BA3 technologies temporary timber structures analysis

ALESSANDRA BARONI 20104395

BA3 TECHNOLOGIES | PART C | POSITION FLUX’s position on design is grounded in the need for promoting a positive change in the building environment by approaching the act of building itself rejecting inefficient construction. That is embracing EPHEMERAL nature of components thus applying principles of sustainable design as dictated by the RIBA body of work. in Mayfield’s Flavour Factory, use is distinguished between the utilitarian efficient production system of ‘ghost’ restaurant kitchens and the experiential space of consumption. Understanding the dining spaces to be temporal, throughout this investigation, I aim to answer the question of how can buildings employ flexible arrangements to allow for reuse of structures and future changes in use ?

CLIMATE PERFORMANCE:

PASSIVHAUS principles integration with FABRIC FIRST APPROACH to respond to high occupant density and need for durable efficient results that improve health and well-being through comfort and reduce costs and future reliance on energy intensive systems thus minimising operational carbon visual com4 thermal comfort: passivhaus fort

pasfabric sivhaus first approach principles good indoor air quality, good indoor lighting, adaptive thermal, visual and acoustic comfort

minimise embodied and operational carbon

cost minimisation and worth of investment

prefabrication and modularity detailing to be Long life and robust Use of healthy materials ethical and responsible sourcing Target Zero construction waste to landfill

timber : opportunities for optimum occupant comfort • Biophilic Design: promote relaxation and well-being.

• Improved Indoor Air Quality: absorb and release moisture from the surrounding environment, helping to regulate humidity levels indoors and emit minimal VOCs • Visual Comfort and Aesthetics: exposing the natural grain and texture of timber create a visually pleasing and relaxing atmosphere in interior spaces improving well being • juxtaposing the industrial context

MATERIAL SELECTION strategy: 1. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, SAFETY, AND DURABILITY: CONCRETE • • •

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BUILDING & LIFE SAFETY PERFORMANCE:

1. applying geometric integration of durable systems to provide for extended building life expectancy of utilitarian programme 2. applying elemental construction to promote flexibility of plan for expected future changes in use 3. designing lightweight, reusable and fire resistant structures for temporary use • •

Savings Efficiency Time Savings

in situ poured reinforced concrete core structure for enhanced stability and load distribution

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reinforced precast concrete columns and beams spanning from the insitu concrete core walls for stability

PRIMARY STRUCTURE: TIMBER FRAME: Precision engineering: Components are manufactured with high accuracy, ensuring uniformity and reliability lightweight: cost and time savings

FIRE SAFETY: reinforced concrete primary structure: High Fire Rating: high level of protection against fire spread and heat transfer Structural Integrity: reduces the risk of structural collapse and enhances the safety of occupants and emergency responders.

Minimal Combustibility Durability: resistant to damage from fire, smoke, and heat Reduced Insurance Costs

reaction lat. loads load path span direction live loads

structural grid

glulam elements are prefabricated and treated with fire retardants

prefabrication

strategy: 3. HEALTH AND SAFETY

concrete: Acoustics: help to reduce noise transmission between spaces = creating quieter indoor environments that promotes

corten:

material properties: - durable and Low maintenance: resistance to corrosion - visual appeal + cost saving Use: panelised rainscreen: Ease of Installation: Prefabricated: installed efficiently, reducing construction time and labor costs - embodied carbon: supplied from recycled content = lower

adjusting, connecting and waterproofing of elements

transportation

concrete elements installation

CHALLENGES: CHARRING AND STRUCTURAL SUPPORT: because there are so many elements there is a higher risk of fire spread

relaxation as requested by the programme visual: reduce overheating contamination: non-porous and easy to clean, reducing the risk

of bacterial growth and contamination non slip slip resistance, fire resistance, structural stability, chemical resistance

PROPERTIES:

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TOOLS

deconstruction •

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carbon stored

components are salvaged and assembled once again as storage shelving

reuse

thanks to no harmful finishes the components can be recycled or used as bioenergy thus minimising carbon

recycling

lightweight structure = less tools = cost advantage less tools = less space on site = time efficiency unitised construction = precision in collaboration prefabrication and modularisation = less tools = less waste less tools = less construction = lower embodied energy

SAFETY:

smaller structure= safer construction and ease of assembly

PRECEDENT STUDY: DESIGNBLOK CUBE HT3 ARCHITECTS, PRAGUE, 2014

1.1 modular construction: prefabricating building components off-site - facilitates efficient transportation to the construction site and enables easy disassembly for reuse and re-purposing for different functions.

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assembly

after 10 years structure is demounted by accessible connections = less tools = less costs = less carbon emitted

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APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF PREFABRICATION TO DESIGN FOR TEMPORARY AND DEMOUNTABLE STRUCTURES

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CHALLENGES: fire safety - material classification b2 - class D according to the EN 13501-1:2018 standard = highly combustible and able to significantly contribute to the development of a fire in a building. strategies: compliance with building regulations 1. reducing the number of components minimises fire risk + treatment of wood with fire resistant coatings 2. Sufficient provision of fire alarms and readily accessible fire extinguishing equipment

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CONSTRUCTABILITY

Continuous columns: uninterrupted vertical support, reducing the risk of structural failure

recycled mixes for minimised embodied carbon and climate impact

standardisation reduces transport costs and fuel: smaller lorry size prefabricated (2.5x3.2x12m) components = less journeys are assembled = less embodby hoisting ied carbon positioning

Restaurants must adhere to strict hygiene standards to prevent foodborne illnesses and ensure the health and safety of patrons. Compliance with Food Safety Act 1990 and Food Hygiene Regulations:

Strengthto-Weight Ratio: robust structural support + cost savings

precast reinforced concrete walls for extra support

embodied carbon = limited through prefabrication of components

cradle to cradle reducing emissions

Compound beams: enhanced load-bearing capacity

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PROCESSES

ment

PRIMARY STRUCTURE: ADVANTAGES • reinforced precast • long term CONCRETE FRAME durability spanning from INSITU • high PRECAST CONCRETE strength-toCORE structure weight ratio • Long-Term

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Low maintenance: long-term functionality and aesthetics with minimal intervention= reduces costs --> reduced carbon content low-VOC finishes are used throughout the building to promote indoor air quality

GLULAM GL24H= inseparable products from the same material that are then easier to recycle.

• Design flexibility and cost effectiveness: availability of timber products in various sizes • lightweight: allowing for quick and efficient assembly on-site + ease of disassembly • fire resistance: charring rate 0.7mm/min = maintain the structural integrity of the beam even in the event of a fire.

• recyclable: fully recyclable, waste efficient, biodegradable and non-toxic • energy: made from renewable resources + lower carbon footprint.

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strategy: 2. REUSE, RECYCLING AND RECOVERY: TIMBER

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strength + durability withstanding heavy loads Resilience: helps mitigate deterioration and prolong the lifespan of structures cost-effective Fire Resistance: providing passive fire protection and structural integrity - classified as class AI under EN13501-1:2018 without the need for additional testing

Cradle-to-Cradle Design: prioritizing the sourcing of materials that can be safely recycled or composted at the end of their life-cycle. Materials with high recyclable are specified, avoiding toxic substances, and products with third-party certifications are selected for environmental performance and material health.

triple glazed operable windows: user control + correctly oriented+ glare control: air reaches the higher 5. internal timfloor to improve qualiber structure: ty allowing for reduced control the angle energy use + improved and intensity of insulation + reduced mainincoming sunlight 9 tenance 6. window wint e overhang: filter dee r sun s p in u and block sumto t nlight he s pen mer sunlight e p com ace pr trating ovid for t air quality ing 8 rainscreen 7. indoor plants cladding promoting air reguCHALLENGES: lation and humidity fire spread recontrol sistance in air 1 8. breathable cavity: despite the envelope: choice of fire resistlegend: ventilated air gap ant insulation, class exploded three di9. stack effect: a1, following regumensional facade following building lations, additional build up orientation, opera- - moisture management - maintaining a healthy indoor fire cavity barriers ble windows placed may be explored environment top floor to mini- - minimised thermal bridge because of multiple mise energy - durability + ease of replace- storeys 6

TECHNOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS

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1. concrete: ther- 2. low e coated trimal mass ple glazed windows stabilise indoor tem- • depth allows for peratures by absorbsunlight penetrates ing and releasing deep into the interi3 heat slowly or spaces, warming • moderating up the building natfluctuations urally.

• Low thermal • low-e coats reduce conductivity amount of heat helps minimise entering the buildthermal bridging through the ing windows keeping • facilitate natural indoor spaces comventilation crefortable ating cross-venti- 3. window over- 2 lation pathways hang: improved shadreduce reliance ing = lower heat + enon mechanical ergy ventilation =low- 4. thermal envelope: er operational thick continuous stone carbon wool insulation+con• Rule of thumb : crete = low thermal 116.84 mm of bridging risk thickness

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: DESIGN TO PROMOTE OCCUPANT HEALTH AND WELL-BEING+REUSE AND DISASSEMBLY

Energy Efficiency: reduces energy consumption during both construction and occupancy due to efficient manufacturing processes + lower embodied carbon Material Conservation: efficiency through off-site fabrication, minimizing waste, and enabling reuse Structural Integrity: thicker compo-

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flexibility: lightweight structural systems that allow for changes in building configuration and layout over time

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CHALLENGES AND HOW TO TACKLE THEM REQUIREMENTS for successful PRECISE REUSABLE TEMPORARY timber frame construction:

CHALLENGES: timber structure risk for excessive shading = higher operational energy use designing for long term use, the number of glazed surfaces may be increased while the individual components in the timber assembly may be minimised

nents and standard assembly offers robust structural systems that meet safety standards while allowing for flexibility and adaptability.

Environmental Impact: reducing waste, emissions, and energy consumption, these methods contribute to lower environmental impact Safety: Embracing modular light-

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individual parts can change positions interlocking wooden boards prefabrication of components and minimal waste temporary relaxation and architectural interest. reusable structure and components

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weight timber frame ensures secure, durable structures for occupants and workers Cost efficiency: streamlined manufacturing processes, reduced construction time, and minimized waste reduced tools and heavy machinery

SIMPLICITY - limit NUMBER of individual components - design to WORKER and labor of SEPARATION - use of known and SIMPLE construction techniques

STANDARDISATION - minimal ON SITE FABRICATION - promote FIXED dimensions - promote INTERCHANGEABILITY - use PREFABRICATED sub-assemblies

REVERSIBILITY - limit number of individual connectors - design for repeated use -favour mechanically fixed systems -eliminate need for cuts - screwed connectors

SEQUENCE OF ASSEMBLY PERFORMANCE TESTING

BA3 TECHNOLOGIES | PART C | CONSTRUCTABILITY PROTOTYPING the aim of the tests is to achieve the design of the simplest timber frame structure which favours minimal waste generation, structural integrity, fire safety and optimises reuse of individual components. As a starting point three iterations of timber frame construction are tested to provide simplicity, then parapet subassemblies are tested for the prefabrication and finally three iterations for connectors of elements are explored to satisfy successful reuse of structure thus reaching perfection

2. STANDARDISATION test level of prefabrication of systems

1. SIMPLICITY testing ease of assembly of structure

the validation of the assembly is tested through 1:10 physical and digital mock-ups. All components are fabricated and installed according to the final design. recording the NUMBER OF COMPONENTS, TOOLS AND SEQUENCE OF ASSEMBLY. the mock-ups evaluate fabrication time. assembly performance and installation sequence

TEST 1 - SIMPLICITY: EASE OF ASSEMBLY OF SYSTEMS DEVISED ITERATIONS:

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individual components x4 200x200x5000mm columns x4 120x100x3000mm beams x4 100x100x3000mm perimeter beams • x2 plywood boards x4 100x80x300 purlins x16 60x20x900mm joists for parapet x2 20x60x3000mm parapet rail

simplicity of design, reduced tools closed construction system good performance in ease of assembly and accessibility of connections = standard system poor prefabrication = high number of individual components

2. beams and continuous columns

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structural integrity limited number of individual components good performance in prefab level poor accessibility due to size of elements

3. individual columns and beams

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ease of assembly good due to standard methods accessibility of connections may need further improvement level of prefabrication can be optimised

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ease of assembly 2

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number of beams too high= DISRUPTIVE+ COSTLY

6m long glulam columns and the relative compound beams installed

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TIME CONSUMING, E R R O R PRONE assembly

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reversibility of assembly

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challenges as expected higher number of individual components = more tools and fixings = COST+EMBODIED CARBON increases as manufacturing is more extensive and more waste is produced; individual junctions assembly on site is LABOUR INTENSIVE individual components held by high number of screws = high embodied carbon = drilling may lack precision causing DISRUPTIONS to the material high number of components = FIRE RISK

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accessibility of connections

prefabrication level

each parapet joist took very 3 long to install and provide precision

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TEST 1.2: BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS COLUMNS individual components results: x4 200x200x5000mm prefabrication level columns 2.5 0 5 x4 120x100x2450mm beams ease of assembly x2 1250x3000mm ply0 5 wood boards x4 100x80x2450 pur- accessible connections lins 0 5 x5 60x20x900mm joists for parapet reversibility of assembly x16 60x20x900mm 2 0 5 joists for parapet x2 20x60x3000mm 1 2 parapet rail

to improve: reducing number of individual components = DECREASING ON SITE FABRICATION TIME

individual components

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individual components TIME CONSUMING, E R R O R PRONE assembly

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challenges the manufacturing process is more COSTLY and requires extreme precision which may result in inadequate assembly more cuts equals to MORE

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easily installed but hard to fix

accessible connections 1

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reversibility of assembly

ease of assembly

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5 0

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WASTE which limits potential for reuse the joints are inaccessible once the structure is fully assembled - HINDERING REVERSIBILITY individual components assem-

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costs: increased first use but worth long-

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term fire: creates a

tools: • drill, 40mm screws, saws, glue, tape, ladder, crane

bly drilling may lack precision • causing DISRUPTIONS to the material individual components may deform affecting REUSE

vs

barrier energy: more em-

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removing the need for additional expensive tools

ob-

ease of assembly good due to standard methods climate: wood only components = the manufacture of the individual components is more energy intensive + screws increase embodied energy LIMITED REUSE POTENTIAL AS WASTED MATERIAL

to improve: exploring fully reversible connectors allowing for minimal wood waste and integrity of individual components and fire safety

erection of columns with small crane : easy and efficient

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connectors may be installed prior off site to reduce errors

the plate connectors facilitate assembly and reduces times

TIME CONSUMING, E R R O R PRONE assembly

70x30x9 plate

glulam beams easily fitted into the metal plates without any waste production

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instalment of the plywood boards with screw fixings

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structural grid: geometric integration of prefabricated elements: loads equally transferred for safety of structure

structure:

mechanical drilling

60mm screws

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3 joist

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columns’ height too long = DISRUPTIVE

fix 90°screws

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parapet connected using axially loaded screws = no damage

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to improve: the columns size may be reduced to ease assembly and improve costs and minimise disruptions

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assembly

fix 45°screws

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finished construction

columns lifted by small crane and fitted into the connectors minimising errors and speeding up assembly + stability

fix 60°screws

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reuse

results: the alluminium alloy three • cost: reduced accessible connections prefabrication level less components= enhanced dimensional perforated plate • prefab level: optimum visual comfort 0 5 0 5 connector is quick to install • tools: minimised materials: using stainless steel and can be easily removed • material savings: optireversibility of assembly ease of assembly hangers increases the embod= PERFECT FOR BEAM TO mum ied carbon of the structure, but 0 JOIST 5 0 5 • time: minimal its durability provides for exthe structure - improving its safety and structural integrity tended and repeated use, mak- • reflections on building and life safety: ing it worth inclusion from its the inclusion of a aluminium element provides for the sep- + provides strenght in all directions aration of components which limits the inflammability of • to improve: devising a column to column connection

bodied carbon structure: integrity

loads evenly distributed and transferred onto the concrete floor substructure: additional 80mm concrete levelling layer added to provide for ease of demount w/o any damages

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HOBAFIX HF: VISIBLE METAL PLATE CONNECTOR - KNOT CONNECTION FROM TWO IDENTICAL PARTS: OPTIMUM PREFABRICATION AND EASE OF DISASSEMBLY for both ends of joists, the tools:

roof installation follows step 2

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RESOLVED STRUCTURE:

TEST 3.2: ALUMINIUM ALLOY THREE DIMENSIONAL PERFORATED PLATES

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completed parapet installed on site fast and w/o use of damaging equipment

prefabrication level

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for each of the two perimeter beams cuts of 80x100mm need to be made

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parapet assembly finalised and transported on site

expected served:

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results:

climate: less components = less shading

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wasted material increases embodied carbon

reflection on reuse: once the structure has been disassembled, the metal cap allows for the timber frame to be easily remounted and being four dimensional, allowing for adaptation of structure and potential expansions on the horizontal plane

the instalment of the metal caps can be prefabricated off site by the manufacturer itself

cuts = more tools = more energy = more costs 4 cuts for each member = less precision

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reversibility of assembly

RESOLVED ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE:

TEST 3.1: FORKED SECTIONS

worse than expected performance in prefabrication level while reversibility needs further investigation challenges • too big components to be mounted = DISRUPTION • not humanly accessible • too many cuts on site = LIMIT REUSE • potential damage = MAINTENANCE COST

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TEST 3: REVERSIBILITY: TESTING THE MOST REVERSIBLE CONNECTORS

Expected vs observed:

parapet is necessary for protection from falling

use of axially loaded screws allowing for disassembly w/o any damages

structure: components maintain structural integrity transmitting loads to the columns tools: reduced material: salvaged thanks to components reduction time: minimised but needs improvement for the joints

climate: less material = less embodied energy costs: reduced fire: needs further evaluation user comfort: less material = less shading = increased visual and thermal comfort

to improve: exploring fully reversible connectors allowing for integrity of individual components and fire safety

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installed with screws and steps 1-2 repeated for roof

3.5

assembly

off site prefabrication saving time and costs + precision of results

columns are prefabricated = no waste • on site

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Reversibility of assembly

the number of components is reduced thus allowing for • quicker assembly

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TEST 2: STANDARDISATION and building & life safety PARAPET PREFABRICATION

tools and fixings 40/80mm axially loaded screws

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moving forward: testing an assembly with less components and more prefabricatplywood board ed ones

minimised waste + site fabrication = no cuts on site

Expected vs observed: • ease of assembly good due to standard methods 4 • accessibility of connections may need further improveEase of assembly ment • level of prefabrication can 5 be optimised Accessible connections

Results: Prefabrication level

individual components x8 200x200x3000mm columns x4 120x100x2450mm beams x2 1250x3000mm plywood boards x4 100x80x2450 purlins

results:

ease of assembly

accessible connections

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STEEL THREE DIMENSIONAL METAL CAP: ANTICIPATING THE MOVEMENT OF WOOD, PROVIDING FIREPROOFING OF CONNECTIONS TO ALLOW FOR EASE OF ASSEMBLY AND REUSE WITHOUT COMPROMISING INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS • the steel cap pro3 2 4 5 vides for longevity 1 results: prefabrication level of results and less 0 5 on site manufacease of assembly ture without com0 5 accessibility of connections promising integri0 5 ty of wood reversibility of assembly • prefab level: opti0 5 mum fix column fix 60°screws • fire: excellent as 90°screws fix 90°+ 45°screws steel is fire resistant and concealed salvaged compo1 2 3 nents properly

demount

1. columns and compound beams

prefabrication level

TEST 3.3: THREE DIMENSIONAL STEEL CONNECTOR

TEST 1.3: INDIVIDUAL COLUMNS AND BEAMS

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assembly

TEST 1.1: COLUMNS AND COMPOUND BEAMS

TESTING CRITERIA:

METHODS OF TESTING:

3. REVERSIBILITY test potential for repeated use

demount

AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION

parapet manufactured off site lifted onto structure without waste generation and optimum space savings

the roof purlins are installed without any damage and accessible connections

conclusions: prefabrication of components: time minimised granting precision of results, limited transport journeys and material waste, lessened tools and disruptive machinery on site assembly performance 1. simplicity: minimising components, prefabricating substructures and prefabricating connectors allows for ease of construction on site minimising time 2. standardisation: is maximised through prefabricated connectors allowing for minimal material waste 3. reversibility: the steel connectors provide for ease of demount and repeated installation w/o any material waste and allowing for full recycling of all components without any damage installation sequence time is thus minimised providing efficient results

inserted steel tube connecting the top of one glulam column to the bottom of the next ensures that any radial shrinkage in the beams and girders will not impact the columns. The result is a timber frame building that should not shrink and settle over time = structural integrity achieved • user comfort: the assembly minimised number of components thus increasing solar surface area + eased of ventilation • safety: protection from falling (part k) is provided by the parapet subassembly • costs: increased first use but worth longterm as the steel connectors may be more expensive to procure • fire: the choice of material provides for over 90minutes of fire resistnace • energy: more embodied carbon from the steel connectors, however, cradle to cradle design makes them manufactured from recycled materials + their potential for reuse contributes to the circular economy • structure: integrity is provided by the strenght of glulam itself and maximised by the tensile properties of the connectors • maintenance: the assembly can be easily demounted without compromising cocrete structures being time efficient and safe

cavity barrier summer sunlight reflected back

protection from we a t h e ring dpm

TIMBER STRUCTURE PROMOTING BIOPHILIC DESIGN WITH OPERABLE SYSTEMS MAXIMISING ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT AND ALLOWING PROGRAMME operable triple ings operable triple thus reducing the need glazed window glazed aluminium for artificial lighting = en- sound insulation: reducframed windows at ergy efficient + suitable ing exterior noise infiltrareach of occupants for durable results and tion and creating a quifor optimum comfort reduced maintenance = eter indoor environment. heat retained in winter cost savings placement: through the low-e coating minimizes heat transfer, operable: facilitating the stack effect air circulates winter insolation reaching deep and enhances thermal exchange of indoor and freely optimising comfort reinforced coninto the space crete wall for comfort by minimizing outdoor air to maintain shading: reduces glare thermal mass temperature fluctua- good indoor air quality and prevents overheatand structural integrity tions + reduce glare by = less moisture build-up ing while reducing the controlling the amount = less maintenance = rate of air influx and continuous stone wool insulation of sunlight entering en- health and safety = cost protecting windows from hancing visual comfort benefit and energy sav- environmental damages

EVALUATION OF: FABRIC FIRST APPROACH PROVIDING AIRTIGHTNESS AND ADAPTIVE REUSE the u calculated u value for the wall is equal to 0,15 W/m2k while the warm flat roof 0,14W/m2K. Thus heat losses during cold periods are negligibly small, and the temperature of the interior surfaces is nearly the same as the air temperature. This leads to a very high level of comfort and reliable prevention of building damage due to moisture build up, allowing for adaptive reuse without increasings costs by maintenance and reducing need for operational energy

1. SIMPLICITY ease of assembly of structure the initial continuous columns and compound beam design resulted too complicated, costly and prone to errors. The final design minimises the number of different types of components to increase the quantities of similar recoverable components.

The connectors we used were instrumental in facilitating ease of construction.

2. STANDARDISATION optimum prefabrication of components The initial design had the challenge of time consuming assembly by having too many components, on the contrary, the final design uses materials and systems that exhibit principles of modularity, independence, and standardization facilitating reuse.

3. REVERSIBILITY optimum potential for repeated use In the final design, visually, physically, and ergonomically accessible connections increase efficiency and avoid requirements for expensive equipment or extensive environmental health and safety protections for workers.

OCCUPANT COMFORT VISUAL COMFORT + ACOUSTIC COMFORT

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the juxtaposition of timber elements with concrete primary elements allows for the space to become more tranquil and adequate for relaxation purposes. elevating the programme on a superior floor enhances flexibility and minimises overcrowding and uncomfortable cladding material is responsive to the vernacular architecture of Mayfield, adding an innovative look while maintaining the same colour palette

gravel ballasted roof absorbs heat, preventing from overheating, while EPDM ensures water and airtightness • solar heat absorbed through the roof assembly: albedo effect buffered by thermal mass of concrete .

• stone wool insulation in the roof system minimised air leakage, lowering the U-value of the assemblies

2. wall build-up

use of external stone wool insulation reduces thermal bridges at geometric junctions. strategic placement of insulation in and around junction details reduces connection heat loss paths

withstand direct flame im-

pingement keep embers to enter the air gap mechanically fixed so wont fall out during fire integrity maintain performance of life span of the building third party testes

fire resistant strategies: (a) sub-division of the building with fire-resisting construction; (b) installation of sprinklers: one smoke detector one on every floor = chance of employees and property being adversely affected reduces dramatically: reduction in damage to the property allowing for adaptive reuse of structure and allowing for minimised risk for sanitary fails - cost little and are a worth investment PART B: The reinforced concrete walls work as compartment walls and the concrete floor prevents the spread of fire between storeys and uses. Concrete is inherently fire-resistant, providing a safe and secure environment for occupants in the event of a fire. Concrete structures do not contribute to the spread of flames or the release of toxic gases, helping to protect occupants and minimize damage to property thus allowing for adaptive reuse of structure

demounting the roof substructure: unscrewing the 80x50x2450mm purlins and 100x80x2450mm beams by simply unscrewing the 60mm fastening screws = integrity of component + fast, easy completion

WASTE MINIMISATION the omission of hazardous treatments to the structural components allows for granted potential for reuse and future recycling - fire safety is granted by the size of individual elements - structure would sustain for longer than 90minutes = safe Larger size of elements contribute to the development of a fire only to a very limited degree. The implication of concrete as compartmentalisation material provides for safety of the building as a whole. carbon sequestration longer material lifespan = the greater the climatic benefit, as it reduces the time over which that carbon is released in the form of a GHG contributing to global warming

demounting the columns: unscrewing the 6.35 diameter SDS screws while supporting column to be lifted with small flexible crane = integrity of components + fast+ no damage to surrounding structures

timber structure roof: 80x50x2450mm purlins and 100x80x2450mm beams held together by aluminium allow three dimensional plate connectors

the gold a r e a maintains structural int egr ity for up to 3 hours

preserved sub assembly for reuse

preserved components for reuse / recycling

aluminium allow three dimensional plate connector

three dimensional steel cap

1:5 detail

FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONNECTORS Each of the four beams is precisely integrated into the bucket connection, providing approximately three inches of direct material bearing on the column below = in the event of heat weakening the steel elements, the design ensures structural integrity INTEGRITY: inserted steel tube connecting the top of one glulam column to the bottom of the next ensures that any radial shrinkage in the beams and girders will not impact the columns. The result is a timber frame that should not shrink and settle over time.

EASE OF ASSEMBLY: each beam to be lifted by crane and simply placed into the buckets without any temporary shoring or scaffolding. Framers then fasten the beams to the connectors. Use a series of 6.35 diameter SDS screws instead of the typical larger, bolted connections to save time and eliminate the need to pre-drill the beams. The screws can also be installed closer to the end of the beam than the bolts could be, which not only saves materials on the connector, but gives us a more elegant, minimal expression.

BUILDING AND LIFE SAFETY: FIRE, SANITATION AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY

1:5 detailed demounting sequence

CONCRETE BEAM TO FRAME JUNCTION the fire stop cavity barrier is added at the level of the concrete columns to prevent multi-storey fire spread in accordance to PART B AND A UK building regulations

1:5 detail

1. roof construction: gravel ballast layer on on top of 1.2 mm EPDM sealant layer; vapour retarder; 250mm stone wool thermal insulation to falls; roof slab made of 280 mm in-situ reinforced concrete

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the parapet sub assemblies provides for adequate protection from falling in accordance to UK building regulations part k

RESOLUTION OF CONSTRUCTABILITY IN LONGEVITY repair: the construction elements with a separating function prevents transmission of fire to unexposed side end of life : Corten steel retains its properties even after recycling, it can be recycled indefinitely without losing its quality or performance.

TIMBER STRUCTURE EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTIBILITY

1. roof build-up

80mm corten window overhang, 15mm corten panels held by aluminium railing system, triple glazed operable windows clad in aluminium frame; fire cavity protection, 15mm multiplex board for waterproofing, continuous dpm, 200mm stone wool insulation, vcl layer, 290mm re i n f o rc e d precast concrete wall

ENVELOPE FIRE SAFETY addition of cavity barriers to preserve structures fire integrity: the construction elements with a separating function prevents transmission of fire to unexposed side thermal insulation : choosing nyrock rainscreen stone wool insulation rated a1 euroclass when assessed to en 13501-1 using test data from reaction-to-fire tests = significantly not contribute to a fire + its application over concrete wall min1:5 detail imises combustibility

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BA3 TECHNOLOGIES | PART C | DETAILING

vapour control layer

suspended floor: 120x100x2450mm glulam beams for lateral stability 100x80x2400mm glulam floor joists for floor support 10mm plywood floor boards as floor finish can be easily replaced if repair needed

demounting the parapet unscrewing the 70mm fastening screws from the parapet = fast and no waste

preserved components for reuse:

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY AND FIRE SAFETY PROVISION TO ALLOW FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE

the resolved joints for the timber structural components allow for quality of performance and structural integrity. the choice of aluminium alloy three dimensional perforated plates, steel plate standoff and post base successfully respond to the shear stress of the structure itself as well as that caused by the large amount of live loads of the dining use.

GLULAM COLUMN - CONCRETE FLOOR JUNCTION

Wood posts and columns need to be attached to a concrete foundation using a post base to uncouple the concrete from the wood to adequately support the structure. the screws can be easily unfixed maintaining both the integrity of the substructure and the timber component itself + an additional 80mm lightweight concrete levelling layer was added to minimise potential damages from the removal of the screws to maintain structural integrity

allows for health and safety regulations to be met by providing durability, sanitation, slip resistance, fire resistance, structural stability, chemical resistance thus allowing for safety of programme

1:5 digital model 290 precast concrete wall for structural integrity, thermal and visual comfort, fire integrity and sound absorption in combination with 200mm stone wool insulation

demounting the purlins and beams unscrewing the 80x50x2450mm purlins and 100x80x2450mm beams by simply unscrewing the 60mm fastening screws = integrity circular REUSE -RECYCLING: economy: the choice of glulam and the omission of chemical adhebeams and sives and thanks to the eas- p u r l i n s : made into columns: ily removable joints without products sold for reany damage, allows for full lower emuse reuse and future recycling bodied carof individual components. bon Elements kept intact, stored and sent for reclamation or sawmill by bioenergy used for bio energy which products decreases their environmental impact sustainable forestry

demounting the floor boards unscrewing the 20mm fastening screws and lifting= fast and accessible

floor substructture 1:5 detail 1. 80mm lightweight concrete levelling layer 2. 25mm footfall sound insulation for user comfort 3. roof slab made of 280mm precast reinforced concrete for structural integrity, sound absorption and fire resistance

FIRE PROTECTION

stainless steel (oxidation resistance) post bases designed to provide fire resistance and include fireproof coatings to enhance their performance in fire situations= COST PROFIT

PROGRAMME IN YEARS

ADAPTIVE REUSE: the ease of reversi-

4. steel to concrete joints: 40 mm long steel screws 5. steel to glulam joints: 80mm steel screws

bility of joints allows for holes left from the detachment to be easily refilled to allow variations in programme: a reinforced precast concrete floor will be easily added thanks to the flexibility of the primary structural frame thus allowing more kitchens to accommodate the space: extending building lifespan and reducing carbon emissions

kitchens and storage space

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