River Basin Atlas - Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins by ACIWRM Communications

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

RIVER BASIN ATLAS Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins, Karnataka, India Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management

RIVER BASIN ATLAS Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins, Karnataka, India

RIVER BASIN ATLAS Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins, Karnataka, India First Edition: 2019

Published by: Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management Water Resources Department, Government of Karnataka No.1/1, 1st Floor, KSFC Bhavana, Thimmaiah Road, Bengaluru - 560052 Phone Fax e-mail Website

: : : :

+91-80-22262042/43/44 +91-80-22262045 registrar@aciwrm.org www.aciwrm.org

Disclaimer: Although every best effort is made by the ACIWRM to present the correct information, data and maps from sources believed to be reliable, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made regarding accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of any information. Cover page: hill shade with slope over Krishna basin, administrative boundary of Karnataka and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins

Confluence of Tunga River and Bhadra River, Koodli, Shivamogga

FOREWORD Water is an essential part of the human life and future economic development and growth of any region or State. Karnataka is a drought prone state and ranks fifth in India, however, Karnataka achieved an economic growth rate of 8.5% in 2017-18 and to maintain the same economic growth, water would be a challenging factor for the State. Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management (ACIWRM) had brought out the first ever River Basin Atlas in India for Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins of Krishna basin in Karnataka to support the policy makers, planners and engineers in sustainable management of water resources in the basin and for sustaining the economic growth of the State, as Tungabhadra Sub-basin contributes 22% to the GSDP. This Atlas provides a quick overview of water resources to multiple stakeholders, especially the district administration and various government departments in the basin. The Atlas serves as a one-stop data sharing document and unprecedented access to a seamless wealth of water resource information to all the departments both at the state and district level. I am sure all the officers, engineers and others will utilise this information leading to informed decision making and address the challenges of enhancing the water security for the population in the basin and eventually the state of Karnataka. I appreciate the efforts of Registrar and Chief Engineer, visualization and guidance provided by Director (Technical) and diligent work of their team for publishing and making it available to Water Resource Department and all other users.

Rakesh Singh Director General & Principal Secretary to Government Water Resources Department Government of Karnataka

Government of Karnataka Water Resources Department ADVANCED CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Phone : +91-80-22262042/43/44 Fax : +91-80-22262045 e-mail : registrar@aciwrm.org

Office of the Registrar & Chief Engineer, ACIWRM, 1st Floor, KSFC Bhavana, #1/1, Thimmaiah Road, Bengaluru - 560052

INSIGHTS The Government of Karnataka recognise the fact that the basins in the state are water stressed, which will eventually lead to the water challenges especially with the increasing demand from various water users, such as, urban and rural areas, industries, agriculture sectors etc. In consideration of the scarce water situation in the state and realizing the importance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) Government of Karnataka established state level IWRM Steering Committee and Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management (ACIWRM) for support to build department capacity in river basin planning and sustainable water resource management. The state is implementing Karnataka Integrated And Sustainable Water Resource Investment Programme (KISWRMIP) with assistance from ADB to achieve the objective of increasing the water security in the state. As a part of such endeavor, the team of river basin planning under the guidance of Director (Technical) has come up with this River Basin Atlas for Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins of Krishna basin in Karnataka to assist those who are involving in enhancing the water security for the population by bringing in Integrated Water Resources Management. This River Basin Atlas will provide a quick overview of the multi-dimensions of water resources in their area for the various departments to strategize their development and investments in water resources and also be a valuable information for all the stakeholders including the engineers in the department. I commend this Atlas as the “first step” for dissemination of river basin inventory for the entire spectrum of water user community in Karnataka.

B.G. Gurupadaswamy, KES Chief Engineer & Registrar ACIWRM, Water Resources Department, Government of Karnataka xi

Government of Karnataka Water Resources Department ADVANCED CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Phone : +91-80-22262042/43/44 Fax : +91-80-22262045 e-mail : registrar@aciwrm.org

ACIWRM, 1st Floor, KSFC Bhavana, #1/1, Thimmaiah Road, Bengaluru - 560052

PREFACE Maps and other visually attractive forms are used to present the existing data on water availability and its use from the public domain of several government organizations for better and quick appreciation by the various stakeholders. An atlas consisting of visually appealing spatial and temporal distribution of data provides a ready reckoner overview for the user especially at the managerial and policy level discussions. ACIWRM took initiative to bring out Karnataka State Water Atlas and River Basin Atlas for Tungabhadra and Vedavati sub-basins using the data collected from various departments for River Basin Inventory and specifically for preparation of the Tungabhadra river basin profile to disseminate the available information on water resources & its utilization to various stakeholders. The river basin atlas and its contents are prepared and grouped under categories such as: administrative, socio-economical, meteorology, geo-morphology, hydrology, watershed, agriculture, surface water resources, source-wise irrigation, groundwater, water quality, environmental, hydro-power and drought & flood- disaster management. The Water Resources Department of Government of Karnataka is implementing Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Programme (KISWRMIP) with assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In order to bring in IWRM principles in the water sector in the state, the focus of KISWRMIP is to develop river basin plans by ACIWRM for three sub-basins in the state starting with Tungabhadra sub-basin in Krishna basin. A river basin plan is being developed on the basis of a river basin profile consisting of the assessment of water resource in Tungabhadra sub-basin. This river basin profile has been prepared by a team of international and national experts in ACIWRM from various disciplines. River basin profile, brings out integrated facts about water resources and its use in the basin in the form of tables, graphs, maps based on the data collected from various government departments. I hope this water atlas on Tungabhadra (K8) Sub-basin including Vedavati (K9) Sub-basin in Karnataka will be of immense use to water resource engineers, managers and planners in visualizing the comprehensive information on water and its use at one platform for better planning.

Dr. P. Somasekhar Rao Director (Technical) ACIWRM, Water Resources Department, Government of Karnataka

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River Tunga near Shivamogga

TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................................................................................. ix Insights ....................................................................................................................................................................... xi Preface..................................................................................................................................................................... xiii Legend ...................................................................................................................................................................... xx Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................... xxi Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................................................xxiii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... xxiv Krihna River Basin - Rivers .................................................................................................................................... xxvi

SECTION I

INDIA India: Physical .............................................................................................................................................................2 India: Political ..............................................................................................................................................................3 List of CWC Basins .....................................................................................................................................................4 India: River Basins CWC .............................................................................................................................................5 List of IWRIS Basins ....................................................................................................................................................6 India: River Basins IWRIS ............................................................................................................................................7 List of IWRIS Sub-basins .............................................................................................................................................8 India: Sub-basins IWRIS ..............................................................................................................................................9 List of Meteorological Sub-divisions .........................................................................................................................10 India: Meteorological Sub-divisions ..........................................................................................................................11

SECTION II

KARNATAKA Karnataka: Physical ...................................................................................................................................................14 Karnataka: Political ...................................................................................................................................................15 Karnataka: Parliamentary Constituencies .................................................................................................................16 Karnataka: Assembly Constituencies ........................................................................................................................17 Karnataka: River Basins.............................................................................................................................................18 Karnataka: Sub-basins ...............................................................................................................................................19 Karnataka: Elevation .................................................................................................................................................20 Karnataka: Relief .......................................................................................................................................................21 Agro-climatic Zones-Salient Features ......................................................................................................................22 Karnataka: Agro-climatic Zones ...............................................................................................................................23 Karnataka: Meteorological Stations ..........................................................................................................................24 Karnataka: Average Annual Rainfall (1988-2019)......................................................................................................25 Karnataka: Actual Evapotranspiration (2018) ...........................................................................................................26 Karnataka: Land Use and Land Cover (2017-18) .....................................................................................................27 Karnataka: Sourcewise Gross Irrigated Area (2017-18) ...........................................................................................28 Karnataka: Cultivated Area under Crops (2017-18) ................................................................................................30

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SECTION III

TUNGABHADRA (K8) AND VEDAVATI (K9) SUB-BASINS OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................................34 Krishna Basin in India ................................................................................................................................................34 Krishna Basin in Karnataka........................................................................................................................................35 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins ......................................................................................................................36 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Watersheds .................................................................................................37 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Elevation ......................................................................................................38 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Tributaries....................................................................................................39 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Sub-catchments ...........................................................................................40 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Reaches .......................................................................................................41 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Physical ........................................................................................................42 ADMINISTRATIVE .................................................................................................................................................43 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Political ........................................................................................................43 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Parliamentary Constituencies ......................................................................44 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Assembly Constituencies.............................................................................45 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Urban Conglomeration ...............................................................................46 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Office Locations of WRD ............................................................................47 DEMOGRAPHY .....................................................................................................................................................48 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins ......................................................................................................................48 HYDRO-METEOROLOGY ....................................................................................................................................50 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Rain Gauge Stations ....................................................................................50 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Stream Gauge Stations ................................................................................51 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Annual Average Rainfall (1988-2019) ..........................................................52 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Monthly Average Rainfall - January to April (1988-2019) ............................53 xvii

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Monthly Average Rainfall - May to August (1988-2019) ..............................54 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Monthly Average Rainfall - September to Decemeber (1988-2019)...........55 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Observation Wells ................................................................56 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations .................................................57 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Actual Evapotranspiration (2018) ................................................................58 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Actual Evapotranspiration ...........................................................................59 SOIL ........................................................................................................................................................................60 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Textural Classification ...........................................................................60 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Depth....................................................................................................61 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Erosion..................................................................................................62 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Degradation ..........................................................................................63 AGRICULTURE .......................................................................................................................................................64 Agro-climatic Zones-Salient Features ......................................................................................................................64 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Agro-climatic Zones ....................................................................................65 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Land Use and Land Cover (2017-18) ..........................................................66 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: NDVI and LAI ..............................................................................................67 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Cultivated Area under Crops (2017-18) .....................................................68 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Water Productivity of Tungabhadra Command Area ..................................70 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Number of Operational Holders ................................................................71 WATER RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................................72 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Reservoirs....................................................................................................72 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Minor Irrigation Tanks (2017-18) ................................................................73 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Ground Water Prospects (2005) .................................................................74 IRRIGATION ...........................................................................................................................................................75 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Major and Medium Project Command Area ...............................................75 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Sourcewise Gross Irrigated Area (2017-18)................................................76

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GROUNDWATER ..................................................................................................................................................78 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Assessment (2017) ...............................................................78 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Watershedwise Groundwater Assessment (2013, 2011 & 2009) ...............79 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Level (2008)..........................................................................80 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Level (2018)..........................................................................81 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Decadal Fluctuation (2008-18) .............................................82 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Pre and Post-monsoon Groundwater Level................................................83 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Extraction in Command .......................................................84 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Extraction in Non-Command ...............................................85 WATER QUALITY ..................................................................................................................................................86 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Polluted River Stretches (2017-18) .............................................................86 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Surface Water Quality Categorization.........................................................87 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater (2018-19).....................................88 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Chloride of Groundwater (2018-19) ..........................................................89 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Nitrate of Groundwater (2018-19) .............................................................90 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Fluoride of Groundwater (2018-19) ...........................................................91 ENVIRONMENTAL ................................................................................................................................................92 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Wildlife Sanctuary and National Parks .........................................................92 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Fishing Communities ...................................................................................93 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................94 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Occurrence of Drought (2001-18)..............................................................94 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Occurrence of Flood (2005-19) ..................................................................95 HYDRO AND THERMAL POWER ........................................................................................................................96 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Hydro & Thermal Power ............................................................................96 Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Schematic Diagram .....................................................................................97 Alphabetical Index ....................................................................................................................................................98

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LEGEND

*The political boundaries of the countries, state, district and taluk, depicted on various pages of this Atlas may not be taken as authoritative *International, State, District & Taluk boundaries and Coastal line are as per Survey of India (SOI)

GLOSSARY Forest Area It includes all lands classified as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests whether State owned or private and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. Land put to Non-Agricultural use The area covered under rivers, tanks, canals, buildings, roads, railway lines, reservoirs, burial grounds, industrial areas etc., comes under this category. Barren and Un-cultivable land Land which consists of mountains, deserts which is not possible to bring under cultivation without spending much money on it. Cultivable Waste It includes all lands available for cultivation whether not taken up for cultivation or taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the current year and last five years. Fallow land (Other than current fallows) This implies all lands which were taken up for cultivation but are temporarily out of cultivation for a period of more than one year but not more than five years. The reason for keeping lands fallow may be due to poverty of cultivators, inadequate supply of water, silting of canal and rivers and un-remunerative nature of farming etc. Current Fallow It covers cropped areas which are kept fallow during the current year. Net sown area This represents the area sown counted only once in a year. Cropped area This is the sum of areas under all crops and represents the sum of net sown area and sown more than once in the year. Area sown more than once Area on which more than once crops are cultivated during each agricultural year. This is obtained by deducting net sown area from total cropped area. Net irrigated area This is the total area irrigated, counting area irrigated more than once on the same land in an agricultural year, only once. Gross irrigated area This is the total of irrigated area under various crops during the year being the sum of net irrigated area and irrigated more than once in the same year. Area irrigated more than once Area on which more than once crops are irrigated during each agricultural year. This is obtained by deducting net irrigated area from gross irrigated area. Kharif The crop sown during April to the end of August will be treated as crop grown in Kharif season. Rabi The crop sown during September to December will be treated as crop grown in Rabi season. Summer The crop sown during January to March will be treated as crop grown in Summer season.

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Lift Irrigation Lifting water from rivers or streams or tanks and such other sources to higher level for irrigation purpose are considered as lift irrigation. Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) It is a quantity of water that is removed from a surface due to the process of evaporation and transpiration. Leaf Area Index (LAI) It is a measure for the total area of leaves per unit ground area and directly related to the amount of light that can be intercepted by plants. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) It is a measurement of the balance between energy received and energy emitted by plant communities, this index establishes a value for how green the area is, that is, the quantity of vegetation present in a given area and its state of health or vigour of growth. M.Corp. Municipal Corporation which have a population of four million (40 Lakh) or above each are known as Metro Cities. C.M.C. City Municipal Council which have a population of one million (10 Lakh) or above each are known as Million Plus UAs/Cities. T.M.C. Town Municipal Council which have at least 1,00,000 persons as population are categorized as Class I UA/Town. T.P. Town Panchayat is a small town, under 20,000 or 25,000 inhabitants, which is formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. G.P. Gram Panchayat is the cornerstone of a local self-government organization in India of the panchayati raj system at the village or smalltown level and has a sarpanch as its elected head.

UNITS BCM

Billion Cubic Meters

Cumecs

Cubic Meters per Second

Cusecs

Cubic Feet per Second

GWH

Giga Watt Hours

Hectare

ham

Hectare Meter (10,000 m3)

Kilometer

LPCD

Litres Per Capita Per Day

MCFT

Million Cubic Feet

MCM

Million Cubic Meter (1 MCM = 0.0353 TMC)

MLD

Million Litres Per Day

Milli Meter

sq.km

Square kilometer

TMC

Thousand Million Cubic Feet (1 TMC = 28.317 MCM)

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ACRONYMS ACIWRM

Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resource Management

Andhra Pradesh

ARG

Automatic Rain Gauge

BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand

Catchment Area

CCA

Culturable Command Area

CGWB

Central Ground Water Board

CMC

City Municipal Council

CPCB

Central Pollution Control Board

CWC

Central Water Commission

CWR

Crop Water Requirement

Electrical Conductivity

D/S

Downstream

ETo

Reference Evapotranspiration

ETa

Actual Evapotranspiration

FCS

Fully Climatic Station

GCA

Gross Command Area

Gauge

Gauge Discharge

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GDQ

Gauge Discharge Water Quality

GDS

Gauge Discharge Sediment

GDSQ

Gauge Discharge Sediment Water Quality

GEMS

Global Environment Monitoring System

GOI

Government of India

GoK

Government of Karnataka

Gram Panchayat

GSDP

Gross State Domestic Product

Groundwater

KERS

Karnataka Engineering Research Station

KSNDMC

Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre

KSPCB

Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

KSRSAC

Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre

KWDT

Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal

LULC

Land Use and Land Cover

M.Corp.

Municipal Corporation

Minor Irrigation

MMI

Major and Medium Irrigation

NBSS & LUP

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning

NHP

National Hydrology Project

NSA

Net Sown Area

NWM

National Water Mission

SPCB

State Pollution Control Board

SRG

Standard Rain Gauge

TBSB

Tungabhadra Sub-Basin

TLBC

Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal

T.M.C.

Town Municipal Council

Town Panchayat

WQMS

Water Quality Monitoring Stations

WRD

Water Resources Department

WRDO

Water Resources Development Organization

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INTRODUCTION India is the seventh largest country with a geographical area of 32,87,263 km² (2.45% of the world’s land resources) and holds 4% of the world’s fresh water resources. Every year India receives 4,000 BCM of water and the available water accounts for 1,869 BCM. The utilizable water from surface water resources is 690 BCM and from groundwater resources is 433 BCM, adding up to 1,123 BCM. The per capita availability of water is 1,720.29 cubic meter per year (CWC-2015) against the benchmark value of 1,000 cubic meter per capita per year. With population growth, the water demands and competition among industries, urban & rural, environment, agriculture is increasing in most of river basins of India and water availability projected for the year 2025 is 1,434 cubic meters per capita per year. The State of Karnataka, in the southern part of India is confined roughly within Northings 11°35’ and 18°30’ and Eastings 74°5’ and 78°35’. It is situated on a tableland where the Western and Eastern Ghats converge into the Nilgiri Hill complex. The State covers an area of 1,91,976 square kilometers, i.e 5.83% of the total geographical area of India and is the eighth largest Indian State and comprises 30 districts. With over 61 million inhabitants (Census 2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population. Karnataka is one of the most water-stressed and drought prone state in India. Droughts present a serious challenge with nearly two-thirds of the State having 750 mm or less annual rainfall. The Krishna and Cauvery are two important river basins in Karnataka covering 81% of the State population. It is estimated that water availability is 936 Cubic meters/person/year in Krishna basin and 586 Cubic meters/person/year in Cauvery basin (Census 2011) in Karnataka. The water and related resources in the river basin are stressed for many reasons including uncoordinated use of water by different water using sectors, uncontrolled use of water, increasing demand and development, and frequent drought. As a result, water supply to existing users is a challenge and the economic, environmental and social potential in the river basins is unable to be realized. The Government of Karnataka has adopted an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) with a vision of: “Water resource planning, development and management that will be carried out by adopting an integrated approach for a hydrological unit such as River basins as a whole or for a sub-basin, multi-sectorally, conjunctively for surface and groundwater incorporating quantity, quality and environmental considerations”. The rationale for developing a River Basin Plan is to achieve equitable, sustainable, and acceptable water sharing by adopting the principles of IWRM. River Basin Planning is initiated as a pilot for the Tungabhadra Sub-basin to evolve process, procedures and protocols and its standardization for replication in other river basins. As part of the River Basin Inventory, ACIWRM is bringing out Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins Atlas to provide an overview and disseminate the available information on water resources & its utilization to various stakeholders and decision makers to enable quick understanding of the context in which various projects or interventions can be looked upon. The present and first edition of “River Basin Atlas - Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins” is an attempt to present the data through visually appealing maps created by analyzing the existing data of several government departments and open source data to show the spatial and temporal distribution of the water resources and the way it is used, to act as a quick guide. The Atlas has relied wholly on the data from various State and Central government organizations. It turned out to be a challenging task to access consistent data. The data from different years are used for different chapters. One of the key themes running across the Atlas is the dynamics of spatial and temporal trends. The Atlas and its contents are prepared and grouped under three Sections. Section I highlights the country-level status. The themes related to India are covered, which includes, physical, political, river basins and sub-basins, meteorological sub-divisions.

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Section II covers maps pertaining to the state of Karnataka, viz., the physical, political, parliament and assembly constituencies, river basins and sub-basins, elevation, relief, agro-climatic zones, meteorological stations, sourcewise irrigation, rainfall distribution and actual evapotranspiration. It also deals with the physiography and land-use characteristics of Karnataka. Section III deals with water per se, provides Sub-basin wise information in particular Tungabhadra (K8) Sub-basin and also includes Karnataka part of Vedavati Sub-basin (K9). The maps are grouped into the different thematic maps with sub-headings, namely, Administrative, Demography, Hydro-meteorology, Soil, Agriculture, Water Resources, Irrigation, Groundwater, Water Quality, Environmental, Hydro-Thermal Power and Disaster Management. The maps involving categorization of groundwater according to watersheds and groundwater extraction in command & non-command areas, depth to groundwater level, decadal groundwater fluctuation (2008-2018) and groundwater quality parameter maps for K8 & K9 Sub- basins are included. Further the Sub-basin map with drainage pattern, geographical spread of the poor water-quality areas is the part of the atlas to highlight health and other risks. Occurrence of flood and drought year maps for Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins are also included for ready reference. An alphabetical index to irrigation projects of Krishna Basin has been provided at the end of the Atlas to enable the users to easily locate the maps related to their interest. All the international, state, district and taluk boundaries, coastal line outlined in the maps of this Atlas are as per Survey of India and spatial data provided by Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC). Spherical Projections have been used for creation of all maps in this Atlas. The genesis of this Atlas stems from the need for stakeholder consultation activities for River Basin Planning and Land and Water Management. The Atlas serves as a one-stop data sharing document and unprecedented access to a seamless wealth of water resource information to all the departments both at the State and District level. It is expected that the Atlas will prove to be a useful tool in decision-support for planning processes, information dissemination and knowledge creation. This being a “first of its type” effort to compile River Basin Atlas for Sub-basins in Karnataka, with a scope for further improvement.

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KRISHNA RIVER BASIN - RIVERS KRISHNA BASIN K1 Upper Krishna

The river Krishna from source to the confluence with it of the Dudhganga; the sub-basin includes the catchment area of the river Krishna and of all its tributaries which fall into the Krishna in this reach up to and including the Dudhganga.

The river Krishna, from its confluence with the Dudhganga to its confluence with the Bhima; the sub-basin includes K2 Middle Krishna the direct catchment of the Krishna in this reach as well as of all its tributaries out falling in this reach, except that of the Ghatprabha and of the Malprabha (K3 and K4 below). The entire catchment of the Ghatprabha from source to its confluence with the Krishna, including the catchment K3 Ghatprabha areas of the Hiranyakeshi, the Markandeya and other tributaries of the Ghatprabha. K4 Malprabha

The river Malprabha from source to its confluence with the Krishna; the sub-basin includes the entire catchment of the Malprabha and of all its tributaries.

K5 Upper Bhima

The river Bhima, from source to the confluence with it of the Sina; the Sub-basin includes the catchment area of the Bhima in this reach as well as of all its tributaries which fall into it in this reach including the Sina.

The lower part of the river Bhima from its confluence with the Sina to the point where the Bhima falls into the Krishna; the K6 Lower Bhima sub-basin includes the direct catchment of the lower part of Bhima as well as of all its tributaries which fall into it in this reach. The lower part of the river Krishna from its confluence with the Bhima to the sea; the sub-basin includes the direct K7 Lower Krishna catchment of the Krishna in this reach and of all its tributaries which fall into it in this reach, except the area covered by sub-basins K8 to K9 described below. K8 Tungabhadra

This sub-basin includes the entire catchment of the Tungabhadra and of all its tributaries, except that of the Vedavati (K9 below).

K9 Vedavati

The river Vedavati, from source of its out-fall into the Tungabhadra; the sub-basin includes the catchment area of the Vedavati (also called Hagari in its upper reach) and of all its tributaries.

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Upper & Lower Bhima Sub-basins

Tungabhadra Sub-basin

1. Bhima

8. Sindi

15. Bennithora

1. Tunga

16. Ramappavanka 31. Kumudvati

2. Indidodalanadi

9. Borinadi

16. Gandhorinala

2. Malatihole

17. Maskinala

32. Salurhalla

3. Katralnadi

10. Kenjal

17. Kamalutinala

3. Sitarama

18. Tungabhadra

33. Kalluvadduhalla

4. Satnal

11. Amarja

18. Mullamari

4. Byhole

19. Hadaganahalla

34. Naimuttadahalla

5. Hirehalla

12. Chinnamagiri

19. Sarnala

5. Kushinala

20. Kankalla

35. Chikkahagari

6. Kyadagihalla

13. Kagna

20. Hattikoni 6. Kalahattihole

21. Sindhnurnadi

36. Mannur Masalawadanala

7. Toelhalla

22. Hirenala

37. Bennikalanala

7. Naolinadi

14. Muchkullanadi

Ghatprabha Sub-basin 1. Ghatprabha

4. Hiranyakeshi

7. Yendigerehalla

8. Somavahinihole

23. Hirehalla

38. Uppargattanala

2. Markandeya

5. Tamraparni

8. Doddahalla

9. Hebbe

24. Doddahalla

39. Amblinala

3. Ballarinala

6. Hirehalla

10. Jambadahalla

25. Dandavati

40. Yasanakernala

11. Haridra

26. Bhadra

41. Dhatrabandinala

12. Satyagalihalla

27. Munduwadnala 42. Gudadinninala

13. Vadagattihalla

28. Varada

43. Singenaganahalla

14. Narihalla

29. Dharma

44. Mundwadhalla

15. Garchivanka

30. Mavinahole

45. Gundiganala

46. Gundiganala

47. Alowandinala

48. Veerapurahalla

49. Shahapurhalla

50. Maralinala

51. Gorkalnala

52. Bichalanala

53. Haverihalla

54. Mundargihalla

Malprabha Sub-basin 1. Malprabha

8. Savalnala

15. Mogitrinala

2. Hirehalla

9. Tupari

16. Sattinala

3. Tasnadi

10. Radhihalla

17. Rangasamudrahole

4. Jaulhalla

11. Yeranhalla

18. Harinalla

5. Bennihalla

12. Gugihalla

19. Rakkasgi

6. Handigomalla

13. Chaulhalla

20. Gajendragadnala

7. Karal

14. Kumbarhalla

21. Guledgudnala

Krishna (Upper, Middle & Lower) Sub-basin

Vedavati Sub-basin

1. Krishna

9. Kadalappanahalla 17. Kallahalla

2. Vedaganga

10. Ilkalhole

18. Areshankar

1. Vedavati (Hagari)

5. Suvarnamukhi

9. Doddahalla

3. Dudhganga

11. Balakundi

19. Doddahalla

2. Doddavagu

6. Keretore

10. Chinnahagari

4. Panchaganga

12. Hattinadi

20. Hanumadoddinala

3. Kodihalla

7. Chicktore

11. Jinigehalla

5. Agrani

13. Don River

21. Ramadurganala

4. Gundihalla

8. Garnihalla

12. Peddavanka

6. Hirehalla

14. Sogli

22. Yerndinala

7. Bennihalla

15. Hiranadi

23. Golepallinala

8. Parvatikattihalla

16 Hosakerihalla

xxvii

Upper Tunga Reservoir, Shivamogga Image courtesy: Hitech Videos, Bengaluru/KNNL

SECTION I

INDIA

Situated north of the equator between 8°04’ to 37°06’ north latitude and 68°07’ to 97°25’ east longitude. Seventh largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 sq.km (328.73 million ha). Measures 3,214 km from north to south and 2,933 km from east to west. Land frontier of 15,200 km with coastline of 7,516.6 km. Total cultivable land 68 million ha. Northernmost point under administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier and the southernmost point is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island. Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern Tropic (23°26’N 68°23’E), which passes through eight Indian states. Physical features of India can be divided into six categories, depending on their geological features: The Himalayan Mountains The Northern Plains Indian Desert Peninsular Plateau Coastal Plains Islands

India: Physical

India: Political

Administrative Units: 28 States & 9 Union Territories 593 Districts 5564 Tehsils/Taluks 384 Urban Agglomerations (UAs) 5161 Towns 46 million Plus UAs/ Cities 27 million Plus Cities 3 Mega cities with 10 million population Population of 1.21 billion as per 2011 Census, which comprises of 62.37 million (51.54%) males and 58.64 million (48.46%) females with a sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males.

Based on the drainage, the rivers flowing in the Country have been classified into 3 divisions:

List of CWC Basins Basin Code

Basin Name

Area (sq.km)

All Drainage flowing into Arabian Sea

Indus (Upto Border)

3,21,289

All Drainage flowing into Bay of Bengal

Ganga

8,61,452

Brahmaputra

1,94,413

Barak and Others

The Area of inland drainage in Rajasthan is merged with the Indus Basin (upto border) and the basin is recognized as a separate basin by CWC.

Godavari

3,12,812

Krishna

2,58,948

Cauvery

81,155

East flowing rivers between Pennar and Cauvery basin and East flowing rivers south of Cauvery basin are kept as distinct basins under India-WRIS as they are physically interrupted by Pennar basin. Likewise, the outfall of rivers draining into Myanmar and Bangladesh is different, hence the two are considered as different basins.

Subernarekha

29,196

Brahmani and Baitarni

51,822

Mahanadi

Pennar

55,213

Mahi

34,842

Sabarmati

21,674

Narmada

98,796

Tapi

65,145

West flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri

55,940

West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari

56,177

East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar

86,643

East flowing rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari

1,00,139

West flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni

3,21,851

Area of inland drainage in Rajasthan

Minor rivers draining into Myanmar & Bangladesh

Minor River draining into Other basin/ Country.

41,723

1,41,589

36,202

India: River Basins CWC

River Basins: 20 Catchment Area: Major River Basins 25.3 lakh sq.km Medium River Basins 2.5 lakh sq.km Largest River basin: GangaBrahmaputra-Meghna 11.0 lakh sq.km (43% of the command area of all the major rivers in the country) Smallest River basin: Drainage area of Lakshadweep

Water Resource Regions: 6

List of IWRIS Basins

Indus Region - Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej Rivers.

Basin Code 1

Indus (Up to Border)

4,53,932

Arabian Sea Region Sabarmati, Narmada and Tapi Rivers.

Ganga

8,08,334

Brahmaputra

1,86,422

Barak and Others

Godavari

3,02,064

Krishna

2,54,743

Cauvery

85,624

Subernarekha

25,792

Brahmani and Baitarni

51,894

Minor Rivers Draining into other Basin/ Country.

Mahanadi

Pennar

54,243

Island Drainage

Mahi

38,337

Sabarmati

30,679

Narmada

92,671

Tapi

63,923

West flowing rivers South of Tapi

East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Godavari

46,243

East flowing rivers between Godavari and Krishna

10,345

East flowing rivers between Krishna and Pennar

23,336

East flowing rivers between Pennar and Cauvery

63,646

East flowing rivers South of Cauvery

38,646

West flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni

Minor rivers draining into Bangladesh

Minor rivers draining into Myanmar

24,731

Area of North Ladakh not draining into Indus Basin

29,239

Drainage area of Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Drainage area of Lakshadweep Islands

463

Island Basin

371

Bay of Bengal Region - Ganga, Yamuna, Gomati, Mahanadi, Godavari, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Krishna, Penneru, Ponnaiyar and Kaveri Rivers. Brahmaputra Region Brahmaputra River.

West flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri and Tadri to Kanyakumari which are counted as separate basins by CWC, has been combined as West flowing rivers South of Tapi under India-WRIS.

Basin Name

Area (sq.km)

45,622

1,39,659

1,11,644

1,84,441 5,453

6,918

India: River Basins IWRIS

River Basins: 25 Largest River basin: Ganga - 8.08 lakh sq.km. Smallest River basin: Minor rivers draining into Bangladesh 5,453 sq.km.

List of IWRIS Sub-basins

Number of sub-basins in river basins: Indus basin (up to border): 14 sub-basins

Basin Code 1

Basin Name Indus (Up to border)

Ganga basin: 19 sub-basins Brahmaputra basin: 2 sub-basins Barak and others basin: 3 sub-basins Godavari basin: 8 sub-basins Krishna basin: 7 sub-basins

Ganga

Subbasin Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3

Cauvery basin: 3 sub-basins

4 5 6 7

Narmada: 3 sub-basins

Tapi: 3 sub-basins

9 10

Mahanadi: 3 sub-basins

11 12 13 14 15

Brahmaputra

Barak and Others

16 17 18 19 1 2 1 2

Godavari

Krishna

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Sub-basin Name Barmer Beas Chautang and other Chenab Churu Ghaghar and other Gilgit Jhelum Lower Indus Ravi Shyok Sutlaj Lower Sutlaj Upper Upper Indus Above Ramganga Confluence Banas Bhagirathi and other (Ganga Lower) Chambal Lower Chambal Upper Damodar Gandak and other Ghaghara Confluence to Gomti confluence Ghaghara Gomti Kali Sindh and other up to Confluence with Parbati Ramganga Sone Tons Upstream of Gomti confluence to Muzaffar Nagar Yamuna Lower Yamuna Middle Yamuna Upper Yamuna Upper Brahmaputra Lower Brahmaputra Upper Barak Kynchiang and other south flowing rivers Naochchara and other Godavari Lower Godavari Middle Godavari Upper Indravathi Manjra Pranhita and other Wardha Weinganga Bhima Lower Bhima Upper Krishna Lower Krishna Middle Krishna Upper Tungabhadra Lower Tungabhadra Upper

Basin Code

Basin Name

Subbasin Code

Sub-basin Name

Cauvery

1 2 3

Cauvery Lower Cauvery Middle Cauvery Upper

Subarnarekha

Brahmani and Baitarni

Mahanadi

Pennar

Mahi

Sabarmati

Narmada

Tapi

West flowing rivers South of Tapi

East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Godavari

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2

East flowing rivers between Godavari and Krishna

East flowing rivers between Krishna and Pennar

East flowing rivers between Pennar and Cauvery

Baitarni Brahmani Mahanadi Lower Mahanadi Middle Mahanadi Upper Pennar Lower Pennar Upper Mahi Lower Mahi Upper Sabarmati Lower Sabarmati Upper Narmada Lower Narmada Middle Narmada Upper Tapi Lower Tapi Middle Tapi Upper Vasishti and other Netravati and other Periyar and other Varrar and other Bhatsol and other Nagvati and other Vamsadhara and other East flowing rivers between Krishna and Godavari East flowing rivers between Krishna and Pennar Palar and other

Ponnaiyar and other

East flowing rivers South of Cauvery

1 2

West flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni

1 2 1 2 1

Pamba and other Vaippar and other Bhadar and other west flowing rivers Drainage of Rann Luni Lower Luni Upper Saraswati Shetranjuli and other east flowing rivers Karnaphuli and other Muhury and other Imphal and other Mangpui Lui and other Shaksgam

Sulmar

2 3 4 5 6 21

Minor rivers draining into Bangladesh

Minor rivers draining into Myanmar

Area of North Ladakh not draining into Indus

Drainage Area of Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Drainage Area of Lakshadweep Islands

India: Sub-basins IWRIS

Sub-basins - 101 A sub-basin is a structural geological feature, where a larger basin is divided into a series of smaller basins with intervening intra-basinal highs.

Meteorological Sub-divisions - 36 The average area of meteorological sub-division – 91,000 sq.km.

List of Meteorological Sub-divisions Sl.No.

Meteorological Sub-divisions

Sl.No.

Meteorological Sub-divisions

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

West Madhya Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

East Madhya Pradesh

Assam & Meghalaya

Gujarat

Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura

Saurashtra

Sub-Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim

Konkan & Goa

Gangetic West Bengal

Madhya Maharashtra

Odisha

Marathwada

Jharkhand

Vidarbha

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

East Uttar Pradesh

Coastal Andhra Pradesh

WestUttar Pradesh

Telangana

Uttarakhand

Rayalaseema

Haryana, Chandigarh & Delhi

Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry

Punjab

Coastal Karnataka

Himachal Pradesh

North Interior Karnataka

Jammu & Kashmir

South Interior Karnataka

West Rajasthan

Kerala

East Rajasthan

Lakshadweep

India: Meteorological Sub-divisions

About 80 per cent of annual rainfall is received during southwest monsoon of June to September.

Bhadra Reservoir, Lakkavalli, Chikkamagaluru Image courtesy: Hitech Videos, Bengaluru/ KNNL

SECTION II

KARNATAKA

Located in the Deccan Peninsular region of India with a geographical area of 191,791 sq.km, or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. Lies within 11030’ North and 18030’ North latitude and 74000’ East and 78030’ East longitude. Physiographically Karnataka State forms part of two well defined macro regions of Indian Union; the Deccan Plateau and the Coastal plains and Islands. 8th largest Indian State by area. The State extends to about 750 km from North to South and about 400 km from East to West.

Karnataka: Physical

Karnataka: Political

Borders with 6 States Administrative Units Districts

Nos. 30

Taluks

227

Villages

27,397

Municipal Corporation

City Municipal Council

Town Municipal Council

116

Town Panchayat

Gram Panchayat

6,068

Lok Sabha (Lower House) - 28 Rajya Sabha (Upper House) - 12

Karnataka: Parliamentary Constituencies

Karnataka: Assembly Constituencies

Bicameral legislature Legislative Assembly (Lower House/Vidhana Sabha) – 224 Constituencies Nominated to Vidhana Sabha - 1 (Anglo-Indian) Legislative Council (Upper House/Vidhana Parishad) – 75 Constituencies

Seven river basins with their tributaries drain the State Basin

Krishna

Karnataka: River Basins

Annual Drainage % of Avg Area Area Yield (TMC) (sq.km) 1,13,528 59.48

969.44

Cauvery

34,899 17.99

425.00

West Flowing Rivers

25,267 12.73 1,998.83

Godavari

4,601

2.31

Pennar

6,821

3.64

Ponnaiyar

3,725

2.29

Palar

2,872

1.56

Area based on GIS analysis

49.97

32.00

Karnataka: Sub-basins

Krishna basin has nine sub-basins Subbasin

Drainage Area (sq.km)

% of Area

821

0.72

15,829

13.93

6,833

6.02

11,780

10.38

1,256

1.11

18,100

15.94

1,393

1.23

39,106

34.45

18,409

16.22

Cauvery basin has nine sub-basins Subbasin

Drainage Area (sq.km)

% of Area

10,875

31.16

4,882

13.99

1,303

3.74

8,735

25.03

4,162

11.92

2,638

7.56

2,047

5.86

0.05

240

0.69

Area based on GIS analysis

Physiographic landforms: Northern Plateau elevation of 300 to 600m from the sea level. Central Plateau elevation varies between 450 to 700m. Southern Plateau general elevation of 600 to 900m. Coastal Region has a plain land with an elevation of less than 300m and the coastal belt has an average width 50 to 80 km, covers a distance of 267 km from North to South.

Karnataka: Elevation

Karnataka: Relief

Mullayyanagiri Peak (1930m) Baba Budangiri Peak (1895m) Kudremukh Peak (1894m) Kodachadri (1343m) Kemmanagundi (1434m) Pushpagiri Peak (1712m) Brahmagiri Hills (1608m) Biligirirangabetta (1800m) and Nandi Hills (1478m)

The country has been broadly divided into fifteen agricultural regions The State lies in the Agro-climatic Zone X and XII which is called as. Karnataka Southern Plateau and Hill, West coast plain and Ghat Regions.

Agro-climatic Zones-Salient Features Zones

1. North Eastern Transition Zone (7 taluks) 2. North Eastern Dry Zone (11 taluks)

3. Northern Dry Zone (35 taluks) 4. Central Dry Zone (17 taluks)

5. Eastern Dry Zone (24 taluks)

6. Southern Dry Zone (19 taluks)

7. Southern Transition Zone (13 taluks)

8. Northern Transition Zone (14 taluks)

9. Hilly Zone (22 taluks)

10. Coastal Zone (13 taluks)

Geo. Area (ha)

Geo. Area (%)

Rainfall range (mm)

Elevation (m from MSL)

Soil

8,71,036

829.50 to 919.00

800-900 in major areas 450-800 parts of 6 taluks

Shallow to medium black clay soils in major areas. Red lateritic soils in remaining areas.

17,62,604

633.22 to 806.60

300-450 in all taluks

Deep to very deep black clay soils in major areas. Shallow to medium black soils in minor pockets.

47,83,642

464.50 to 785.70

450-800 in 26 taluks, in remaining taluks 800 to 900.

Black clay medium and deep in major areas, sand loams in remaining areas.

19,43,830

455.50 to 717.40

800-900 in major areas, in remaining areas 450-800.

Red Sandy loams in major areas, shallow to deep black soil in remaining areas.

18,08,217

679.10 to 888.90

800-900 in major areas, in remaining areas 900-1500

Red loamy soils in major areas, clay lateritic soils in remaining areas.

17,39,430

670.60 to 888.60

12,18,029

611.70 to 1053.90

800-900 in major areas partly 900-1500 and in 6 talukas 450-800

Red sandy loams in major areas and in remaining areas, red loamy soils.

11,94,941

618.40 to 1303.20

800-900 in major areas, 450-800 in remaining areas

Shallow to medium black clay soils and red sandy loamy soils in equal proportion.

25,60,727

904.40 to 3695.10

800-900 in major areas in 4 talukas 900-1500 and in 6 taluks 450-800

Red clay loamy soils in major areas.

3010.90 to 4694.40

Less than 300 in major areas in remaining 450-800

Red lateritic and coastal alluvial.

11,67,380

800-900 in major areas, Red sandy loams in major areas and in 450-800 in remaining areas remaining areas, pockets of black soils.

Karnataka: Agro-climatic Zones

State has been classified into 10 agro-climatic zones based on: (a) Rainfall pattern, quantum and distribution (b) Soil types, texture, depth and physico-chemical properties (c) Elevation and topography and (d) Major crops and vegetation

Karnataka falls in three India Meteorological department (IMD) classified meteorological sub-divisions: Costal Karnataka, North Interior and South Interior Water Resources Department has maintained about: 206 Automatic Rain gauge stations, 89 Full Climatic Stations, 774 Standard Rain gauge stations across State Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (KSNDMC) has maintained about: 6,502 telemetric rain gauge stations and 920 telemetric weather stations across the State

Karnataka: Meteorological Stations

Karnataka: Average Annual Rainfall (1988-2019)

Southwest monsoon: Accounts 80% of the rainfall in the state. Rainfall to the tune of 96 to 104% is considered as ‘normal’. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 3500 mm. Northeast monsoon: Covers only the South Interior Karnataka. Normal rainfall spans from 89 to 111%. Monsoon period is from October to December and contributes 20% of the annual total rainfall. Agumbe & Hulikal in Shivamogga and Amagaon in Uttar Kannada Districts receive the highest rainfall.

Actual Evapotranspiration is quantity of water that is removed from a surface due to the processes of evaporation and transpiration. ETa for the river basins for the year 2018 is as below: a) Krishna Basin varies from 378 mm to 1844 mm b) Cauvery Basin varies from 212 mm to 2203 mm c) West flowing rivers basin varies from 347 mm to 1954 mm d) Godavari basin varies from 312 mm to 2174 mm e) Pennar basin varies from 336 mm to 1472 mm f) Ponnaiyar basin varies from 527 mm to 1540 mm g) Palar basin varies from 531mm to 1352 mm Values based on Remote Sensing analysis

Karnataka: Actual Evapotranspiration (2018)

Karnataka: Land Use and Land Cover (2017-18)

Cultivable area in the state is 64% of total Geographical Area. Land Use and Land Cover Information (2017-18) LULC Class Built-up

Area in '000 ha

% Area

536.72

2.80

Kharif Crop

4,076.46

21.29

Rabi Crop

1,018.11

5.32

Zaid Crop

50.95

0.27

3,221.22

16.82

3,113.23

16.26

1,458.88

7.62

1,276.82

6.67

2,230.57

11.65

410.84

2.15

0.18

0.00

Grassland

20.82

0.11

Wasteland

1,108.15

5.79

469.89

2.45

153.02

0.80

Double/ Triple Crop Current Fallow Plantation Evergreen Forest Deciduous Forest Degraded/ Scrub Forest Littoral Swamp

Waterbodies Max Waterbodies Min Total

19,145.86 100.00

Data Source: Bhuvan-NRSC (ISRO)

Cultivable area in State: 128 lakh ha. Gross cultivated area during 2017-18 was 120.01 lakh ha.

Karnataka: Sourcewise Gross Irrigated Area (2017-18) Canals

Lift Irrigation

Tanks

Wells

Sourcewise irrigated area during 2017-18: Canals: 28.50% Lift Irrigation: 2.65% Tanks: 3.12% Wells: 9.43% Tube-wells: 46.31% Other Sources: 9.45%

Tube-wells

Other Sources

Highest source-wise gross irrigated districts during 2017-18: Canals: Raichur Lift Irrigation: Ballari Tanks: Shivamogga Wells: Belagavi Tube-wells: Tumakuru Other Sources: Bagalkot All Sources: Belagavi

All Sources

Cultivable area128 lakh ha Crops cultivated during 2017-18:

Karnataka: Cultivated Area under Crops (2017-18) Cereals

Pulses

Food grains

Oil seeds

Cereals: 24.67% Pulses: 16.51% Food grains: 41.88% Oil seeds: 6.08% Commercial crops: 6.50% Fruits: 2.32% Vegetables: 2.04%

Commercial crops

Fruits

Highest Cultivated Area under Crops (districts) during 2017-18: CerealsDavanagere (2,89,787 ha) Pulses Kalaburagi (6,66,874 ha) Food grains Kalaburagi (9,02,071 ha) Oil seedsBidar (1,64,169 ha) Commercial crops Belagavi (2,64,252 ha) FruitsKolar (14,816 ha) VegetablesKolar (33,365 ha)

Vegetables

Tungabhadra Reservoir, Munirabad, Koppal Image courtesy: Hitech Videos, Bengaluru/KNNL

SECTION III

TUNGABHADRA (K8) AND VEDAVATI (K9) SUB-BASINS

OVERVIEW Krishna Basin extends over Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Krishna Basin in India

Catchment area of the Basin is 2,59,077 sq.km (as per GIS analysis) which is nearly 8% of the total geographical area of the country. Krishna River originates near Mahabaleshwar, Western Ghats in Maharashtra. Fourth largest river (Area & Inflows) with about 1,400 km in length. Largest tributaries of Krishna River are Tungabhadra and Bhima. Area Distribution of Krishna Basin Among Different States Name of the Basin State Maharashtra

Area as per GIS (sq.km)

Area (%)

68,769

26.54

114,040

44.02

Andhra Pradesh

24,759

9.56

Telangana

51,509

19.88

Karnataka

Total

259,077 100.00

* Area as per GIS analysis

Krishna Basin in Karnataka

Krishna Basin’s catchment is 60% of total area of the state Average annual yield is 969.44 TMC (27.9% of State’s total run off) Caters 29 million population (48% of State Population) Distribution of Area and Population in Krishna Basin Within Karnataka Sub-basin Name

Drainage Area (sq.km)

Area* (%)

Population** (Million)

Tunga bhadra (K8)

39,106

34.45

10.07

Vedavati (K9)

18,442

16.24

4.13

Lower Bhima (K6)

18,100

15.94

4.13

Middle Krishna (K2)

15,829

13.94

3.87

Malprabha (K4)

11,780

10.38

3.09

Ghatprabha (K3)

6,831

6.02

2.76

Lower Krishna (K7)

1,392

1.23

0.38

Bhima (K5)

1,256

1.11

0.27

Upper Krishna (K1)

821

0.72

0.40

Total

1,13,525

100.00

29.10

* Area as per GIS analysis ** As per 2011 census

Drainage area: Tungabhadra Sub-basin (K8) - 39,100 sq.km. Vedavati Sub-basin (K9) - 18,442 sq.km. Combined drainage area of K8 and K9 sub-basin is 57,542 sq.km which is 30% of the State geographical area. Estimated per capita water availability in: K8 sub-basin is 940 m3/ year/person/year. K9 sub-basin is 225 m3/ year/person/year.

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Watersheds

Tungabhadra sub-basin (K8): 38 watersheds. Vedavati sub-basin (K9): 23 watersheds. K8 and K9 sub-basin together accounts to 61 (26%) out of 234 watersheds in Karnataka

Upper reaches of the sub-basins have an elevation of 1200m MSL Average of 600m MSL in middle reaches and Lower reaches, which is downstream of the Tungabhadra Reservoir is mostly having a flat terrain with an elevation of 400m MSL.

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Elevation

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Tributaries

Tunga and Bhadra rivers originate at Gangamoola in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1198m Tunga River is 147 km long and Bhadra River is about 178 km long. Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and the Bhadra River at Koodli near Shivamogga River Tungabhadra runs for about 531 km and joins the Krishna River at Sangamaleshwaram in Telanagana. Tungabhadra river runs for about 445 km in Karnataka and forms the boundary between Karnataka, Telanagana and Andhra Pradesh for 112 km, to its confluence with the Krishna at Srishailam Reservoir. Two rivers, the Veda and Avati, arise in the eastern part of the Sahyadri Hill range in Bababudangiri mountain ranges, flow east and join concert near Pura to form the Vedavati River. Vedavati river runs for about 354 km of which 282 km is in Karnataka. Vedavati is also called the Hagari in Ballari District and parts of Andhra Pradesh.

Tungabhadra and Vedavati sub-basins are lies in drainage area that contains all drainages flowing in to Bay of Bengal except those at Ganges Drainage Region & Brahmaputra Drainage Region K8 and K9 sub-basins are included in Krishna Basin and divided in to the sub-catchments, consisting of: a) Upper Tungabhadra (4D3) b) Lower Tungabhadra (4D4)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Sub-catchments

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Reaches

Upper reaches: humid with hilly Western Ghats, having an average elevation of 1,200m MSL with an average annual rainfall of 2,300 mm and is dominated by forest land with red soil. Middle reaches: upstream of the Tungabhadra dam, which comes under dry region with an average elevation of 600m MSL with an average annual rainfall of 800 mm. These regions are having undulating land with shallow black soil to red sandy loam. Lower reaches: irrigated lands with flat terrain, with an elevation of 400m MSL and an average annual rainfall of 600 mm. The soil types found these areas are shallow to deep black clay soils.

Upper reach of the sub-basin is dominated by forest land of Western ghats Middle reach of the sub-basin is undulating land with shallow black soil to red sandy loam Lower reach is dominated by irrigated land with flat terrain

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Physical

ADMINISTRATIVE Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Political

K8 covers 11 districts and K9 covers 7 districts with an overall coverage of 13 districts covering 68 taluks Ballari, Chitradurga and Davanagere districts are wholly located in K8 and K9 sub-basins None of the district is solely located in one sub-basin.

District

% % area area of of each each Total district district in K8 in K9

Ballari

64.80

35.46

100

Chitradurga

12.29

87.86

100

Davanagere

91.84

8.29

100

Haveri

95.14

Koppal

89.24

Chikkamagaluru

56.58

31.06 87.64

Shivamogga

67.91

Raichur

59.22

0.12 59.34

Gadag

43.63

Tumakuru

36.92 36.92

Hassan

20.29 20.29

Uttara Kannada

6.42

Dharwad

1.22

Parliamentary constituencies: 14 Fully covered constituencies in K8 and K9 sub-basin: 3 Ballari Davanagere Chitradurga Partially covered constituencies are: 11

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Parliamentary Constituencies

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Assembly Constituencies

Assembly Constituencies: 72 Fully covered assembly constituencies in K8 and K9 sub-basins: 38 1

Ballari

Ballari City

Bhadravati

Byadgi

Challakere

Channagiri

Chitradurga

Davangere North

Davangere South

Gangawati

H B Halli

H Hadagalli

Harihar

Harpanahalli

Haveri

Hirekerur

Hiriyur

Holalkere

Honnali

Hosdurga

Jagalur

Kadur

Kampli

Kanakagiri

Koppal

Kudligi

Mayakonda

Molakalmuru

Ranibennur

Sandur

Shikarpura

Shivamogga

Sindhanur

Sira

Siruguppa

Sringeri

Tarikere

Vijayanagara

Partially covered constituencies: 34

K8 and K9 Sub-basins cover about: a) 13 districts b) 68 Taluks c) 1,697 villages d) 2 Municipal Corporations e) 14 City Municipal Councils f) 5 District Headquarters

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Urban Conglomeration

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Office Locations of WRD

Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL) majorly manages irrigation projects in K8 sub-basin Project office details: 2 Zonal Offices headed by Chief Engineer 4 Circle Offices headed by Superintending Engineer 16 Divisional Offices headed by Executive Engineer 62 Sub-divisional Offices headed by Assistant Executive Engineer Visvesvaraya Jala Nigam Limited (VJNL) manages irrigation projects in K9 sub-basin Project office details: 1 Zonal Office headed by Chief Engineer 2 Circle Offices headed by Superintending Engineer 8 Divisional Offices headed by Executive Engineer 19 Sub-divisional Offices headed by Assistant Executive Engineer

DEMOGRAPHY Population as per Census 2011 in K8 and K9 sub-basins is 14.2 million which is 23% of state’s population:

Population

a) K8 sub-basin: 10.07 million b) K9 sub-basin: 4.13 million Urban population: 3.2 million Rural population: 11 million Average population density (the number of persons per sq.km) ranges from 191 in rural areas to 3,166 in urban areas. Growth rate of the urban population is 18%, which is 2.1 times higher than the rural population growth.

Urban Population

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins Rural Population

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins Population Density

Literacy Rate

Population Decadal Change

Literate population is 12.6 million Contribution to GSDP in Districts with at 35% of their area in the Tungabhadra River Sub-Basin

District

Contribution to state GSDP (%)

Ballari

3.40

Chikkamagaluru

1.70

Chitradurga

1.70

Davanagere

2.33

Gadag

1.20

Haveri

1.50

Koppal

2.70

Raichur

1.75

Shivamogga

2.54

Tumakuru

3.40

Hassan

2.2

Uttara Kannada

2.1

Contribution to GSDP

Total

22.22%

HYDRO-METEOROLOGY Network of rain gauge and climatic stations in K8 and K9 sub-basins: 1) Water Resources Department: 327 a) 22 full climate stations b) 52 automatic rain gauge stations c) 253 stations with standard rain gauges 2) KSNDMC: 2,114 a) 1,823 Telemetric Rain gauge stations b) 291 Telemetric Weather stations

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Rain Gauge Stations

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Stream Gauge Stations

On 8 tributaries of Tungabhadra river System: a) 12 Gauging Stations of CWC b) 9 Gauging Stations of WRD Average annual flow leaving from Mantralayam Gauge & Discharge Site (GD) is 220 TMC. Maximum annual flow of 230-251 TMC is found between Honnali & Harlahalli GD Station Name, River

Annual Average Flow (TMC)

CWC Stations Shivamogga, Tunga Holehonnur, Bhadra Honnali, Tungabhadra Kuppelur, Kumudvati Byladahalli, Haridra Haralahalli, Tungabhadra Marol, Varada Ullenur, Tungabhadra Mantralayam, Tungabhadra Kellodu,Vedavathi Hoovinahole, Suvarnamukhi T. Ramapuram (Seasonal), Hagari WRD Stations Malleswara, Bhadra Balehonnur, Bhadra Muthodi, Somavahini Rattihalli, Kumudvati Hosaritti, Varada Marali, Maralinala Dhadesugur, Tungabhadra M Road Bridge, Tungabhadra Kollurhalla Bridge

196.51 62.05 251.14 15.16 9.66 231.39 73.23 153.00 219.87 1.65 0.69 25.70 18.66 76.21 2.87 14.43 41.29 4.15 367.12 190.02 4.23

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Annual Average Rainfall Rainfall is unevenly distributed in the subbasins with a highest rainfall of 5,000 mm in the Western Ghats, which gradually decreases towards the lower reaches of the sub-basins Catchment of Tunga River receives the most rain with an Annual Average Rainfall (AAR) of about 3,100 mm Bhadra and Varda River catchments receive a rainfall with an AAR of about 1,300 mm AAR of Tungabhadra and Vedavati catchment is about 650 mm and 550 mm respectively Annual Rainfall of 70% is received during July to October months in the regions

(1988-2019)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Monthly Average Rainfall (1988-2019) January

February

Average rainfall during: a) January: up to 5 mm b) February: up to 5 mm, parts of upper reach receiving up to 10mm c) March: 5 mm to 30 mm, parts of upper reach receiving up to 40mm d) April: Upper reach and part of middle reach up to 100 mm and Lower reach up to 30 mm

March

April

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Monthly Average Rainfall Average rainfall during: a) May: up to 75 mm, parts of lower reach receiving up to 30 mm, parts of upper reach receiving up to 100 mm

(1988-2019)

May

June

July

August

b) June: up to 75 mm, upper reach 150 mm to 600 mm c) July: up to 75 mm, majority of upper reach 150 mm to 600 mm and pockets receiving up to 1500 mm d) August: majority of upper reach up to 200 mm and pockets receiving up to 1500 mm and rest of the sub-basin up to 100 mm

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Monthly Average Rainfall (1988-2019) September

October

Average rainfall during: a) September: majority of the subbasin up to 100 mm, portion of upper reach up to 600 mm b) October: upper and parts of middle reach up to 150 mm, part of middle reach and lower reach 100 mm and pockets in upper reach receiving up to 600 mm c) November: upper and parts of middle reach up to 100 mm, part of middle reach and lower reach 30 mm and pockets in upper reach receiving up to 200 mm

November

December

d) December: upper and parts of middle reach up to 20 mm, part of middle reach and lower reach 10 mm and pockets in upper reach receiving up to 30 mm

Total number of Groundwater observation wells under the jurisdiction of Ground Water Directorate: 512 K8 sub-basin: 353 K9 sub-basin: 159 Central Ground Water Board: 84 K8 sub-basin: 59 K9 sub-basin: 25

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Observation Wells

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations

16 surface water quality monitoring stations are located in the K8 sub-basin out of 63 stations in the State Water samples are analysed for 28 parameters 6 polluted stretches are located in Tungabhadra River Sub-Basin out of 18 in State Tunga, Bhadra and Tungabhadra have stretches that are polluted to varying degrees and are non-complying to Water Quality Criteria with respect to Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) WQMS ID A B C D

WQMS ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

WRD Monitoring Sites Bhadra at Balehonnur Bhadra at Bhadravati Bypass Bridge Bhadra at Bhadravati Town Bridge Tungabhadra River at TB Reservoir D/S KSPCB Monitoring Sites U/S of KIOCL, Kudremukh D/S of KIOCL, Malleshwar U/S of MPM, Bhadravati D/S of Bhadravati D/S of Shivamogga Near Holehonnur Confluence of Tunga and Bhadra at Kudli At Honnali Bridge At Harlahalli Bridge At New Bridge, Kumarapatna D/S of HPF, Harihar U/S of HPF Old Bridge, Harihar At Harihar Water Supply Intake Point At Jack Well Point, Nadhi-Harlahalli D/S of Gangavathi Dadesugur Bridge Gauging Station

River

Bhadra

Tunga Bhadra

Tunga bhadra

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Actual Evapotranspiration ETa for the year 2018 in sub-basins are as below: a) K8 varies from 210 mm to 2,103 mm b) K9 varies from 221 mm to 1,806 mm Note: Values based on Remote Sensing analysis

(2018)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Actual Evapotranspiration N

2017

2016

ETa for the year 2017 in sub-basins are as below: a) K8 varies from 208 mm to 1,867 mm b) K9 varies from 174 mm to 1,795 mm ETa for the year 2016 in sub-basins are as below: a) K8 varies from 175 mm to 2,037 mm b) K9 varies from 214 mm to 1,829 mm ETa for the year 2015 in sub-basins are as below: a) K8 varies from 192 mm to 2,108 mm

2015

2014

b) K9 varies from 241 mm to 1,928 mm ETa for the year 2014 in sub-basins are as below: a) K8 varies from 216 mm to 2,124 mm b) K9 varies from 204 mm to 1,857 mm Note: Values based on Remote Sensing analysis

SOIL Area coverage of soil texture in K8 & K9 sub-basin: a) Clayey: 53.13% (30,664.08 sq.km) b) Loamy: 37.32% (21,539.34 sq.km) c) Rock land: 4.08% (2,352.05 sq.km) d) Sandy: 2.47% (1,423.35 sq.km) e) Road and Water body

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Textural Classification

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Depth

Area coverage of soil depth in K8 & K9 sub-basin: a) Very Shallow: 8.55% (4,920.53 sq.km) b) Shallow: 6.74% (3,876 sq.km) c) Moderate shallow: 8.41% (4,835.34 sq.km) d) Moderate Deep: 16.31% (9,380.28 sq.km) e) Deep: 52.11% (29,972.24 sq.km) f) Rock land: 5.26% (3,027.31 sq.km) g) Road and Water body

Soil erosion in K8 and K9 Sub-basins: a) Severe soil erosion: 13.16% (7,572.07 sq.km) b) Moderate erosion: 40.57% (23,346.24 sq.km) c) Slight or no erosion: 38.89% (22,374.36 sq.km) d) Rock Land: 4.41% (2,540.04 sq.km) e) Road and Water body Sedimentation is the major issue in the Tungabhadra reservoir, reducing the storage capacity.

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Erosion

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Soil Degradation

Area coverage of soil depth in K8 & K9 sub-basin: a) Stable terrain: 1.94% (1,115.93 sq.km) b) Slight water erosion: 11.36% (6,537.87 sq.km) c) Moderate water erosion: 44.17% (25,414.19 sq.km) d) Strong water erosion: 13.31% (7,657.03 sq.km) e) Extreme water erosion: 1.53% (880.57 sq.km) f) Moderate water erosion + physical deterioration: 3.31% (1,903.66 sq.km) g) Moderate water erosion + chemical deterioration: 1.57% (903.24 sq.km) h) Chemical deterioration (Cn): 0.26% (152.08 sq.km) i) Chemical deterioration (Cs): 17.01% (9,785.07 sq.km) j) Rock land: 3.05% (1,755.81 sq.km) k) Road and Water body

AGRICULTURE Karnataka is divided in to 10 agro-climatic zones K8 and K9 sub-basin lies in 6 agro-climatic zones 66.42% area of K8 and K9 sub-basin is under Dry Zones

Zones

Elevation (m)

Rainfall (mm)

Soil

Crops

Area (%)

Taluk

North Eastern Dry Zone

300 - 450

630 - 800

Deep to very deep black clay

Rabi jowar, Bajra, Pulses, Oilseeds and Cotton

4.59

Devadurga, Manvi, Raichur

465 - 800

Shallow to deep black clay

Rabi jowar, Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton, Wheat, Sugarcane and Tobacco

32.39

Ballari, Gadag, Gangawati, Hagaribommanahalli, Harapanahalli, Hospet, Husvinahadagali, Koppal, Kudligi, Kushtagi, Lingsugur, Mundargi, Sandur, Sindhnur, Siruguppa,Yelbarga

450 - 700

Red sandy loams in major areas

Ragi, Jowar, Pulses and Oilseeds

29.44

Arsiker, Challaker, Chiknayakanahalli, Chitradurga, Davanagere, Harihar, Hiriyur, Holalkere, Hosdurga, Jagalur, Kadur, Madhugiri, Molakalmuru, Pavagada, Sira, Tiptur

534 - 1,871

Red sandy 600 - 1,100 loam in major areas

Rice, Ragi, Pulses, Jowar and Tobacco

11.02

Belur, Bhadravati, Channagiri, Honnali, Shikaripur, Shivamogga, Tarikere

600 - 1,903

900 -3,700

Red sandy loam in major areas

Rice and Pulses

14.24

Chikkamagaluru, Hangal, Hosanagara, Koppa, Mudigere, Narasimharajapura, Sagar, Siddapur, Sirsi, Sorab, Sringeri, Tirthahalli

620 -1,300

Shallow to medium black clay and red sandy loam

Rice, Jowar, Groundnut, Pulses, Sugarcane and Tobacco

8.31

Byadagi, Haveri, Hirekerur, Ranebennur, Savanur, Shiggaon, Shirahatti

14.24% area of K8 and K9 sub-basin is under Hilly Zone 19.33 % area of K8 and K9 sub-basin is under Transition Zones

Northern Dry Zone

Central Dry Zone

Southern Transition Zone

Hilly Zone

Northern Transition zone

Agro-climatic Zones-Salient Features

450 - 900

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Agro-climatic Zones

Crops under Dry Zones: Rabi jowar, ragi, bajra, pulses, oil seeds, maize, cotton, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco Crops under Hilly Zone: Rice and Pulses Crops under Transition Zones: Rice, ragi, pulses, jowar, groundnut, sugarcane and tobacco

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Land Use and Land Cover LULC Class

Area in '000 ha

Built-up

% Area

138.15

2.38

1,243.25

21.39

Rabi Crop

383.04

6.59

Zaid Crop

8.65

0.15

722.48

12.43

1,162.36

20.00

454.21

7.82

145.97

2.51

642.69

11.06

231.76

3.99

Grassland

9.63

0.17

Wasteland

463.04

7.97

160.19

2.76

46.18

0.79

Kharif Crop

Double/ Triple Crop Current Fallow Plantation Evergreen Forest Deciduous Forest Degraded/ Scrub Forest

Waterbodies Max Waterbodies Min Total

5,811.59 100.00

(2017-18)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: NDVI and LAI N

NDVI 2018

LAI 2018

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): is a measurement of the balance between energy received and energy emitted by plant communities, this index establishes a value for how green the area is, that is, the quantity of vegetation present in a given area and its state of health or vigor of growth. The value range of an NDVI is -1 to 1. Negative values of NDVI (values approaching -1) correspond to water Values close to zero (-0.1 to 0.1) generally correspond to barren areas of rock, sand, or snow Low, positive values represent shrub and grassland (approximately 0.2 to 0.4),

NDVI January - May 2018

NDVI June - December 2018

High values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests (values approaching 1) Leaf Area Index (LAI): is a measure for the total area of leaves per unit ground area and directly related to the amount of light that can be intercepted by plants LAI is an important variable used to predict photosynthetic primary production, evapotranspiration and as a reference tool for crop growth

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Cultivated Area under Crops Crops cultivated in the sub-basins during 2017-18:

(2017-18)

Cereals

Pulses

Food grains

Oil seeds

Cereals – 31.95% (19,39,958 ha) Pulses – 9.74% (5,91,107 ha) Food grains – 42.25% (25,64,968 ha) Oil seeds – 7.27% (4,41,363 ha) Commercial crops – 5.01% (3,04,428 ha) Fruits – 1.51% (91,614 ha) Vegetables – 2.27% (1,37,886 ha)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Cultivated Area under Crops (2017-18) Commercial crops

Fruits

Taluks with highest Cultivated Area under Crops during 2017-18: Cereals – Harapanahalli (Davanagere) Pulses – Gadag (Gadag) Food grains – Lingsugur (Raichur) OilseedsChallakere (Chitradurga) Commercial CropsSiruguppa (Ballari) FruitsGubbi (Tumakuru)

Vegetables

Vegetables – Hiriyuru (Chitradurga)

Crop Water Productivity (CWP) is a performance indicator for monitoring, evaluation, and a diagnosis tool for irrigation water management. The average CWP of the Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC) is 1.44 kg/m3 and the average yield and ETa are 6.4 ton/ha and 448 mm respectively. The command areas of Tungabhadra Right Bank High Level (RBHL) and Right Bank Low Level (RBLL) has slightly higher CWP at 1.5 kg/ m3 by using less water (437 mm) and producing higher yield (6.5 ton/ha). CWP and yield gradually increase moving away from upstream to downstream.

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Water Productivity of Tungabhadra Command Area

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Number of Operational Holders Marginal Farmers

Small Farmers

Marginal (0.01 to 0.99 ha.), Small (1.00 to 1.99 ha.) Semi-Medium (2.00 to 3.99 ha.) Medium (4.00 to 9.99 ha.) Large (10 Ha. & above) Total land holders in K8 and K9 sub-basin: 31,59,540 Marginal: 48.41% (15,29,417) Small: 28.81% (9,10,297) Semi medium & medium: 22.01% (6,95,383) Large: 0.77% (24,443)

Semi-Medium & Medium Farmers

Large Farmers

Land holders in K8 and K9 sub-basin compared with State: Marginal: 32.08% Small: 41.12% Semi medium & medium: 42.29% Large: 43.88% Average land holding size in K8 and K9 sub-basin: Marginal: 0.49 ha Small: 1.41 ha Semi medium & medium: 3.50 ha Large: 15.70 ha

WATER RESOURCES

9 Major reservoirs, 6 are operational and 3 are under construction 17 medium projects Water allocation for K8 sub-basin is 338.16 TMC, of which 300.65 TMC for major & medium projects and 37.51 TMC is for minor projects. Water allocation for K9 sub-basin, the allocation of water is 33.14 TMC, with much smaller proportion to major and medium projects (6.34 TMC) and when compared to 26.8 TMC to minor irrigation projects. Storage capacity (TMC)

Sl. No.

Reservoir

Bhadra

Upper Tunga

3.24

Shiggon LIS

1.50

Singatalur LIS

7.64

Tungabhadra

100.85

Vijayanagar Channel

12.05

Vani Vilas Sagar

8.20

Ambligola

0.79

Anjanapur

1.78

Devara belakere pickup

0.092

Dharma

0.785

Gayathri

0.45

Hagri Bommanahalli

2.00

71.50

Hirehalla

1.67

Jambadahalla

0.70

Kanakanala dam

0.40

Maskinala

0.93

Narihalla

0.35

Rajolibanda

1.20

Bhadra Anicut/ Gondi

0.37

Baspur LIS

0.60

Ranikere

0.91

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Reservoirs

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Minor Irrigation Tanks (2017-18)

Irrigation tanks 1,505 Percolation tanks 180 Total Minor irrigation tanks 1,685 Cummulative water storage capacity of Minor irrigation tanks 50,847 MCFT

Groundwater prospects map focusses on availability of groundwater quantity and quality to some extent, Groundwater prospects has been ranked from very good to poor As per Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India, 2017, Central Ground Water Board, Government of India Annual extractable groundwater resource of the State is about 14.79 BCM (522 TMC) and the utilization has been about 10.34 BCM (365 TMC) Average annual groundwater availability in the Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins is about 188 TMC and the average utilization is 111 TMC

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Ground Water Prospects (2005)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Major and Medium Project Command Area

IRRIGATION N

Gross command area of major reservoirs is 11,50,416 ha, whereas that of medium reservoirs is 68,044 ha. Major projects Sl. No.

Project

GCA (ha)

Bhadra

1,62,810

Upper Bhadra#

2,25,515

Tunga Anicut

11,520

Upper Tunga

80,494

Shiggon LIS

14,371

Singatalur LIS

20,241

Tungabhadra

5,03,238

Vijayanagar Channel

1,22,110

Vani Vilas Sagar

10,117

Ambligola

4,500

Anjanapur

8,552

Devara belakere pickup

4,918

Dharma

12,044

Gayathri

2,305

Hagri Bommanahalli

4,735

Hirehalla

8,330

Jambadahalla

2,186

Kanakanala dam

2,064

Maskinala

3,001

Narihalla

1,512

Rajolibanda

2,380

Bhadra Anicut/Gondi

4,466

Baspur LIS

2,276

FC to Ranikere

3,238

# Ongoing project

Area irrigated by: Canals 15.30% (4,29,168 ha)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Sourcewise Gross Irrigated Area (2017-18) Canals

Lift Irrigation

Tanks

Wells

Lift irrigation 2.01% (56,293 ha) Tanks 2.34% (65,755 ha) Wells 0.83% (23,295 ha) Tube wells 27.02% (7,57,913 ha) Other sources 2.47% (69,318 ha) Area irrigated by All sources is 14,03,447 ha

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Sourcewise Gross Irrigated Area (2017-18) Tube-wells

Other Sources

Taluks with highest Sourcewise Gross Irrigated area during 2017-18: Canals Sindhanur (Raichur) Lift Irrigation Siruguppa (Ballari) Tanks Sorab (Shivamogga) Wells Sirsi (Uttara Kannada) Tube-wells Hiriyur (Tumakuru) Other Sources Ranibennur (Haveri) All Sources Ballari

All Sources

GROUNDWATER Groundwater categorization 2017 51.19% (29,131 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Safe 11.20% (6,372 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Semi-critical 8.53% (4,853 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Critical 29.08% (16,550 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Over Exploited Note: Groundwater utilization is dependent on many influencing parameters of which quality is an important aspect Area based on GIS analysis

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Assessment (2017)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Watershedwise Groundwater Assessment (2013, 2011 & 2009) 2013

2011

Groundwater categorization 2013 48.75% (27,745 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Safe 16.69% (7,244 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Semi-critical 16.69% (9,500 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Critical 21.83% (12,423 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Over Exploited 2011 46.64% (27,745 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Safe 9.46% (5,382 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Semi-critical 15.50% (8,820 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Critical 28.40% (16,165 Sq.km) area of K8 and K9 basin is Over Exploited

2009

2009 52.05% (29,623 Sq.km) of K8 and K9 basin is categorized as Safe 9.34% (5,314 Sq.km) of K8 and K9 basin is categorized as Semi-critical 2.74% (1,559 Sq.km) of K8 and K9 basin is categorized as Critical 35.87% (20,416 Sq.km) of K8 and K9 basin is categorized as Over Exploited Note: Groundwater utilization is dependent on many influencing parameters of which quality is an important aspect Area based on GIS analysis

During 2008 Groundwater levels in: 15.43% (8,874 sq.km) area is below 5m 39.02% (22,442 sq.km) area varies from 5.10m to 10m 37.73% (21,670 sq.km) area varies from 10.10m to 20m 7.82% (4,500 sq.km) area varies from 20.10m to 40m Nil area is above 40m Note: Groundwater utilization is dependent on many influencing parameters of which quality is an important aspect Area based on GIS analysis

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Level (2008)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Level (2018)

During 2018 Groundwater levels in: 4.09% (2,354 sq.km) area is below 5m 28.52% (16,400 sq.km) area varies from 5.10m to 10m 39.49% (22,710 sq.km) area varies from 10.10m to 20m 23.66% (13,605 sq.km) area varies from 20.10m to 40m 4.25% (2,443 sq.km) area is above 40m Note: Groundwater utilization is dependent on many influencing parameters of which quality is an important aspect Area based on GIS analysis

The groundwater table is falling rapidly in Vedavati Sub-basin (wells are having Groundwater level up to 90m) compared to that of Tungabhadra Sub-basin in recent years Groundwater level fluctuations between 2008 and 2018 in: 39.12% (22,500 sq.km) area has dropped above 4m 20.52% (11,801 sq.km) area has dropped between 4m to 2m 29.70% (17,080 sq.km) area has dropped between 0m to 2m 7.89% (4,539 sq.km) area has increased between 0m to 2m 1.55% (893 sq.km) area has increased between 2m to 4m 1.22% (703 sq.km) area has increased above 4m Note: Groundwater utilization is dependent on many influencing parameters of which quality is an important aspect Area based on GIS analysis

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Decadal Fluctuation (2008-2018)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Pre and Post-monsoon Groundwater Level 2008 Pre-monsoon

2008 Post-monsoon

During 2008 Pre-monsoon, Groundwater levels in: 33.54% (19,290 sq.km) area is below 5m 34.83% (20,035 sq.km) area varies from 5.10m to 10m 25.97% (14,935 sq.km) area varies from 10.10m to 20m 5.64% (3,242 sq.km) area varies from 20.10m to 40m 0.02% (13 sq.km) area is above 40m

During 2008 Post-monsoon, Groundwater levels in: 40.12% (23,075 sq.km) area is below 5m 37.75% (21,715 sq.km) area varies from 5.10m to 10m 20.22% (11,632 sq.km) area varies from 10.10m to 20m 1.90% (1,094 sq.km) area varies from 20.10m to 40m Nil area is above 40m

During 2018 Pre-monsoon, Groundwater levels in:

2018 Pre-monsoon

2018 Post-monsoon

6.41 % (3,687 sq.km) area is below 5m 21.56% (12,403 sq.km) area varies from 5.10m to 10m 42.82% (24,641 sq.km) area varies from 10.10m to 20m 25.40% (14,607 sq.km) area varies from 20.10m to 40m 3.79% (2,177 sq.km) area is above 40m

During 2018 Post-monsoon, Groundwater levels in: 7.59% (4,367 sq.km) area is below 5m 28.76% (16,541 sq.km) area varies from 5.10m to 10m 38.30% (22,030 sq.km) area varies from 10.10m to 20m 21.59 % (12,420 sq.km) area varies from 20.10m to 40m 3.75% (2,157 sq.km) area is above 40m

Note: Area based on GIS analysis

Command

Total

Total Net Annual GW 68.93 76.21 145.14 Availability (TMC) Total GW draft for 13.34 49.78 63.12 irrigation (TMC)K-8 Available GW drafted for 19.00 65.00 43.00 irrigation (%) Total water draft for domestic 1.34 and industry (TMC)

5.36

6.70

Available GW draft21.00 72.00 48.00 ed for all uses (%)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Extraction in Command

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Groundwater Extraction in Non-Command

Non Command

Total

Total Net Annual GW 6.38 37.08 43.46 Availability (TMC) Total GW draft for irrigation (TMC)K-8

0.95 36.26 37.20

Available GW drafted for 15.00 98.00 86.00 irrigation (%) Total water draft for domestic 0.10 2.43 and industry (TMC) Available GW drafted for all uses (%)

2.53

16.00 104.00 91.00

WATER QUALITY Water samples are analysed for 28 parameters Major polluted stretches: a) Shivamogga to Kudli b) Bhadravati to Holehonnur c) Harihar to Korla halli

Place

Length of Protected area

Abhirama Fish Sanctuary, Hariharapura, Koppa, Chikkamagaluru

Sringeri, Chikkamagaluru

1 km

Jammatagi, Hariharapura, Koppa, Chikkamagaluru

500m

Chippalagudda, Tirthahalli, Shivamogga

500m

Mattur-Hosahalli, Shivamogga

1.5 Km

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Polluted River Stretches (2017-18)

Tungabhadra and Vedavati Sub-basins: Surface Water Quality Categorization

Surface Water Quality Standards (as per IS: 2296):

Class A – Drinking water without conventional treatment but after disinfection Class B – Water for outdoor bathing Class C – Drinking water with conventional treatment followed by disinfection Class D – Water for fish culture and wild life propagation Class E – Water for irrigation, industrial cooling and controlled waste disposal

Categorization of stations in K8 sub-basin: Class C: 11 Class D: 5 Sl. No

Monitoring Station Names