Solution: Primary air pollutants are harmful chemicals that enter directly into the atmosphere. These inc carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and hydrocarbons. Secondary air pollutants are harmful substances formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants. Ozone and sulfur trioxide are examples of secondary air pollutants.
52) Discuss the major health effects of air pollution on both adults and children. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: LO 19.3.0 Describe the health problems caused by the major types of air pollutants. Learning Objective 2: LO 19.3.2 Explain why children are particularly susceptible to air pollution. Section Reference 1: 19.3 Effects of Air Pollution Solution: In adults, air pollution has its greatest effects on the respiratory system (emphysema and chro bronchitis), and many air pollutants suppress the immune system – increasing susceptibility to infection People living in cities with the worst air pollution are more likely to die from specific types of heart diseas than those living elsewhere. Air pollution is a greater health threat to children than adults. For example, has been shown to restrict lung development and lead to asthma in children who play sports in areas wit high levels of tropospheric ozone. Additionally, due to a higher metabolic rate, children tend to take in m oxygen than adults, meaning more pollutants are taken into children’s lungs than adult lungs in any giv environment.
53) Discuss measures that have been taken in the United States at the federal level to address the problem of air pollution. What problems have yet to be addressed in these control measures? Answer: Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: LO 19.4.0 Discuss how air pollution is controlled and regulated in the U.S. Learning Objective 2: LO 19.4.2 Summarize the effects of the Clean Air Act on U.S. air pollution. Section Reference 1: 19.4 Controlling Air Pollution in the United States Solution: The Clean Air Act was passed in 1970) It authorizes the EPA to set limits on how much of specific air pollutants are permitted in the United States. The original legislation regulated seven toxic chemicals, including lead, particulate matter, and ozone. The greatest success of the Clean Air Act has been in the reduction of lead; emissions of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter have also been significantly reduced. The Clean Air Act was later amended to include over a hundred additional chemicals, including a variety of industrial chemicals and motor vehicle emissions. Concerns remain as to whether the standards are strict enough to protect the health of citizens, particularly from particulate matter and ozone.
54) A friend tells you there is no reason to worry about the ozone layer. In fact, he says, today’s air quality report says there is plenty of ozone around the city. How would you respond?
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