PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND NATURAL JUSTICE Legal Update
A RESOLUTE STEP FORWARD FOR AUSTRALIAN POLICING
Biennial National Council
The Australian Federal Police Association acknowledges the traditional owners and custodians of country throughout Australia and acknowledges their continuing connection to land, waters and community. We pay our respects to the people, the cultures and the elders past, present and emerging.
Executive Editor
Alex Caruana | Phone (02) 6285 1677 www.afpa.org.au
Disclaimer
The contents of this publication is for general information only. The publication has been formulated in good faith; however, the contents do not amount to a recommendation (either expressly or by implication) and should not be relied upon in lieu of specific professional and/ or legal advice. The Australian Federal Police Association make no representation, nor give any warranty or guarantee concerning the information provided.
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AFPA Executive Members
AFPA Staff Members
OPINION PIECE
President Report
“I am proud of what we’ve achieved, but I’m equally aware of how much more needs to be done.”
The 2025 Federal Election has come and gone, and as we reflect on its outcomes, it is clear that this moment represents both an opportunity and a responsibility for the AFPA.
For our members, this election was about more than party politics—it was about ensuring that the voice of AFPA members was heard, respected, and acted upon in the national dialogue.
Also in late March, the AFPA held its National Council, and I am deeply honoured to have been re-elected as President of the AFPA. This endorsement from our membership is not something I take lightly. It reflects your trust and renews our shared commitment to driving real, lasting improvements in the professional and industrial lives of all AFP members.
The AFPA National Council was a resounding success, and I would like to extend my sincere thanks to those who took the time to attend and engage with our members. In particular, I acknowledge the former Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus KC MP, the Member for Bean, Mr David Smith MP, ACT Minister for Police, Dr Marisa Paterson MLA, Canberra Liberals Leader Leanne Castley MLA, and Shadow Minister for Police Deborah Morris MLA for their valued participation.
Their presence and contributions reinforced the importance of constructive dialogue between our Association and political leaders across the spectrum.
It was my absolute privilege to introduce a new award at this year’s National Council, the AFPA Branch Delegate award, and an honour to award it to Detective Sergeant Bridget O’Sullivan. The dedication, passion and unwavering advocacy Bridget brings to her position as a delegate and ACT Convenor has been inspiring. She is a truly deserving recipient, and its a wonderful moment of recognition for Bridget. Stay tuned for a full interview in our next edition.
A more detailed overview of the Council’s outcomes and discussions is available in this edition of Blue Star.
Alex Caruana, President, Australian Federal Police Association
Re-Elected to Serve, Advocate, and Deliver
Being re-elected as your President is both humbling and energising. Since I first took on this role, my objective has been to build a more responsive, professional, and member-focused Association. This has involved listening closely to your concerns, being transparent in our work, and advocating not only in the media and Parliament but also within the internal structures of the AFP.
Over the past term, the AFPA has delivered tangible outcomes in several critical areas:
• Securing improved post-incident care and wellness support for officers exposed to trauma
• Promoting fairer disciplinary processes and pushing back against policy settings that do not align with natural justice
• Supporting members through legal and industrial representation in times of need
• Advocating for better recruitment and retention strategies to combat growing workforce pressure
• Strengthening our national profile as a credible, principled voice in law enforcement
I am proud of what we’ve achieved, but I’m equally aware of how much more needs to be done. Re-election isn’t a victory lap— it’s a renewed contract with every AFPA member. My team and I are already hard at work turning that renewed mandate into momentum.
A Critical Election for Federal Policing
Throughout the election campaign, we worked diligently to engage with all sides of politics. Our goal was clear: to ensure that the challenges facing AFP members were not ignored or diluted in the noise of campaign rhetoric. We advocated for increased funding, better mental health support, industrial fairness, and a national approach to the unique demands of federal policing.
We raised your voices in discussions with Ministers, Shadow Ministers, and parliamentary candidates from all major parties. We were proud to see that several key issues we highlighted—particularly those related to resourcing, retention, and mental health—gained traction and were included in policy announcements from multiple parties.
Now, with the new government in place, our focus turns to accountability and delivery. Promises made must become actions taken. We will continue to engage constructively but firmly to ensure our members’ needs are prioritised.
As we enter this new chapter, I want to formally welcome the Hon. Tony Burke MP as the Minister responsible for the AFP. Minister Burke brings a strong track record of public service and leadership, and we look forward to engaging constructively with him on the critical issues impacting our members and the broader federal law enforcement landscape.
We also extend our congratulations and welcome to the new Attorney-General, the Hon. Michelle Rowland MP. As Australia’s first law officer, the Attorney-General plays a vital role in shaping the legal and policy frameworks in which federal policing operates. We look forward to working with Attorney-General Rowland to strengthen legal protections for AFP members and advance justice system reforms that reflect the complexities of modern policing.
These appointments mark a fresh opportunity to build on our advocacy, ensuring that the realities and risks of federal policing are understood at the highest levels of government.
National Council: A United Voice, A Powerful Force
Our National Council remains one of our greatest assets, representing members from across the country and various operational functions. The Council ensures that our strategy is member-driven and informed by the realities of frontline policing.
The Council’s strength lies in its diversity and collaboration. I am grateful for the time, insight, and commitment that each Councillor brings. Together, we are lifting the standards and expectations for how a modern, professional police association should operate.
I am pleased with the outcomes of the National Council. Some important discussions occurred, and many robust discussions were dignified and held respectfully, and I want to thank all the participants who attended.
The Road Ahead: Strategic Priorities Post-Election
With both the federal and internal AFPA elections now behind us, our focus shifts to implementation and advocacy. Our key post-election priorities include:
Mental Health and Wellbeing
Our members face extraordinary stress, trauma, and expectations. We are renewing our push for a national framework for mental health tailored specifically to federal policing. This includes investment in support services, peer-led initiatives, and trauma-informed care—backed by evidence and member experience.
This includes the implementation of the AFP Blue Card, which will mirror the Department of Veterans Affairs White Card. Prior to the election, I held a discussion with Prime Minister Albanese on this very matter, and I anticipate that this discussion will continue with him and Minister Burke. We aim to ensure that every past, present and future AFP appointee is looked after during and after their service to the community and country.
Workforce Sustainability
We are aware that the AFP is under pressure, with increased demand, staffing shortages, and long-term attrition taking their toll. The AFPA will work with the government and the AFP Executive to develop sustainable recruitment, retention, and resourcing strategies that address both operational needs and member wellbeing.
Industrial Protections and Fairness
Our members must be able to do their jobs without fear of being treated unfairly or inconsistently. We will continue our campaign to reform disciplinary and complaint handling frameworks, ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability for all.
This includes continuing to advocate for the AFP to be removed from the government workplace bargaining framework. Until the AFP is removed from this framework, the government of the day will continue to treat the AFP and its hardworking members as traditional public servants and the AFP as a traditional public service department. What might be seen as good conditions for the Department of the Treasury and its staff, isn’t necessarily good for the AFP and its members.
Protecting Our Members
Whether it’s legal protection in the line of duty, support following critical incidents, or public recognition for the risks our members face, we will continue to advocate for comprehensive protections that reflect the complexity and danger of law enforcement work.
Enhancing Our Influence
The AFPA is now widely recognised as a credible, constructive stakeholder in national policy discussions. We will continue to appear before parliamentary inquiries, engage with the media, and build strategic alliances that support our advocacy goals.
Strength Through Unity
This moment in time is not just about political outcomes or internal leadership—it’s about where we go from here as an Association and as a workforce.
The AFPA exists to serve and represent you. We are here to protect your rights, support your wellbeing, and amplify your voice. That mission has never been more critical than it is today. We know that the challenges ahead are complex. Still, we also know that by working together—with accountability, transparency, and resolve—we can shape a stronger, more secure future for every AFPA member and ultimately, every AFP appointee.
To everyone who participated in our recent democratic processes, thank you. To those who continue to provide feedback, raise issues, and contribute ideas, we appreciate your ongoing engagement. Your involvement makes us stronger.
As your President, I remain committed to leading with integrity, listening with humility, and fighting for the professional respect and support you deserve.
The work continues, let’s keep moving forward.
Alex Caruana President, Australian Federal Police Association
As your President, I remain committed to leading with integrity, listening with humility, and fighting for the professional respect and support you deserve.
AFPA Biennial National Council: A Celebration of Collaboration and Insight
The AFPA Membership Team was thrilled to play a significant role in our Biennial National Council, an event that brought together delegates from across the country. This gathering was not just a meeting but a celebration of collaboration, insight, and the shared commitment to enhancing the experience of our members. The keynote speakers and externals invitees were carefully crafted to maximise value and knowledge for our AFPA Delegates.
Key Takeaways from the Event
The National Council provided a platform for open dialogue and exchange of ideas. Here are some of the standout moments and insights from the event:
1. Understanding Member Priorities: Engaging with AFPA Delegates allowed us to gain a deeper understanding of what matters most to our members. From addressing simple administrative issues like email communication to discussing desired benefits, the feedback was invaluable.
2. Collaborative Problem-Solving: The event highlighted the importance of working together to resolve issues. Whether it was troubleshooting administrative hiccups or brainstorming new member benefits, the collaborative spirit was palpable.
3. Valuable Feedback: The direct interaction with delegates provided us with actionable insights. This feedback will guide our efforts to improve member services and ensure that we are meeting the needs of our diverse membership base.
This gathering was not just a meeting but a celebration of collaboration, insight, and the shared commitment to enhancing the experience of our members
A Special Thanks to Our Sponsors
We were delighted to have BankVic as our sponsor for the event. Their presence added significant value, and the Q&A session with their CEO was particularly enlightening. Delegates had the opportunity to ask questions about BankVic’s services and their relationship with the Australian Federal Police Association, fostering a deeper understanding and stronger partnership.
Looking Ahead
The Biennial National Council was a resounding success, thanks to the active participation of our delegates and the support of our sponsors. Moving forward, we are committed to implementing the insights gained from this event to enhance our services and better serve our members.
We look forward to continuing this journey of collaboration and improvement, ensuring that the AFPA remains a strong and supportive community for all its members.
Courtney Posantzis Membership Services Manager
Professional Standards and Natural Justice
The Legal and Industrial Team provide advice to countless members over the course of each year, and Professional Standards matters account for a large proportion of those cases.
We support members through the whole PRS process, from directed interviews/ minutes, to responding to proposed sanctions if needed.
Natural justice, from a legal standpoint, pertains to the principles of fairness, transparency, and impartiality that should be upheld in any legal and administrative processes. It ensures that individuals are treated with dignity and respect, and that decisions impacting their rights or interests are made in a fair and consistent manner.
Natural justice is often encapsulated in two primary principles:
1. The Right to a Fair Hearing
This principle guarantees that an individual impacted by a decision has the opportunity to be heard prior to any determination being made. It encompasses the following key components:
• Notice: The individual must be informed of the case or issue against them.
• Opportunity to be heard: The individual must be given a reasonable opportunity to examine the information used by the decision maker, present their side, respond to evidence, or challenge any claims made against them.
• Consideration: The individual has the right for their reply to be received and considered before a final decision is made, and the decision maker is required to give proper and genuine consideration to the case put forward by the individual.
This rule emphasises the importance of enabling individuals to participate in proceedings that may impact their rights, thereby ensuring they have the opportunity to present their case.
Giles Snedker Legal and Industrial Manager
2. The Rule Against Bias
This principle dictates that individuals should not serve as judges in matters in which they have a personal stake. It emphasises the importance of decision makers remaining objective and free from conflicts of interest. If there is a legitimate concern that a decision maker may be biased or possess a personal interest in the outcome, they should voluntarily recuse themselves from the decision making process. Bias can exist in two forms:
• Actual bias: Direct conflict or personal interest that affects the decision maker’s judgment.
• Apprehended bias: Even if there is no actual bias, a decision maker is disqualified if a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that they might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question required to be decided.
The common law acknowledges this obligation to provide an individual with procedural fairness or natural justice when a decision impacting that person’s rights, interests, or legitimate expectations is made. In Kioa v West (1995) 159 CLR 550, Justice Mason stated:
It is a fundamental rule of the common law doctrine of natural justice expressed in traditional terms that, generally speaking, when an order is made which would deprive a person with some right or interest or the legitimate expectation of benefit, he is entitled to know the case sought to be made against him and to be given an opportunity of replying to it.
Investigation of complaints by Professional Standards
There are numerous instances in a workplace where an employer is legally obligated to provide an employee with an opportunity to be heard before a decision regarding them is finalised. Investigations into Category 3 matters under Professional Standards offer a valuable context for exploring the practical application of these principles.
Category 3 conduct issues must be investigated by the AFP Professional Standards under the Australian Federal Police Act 1979. These conduct issues involve:
An AFP Appointee who is subject to an investigation concerning a Category 3 conduct issue must be afforded an opportunity to be heard regarding the matter prior to final adjudication. Within the AFP this process is referred to as a Natural Justice Response.
Serious misconduct by an AFP appointee
Raise the question of whether termination action should be taken
Involve a breach of the criminal law or serious neglect of duty
A Natural Justice Response is a vital opportunity for the Appointee to present relevant information to the decision maker before a final decision is made regarding whether the conduct issue is substantiated and, if applicable, what sanction should be recommended. The response should include pertinent information, address the allegation or the rationale behind the decision, present evidence believed to refute the allegation, explain the nature of the allegation, and detail any mitigating circumstances that should be taken into account.
In such cases, the Appointee must also receive the Professional Standards proposed findings investigation report related to the conduct in question. This ensures that the Appointee has full knowledge of all relevant information and understands the issues under consideration.
However, in the last few years members are no longer always provided with witness statements or other supporting documentation as a matter of course, with PRS instead relying on the proposed findings investigation report to provide the Appointee with all relevant information.
In Coutts v Close [2014] FCA 19 the Federal Court held that the AFP had provided an Appointee with adequate summaries of the relevant evidence. The Court emphasised that there is no general obligation for employers to provide full access to all investigative materials. Instead, the extent of disclosure depends on the circumstances, including the nature of the allegations and the potential impact on the employee’s rights.
In Coutts, Griffith J observed that: ..the general requirement that adverse material which is credible, relevant and significant to the decision to be made does not mean that a decisionmaker must always disclose verbatim copies of material to be considered. In some circumstances, it is sufficient if the affected person is informed of the gravamen or substance of the issue.
I accept that procedural fairness required that he be provided with accurate summaries of evidence of other witnesses to the extent that that material was relevant, credible and significant to FA Deller’s report. The critical issue is whether the dot-point summaries contained in the investigation report were inaccurate to the extent that the applicant was denied access to information fitting that description.
The AFPA Legal and Industrial Team has extensive experience helping members draft natural justice responses and ensuring that every stage of the process is procedurally fair.
This case underscores the importance of balancing transparency with confidentiality in workplace investigations. It clarified that employers are not required to disclose all evidence but must ensure that employees are informed of the critical aspects of the case against them to facilitate a fair opportunity to respond. However, this does not mean that an employee will always have been afforded Natural Justice simply by providing the investigation report – it will always depend upon the individual circumstances of the matter and at times it will be appropriate for the employee to be provided additional material relevant to the investigation.
There is no doubt that investigations undertaken by PRS provides an employee a fair process and ample
opportunity to respond to an allegation; at a directed interview or minute, through a natural justice response having received the proposed findings investigation report, or when responding to any proposed sanctions. However, should an Appointee feel there is not sufficient material in front of them to determine the exact substance of the issue, they should request PRS supply additional evidence, noting this will be redacted to protect the identify of any witness or complainant.
The AFPA Legal and Industrial Team has extensive experience helping members draft natural justice responses and ensuring that every stage of the process is procedurally fair. If you would like advice or assistance with the natural justice or procedural fairness issue, please call the team on 02 6285 1677.
2025
Biennial National Council: A Resolute Step Forward for Australian Policing
The AFPA convened its 2025 Biennial National Council on March 26–27 at the Hyatt Hotel in Yarralumla, ACT, marking a pivotal moment for the organisation and its members.
Chaired by AFPA President Alex Caruana, the two-day event brought together National Executive members, workplace delegates, zone convenors, and invited guests, including AFP Commissioner Reece Kershaw APM and representatives from partner organisations like BankVic and Police Health.
The council addressed critical issues facing AFPA members, passed significant motions, and set a robust agenda for the year ahead.
The meeting opened with a heartfelt acknowledgment of country by General Manager Paul McCue, honouring the Ngunnawal people, followed by the Police Prayer and Ode, delivered by AFP Chaplain Gaynor Elder and National Executive member Jane Thompson, respectively.
AFPA President Caruana’s opening address set a determined tone, emphasising the AFPA’s commitment to advocating for its members’ welfare, fair remuneration, and operational support. The agenda included discussions on recruitment, resourcing, policy amendments, and member benefits, reflecting the AFPA’s multifaceted approach to supporting its 4000plus strong membership.
A highlight was Commissioner Kershaw’s address, during which he took on notice questions about ACT Policing’s attrition rates and the AFP’s recruitment pipeline. The Council has tasked the AFPA to follow up on these queries and disseminate the data to members, ensuring transparency and accountability. This focus on data underscores the AFPA’s push for evidencebased solutions to staffing challenges, particularly in ACT Policing, where resource shortages have been a persistent concern.
The council addressed critical issues facing AFPA members, passed significant motions, and set a robust agenda for the year ahead.
The National Council also tackled operational and financial management issues within the AFP. A unanimous motion determined that the AFPA will write to Commissioner Kershaw and the Commonwealth Attorney-General, expressing dissatisfaction with the AFP’s current management practices. Similarly, concerns about the misuse of the Critical Events Composite (CEC) for planned events prompted another unanimous motion, with the AFPA instructed to formally object to such practices, emphasising that the CEC is intended for unplanned, exceptional circumstances, not cost-saving measures.
Member welfare and benefits were central to the council’s deliberations. A significant motion established a subcommittee to review AFPA member benefits and loyalty programs (Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze), aiming to enhance attraction and retention. This initiative reflects the AFPA’s proactive approach to ensuring its offerings remain competitive and relevant. Additionally, the council addressed remuneration for Senior Executive Service (SES) members, with the AFPA tasked to negotiate fair salary increments and condition variations following the AFP Enterprise Agreement 2024–2027. These actions highlight the AFPA’s dedication to securing equitable compensation across all levels of its membership.
Policy development was another focal point. The council unanimously agreed to develop a policy governing AFPA Convenors, Delegates or Executive members contesting Federal or State/Territory elections, aligning with AFP guidelines to mitigate potential conflicts of interest.
Member welfare and benefits were
This move underscores the AFPA’s commitment to maintaining impartiality and integrity in its advocacy. Other motions adopted included amendments to the AFPA Branch Rules, the Legal Assistance Scheme, and the audited financial statement, all of which were carried unanimously, signalling strong consensus among delegates.
Guest addresses enriched the council’s discussions.
Professor Giuseppe Carabetta provided insights into collective bargaining for essential services, while Commander Jason Kennedy APM and Superintendent Crispin Gargan (NT) shared outcomes from Commander Kennedy’s secondment to the Northern Territory Police’s professional standards command. Major partners like BankVic’s CEO, Anthony De Fazio, and Police Health’s CEO, Scott Williams, highlighted tailored services for AFPA members, reinforcing the value of these partnerships.
Presentations from the Salvation Army, TGB Lawyers, Gnech & Associates, and AXON further broadened the council’s perspective on family violence response models, legal outcomes, welfare support, and technological advancements.
The council also addressed strategic priorities, such as lobbying for increased ACT Policing resources and exploring the potential amalgamation of AUSPOL and AFP Legacy by the end of 2025. These initiatives reflect the AFPA’s forward-thinking approach to both immediate challenges and long-term goals.
The meeting concluded with an EA debrief and Q&A session, allowing delegates to engage directly with the National Executive and AFPA staff on the 2024–2027 Enterprise Agreement.
In his closing remarks, AFPA President Caruana thanked delegates for their unwavering support, emphasising their critical role in advancing the AFPA’s mission. The 2025 National Council not only addressed pressing issues but also laid a strong foundation for advocacy, policy reform, and member support, ensuring the AFPA remains a steadfast voice for Australia’s federal police.
The AFPA and National Council attendees would like to extend sincere thanks to the politicians who took the time to attend and engage with our members. In particular, they would like to acknowledge the former Attorney-General, Mark Dreyfus KC MP, the Member for Bean, Mr David Smith MP, the ACT Minister for Police, Dr Marisa Paterson MLA, the Canberra Liberals Leader, Leanne Castley MLA, and the Shadow Minister for Police, Deborah Morris MLA, for their valued participation.
central to the council’s deliberations.
Proud to be your bank
We were rapt to attend the recent AFPA Delegates Conference. It was great to spend the time together in person and talk about the ways we are able to help you achieve your financial goals.
We are the bank for police
During the conference we shared our history and heritage, from an idea brought to life by six serving police officers, to the national member-owned and police-focussed bank we are today.
Some AFPA members have been banking with us for many years – we welcomed our first AFP officer as a member
Exclusive offers for AFPA members
The team really enjoyed talking with you about the range of offers available to all AFPA members:
/ Our market-leading home loans for police, with a $4,000 cashback offer,
Our team can
More information about all of these offers are available on our dedicated AFPA website page, or by contacting our Senior Relationship Manager, Rebecca Attard.
Anthony De Fazio, Betty Gouramanis, Alex Caruana, Rebecca Attard, and Eddie Prunty.
Eddie Prunty (Senior Mobile Lending Manager) Rebecca Attard (Senior Relationship Manager).
A Practical Pathway Through Family Law Disputes
By Rebecca Zanol, Senior Associate, Tindall Gask Bentley
Separation is often one of the most emotionally and financially challenging periods in a person’s life. For those balancing demanding careers and family responsibilities, finding time and energy to navigate the legal complexities can feel overwhelming.
Lawyer-assisted mediation offers a practical, costeffective, and legally supported alternative to traditional court proceedings — one that promotes resolution and minimises conflict.
What Is Lawyer-Assisted Mediation?
Lawyer-assisted mediation is a voluntary, structured process in which both parties attend a mediation session accompanied by their respective lawyers.
A neutral and independent mediator facilitates the discussion, helping the parties identify key issues, explore options, and work towards a mutually acceptable resolution.
If you are navigating separation your next step, lawyer-assisted worth considering.
While the mediator remains impartial, they guide the process, clarify points of disagreement, and help both parties reality-check their expectations. Meanwhile, each party’s lawyer provides legal advice, advocates for their client’s interests, and ensures any agreement aligns with legal entitlements.
A Flexible and Supportive Approach
Before mediation begins, the mediator conducts confidential intake interviews with each party separately. These preliminary discussions help define the scope of the dispute, assess suitability for mediation, and set the tone for a constructive session.
Mediation can take place in one of two formats:
• Joint Mediation – All parties, including lawyers and the mediator, are present in the same room.
• Shuttle Mediation – Each party remains in a separate room, and their lawyer or the mediator moves between rooms to facilitate discussion.
Shuttle mediation is particularly effective where there is a high level of conflict or a history of power imbalance between the parties. This structure ensures each party can participate fully and meaningfully in a safe and supported environment.
A Constructive and Cost-Effective Alternative
Family law disputes often involve sensitive and complex issues, from parenting arrangements to property division and spousal maintenance. Mediation provides a focused forum for working through these issues efficiently.
Many disputes that could take weeks of written negotiation can often be resolved in a few hours. Even achieving a partial settlement can significantly reduce the time, cost, and uncertainty of litigation.
Formalising Agreements Through Consent Orders
If an agreement is reached, it can be formalised by way of Consent Orders, which are legally binding court orders made without the need for a court appearance.
Consent Orders can cover parenting, property, or financial arrangements. The Court will review the proposed orders to ensure that parenting arrangements are in the best interests of the children, and that financial matters are fair and equitable.
Applications for Consent Orders are usually filed electronically through the Commonwealth Courts Portal and can be processed efficiently when prepared correctly.
or divorce and are unsure of mediation may be an option
When Can Mediation Take Place?
Lawyer-assisted mediation can occur at any stage of the matter - before court proceedings are commenced, during litigation, or even after interim orders have been made. This flexibility makes it a valuable tool across the life cycle of a family law matter.
Is Lawyer-Assisted Mediation Right for You?
If you are navigating separation or divorce and are unsure of your next step, lawyer-assisted mediation may be an option worth considering. It provides a supported environment to resolve complex and emotional issues with the benefit of legal advice, often achieving outcomes that are faster, more cost-effective, and less stressful than traditional litigation.
At Tindall Gask
Bentley, we help families find a way forward.
To learn more or book a confidential initial discussion, visit tgb.com.au or call 1800 730 842.
Police Health salutes 90 years of service
2025 marks 90 years of Police Health protecting Australia’s frontline heroes.
It all began back in 1935. A group of Police decided to pool money to cover the medical needs of colleagues and their families, because Police work was, is and will always be like no other, requiring protection like no other insurance company offered.
What started as a small, state-based private health insurer, now covers more than 100,000 members of the police and emergency services community, Australia wide. Every day of those 90 years, with healthcare and member needs evolving significantly, the Police Health spirit remains unchanged.
A high-quality, value for money private health insurance, designed by police, for police and emergency services, and always putting our members and their families’ needs first.
Of course, the true value of Police Health is only really understood when it comes time to make a claim.
Police Health member T. Bear shared his experience with a sudden cancer diagnosis.
“From being an active, well person and only needing things like physiotherapy, to getting blood cancer requiring a stem cell transplant, Police Health has been there for me,” he said.
“(I’ve) had more hospital admissions than I can count, including ICU, surgeries, hundreds of blood tests, and nursing care at home – it has all been covered by Police Health. When you are fighting for your life, it is good to know that you have the best health cover – and Police Health is just that – the best!”
Long-term Police Health member, Robyn Holthouse, commented: “In sickness and in health, Police Health looks after us. I have been a member since 1997. From then until now, my dealings with Police Health have always been positive. I brag about my health fund that it is the best there is.”
Another member, KarenAnn, who is a single mum and has been with Police Health for 50 years, has said: “I don’t have a husband now, but I have Police Health thankfully. Such great value and easy to claim just using a card.”
While Stephen, a member for the past 57 years, commented that he’s “Proud to be a member of the best Health Fund in Australia! – I’ve been a member since 1968, and if there is one thing that stands out is when I used a medical service and tell the provider we’re with Police Health, they all respond with replies that imply the same thing...we’re fortunate that we’re (with) the best Health Fund available.”
For the countless long-term members, the health professionals who proudly recommend Police Health, and the many lives (and life savings) the fund has helped, the 90-year milestone is truly a shared celebration.
To share your experiences and thoughts about Police Health to honour 90 years, please visit: www.productreview.com.au/listings/police-health
2025 Election Wrap
What it means for the AFP and AFPA
The 2025 Australian Federal Election is now behind us, and it has brought not only a shift in parliamentary arithmetic but also profound changes in the country’s national security and policing landscape.
One of the most significant changes is the re-orientation of the AFP, which will be returned to the Home Affairs portfolio under Minister Tony Burke.
This decision is a significant structural shift in the management of Australia’s policing system. The AFP was previously under different arrangements, but its reassignment to Home Affairs is being portrayed as an effort to clarify command, policy alignment, and performance at the operational level when addressing national security threats, transnational crime, and cybersecurity threats. It will be tasked with streamlining strategic direction while boosting the AFP’s capacity to respond and flexibility.
Minister Burke, a seasoned political operator with a deep understanding of the public safety needs, is familiar to Australia’s law enforcement community. His prior introduction of presumptive legislation for AFP members — a landmark reform providing greater access
to compensation and medical care for AFP members afflicted with PTSD and other work-related issues — gained the gratitude of the AFP and the broader law enforcement community.
The AFPA has publicly welcomed the portfolio shift and looks forward to renewed cooperation with Minister Burke. With policing and national security likely to be high on the government’s agenda, the reintroduction of the AFP into Home Affairs reflects a more solid and integrated approach to sophisticated threats both at home and abroad. The move is also anticipated to encourage greater inter-agency cooperation, particularly with intelligence agencies and border protection agencies, enhancing Australia’s domestic and international security partnerships.
Another significant change in the federal landscape is the elevation of Michelle Rowland as the AttorneyGeneral of Australia. A high-ranking government official
This portfolio shift reflects a stronger, more integrated approach to tackling complex national and international security threats.
with a background in law and experience in policy reform, the new Attorney-General’s ascension to the position will be seen as an opportunity to drive through significant legislative reforms cutting across policing and justice. The Attorney-General’s background as the previous Communications Minister has also given her a nuanced understanding of digital policy, which will be essential in handling emerging cyber threats.
The AFPA has extended congratulations to the AttorneyGeneral and is prepared to work constructively with her office on reform efforts. Our early discussions with the Attorney-General will likely to be about overhauling laws more in keeping with the realities of policing today, including the retention of data, surveillance powers, and protection against crime online, and the delivery of the National Firearms Registry.
We note that the Attorney-General will have to hit the ground running with updated cybercrime legislation, reforming surveillance laws, and updating judicial proceedings to better address organised crime syndicate cases all on the agenda. We also hope that there will be a re-examination of national uniformity in terms of bail laws and sentencing, namely, violent offence against police officers.
Generally, the 2025 election result is essentially a reflection of voter views on cost-of-living, the environment, with national security and policing factoring. Both parties had electoral commitments to improve the capacity of the AFP and state police, with guarantees of increased funding for counter-terrorist squads, enhanced cyber security infrastructure, and additional resources to fight child exploitation and human trafficking. The focus of voters on crime prevention and community safety emerged as a decisive issue in several marginal seats.
Home Affairs Minister Burke’s portfolio is well-placed to lead the charge in fulfilling these commitments. Preemptive indications are that policy initiatives will target a boost in AFP overseas liaison offices, strengthening engagement with regional law enforcement agencies, and funding advanced technology in crime detection and prevention. The growth of predictive analytics, facial recognition capabilities, and AI-assisted investigations is also likely to accelerate with the new administration.
As the dust settles from the election, the AFPA is optimistically hopeful about the path forward. The AFP’s return to Home Affairs in the hands of a minister with a history of dedication to officer welfare is being greeted as a welcome step towards making Australia’s federal police adequately equipped, supported, and empowered to meet the challenges of the future.
Optimism also exists that the structural readjustment will translate into clearer career paths, increased working autonomy, and improved acknowledgement of the sacrifices made by AFP officers.
The AFPA’s warm welcome to the new ministerial appointments underscores the potential for fruitful collaboration between the government and police unions over the next term. With sweeping legislative and operational transformations on the cards, 2025 is shaping up as a year of significant change for Australia’s policing and national security architecture. With Minister Burke and Attorney-General Rowland settling into their roles, those with interests in the policing and justice space will be hoping to see words become deeds that deliver for Australia’s security and ensure the safety and well-being of its law enforcement officers.
The Turning Point in AFP Firearms Policy: 30 Years On
BY JASON BYRNES APM
This November marks the 30th anniversary of a significant decision taken by the AFPA – to pursue a policy which culminated in the issuing of Glock pistols as the standard issue handgun for federal police. The decision proved to be the start of a three-year process of research and lobbying the AFP and government, with an additional three or so years to equip all members with Glocks.
Background
In the decades immediately after the Second World War, Australian police forces provided a variety of handguns to sworn members. Most handguns were cheap semiautomatic pistols that proved to be unsuitable for civilian policing because they easily jammed and required a high degree of field maintenance. A general sense of disdain on the part of police about the pistols was compounded by departmental policies requiring the weapons to be concealed either underneath shirts or in trouser pockets, even for uniformed personnel. Beginning in the mid-1960s a revolution of sorts occurred when forces began to acquire Smith & Wesson .38 Model 10 revolvers that were marketed as ‘police specials’. Simple to use, robust and generally ‘police proof’, the revolvers were a marked improvement on what previously existed for general operational use. The model 10s (in various configurations) were the standard issue handgun for the AFP when it was established in 1979.
Crescent head
The 1980s and 1990s saw an evolution in the threats faced by operational police, especially regarding the risk posed by armed offenders. Tragedies such as the Hoddle Street Massacre (1987), the Strathfield Massacre (1991) and the Port Arthur Massacre (1996) demonstrated the limitations of general police weaponry and tactics in situations where offenders had high-powered weapons. It was the murder of two NSW police officers in 1995 however, that proved to be the impetus to change police handguns not just in that state, but also in the AFP.
In the very early hours of 9 July 1995 Constables Robert Spears and Peter Addison were ambushed and murdered when they responded to a domestic incident in the small coastal town of Crescent Head. After parking their caged vehicle in the house’s driveway, the two members were ambushed by a gunman (the husband). Robert was shot in the head. Peter returned fire and attempted to retreat to safety at a neighbouring
What began as a policy push in 1995 became a landmark change in how we protect those who protect others.
property. Having fired all six rounds, Peter attempted to reload his revolver but dropped the replacement rounds. He was shot while trying to locate them in the dark. The gunman then committed suicide.
The tragedy sent shockwaves through all Australian police forces and attracted considerable public sympathy. NSW State Coroner Derek Hand subsequently ruled the two police were “massively outgunned” by the offender. He also found NSW Police to have been lacking in several areas including inadequate training, substandard radio equipment and a failure to provide ballistic vests. Mr Hand agreed police should be equipped with magazinefed pistols, which would enable rapid reloading and additional rounds of ammunition.
Lobbying for change in the AFP
The issue of appropriate handguns for federal police was discussed at the AFPA National Council meeting of 23 – 26 November 1995 and the following resolution was passed:
“That the AFP give members the choice of issues regarding sidearm issue, i.e. either the current .38 S&W pistol or the Glock 9 mil auto pistol.”
The issue was allocated to me as the AFPA Research Officer, to work up a submission. My research included consulting senior AFP officers, gun experts, industry representatives and the Police Association of NSW, who at the time were lobbying for a new weapon type for their members.
It became readily apparent that although Smith & Wesson revolvers were fundamentally sound, they were dated technology (having been designed in the 19th Century). The revolvers only held five or six rounds (depending on the model), could be problematic to reload when the operator was under stress, and had limited accuracy because of short barrel lengths. In comparison, the new generation of pistols were demonstrably more appropriate for policing; they were lighter, more accurate and had the capacity to carry substantially more rounds of ammunition than revolvers. Indeed, in recognition of those advantages, for almost a decade the AFP had issued Glock pistols to members of the Special Operations Team (SOT) and to VIP and Witness Protection teams. Glocks had also been issued to AFP peacekeepers in Cambodia (1992/1993) and Haiti (1994/1995).
It was illogical that pistols were not provided to all frontline members so I presented a detailed report to National Council recommending the AFPA should push for replacing all revolvers with self-loading pistols. Arguing for members to be able to choose their type of sidearm was not sustainable, especially given member safety was an important element to the case. After weighing the arguments, the National Council approved (in a postal ballot) to formally rescind the 1995 motion. Instead, the Association pushed for total replacement.
AFP rejection
In August 1996 AFP management rejected the AFPA’s submission on the matter. In its letter to the Association, the AFP wrote it had “looked in detail over time at the need to replace the current weapons, both from an employer duty of care position, and also from an overall operational perspective. It is the AFP’s view that, on neither grounds can the issuing of Glocks be justified … the AFP does not accept, however, that the replacement of the current weapons for all members, fundamentally just on the basis of their relative technologies, can be justified on any sort of reasonable cost benefit or operational needs basis.”
Although strongly disappointed with what it regarded as a short-sighted position by the AFP, the Association continued to lobby and agitate for change.
Developments
By 1998 there had been several developments which added weight to AFPA lobbying. Arguably the most significant was the initiation of legal action by NSW WorkCover against the NSW Police, pursuant to the NSW Occupational, Health and Safety Act, for the deaths of Constables Addison and Spears. The AFPA argued that many of the alleged systemic failures in that case could be directly transposed to the AFP.
Another significant development was the issues arising from the shooting of Warren I’Anson in his Red Hill flat in Canberra on 17 November 1995. I’Anson was experiencing mental illness and crisis workers told police he needed to be taken into protective custody for assessment. When Constable Chris Sheehan attempted to enter the flat, he became stuck in a trap that I’Anson had set at the front door. I’Anson then
lunged with a knife at Chris, stabbing the policeman twice. Chris shot twice in self-defence and I’Anson died at the scene. ACT Coroner Ron Cahill did not find the AFP culpable for Warren I’Anson’s death but he made 27 recommendations to improve training and systems for police and mental health workers. Many of the recommendations reflected changes already underway within the AFP regarding use-of-force and conflict de-escalation training. The Association argued that equipping police with self-loading pistols was a pragmatic and appropriate part of the modernisation of the AFP’s use of force model.
Other relevant developments included the mid-1996 announcement that the NSW Police would replace its revolvers with Glock .40 calibre pistols, followed in subsequent months by similar announcements from the forces in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Tasmania. Clearly, other jurisdictions were realising the time for change had come.
The looming Sydney Olympics of 2000, the Centenary of Federation in 2001 and the 2001 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, also provided additional opportunities for the AFPA to remind the AFP about the heightened risk of terrorist attack and the planned role for the AFP to be involved in supporting security operations at each event. It seemed illogical that the AFP was not prepared to reconsider the issue of equipping its members with modern pistols, at the same time several parliaments were introducing or rewriting laws explicitly aimed at addressing a heightened risk of terrorism, violence and extremism.
The issue came to a head with a written submission from the AFPA to Commissioner Palmer on 25 March 1998. The document ended with:
“We submit that a decision to undertake reform in this area needs to be made urgently, in order to equip the service in time for major events such as the Olympics and CHOGM. Organisational reluctance based upon any unfounded or dated personal beliefs or experiences, must not interfere with the development of a dynamic organisation. The Association therefore requests that you agree to replace current standard issue police handguns (revolvers) with appropriate self-loading pistols, as a matter of urgency.”
In July 199 the AFPA National Executive also requested the National President to expand lobbying for oleocapsicum (OC) spray and ballistic vests to become general issue to operational staff.
I look forward to your support through the NPP process… (and) finally I would like to thank the Association for the constructive participation throughout this matter.
Commissioner’s agreement
On 14 August 1998 Commissioner Palmer formally responded to the AFPA submission on self-loading pistols – although his decision had been verbally conveyed beforehand:
“I have now had the opportunity to peruse and deliberate on documentation and arguments relevant to this subject. Whilst I reject any suggestion that the revolver is unsafe, I considered that elements of the argument as they relate to Occupational Health & Safety, and the conclusions of the NSW Coroner in the Crescent Head inquiry to be persuasive. In consequence, I am satisfied that a move to an appropriate self-loading pistol is justified.
“Accordingly, I wish to formally advise the Association of my decision to provide an ‘in-principle’ approval for this change. I intend to provide advice to the Commonwealth and ACT Governments outlining the circumstances surrounding my decision, and proposing the change be addressed through an appropriate New Policy Proposal (NPP).
“I look forward to your support through the NPP process … (and) finally I would like to thank the Association for the constructive participation throughout this matter.”
Commissioner Palmer’s response was gratefully received. We were aware he had received advice from some quarters to oppose the proposal, but he nevertheless agreed because it was the logical and right thing to do.
Securing funding
Instead of conducting a protracted series of trials of possible weapons, the AFP quickly opted for Glock pistols (models 17, 19 and 26). These had proven themselves as being reliable and robust during their use by members of Protection, SOT and peacekeepers. It was also decided to continue using 9mm ammunition, as it was a mature ammunition type in comparison to the .40 calibre ammunition that was being introduced in NSW. Using 9mm ammunition (NATO standard) also enabled interoperability with other law enforcement and military forces in offshore deployments.
The next step was to obtain funding for 1500 new weapons, parts, ammunition and associated training costs. The Association supported the AFP in the lobbying of the Commonwealth and ACT Governments. Probably the most intriguing development during this phase occurred with the ACT Government, which at the time was less than thrilled with aspects of the unique agreement by which it purchased policing services from the Commonwealth. There were routine debates between the ACT and AFP about the costs and who was responsible for paying for what.
In response to the AFP’s request for additional funding the then ACT Minister for Police, Mr Gary Humphries MLA, offered a counter proposal. Funding would be provided only if the AFP agreed to also issue OC spray to police in ACT Region. Until that point OC had only been issued to a small number of personnel. In the wake of the coroner’s findings about Warren I’Anson’s death, the ACT Government was keen for OC to be widely rolled out. The AFP and Association readily agreed and funding for both items was provided in the 1999/2000 financial year. The roll-out of the new weapons began in late 1999 but it was not until 2002 that the transition from revolvers to pistols was essentially completed for police across the AFP.
Reflections
As the then AFPA Research Officer, and later the Secretary of the ACT Police Branch, I was the projectlead in 1995. It was an eye-opening, rewarding and at times frustrating experience.
The eye-opening aspects arose from dealing with a wide range of people, both inside and outside the AFP, including police, technical experts, private industry representatives, policy professionals, politicians and their advisors. I learned a considerable amount about institutional bureaucratic processes, inter-agency relationships and the competing factors involved in negotiating complex policy proposals. This type of exposure helped prepare me for more senior roles and is one of the many advantages that comes from serving as an Association official.
The experience was personally rewarding because, ultimately, the right decision was made. Member safety (and through that community safety) was enhanced. It proved an ideal time to acquire the weapons as the workforce was trained in time for significant operations domestically and overseas in the early 2000s, including the deployments to East Timor and the Solomon Islands, where the pistols were demonstrably the right option. Expanding the use of OC spray to all ACT Region members was also extremely advantageous and an option I used on more than one occasion in resolving violent situations when I returned to operational duties.
My frustrations arose from dealing with a very small number of bad faith actors. We had expected indifference or opposition to the proposal on financial and/or philosophical grounds from some politicians, ‘bean counters’, the media and lobby groups. We were confident that our case was sound. Although it was a costly proposal made during a fiscally challenging environment, we argued it was a way to enhance officer safety before an actual crisis event occurred. We were also sensitive to concerns that the initiative could be perceived as an attempt to militarise the AFP, so we nuanced our arguments accordingly. One example was to refer to the weapons as self-loading pistols instead of semi-automatic firearms.
It was opposition from within certain areas of the AFP which proved to be perplexing and occasionally problematic. The majority of sworn members supported AFPA efforts but there were some who dismissively labelled it a pet project of little consequence. The most ardent opponents tended to fall into two categories.
The first were a handful of members of the teams that already had Glock pistols and regarding the weapons as a status symbol. Their argument was that ‘average’ police wouldn’t be able to handle pistols and that unauthorised discharges would be commonplace. The Association’s response was that enhanced training and a requirement for regular requalification would minimise such risks, and this proved to be the case.
There were also some deeply sceptical senior police (both in terms of rank and/or length of service), who held memories of the shoddy weapons they had operated over two decades previously. They seemed unwilling or unable to embrace the need for change or recognise that the demands of operational policing were different to when they were constables. Some were opposed to the initiative because it was being driven by the Association, or felt the issue was not as important as the other significant challenges facing the organisation. I remember one such senior officer proffering advice to me as we were chatting in a work carpark. It was the point in time where we had lodged the submission to the Commissioner and the issue was occupying the minds of several senior executive members, including this person.
“Jason, stop pissing into the wind on this one” he said. I took this as a genuine (albeit partially condescending) attempt by this grizzled and well-connected veteran to warn me (a relatively junior constable) that I was being foolish in pursuing a doomed project. I’ll confess now to having a warm inner glow just a few weeks later, when I broke the news to him that the Commissioner had given his in-principle support and that the veteran and his colleagues had to implement the decision.
Final thought
Change is inevitable in policing – especially for a unique hybrid policing and investigative agency such as the AFP. The need for change is often identified from within the organisation but other prompts include dramatic events, emerging technologies, new legislation, the courts and/or government direction. Sometimes a particular change results from all these, with the path to implementation being uncertain and filled with friction and organisational inertia.
This was one example of the Association gripping an issue and harnessing various aspects to successfully convince the AFP to enact long-lasting change which benefitted members, the organisation and through that, the community.
A unique revolver
This .38 Special Colt ‘Shrouded’ Cobra belonged to Detective Inspector Derek Sharp, who used it while providing close personal protection to Prince Charles during his 1966 stay at Timbertop School in Victoria. The shroud allowed discreet use from a pocket, ideal for Sharp’s low-profile role. For his service, he was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1967. Derek retired from the AFP in 1987 and passed away in 2022. Special thanks to Ray Zak for information on the weapon.
The two-inch barrel Smith & Wesson revolvers were mostly issued to detectives and plain clothed members, and were often carried in ankle holsters. All photos: Joel Waszczuk, AFP.
A photo of a current AFP Glock 17 pistol, with enhanced grip. The first generation of general issue Glocks had plain grips, which proved to be sub-optimal for weapon handling.
The three-inch barrel Smith & Wesson Model 10 was the standard issue handgun for most AFP members. A four-inch barrel was issued to some members. Nickel plated versions were issued to traffic motorcyclists, water police members and those located in areas with regular exposure to sea conditions (eg: Jervis Bay).
The majority of Glocks used by the AFP are model 19 variants such as this one.
AboUt the author Jason Byrnes joined the AFP in 1991 and has served in the ACT, nationally and internationally. Between 1996 and 2000 he was the Secretary of the ACT Police Branch of the AFPA. He also served for a time as National Junior Vice President.
COBRA
GLOCK 17
SMITH & WESSON 2INCH
GLOCK 19
SMITH & WESSON 3INCH
National Police Bravery Awards
NOW OPEN
The Police Federation of Australia’s National Police Bravery Awards are now open.
This award has been developed for police by police and nominations are sought from officers across the country.
While police work is inherently dangerous...some actions stand out.
Do you know someone who has performed an exceptional act in exceptional circumstances?
SELECTION CRITERIA
1. The nominee must be a sworn police officer from an Australian police jurisdiction.
2. Nominees must have undertaken an outstanding act of courage or bravery, by selflessly putting themselves in harms way to protect others, going well beyond the call of duty.
3. Where feasible, the incident should have occurred in the past twelve months, however exceptions could include if the matter is subjudice or if other unavoidable delays have occurred.
The online nomination form is available at: awards.pfa.org.au and close on 30 June 2025.
The National Police Bravery Awards will be presented in Canberra on Wednesday 3 September, 2025.
Odisha India’s best kept secret
India what an amazing, colourful and vast country to explore, I hope that you enjoy reading an account of part of my recent visit to India’s Western State of Odisha which is a little off the beaten track but well worth the effort to visit and explore.
There are many traditional tribes in the states mountain areas and it was amazing to be able to visit villages and interact with the locals while respecting their culture and helping them with tourism funds to preserve their way of life, this is what travelling is all about, what a treat!
Arrival
I was excited to land into Visakhapatnam International Airport in Odisha State, India. I’d passed through the customs formalities in Hyderabad earlier that morning which made my walk from the plane and out into India proper carefree. After being greeted with a flower garland by our Guide from Heritage tours I enjoyed a strong coffee to get my heart pumping and changed some Aussie
dollars into the local currency. Once our small group had all assembled onto the comfortable 16 seat coach we went, and the adventure began. Although I was tired from my travels there was no possibility of sleep as the colourful display of normal life in India presented too much stimulation for me to close my eyes. The sights and sounds especially the car horns honking were wonderous. driving past the array of shop fronts and local markets where the vegetable stands, fish mongers and goat butchers were doing a roaring trade. The colours and fervent activity were a feast for my eyes and my soul. Traffic was chaotic yet our skilled driver safely navigated, horn tooting, our journey towards the tribal hills with ease.
Tribal Areas and Eco village stay
On arrival at our Desia Ecolodge which is a community based Rural Tourism Initiative near Bantalbiri Village I was pleasantly surprised at the size of the retreat, the buildings were well designed and colourful and local staff so welcoming. After a freshen up we enjoyed a wonderful sunset by the spectacular Duduma falls and went onto visit a nearby Kondh tribe village. The locals we so friendly and welcoming, we were greeted like old friends with music and dance and everyone including all our group had wide smiles and love in our hearts. This was a wonderful authentic experience.
Local Markets and Selfies
The next morning after breakfast on the rocks by the river, we enjoyed the colourful vibrance of the weekly local marketplace, shopped for some trinkets, checked out the fruit and cattle market sections and took photo’s a plenty. There are few Westerners in this area which means the locals are keen to say hello and get a selfie with you! Later in the day we visited Deomali Peak which is the highest point in Odisha State and then moved onto our new eco lodge to enjoy luxurious Bamboo design huts and wonderous views across the valley.
Morning hike
After a lovely dinner of local fish and restful sleep we started our morning hike through the rice paddies and vegetable fields through to the local village which was an amazing experience. Being invited into a local home for chai tea and a chat and then meeting some school children was a highlight and really gave us the feeling of seeing authentic village life.
The Savvy Traveller was a guest of the Odisha Government and attended the 2025 Travel Bazaar where we met 100’s of local tourism operators from Odisha Beach Resorts, Royal Palace stays, Eco Lodges and Wildlife/Safari Tours to name a few.
Book your trip
If you are interested in travelling to any part of India check out our amazing packages and bespoke itineraries. We have wonderful itinerary packages for Odisha, Rajisthan, India’s Golden Triangle of Delhi, Agra and Jaipur and an experience based around the Dalia Lama up in Dharamshala to name a few.
Call Lynton at The Savvy Traveller directly on 0452 209 964 to discuss all of your travel needs.
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