Afton Chemical presents eMobility: Glossary of terms

eMobility: Glossary of terms Asynchronous

Induction motors use a rotating magnetic field generated by the AC in the stator and consequently in the windings in the rotor. The magnetic fields push each other around and is described as “asynchronous” because the rotor lags behind the rotating magnetic field in the stator.

BEV

Battery Electric Vehicle. A vehicle that only has an electric motor that is powered directly via an on board battery.

Coils / Windings

Part of a motor formed from coiled wire, usually coated and the assembly lacquered, that form the electromagnet of the rotor or stator.

DHT

Dedicated Hybrid Transmission. This is a transmission designed for hybrid vehicles, which would not work in a purely ICE car.

Simplification, such as removal of reverse gear or a launch device are typical.

“Dry”

eMotor is cooled by separate system from gear lubricant e.g. water / glycol.

eAT

A step-AT transmission incorporating an eMotor.

eAxle

A compact design incorporating several elements in one package. This will include the eMotor, reduction gearset and differential. It may include a shifting device (if multi-speed), power electronics, inverter and mechatronics. The advantages on an eAxle are simpler integration, size (packing space), close proximity for quicker electronic response, shared systems (e.g. cooling).

It should be noted that the industry is not fully aligned and some may use this term to refer to other combinations (e.g. just the gears in a BEV. i.e. the axle in an e vehicle), which could have big implications on the type of lubricant required.

eCVT

A CVT transmission incorporating an eMotor.

eDCT

A DCT transmission incorporating an eMotor.

EDF

Electrified Transmission Fluid – specialised transmission fluid for BEVs / FCEVs.

EDU / eDrive

eFuels

Electric Drive unit. An electric motor that fully or partially drives the wheels. (This may or may not include different systems (motor, power electronics, gears) – this terminology is still evolving on the industry).

1) Synthetic fuels that provide very clean combustion. The intent is that eFuels are generated exclusively with renewable energy.

For example, hydrogen is produced using renewable electricity and then combined with carbon dioxide, e.g. from industrial exhaust gases or from the air, to form a hydrocarbon with zero net greenhouse gas emissions.

This procedure is now commonly known by the terms Power-to-X (PtX), Power-to-Liquids (PtL) and Power-to-gas (PtG). Unlike biofuels, eFuels do not compete with foodstuffs (foodversus-fuel discussion). A key advantage is that synthetic fuels are not functionally different than their conventional counterparts. They can even be used in classic cars and sold via the existing network of filling stations, and thus gradually blended into existing fuels.

2) Additised Fuels designed specifically for hybrid vehicles – to reduce injector deposits etc which can be problematic for engines running at steady-state.

Electrification

Full or partial usage of an electric drive unit (EDU). Simply put, electrification refers to the development of electric-powered drivetrains, and moving away from the traditional vehicle design reducing the use of fossil fuels. It encompasses fully electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.

eMobility

The industry considers the term eMobility to cover the global megatrends covered by the acronym CASE (Connected, Autonomous, Shared and Electrified) including any combination of these factors. This includes hybridisation, BEV, and FCEV.

eMotor

Electric motor, usually referring to a drive motor (in the context of eMobility).

eMT

A manual transmission incorporating an eMotor.

Likely in a Commercial Vehicle.

ETF

Electrified Transmission Fluid – specialised transmission fluid for BEVs / FCEVs.

© 2021. Afton Chemical Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of NewMarket Corporation (NYSE:NEU). 06/21.

The information in this bulletin is, to our best knowledge, sure and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee since the conditions of use are beyond our control. Afton Chemical Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability incurred in connection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents covering any material or its use.

eMobility: Glossary of terms FCEV / FCV

Fuel Cell Vehicle. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (normally hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.

Parallel Hybrid

Both the ICE and eMotor are able to power the wheels. Parallel hybrids can have a variety of designs depending on where in the powertrain the electric motor(s) are deployed. In ASTM nomenclature these will have “P” designations, depending on where the electric motor is deployed.

Full hybrid

A hybrid vehicle where the vehicle can be operated on electrical power alone. This set is not identical to, but has overlap with, PHEV.

Permanent Magnet

A permanent magnet (PM) motor is an AC motor that uses magnets imbedded into or attached to the surface of the motor’s rotor.

Hairpin

A style of construction for a charged rotor or stator comprising a series of bent wires (similar to a hairpin) that form the electromagnet.

PHEV

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Here the battery is not just charged by the engine but can be charged directly from an appropriate electric charging point. For a PHEV the power to drive can generally come from the ICE, the eMotor or a combination of both. The minimum range for electrical-only driving is increasing and being linked to legislation.

HEV

Hybrid

ICE

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric drive system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance.

There are a variety of types of HEV and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies (mild, micro, full etc). The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric passenger car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.

A vehicle that can be charged from an external source. Includes BEV and PHEV.

Power Electronics

Controls the electrical power (usage, charging, speed, thermal management, etc).

REEV / REX

Range Extender Electric Vehicles. This is a form of HEV where the ICE is only used to charge the battery. It acts as an electrical generator and is under no load. Also known as REX. This is the primary form of a series hybrid.

Series hybrid

The ICE only charges the battery. The battery powers the wheels via the eMotor. Many hybrids will be series / parallel, which means they can operate in either mode. Few true series hybrids are in mass production (though REEVs may fit this design). Also described as serial hybrid.

A vehicle with more than one power source.

Typically this is combining an eMotor with a combustion engine.

Internal combustion engine.

Induction

An electric motor design that generates the magnetic field through a rotating electrical field.

Inverter

Converts AC power (external charge) to / from DC power (to / from the battery).

Micro-hybrid

Plug-in Vehicle

Start-stop

A vehicle equipped with start-stop. Afton does not include this in the definition of Hybrids, though some market data may do so.

Synchronous Mild hybrid

NEV

A vehicle with increased electrification, but that cannot operate on electrical power alone. Most 48V systems would fit this definition. Examples would include energy recovery and electrified turbochargers.

New Energy Vehicles = BEV + FCEV + PHEV. NEV is the terminology used in China.

Traction motor “Wet” xEV

A technology that stops then restarts the ICE when not in use for short periods (e.g. when stopped at traffic signals). This also may define “micro-hybrids”.

A motor where the magnet in the rotor spins in sync with the stator’s rotating magnetic field (generated by the sinusoidal AC current).

Electric motor, referring to a drive motor that can power the wheels. eMotor is cooled by the same lubricant as is used for the transmission or axle.

All electrified vehicles = NEV = BEV + FCEV + Full hybrid.

© 2021. Afton Chemical Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of NewMarket Corporation (NYSE:NEU). 06/21.

The information in this bulletin is, to our best knowledge, sure and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee since the conditions of use are beyond our control. Afton Chemical Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability incurred in connection with the use of these data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with existing patents covering any material or its use.