducing reliance on America while increasing reliance on China by the rest of the world; and expanding the reach of Chinese influence abroad. at the end of September, the governor of Bank Indonesia and the Governor of the Central Bank of China (PBoC) agreed to cooperate in encouraging local currency statement in bilateral trade transactions and direct investment. This collaboration will certainly have broad implications for the economy, considering China is Indonesia’s main partner in trade and investment. With this event happening, it marks a milestone in history for making “Yuanization” more massive which comes with the objective to reduce the dominance of the very hard currency which is the US dollar. Which has been a scourge to the stability of the rupiah currency thus far. To be concrete, there are few factors by the record of evidence driving the stronger yuan, such as: a) Chinese assets offer much higher interest rates than US and European ones, that means China is attracting capital which will drive up its currency; b) the currency of dollar is getting weaker which caused by the increased of risk appetite; c) the world wide investor which supervise and manage the currency were certainly notice with the chinese authorities. By this record, it is conspicuously evident that the Chinese Yuan would replace the US Dollar.

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Nevertheless, it should be highlighted that China only stimulates the use of the yuan by means of bilateral agreements and by that, wastes the extraordinary potential of its institutions for the financing of infrastructure, which are mostly supported by emerging economies..

Moreover, there is exigency for China in terms leading to it becoming a major world currency. The Chinese yuan was aiming to advance the asia payments, especially for trading relations with Asian partners. The scope of a Chinese digital currency will be enhanced by the Chinese authorities’ supreme command of the economic and political system. Moreover, a digital currency will bring closer implementation of some longer-term strategic goals such the Belt and Road infrastructure initiative which Beijing officials years ago described as a means of establishing a renminbi zone in Asia and beyond which lead Beijing more happy to see the renminbi have an expanded role and notable battleground.

Furthermore, With the expansion and superiority of the yuan against the US dollar, it can indirectly modernize the Chinese financial market, both in its own national interests and in the interests of modernization in the international sphere.

A strategic approach that can avoid threats to both countries can be reviewed through the interdependence relationship and bargaining power of the two countries. The interdependence relationship between the United States and China can be seen from the dimensions of the interdependence of sensitivity and vulnerability. In the sensitivity dimension, the two countries have mutual dependence, both in the financial and economic fields. Through the previous description, it has been explained how China has power over the debts of the United States and its relation to the currencies and trade of the two countries.

However, this power is not solely owned by China, but the United States also has the authority to impose sanctions and penalties on China which can have repercussions for the Chinese economy. Furthermore, in the vulnerability dimension, the two countries have interdependencies that depend on the relative vulnerability costs. In this regard, in order to avoid clashes with each other, the two countries depend on each other to sustain the strength of the two countries and avoid clashes of conflict that can increase the cost of the country's vulnerability. In addition, the form of vulnerability interdependence is also reviewed through the ability of the two countries to avoid unilateral dependence by involving other powers such as the rise of China, which was so aware of the United States as the previous main power.

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Meanwhile, the interdependence of the United States and China is described in the phenomenon of asymmetric interdependence. This is because the choice of the two countries to depend on each other is caused by China's response in seeing the strength of the United States which is difficult to match. In this regard, as the country with the largest power in the world, the United States has a trepidation effect on China, and has the opposite implication, resulting in a power race between the two countries.

In order to maintain stability and avoid threats to the power race, the United States and China realize that their economic relations can silence the escalation of conflict which makes relations better, especially this can be reviewed through a bargaining process in the distribution of benefits and the possibility of cooperation for both. country. This argument is supported by the opinion of Keohane and Nye (1987) who describe that asymmetric interdependence can lead to the emergence of a bargaining process for both countries. This concept can not only have implications for the economies of the two countries, but can also be correlated with the effectiveness of the rational actions of the state in other forms of power.

To conclude, China is in a constant battle with the US for the progressive revaluation of the Renminbi Yuan. Having an infamous rocky relationship, there is a potential of a financial war happening as the US has felt threatened by China’s move in the revaluation of the Renminbi Yuan. The agreement between the governor of Bank Indonesia and the Governor of the Central Bank of China (PBoC) to cooperate in encouraging local currency statements in bilateral trade transactions and direct investment is one of the reasons why the Yuanization movement will be even more massive than before, reducing the importance of the Dollar value. This is especially challenging for both countries because of the dependency of their relationship’s nature, the choice of the two countries to depend on each other is caused by China's response in seeing the strength of the United States which is difficult to match, which results in a power race. In regards to answering the question in our title, the United States and China should realize that their economic relations can silence the escalation of conflict which makes relations better, especially this can be reviewed through a bargaining process in the distribution of benefits and the possibility of cooperation for both. And in conclusion, with the expansion and superiority of the yuan against the US dollar, it can indirectly modernize the Chinese financial market; both in its own national interests and in the interests of modernization in the international sphere.

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"THE BRITNEY SPEARS CONSERVATORSHIP CASE: ABUSE OF GUARDIANSHIP

BY JAMIE SPEARS"

BY AKBAR EMIRSYARIF MACHFUD, FARREL ADHYAKSA, AND ROSEMARY RINDIYANINGTYAS MAHANANI

Britney Jean Spears or known in public as Britney Spears, is an American pop singer, songwriter, and dancer. Britney is also known as the “ Princess of Pop”. Britney has sold over 100 million worldwide and it makes her become one of the bestselling music artists. In the past few years, the public has been shocked by the issue of conservatorship experienced by Britney Spears. The tagline #FreeBritney has been circulating on the internet and it is spread by many people, especially her fans, to support the freedom of Britney Spears in terms of conservatorship abuse by her father. Britney’s fans also began petitioning the government and rallying their support, since they are concerned about Britney’s condition.

In July 2007, Britney and Kevin Divorced. Then, Britney lost her physical custody of her two sons to Kevin. A few months later, as the reaction to the court’s verdict, Britney locked herself in a bathroom with her two sons and refused to relinquish custody of them to her ex-husband’s representatives. The next day, Britney's visitation rights were suspended and Kevin was given sole physical and legal custody of their children. In January 2008, Britney was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagen UCLA Medical Center after some concerns were raised about her habit lately. After stints in hospital and rehab, Spears’ father Jamie petitions a Los Angeles court to place his daughter under a temporary conservatorship. He is charged with making decisions about her career, as well as her estate and financial affairs. There are also a series of public incidents that raised the public’s concern about Britney's mental health. For example, shaving her head and hitting a photographer's car with an umbrella.

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

In legal terms, a conservatorship can be defined as a legal arrangement that gives a court-appointed individual, known as the conservator, the power to handle the financial and/or personal affairs of another adult who has been deemed incapacitated. The implementation of the conservatorship is applied when there is an individual who is unable to handle their financial affairs or daily life responsibilities which will be considered incapacitated by the court and/or judge, so the court will assign a conservator to make decisions on behalf of the person. related to what is meant by "incapacitated" it is defined as a person who by reason of his physical or mental condition is unable to take legal action so that assistance is needed by other individuals. In essence, There are two types of conservatorships which are mentioned as a Lanterman Petris Short (LPS) and Probate conservatorship. An LPS conservatorship is for mental health patients and is established by the mental health treatment facility in which the patient care will be placed. A probate conservatorship is for most other incapacitated or disabled individuals that cannot take care for themselves or manage their own finances. The conservators in these cases are typically family (connected by blood) members or close friends of the individual in need. In the record of evidence by the case of Britney, the family members of Britney have stances that the conservatorship was instituted by Spears’ family—in part out of real concerns about her mental health. The Spears’ family said that Britney needs a conservatorship to take care of all her finances while she works in the entertainment realm.

Hence, Jamie Spears, Britney’s father, was initially in charge of both parts of the conservatorship but stepped down as his daughter's personal conservator in 2019 for health reasons

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This protracted legal dispute received renewed attention in 2021 following the release of Framing Britney Spears — a documentary centered on the singer's guardianship conflict. Based on the facts and analysis of the existing case, the 39-year-old woman stated a statement to the judge that she had been drugged, forced to appear against her will, and prohibited from having children. She also said she was denied the right to have more children, and was prescribed the psychotic lithium drug without her consent. Britney said that she wants the conservatorship to end because the conservatorship brings more harm than good. In light of the suffering felt, Britney Spears brought the case to Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Brenda Penny. At that time, Britney and her father, James Spears, were summoned to a hearing in the Los Angeles High Court, which at that time had been decided by Judge Brenda Penny to suspend her father's rights as conservator considering that Britney's condition was improving and her father's actions were indicated to be financially exploiting or imposing excessive personal restrictions.

Moreover, According to an official filing from Britney's personal co-conservator, Jodi Montgomery, the pop star's medical team were also supports the removal of her father from the helm of her conservatorship affirming that britney's current condition it's worth leaving the conservatorship and does not need help which by this stances make the judge increasingly convinced to suspend his father.

ENGLISH CONTENT

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EDD PRESENTS

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

"MYANMAR COUP D’ETAT"

BY CARTIER ICHSANITALIIA LEMBAYUNG, RAIHAN KHALIQ ADIPRATAMA, AND AKBAR EMIRSYARIF MACHFUD

SUMMARY

GLOSSARY

The 2021 Myanmar Coup d’Etat began on the morning of 1 February 2021, occured in the aftermath of the general election on 8 November 2020, in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) party won by a landslide (396 out of 476 seats). Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of pro-democracy civilian, currently is under house arrest and has been charged with possessing illegally walkietalkies.

Myanmar has toggled between military and civilian leadership since 1948. Suu Kyi spent nearly 15 years in detention by the ruling Military Junta as a result of organizing rallies calling for democratic reform. Therefore the military and its official arm immediately claimed the election were fraudulent as to demand a rerun of the election. However, Suu Kyi’s leadership wasn’t all bad for the military, most notably she backed the Tatmadaw’s 2017 campaign that indicates of genocidal intent of Rohingya.

Military Junta (Junta militer) Meaning: A military group that rules a country after taking power by force.

Ex: the military junta killed roughly 30,000 people within one to two years.

Source: (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from Lexico Powered by OXFORD: https://www.lexico.com/definition /military_junta Genocide (Genosida) Meaning: The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.

Ex: If the UN accepts that genocide is occurring, it is legally obliged to take action to stop it.

Source: Rome Statute, Article 6 Coup d'Etat (Kudeta) Meaning: A sudden and decisive action in politics, especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force.

Ex: On April 2017, a right-wing coup d’état plot was foiled in Austria. As a result, the leader, Monika Unger, and her subordinates were arrested after they tried to organize an armyled coup.

Source: Augustyn, A. (n.d.). Retrieved February Encyclopaedia Bri-tannica: //www.britannica.com/topic/coup-detat

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

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2021,

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House Arrest (Tahanan Rumah) Meaning: An order of a criminal court, whether pre-trial or following sentencing after conviction of a crime, restricting a criminal defendant to his or her residence and a prohibition on leaving the residence except under certain conditions and at specified hours, if any.

Ex: House arrest is an alternative to standard incarceration at various stages of the criminal justice process.

Source: The Law Dictionary & Black's Law Dictionary, 2nd Edition. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from TheLaw.com: https: //dictionary.thelaw.com/house-arDetention (penahanan) Meaning: The act of keeping back or withholding, either accidentally or by design, a person or thing.

Ex: One of the effects of police detention is isolation from friends and family.

Source: (n.d.) Retrieved February 25, 2021, from The Law Dictionary: https: //thelawdictionary.org/detention/

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

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"SAMUEL PATY: THE GRUESOME BEHEADING OF A HISTORY TEACHER IN AN ATTACK NEAR PARIS"

BY: HANNA AULIA AZZAHRA, FRANSISCA WINDA PUSPITA, MUHAMMAD RAFIF PUTRA NANDA, AND DAFAREL ABDILLAH

SUMMARY

GLOSSARY

Samuel Paty, a 47 years old teacher, was decapitated in October 2020 by an 18-year-old refugee born in Moscow of Chechen origin named Abdullakh Anzorov. The perpetrator was shot dead by police shortly after committing malice against Paty. Mr. Paty had been accused of spreading religious hate speech since he showed the cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad during a class about freedom of speech, in relation to the Charlie Hebdo case. Before he showed the caricature during a class on free speech and blasphemy, Mr. Paty had warned Muslim students about the images in advance and advised them to look away or leave the room if they thought they might be offended.

Even so, the lesson sparked controversy with one parent at the school lobbying for Paty's dismissal and posted a video on Facebook calling for action against the teacher. In turn, Mr. Paty filed a complaint about defamation, and days after that parent published a second video on YouTube targeting Mr. Paty. An allegation for the killer was by paying for around €300 (£270; $355) to the two teenage students who had been charged for this murder attack to identify Mr. Paty outside the school. Anzorov told the two students he wanted to "hit" and "humiliate" Mr. Paty and "make him apologize for the cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad.

Dismissal (Penolakan) Meaning: The act of a plaintiff dismissing a lawsuit upon settling the case. Such a dismissal may be dismissal with prejudice, meaning it can never be filed again, or dismissal without prejudice, leaving open the possibility of bringing the suit again if the defendant does not follow through on the terms of the settlement.

Ex: The dismissal of charges by Adel comes less than a month after her office dropped a case against 15 protesters on Feb. 12. (Lauren Castle, The Arizona Republic, "Maricopa County attorney dismisses charges against 12 summer protesters," 10 Mar. 2021) Source: https://dictionary.law.com Defamation (Pencemaran nama baik) Meaning: The act of making untrue statements about another that damages his/her reputation.

Ex: The article was full of lies and defamations.

Source: https://dictionary.law.com Decapitate (Dipenggal) Meaning: The punishment of putting a person to death by taking off his head.

Ex: A particularly gruesome series of murders in which the victims were decapitated Source: https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Blasphemy (Pemfitnahan) Meaning: The act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence for God. Ex: She was condemned by the church for uttering blasphemy.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blasphemy Malice (Kebencian) Meaning: Desire to cause pain, injury, or distress to another.

Ex: An attack motivated by pure malice.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malice

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“Lil Nas X Devil Shoes: Trademark Dispute between Nike with MSCHF”

By: Keisha Annisa Putri, Athiya Rahima Hendrarto,Samuel Hilman Juninho Tambunan

SUMMARY

GLOSSARY

Montero Lamar Hill (also known as Lil Nas X) is a young 22year-old multi-talented American rapper, singer, songwriter, and internet personality. Recently, he collaborated with a company called MSCHF to make 666 pairs of the "Devil Shoes." MSCHF injected a drop of its employees into the soles of the 666 pairs of red and black Nike Airmax trainers. Several media outlets reported that the shoes sold out in less than a minute for $1,018 per pair.

Nike filed a lawsuit against MSCHF in April 2021 to the New York Court, alleging trademark infringement and dilution over the Satan Shoes. On behalf of its claims, Nike alleged that "since the announcement of the Satan Shoes, Nike has suffered significant harm to its bonafide, including consumers who believe that Nike is endorsing Satanism." Nike also mentioned online customer criticism calling to debar Nike or otherwise disparaging the brand, allegedly based on the erroneous assumption that Nike authorized the Satan Shoes. In defense, MSCHF claimed that they were "individually-numbered works of art" that "push the boundaries of today's culture through story-telling and performance art," and therefore relied on the First Amendment, stating that the freedom of expression protects the Satan Shoes. MSCHF also relied on the reasonably limited first-sale doctrine, which permits the resale of branded goods.

Nike's trademark and unfair competition indictment were ultimately successful and issued a temporary restraining order against MSCHF. MSCHF was outlawed from selling any more Satan Shoes, even though all but one of the 666 pairs had been sold.

Nike and MSCHF signed a settlement deal shortly after that. MSCHF decided to buy back any previously sold Satan Shoes for the original retail price, to repeal them from circulation since it had "already accomplished its creative intent," according to the agreement. MSCHF also agreed to buy back its previous Nike Air Max 97-based "Jesus Shoes," modified similarly.

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Restraining order Meaning: A written instruction made by a court that forbids (= does not allow) a particular action until a judge has made a decision about the matter.

Ex: The judge issued a restraining order because she kept harrasing the victim Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/restrainingorder Settlement Meaning: An act of bestowing or giving possession under legal sanction.

Ex: We were waiting for a settlement between both parties.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/settlement Trademark Infringement Meaning: An appropriation or imitation that is likely to deceive ordinary or unwary buyers into accepting the goods of one trader as those of another.

Ex: The owner of the trademark is going to pursue a legal action against trademark infringement.

Source: https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/trademark%20infringement Disparaging Meaning: Meant to belittle the value or importance of someone or something.

Ex: He likes to disparaging others.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disparaging

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Bonafide Meaning: Made in good faith (legal or real) Ex: Only bonafide members of the company are allowed to use the logo.

Although the album didn't get into Top 100 Billboard, she still a bonafide artist.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bona-fide Indictment Meaning: To charge with a crime by the finding or presentment of a jury (such as a grand jury) in due form of law.

Ex: The charges on the indictment include attempted murder.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indicted Erroneous Meaning: Based on false information, therefore wrong or false.

Ex: Parents sometimes make erroneous assumptions.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/erroneous Outlawed Meaning: To place under a ban or restriction.

Ex: Indonesia outlawed abortion.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outlaw Debar Meaning: To stop someone from doing something by law or official agreement.

Ex: He was debarred from the library for screaming.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/debar Repeal Meaning: The act of removing the legal force of a law.

Ex: The government repealed the law.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/repeal

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

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"JERUSALEM VIOLENCE: PALESTINIANS AND ISRAELI FORCES CLASH AT AL-AQSA MOSQUE"

BY ZULFIANDI PUTRANDA AKBAR, RAISSA ZANDRA SARASWATI, MUHAMMAD HARLI UNANDA

SUMMARY

GLOSSARY

On Monday, May 10th, 2021, Israeli police besieged the Al-Aqsa mosque, the third holiest site in Islam and also revered by Jews, wounding approximately 300 Palestinians. This incident was the pinnacle of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict at the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The clash came on a day Israel observes as Jerusalem Day and marked the fourth day of Palestinian-Israeli conflict clashes. In addition, this is the Israeli police's second attack on the Al-Aqsa mosque. The incident follows after days of skirmishes between Palestinians and Israeli police in the adjoining East Jerusalem neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah, with Jewish settlers threatening to evict Palestinian families from their houses. This incident was later exacerbated by the now-delayed Israeli court decision on whether the Israeli police may expel dozens of Palestinians from Sheikh Jarrah and transfer their properties to Jewish settlers.

The stand-off came at the end of a week of tensions over the eviction of Palestinian residents from two neighborhoods of East Jerusalem, Sheikh Jarrah, and Silwan, to make way for Jewish settlers. On Monday, the tensions came to a head again, hours before the annual May 10 Jerusalem Day processions by Jewish groups through the Old City of East Jerusalem to mark the day the territory was captured by Israeli forces during the 1967 ArabIsraeli war. Israel annexed the territory later and incorporated it into West Jerusalem, captured earlier, in the 1947 war. For the second time in four days, police fired rubber bullets inside the compound, while Palestinians sheltering inside threw stones and rocks. The United Nations Security Council convened an emergency meeting to discuss the unrest in Jerusalem, with world leaders urging a de-escalation of hostilities.

Besieged (Terkepung) Meaning: to surround with armed forces Ex: The army had besieged the castle.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/besiege Pinnacle (Puncak) Meaning: the highest point of development or achievement Ex: She had reached the pinnacle of her political career Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ Skirmishes (Pertempuran kecil) Meaning: a minor fight in war usually incidental to larger movements Ex: The young soldier was killed in a skirmish with government troops Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ Adjoining (Berdampingan) Meaning: adj. touching or bounding at a point or line Ex: The fire rapidly spread to adjoining buildings Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjoining Exacerbated (Diperparah) Meaning: v. to make more violent, bitter, or severe Ex: The attack exacerbated the already tense relations between the two communities.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/

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Expel (Mengeluarkan) Meaning: v. to force to leave (a place, an organization, etc.) by official action : take away rights or privileges of membership Ex: John was expelled from school for breaking school rules.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ Eviction (Pengusiran) Meaning: n. a generic word for the act of expelling (kicking out) someone from real property either by legal action (suit for unlawful detainer), a claim of superior (actual) title to the property, or actions which prevent the tenant from continuing in possession (constructive eviction).

Ex: After falling behind with his mortgage repayments, he now faces eviction from his home.

Source: https://dictionary.law.com/ Annexed (Terlampir) Meaning: v. to incorporate (a country or other territory) Ex: within the domain of a state Germany annexed Austria in 1938 Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ Unrest ( Kerusuhan) Meaning: n. a disturbed or uneasy state Ex: As the unrest continued, the death toll rose.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ De-escalation ( De-eskalasi) Meaning: v. to decrease in extent, volume, or scope Ex: The government has taken these measures in an attempt to deescalate the conflict.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/

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"A LITTLE BIRDIE GOLD ME: THE ENVIRONMENTAL DANGERS OF GOLD MINING IN THE SANGIHE ISLANDS"

BY DANIS NAYLA SAKINAH, TARISSA ZAHRA HIDAYAT, AND ABID AS SYAKIR

SUMMARY The Sangihe Islands Regency is a regency that consists of small islands located in the North Sulawesi province, Indonesia. In 1997, PT Tambang Mas Sangihe (TMS) obtained an environmental permit and a gold mining production business permit for 42,000 hectares of land covering the southern half of the Sangihe Islands. The Sangihe Islands has been brought to the spotlight lately because of the ongoing affair regarding the land acquisition that had been propounded to the Sangihe Islands’ government by the TMS. The profiteering of Sangihes’ island will not only imperil the ecosystem but also the loss of endemic animals such as the Seriwang sangihe bird whose habitat is being destroyed, pushed into extinction. Despite a clear reason on why introducing gold mining to the area is a bad idea, TMS manager, Bob Priyo Husodo claimed that though there has been a politicization of various protests against the company came from the settlers, while villagers and village apparatus are in support. PT TMS itself has been granted the liberty to operate a Mining Business License for Production Operations on only 65.48 hectares. The land is located in Binebas Village, South Tabukan District, and Bowone Village, South Central Tabukan District.

By obtaining production operation permit approval from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) earlier this year, means that TMS has the right to exploit gold and copper in six sub-districts which are divided into 80 villages for the next 33 years. Even though all the requirements have been procured, Save Sangihe Island, a mining repudiation movement consisting of 25 community organizations, continues to voice protests. On a small island like Sangihe, where the ecology, the land, and freshwater are all scarce, the conversion of half of the island into a mining site will result in the total obliteration of the island.

GLOSSARY Acquisition (Perolehan) Meaning: The act of gaining possession or control of something.

Ex: The company has just made another acquisition.

Source: Garner, Bryan A. 2000. Black’s Law Dictionary; Pocket Edition. West Publishing Co.: Dallas, Texas, United States of America.

Propound (Mengajukan) Meaning: To offer or propose. To form or put forward an item, plan, or idea for discussion and ultimate acceptance or rejection.

Ex: Several senators have propounded the motion to raise the tax.

Source: https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Propound Profiteering (Pencatutan) Meaning: The activity of taking unfair advantage of a situation to make a large profit, often by selling goods that are difficult to get at a very high price.

Ex: The Competition Commission is investigating supermarket prices and accusations of profiteering.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/profiteering Imperil (Membahayakan) Meaning: To put something or someone at risk or in danger of being harmed or destroyed.

Ex: Tax increases now might imperil economic recovery.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/imperil

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Politicization (Politisasi) Meaning: The action of causing an activity or event to become political in character.

Ex: Politicization of the officer corps dated back to the early years of the republic.

Source: https://www.lexico.com/definition/politicization Liberty (Kebebasan) Meaning: Freedom; exemption from extraneous control. The power of the will, in its moral freedom, to follow the dictates of its unrestricted choice, and to direct the external acts of the individual without restraint, coercion, or control from other persons.

Ex: The prisoner was given his liberty and allowed to leave the prison.

Scarce (Langka) Meaning: Not easy to find or get.

Source: https://thelawdictionary.org/liberty/

Ex: Food and clean water were becoming scarce after the war.

Procure (Mendapatkan) Meaning: To get possession of (something); to obtain (something) by particular care and effort.

Ex: Procure all or part of the goods from other sources, in which event UNDP may hold the Supplier responsible for any excess cost occasioned thereby.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/procure Repudiation (Penolakan) Meaning: The act of refusing to accept something or someone as true, good, or reasonable.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/scarce Obliteration (Kemusnahan) Meaning: The action of removing all signs of something, either by destroying it or by covering it so that it cannot be seen.

Ex: The nuclear attack resulted in the obliteration of hundreds of villages.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/obliteration

Ex: They were surprised by his sudden repudiation of all his former beliefs.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/repudiation

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"TOKYO OLYMPICS 2020: THE OLYMPICS NEW GUIDELINES REGARDING FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION FOR THE ATHLETES"

BY ZAHRA AUDREY PADALAS, CAHYO PURNOMOSATYO SETYOBUDHI, AND ROSEMARY RINDIYANINGTYAS MAHANANI

SUMMARY

GLOSSARY

On July 2nd 2021, The Olympics released the new guidelines change regarding the freedom of expression for the athletes. Rule 50 regarding advertising, demonstrations, and agitprop, has been modified by the IOC to allow free expression in interviews and meetings. For many years, Rule 50 banned critical athletes from making statements or performing demonstrations at events, and athletic bodies forced their athletes to conform which was also heeded by the athletes.

Under the new guidelines, athletes will be allowed to make certain gestures such as genuflecting and raising a fist, or wear certain clothing that epitomized their views on an issue before the events started.

However, athletes will be prohibited to perform any form of fulmination, especially the ones that potentially cause a turmoil on the field of play, on the podium during medal ceremony, in the vicinity of the Olympic athletes’ village complex or during the opening and closing ceremonies of the games.

Following a survey and consultation process, unanimously, the Athletes' Commission stated that the alteration of Rule 50 provides chances for athletes to express themselves. The IOC Athletes' Commission supports the alteration of Rule 50 with the volition that the focus at the Olympic Games should remain still on athletes' performances, sport, and international unity as the Olympic Movement's goal.

Agitprop (Agitasi dan Propaganda) Meaning: The use of art, films, music, etc. to spread political ideas.

Ex: Many documentaries come across as entertainment but this one is a political agitprop that is being used to deceive people.

Source: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/a gitprop?q=agitprop Heeded (Diperhatikan) Meaning: To give consideration or attention to.

Ex: Such calls have been heeded and indeed there has been a landslide.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heed Genuflecting (Berlutut) Meaning: To bend the knee Ex: They refrained from genuflecting to the laws of political economy.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/genuflect

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Epitomized (Melambangkan)

Alteration (Perubahan)

Meaning: To serve as the typical or ideal examole of.

Meaning: The result of changing or altering something: such as.

Ex: His career and succession is the epitomized of all his hard work.

Ex: The governor is being questioned by the public about the alteration he made in the regulation.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epitomized

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alteration

Fulmination (Protes)

Volition (Kemauan)

Meaning: Strong criticism or protest

Meaning: The power of choosing or determining.

Ex: There has been righteous fulmination from critics left and right against the measures.

Ex: She moved out of town away from her family just to life in her own volition.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/fulminatio n

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/volition

Turmoil (Kekacauan) Meaning: To bend the knee Ex: A state or condition of extreme confusion, agitation, or commotion.

Source: https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/turmoil#examples Vicinity (Daerah sekitar) Meaning: A surrounding area or district.

Ex: In the vicinity of the police station, the criminal rate is very low.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vicinity Unanimous (Sepakat) Meaning: Being of one mind.

Ex: College students in that university are unanimous in tuition reduction.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/unanimously

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"TALIBAN SWEEPS CONTROL OF AFGHANISTAN"

BY EMYR ZAKI SATYARESWARA, RAIHAN KHALIQ ADIPRATAMA, AND GRANDSON TAMARO SIMANJUNTAK

GLOSSARY

SUMMARY The embattled president joined his compatriots and foreigners in exile, signaling the end of a two-year, high-cost US reconstruction effort. Taliban fighters had heavy weapons interspersed across the capital, with some breaking inside the deserted Presidential Palace. Suhail Shaheen, a Taliban spokesman and negotiator, told the Associated Press that the insurgents would meet in the coming days to discuss forming a "open and inclusive Islamic government." Before the US-led army deposed the insurgents after they were expelled by US-led forces in the wake of 9/11, which al-Qaida orchestrated while the Taliban were sheltering it, a Taliban official revealed.

Afghans were disquiet that the Taliban would re-establish a violent government that would relinquish women of their rights.

As a result of adamant, many fled the nation and queued in front of ATMs to withdraw their life savings. The exceedingly impoverished who fled their rural homes for the protection of the capital are still strewn about the city's parks and open spaces.

Embattled (Diperangi) Meaning: Having a lot of problems or difficulties.

Ex: The two would collide again, eventually with President Lincoln firing Gen. McClellan, then with the embattled incumbent chief executive defeating Democratic presidential nominee McClellan for the White House.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/embattled Deserted (Ditinggalkan) Meaning: To withdraw from or leave.

Ex: The presidential office was deserted after they encountered threats for safety purposes.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/desert Expelled (Diusir) Meaning: To force to leave by official action : take away rights or privileges of membership.

Ex: In recent weeks, Central American migrants expelled under Title 42 have been flown by the U.S. into Mexico’s south, sparking concerns by U.N. agencies about vulnerable migrants who they say need humanitarian protection.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/expel Relinquish (Melepaskan) Meaning: To give up something such as a responsibility or claim.

Ex: The judge made it clear that won’t accomplish compliance with the consent decree and its 100 paragraphs of reforms, and that he won’t relinquish the case until compliance is reached.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/relinquish

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Adamant (Bersikeras) Meaning: Unshakable or insistent especially in maintaining a position or opinion.

Ex: The prime minister is adamant that he will not resign even after all the riots that have happened.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adamant Disquiet (Kegelisahan) Meaning: To take away the peace or tranquility by being worried.

Ex: There is a increasing public disquiet about the number of violent crimes in the city.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disquiet Exile (Mengasingkan) Meaning: The condition of someone being sent or kept away from their own country, village, etc., especially for political reasons.

Ex: The singers have been in exile since mass demonstrations against President Daniel Ortega’s regime in 2018 were brutally repressed.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/exile Interspersed (Diselingi) Meaning: Having something in several places among something else.

Ex: In Duterte’s recent state-of-the-nation speech, updates on his achievements were interspersed with rants about communists, praise for China and other diversions.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/interspersed

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Insurgent (Pemberontak) Meaning: Someone who is fighting against the government in their own country.

Ex: By the time they touched down in Virginia, the insurgents had entered Kabul and taken full control of the country.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/insurgent? q=Insurgent Deposed (Digulingkan) Meaning: To remove someone important from a powerful position.

Ex: Gen. Mohammed Siad Barre, was deposed, setting off a brutal civil war.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/depose? q=Deposed+

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"INDONESIAN INTELLIGENCE AGENCY COMPROMISED IN SUSPECTED CHINESE ATTACK"

BY: IFTINAITY SHAUMI RAHMA, MIKHAEL BERNAND HARIANJA, THARIQ RAFIF WARDHANA

GLOSSARY

SUMMARY Chinese hackers have breached the internal networks of at least ten Indonesian government ministries and agencies, including computers from Indonesia’s primary intelligence service, the Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN). The intrusion, discovered by Insikt Group, the threat research division of Recorded Future, has been linked to Mustang Panda, a Chinese threat actor known for its cyber-espionage campaigns targeting the Southeast Asian region. Days after, Insikt researchers confirmed that hosts inside Indonesian government networks were still communicating with the Mustang Panda malware servers.

News of this intrusive cyber-espionage effort comes as the two countries have been re-establishing close diplomatic relations after almost reaching armed conflict a few years before, primarily due to marine territorial disputes. Currently the second-largest investor in Indonesia, China has been cozying up to Indonesian provinces over the past two years to facilitate increased trade and further its implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, a foreign policy initiative to invest in neighboring countries in order to establish lasting political ties and trade agreements.

But these investments haven’t always been welcome, with some countries seeing them as a Trojan horse for their economies.

Breached (Dilanggar) Meaning: Infraction or violation of a law, obligation, tie, or standard.

Ex: The judge ruled that the doctor's actions were in breach of her contractual duty. (Verb) He claims that the city breached an agreement by selling the property.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breach Intrusion (Penyusupan) Meaning: An occasion when someone goes into a place or situation where they are not wanted or expected to be.

Ex: This intrusion on the profit-making process was attacked from an ideological point of view by those siding with the creditors.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/intrusion Cyber-espionage (Spionase siber) Meaning: The use of computer networks to gain illicit access to confidential information that is typically held by a government or other organizations.

Ex: The Central Intelligence Agency has conducted several cyberespionages to many potential threats of the United States of America.

Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/submission/13580/Cyberespio nage Campaign (Kampanye) Meaning: A series of activities designed to produce a particular result.

Ex: Before the election day is held, politicians will conduct a political campaign in order to be elected.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/campaign

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Malware (Malware) Meaning: Computer software that is designed to damage the way a computer works.

Ex: The case alleges that several companies scammed consumers into buying these applications through malware and banner ads.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/malware Territorial dispute (Sengketa wilayah) Meaning: A disagreement about who controls a particular territory.

Ex: The two countries are in a territorial dispute.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/territorialdispute Belt and Road Initiative (Jalur pengembangan) Meaning: A development strategy adopted by the Chinese government involving infrastructure development and investments in countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.

Ex: The Belt and Road Initiative, reminiscent of the Silk Road, is a massive infrastructure project that would stretch from East Asia to Europe.

Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/belt-and-road

Meaning: An international agreement on conditions of trade in goods and services.

Ex: The United States' largest labor union is leading a complaint over working conditions at an auto-parts factory in Mexico, the first case to test whether enforcement provisions in a new trade agreement can help to improve working conditions.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tradeagreements

Foreign policy (Kebijakan luar negeri) Meaning: The policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states.

Ex: Following a one-on-one meeting with Biden Thursday, U.K. Prime Boris Johnson offered glowing praise for the president and expressed his gratitude for his cooperative approach to foreign policy.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foreignpolicy

LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Trade agreement (Perjanjian perdagangan)

Trojan horse (Kuda troya) Meaning: Someone or something intended to defeat or subvert from within usually by deceptive means.

Ex: They may be using the other corporation as a Trojan horse.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Trojanhorse

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"HOLMES FALSIFIES PHARMACEUTICAL REPORTS"

By Mukhtar Faza Daulay, Brian Simon Leroy, and Farrel Adhyaksa

SUMMARY Elizabeth Holmes as the founder of Theranos where she faces up to 20 years of prison in fraudulent acts, majority pharmacy chains were duped by her. Many parties have testified on the various experiences with the company.

On Tuesday, Wade Miquelon, the retailer’s former CFO, testified that the company was impressed by the research and didn’t notice a typo in the name of the Schering-Plough Research Institute. Former Safeway CEO Steve Burd, who also pleaded on Tuesday, said his company spent no less than 100 hours conducting its own investigation into Theranos’ technology before signing an agreement in 2010.

Holmes’ defense counsel has sought to raise doubts about Rosendorff’s testimony, alluding to evidence they say refutes his assertion that Theranos’ leadership was reluctant to address problems with the company’s technology. They have also looked to question Rosendorff’s competency as a lab director by raising dubiety about his track record at other companies.

GLOSSARY Refutes (Membantah) Meaning: To prove something to be false or erroneous; overthrow by argument or proof.

Ex: Further studies are thus required to confirm or refute this association.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refute? q=refutes Duped (Ditipu) Meaning: A person who is easily deceived or is used to carry out the designs of another.

Ex: The fashion blogger shares her favorite designer dupes.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/dupe? q=duped Reluctant (Ragu-ragu) Meaning: Unwilling uncommunicative.

to

speak;

reserved;

taciturn,

Ex: Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reluctant Fraudulent Acts (Perbuatan Penipuan) Meaning: A fraudulent act is an act or claim that is deliberately deceitful, dishonest, or untrue.

Ex: Travel agent tried to commit a fraudulent act against the newly married couple.

Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fraudulent

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Testified (Bersaksi) Meaning: To express or declare a strong belief, especially to make a declaration of faith.

Ex: Elizabeth testified before a grand jury.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/testify? q=testified Competency (Kompetensi) Meaning: An important skill that is needed to do a job.

Ex: Students are required to show competency in these skills in order to obtain a better degree.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/competency Dubiety (Keraguan) Pleaded (Memohon)

Meaning: A matter of doubt.

Ex: The woman was submerged in feelings of dubiety and wondered if she would every love again.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dubiety Alluding (Menyinggung) Meaning: To refer casually or indirectly; make an allusion.

Meaning: To make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something.

Ex: He pleaded for the strength to attend the football competition.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/plead? q=pleaded Assertion (Tuntutan)

Ex: He is alluding his teacher in front of the class.

Meaning: A statement that you strongly believe is true.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/allude-to-sbsth

Ex: The assertion of the right to freedom is very important to all peoples.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/assertion

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EDD PRESENTS

EVENT REVIEW

IMCC CLASS

Project Officer : Hanna Aulia Azzahra

DESKRIPSI KEGIATAN International Moot Court Competition (IMCC) Class “Seminar and Workshop” adalah sebuah program kerja yang disajikan oleh English Development Division (EDD) dengan tujuan untuk memberikan kesempatan bagi mahasiswa/i Fakultas Hukum mengenal lebih dalam apa itu International Moot Court Competition (IMCC), dan khususnya mengenai International Humanitarian Law Moot Court Competition (IHLMCC). Acara ini dirancang dengan harapan dapat menumbuhkan sebuah wawasan baru mengenai hukum humaniter, hukum pidana internasional, dan mahkamah pidana internasional (ICC) yang merupakan bagian dari wawasan hukum di kalangan mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum.

Acara International Moot Court Competition Class “Seminar & Workshop" memiliki dua sesi yang akan dilaksanakan, yaitu seminar dan workshop. Dalam sesi pertama yaitu sesi seminar, pemaparan tentang pengetahuan IMCC dan IHL itu sendiri oleh pembicara/narasumber yang expert di bidang ini dan kemudian di sesi kedua diselenggarakan workshop yang berisi tentang kegiatan pemecahan kasus posisi dan diskusi dari hasil pemecahan kasus posisi.

PESAN KESAN Dengan telah selesainya International Moot Court Competition (IMCC) Class, Project Officer berharap dengan telah terselenggaranya seluruh rangkaian IMCC Class peserta dapat memetik buah-buah penting serta manfaat dari acara ini. Project Officer pun berharap dengan pengetahuan serta informasi yang telah dihanturkan sedemikian rupa dapat menjadi wawasan maupun peluang bagi para peserta untuk dapat mengikuti maupun berkontribusi dalam perlombaan peradilan semu serta besar harapan untuk memberikan hasil yang terbaik bagi almamater kami tercinta, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro. Project Officer pun juga ingin memberikan apresiasi setinggitingginya untuk kerja keras serta terimakasih tiada tara untuk para panitia dan pihak yang terkait untuk melancarkan acara ini, karena sejatinya acara tidak akan berjalan lancar tanpa bantuan dan dukungan untuk Project Officer dari para panitia serta pihak terkait. Project Officer pun memohon maaf sebesarbesarnya apabila ada kesalahan maupun kekurangan selama memimpin jalannya acara ini, dan besar harapan di kemudian hari hal ini dapat menjadi pembelajaran bagi Project Officer dan juga dapat menjadi suatu stepping stone untuk berkembang lebih baik lagi di masa mendatang.

Tujuan diadakannya IMCC Class ini adalah agar mahasiswa/i Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro dapat lebih peka dalam menghadapi perkembangan peradaban masyarakat internasional yang seiring waktu selalu berubah melalui perspektif hukum, khususnya hukum pidana internasional. Demikian kegunaan yang kami harapkan dalam program kerja IMCC Class ini. Kami berharap dengan adanya IMCC Class ini memberi dampak yang baik dan sangat berguna bagi masa depan calon sarjana hukum Indonesia.

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ALSA ENGLISH CLASS

Project Officer : Muhammad Rafif Putra Nanda

DESKRIPSI KEGIATAN

PESAN DAN KESAN Dengan telah berjalannya ALSA English Class, Project Officer berharap bahwa dengan mengikuti rangkaian acara para peserta dapat memetik satu atau dua informasi maupun pengetahuan baru yang dapat bergguna bagi kehidupannya nanti.

Beserta ini, Project Officer juga ingin memberikan apresiasi terhadap seluruh panitia dan pihak yang terkait karena tanpa kontribusi dan kerja keras mereka acara tidak akan berjalan dengan sebagaimana mestinya, mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya juga Project Officer sampaikan apabila terdapat kekurangan dalam pelaksanaan acara, harapannya Project Officer dapat berkembang lebih baik lagi kedepannya.

EVENT REVIEW

ACADEMIC MAGAZINE

ALSA English Class merupakan suatu acara edukatif yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris para pesertanya dalam ranah professional. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, tema pada tahun ini sangat berdekatan penggunaannya dalam kehidupan professional, yaitu “Developing English Skills for Upcoming Interviews” dimana dalam acara tersebut informasi yang diberikan merupakan seputar persiapan dalam melakukan wawancara dalam Bahasa Inggris, dimana pada lebih detailnya termasuk mengenai Basic English Knowledge, English Speaking Skills, dan juga Preparation Before Interview.

Keberlangsungan acara tersebut dimeriahkan oleh kurang lebih 80 hingga 90 peserta yang antusias mengikuti rangkaian acara dari awal hingga akhir penutupan acara, dimana dari beberapa peserta diberikan kesempatan untuk mencoba secara langsung simulasi wawancara berbahasa Inggris secara profesional dan diberikan masukan serta saran mengenai halhal yang perlu diperbaiki kedepannya.

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INFORMAL DISCUSSION I

Person In Charge : Keisha Annisa

DESKRIPSI KEGIATAN Informal Discussion I merupakan aktivitas ALSA yang berupa diskusi interaktif secara informal untuk melatih berpikir kritis dalam Bahasa Inggris. Tahun ini Informal Discussion I dengan konsep bertukar pikiran dengan seluruh ALSA LC lain yang menghadiri undangan. Tema yang diangkat ialah “The Intricate Nature of Abortion and The Regulations Surrounding it”. Latar belakang diangkatnya tema ini untuk didiskusikan adalah banyaknya perspektif yang dapat digunakan untuk melihat permasalahan ini. Seperti yang dapat kita ketahui, legalitas ketentuan hukum aborsi bervariasi di berbagai negara. Secara umum ada tiga pengaturan mengenai aborsi di berbagai negara, yaitu legal secara absolut, legal secara sebagian dan dilarang secara absolut. Adapun untuk memahami ketentuan tersebut secara dogmatis, terdapat pertimbangan tertentu dalam menentukan tersebut.

PESAN & KESAN Konsep tahun ini yang sedikit berbeda dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya sangat menarik dan mendapat banyak feedback yang positif dari para peserta membuat saya sebagai Person in Charge merasa lega dan senang. Dengan topik yang cukup berat dan sensitif, diskusi dengan berbagai kalangan. Saya sangat berharap agar dapat tumbuh kreativitas yang lebih lagi kedepannya dan lebih progresif lagi. Semangat Person in Charge berikutnya!

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LEGAL ENGLISH TRAINING Project Officer: Akbar Emirsyarif Machfud

Deskripsi Kegiatan Legal English Training merupakan suatu acara tahunan edukatif dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dalam berbahasa inggris hukum melalui legal training yaitu pembuatan contract drafting. Tahun ini English Development Division ALSA LC Undip mengusung tema “Enhancing Legal English Through the Technique of Contract Drafting” yang dimana pada acara tersebut peserta diajarkan terkait dengan penggunaan bahasa inggris hukum yang baik dan benar oleh praktisi hukum dan akademisi, serta pengimplementasiannya ke dalam pembuatan International Contract. Keberlangsungan acara Legal English Training 2021 telah dimeriahkan oleh peserta dengan jumlah sebanyak 100 hingga 200 peserta dari berbagai kalangan baik pelajar yang masih menduduki bangku sekolah menengah atas, mahasiswa, maupun praktisi hukum yang dimana memiliki antusias yang tinggi dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa inggris hukum untuk kelak nantinya bermanfaat dalam dunia professional. Pada sesi akhir acara ini kerap juga menyediakan workshop for contract making untuk mengasah kemampuan para peserta dalam melakukan pembuatan kontrak dan penggunaan bahasa inggris hukum dipandu oleh fasilitator yang berpengalaman.

Pesan Kesan Dengan telah berjalannya Legal English Training, Project Officer berharap kepada seluruh peserta yang mengikuti acara ini agar nantinya dapat mengambil manfaat yang dapat berguna ke dalam dunia kerja dan kehidupan. Beserta ini, Project Officer juga ingin memberikan apresiasi terhadap seluruh panitia dan pihak yang terkait karena tanpa kontribusi dan kerja keras mereka acara tidak dapat berjalan dengan baik, mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya juga apabila terdapat kekurangan dalam pelaksanaan acara, harapannya Project Officer dapat berkembang lebih baik lagi kedepannya dan semoga makin bertambah peminat untuk kedepannya

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IHL STUDY GROUP Person in Charge : Daffarel Ammardhisa Abdillah

DESKRIPSI KEGIATAN IHL Study Group merupakan wadah yang penting buat yang minat ikut International Mooting khususnya IHLMCC buat belajar dari segi memahami moot problem tahun sebelumnya maupun cara drafting memorial-nya.

PESAN DAN KESAN Diharapkan untuk IHL Study Group kedepannya tetap bisa terlaksana dengan baik dari segi jumlah dan keaktifan peserta serta speaker yang lebih menarik

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INFORMAL DISCUSSION II

Project Officer : Cahyo Purnomosatyo Setyobudhi

DESKRIPSI KEGIATAN Informal Discussion II merupakan salah satu aktivitas ALSA LC Undip yang diselenggarakan oleh English Development Division dengan tujuan mendorong kemampuan berpikir secara kritis para peserta dan berforum dengan bahasa Inggris mengenai suatu permasalahan.

Dalam Informal Discussion II, PESAN DAN English Development sebagai KESAN panitia mempersiapkan topik atau isu untuk didiskusikan, yaitu menggunakan English Content dan/atau Legal English Glossary yang telah dibuat setiap bulannya oleh member English Development Division untuk dipelajari terlebih dahulu. Pada Informal Discussion II, topik yang didiskusikan berjudul "Return of Raliban: Tje Future of Afghanistan and What it Meant to The World".Adapun konsep dari acara ini adalah diskusi secara informal untuk membuat suasana nyaman bagi mahasiswa untuk berpendapat sembari menghadirkan narasumber yang berkompeten pada bidangnya untuk memberikan pandangan terkait tema yang dipilih. Acara ini ditujukan kepada seluruh member ALSA di Indonesia, civitas akademika FH Undip, dan masyarakat umum.

EVENT REVIEW

Pesan Kesan Dengan berjalannya Informal Discussion II, PIC berharap bahwa Informal Discussion II dapat memberikan sebuah manfaat untuk para peserta dan panitia baik dalam bentuk apapun itu. PIC juga ingin memberi apresiasi untuk seluruh panitia dan narasumber acara yang sudah menjalankan acara Informal Discussion II dengan baik. Dengan selesainya pelaksanaan Informal Discussion II, PIC akan menjadikan segala kekurangan sebagai pembelajaran untuk menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik.

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MEMBERS' INSIGHTS STRESS MANAGEMENT

By Arthamoza - Internship of LDD Semenjak pandemi membatasi aktivitas semua orang, semua kegiatan saat ini hampir seluruhnya dilakukan di rumah secara daring. Kegiatan sosialisasi manusia menjadi terhambat yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya stress diakibatkan oleh beberapa faktor. Fenomena stress merupakan hal umum yang terjadi di setiap manusia, hal ini dapat membantu meningkatkan kewaspadaan manusia dalam menghadapi sesuatu. Namun, stress berlebihan dapat membawa dampak buruk bagi kesehatan manusia. Apalagi dengan keadaan pandemi seperti ini. stress dapat melemahkan imun kita. Untuk menanganinya, diperlukan suatu stress management yang baik. Stress management merupakan bagaimana kita melakukan kegiatan terkontrol, mulai dari aktivitas berpikir, emosi, rencana, dan cara penyelesaian masalah. Tujuannya agar kita dapat menghindari stress berlebihan akan sesuatu dan dapat meningkatkan kesehatan kita, baik secara fisik dan mental. Stress management dapat dimulai dari mengidentifikasi akar masalah penyebab stress itu muncul. Setelah ditemukan faktor penyebab stress, maka dicari solusi dari permasalahan tersebut, dengan cara mengubah situasi atau mengubah reaksi kita terhadap masalah itu. Selain cara tersebut, kita dapat menurunkan standar pribadi kita untuk memudahkan menerima realita yang ada karena terkadang penyebab stress berawal dari ekspetasi kita yang tidak bisa direalisasikan. Terakhir adalah melakukan kegiatan relaksasi yang dapat menenangkan aktivitas fisik tubuh kita. Stress management merupakan hal penting yang harus dipelajari, terlebih saat ini dimana faktor penyebab stress semakin banyak dan mudah terjadi. Kita secara pribadi merupakan orang yang lebih tahu tentang diri kita. Maka dari itu, jangan terlalu memaksakan diri dan segera temukan cara bagaimana mengontrol emosi dan stress kita.

HUSTLE CULTURE

By Salman Imam Karim - Staff of LDD Sebagai orang yang memiliki kesibukan di berbagai lini organisasi, tentu saja hustle culture melekat dengan diri saya. dengan begitu saya dituntut untuk memiliki durability baik secara kinerja ataupun fisik. sejatinya ALSA mendidik saya untuk menciptakan life balance sebaikbaiknya walaupun hustle culture yang ada tidak pernah lepas. namun ada sejuput kalimat bijak yang pernah disampaikan oleh abang-abang di ALSA yaitu "ambil baiknya buang buruknya" walaupun hustle culture itu ada namun aku mengilhami hal-hal baik yang datang kepadaku lebih dari apa yang pernah aku bayangkan sebelumnya.

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k n a Th u o Y ALSA,

ALWAYS BE ONE!