ENG -1 – FORM CHART
FORM "BAKE" (REGULAR) "EAT" (IRREGULAR) "BE" (IRREGULAR)
Present (NOW)
He bakes cookies. They bake cookies. He eats chicken. They eat chicken. I am rude. He is rude. They are rude.
Past He baked cookies. (YESTERDAY) They baked cookies. He ate chicken. They ate chicken. He was rude. They were rude.
Past Participle
Present Participle
Infinitive
He has baked cookies. The cookies were baked.
He is baking cookies. making cookies is fun.
He has eaten chicken. The chicken was eaten. He has been rude.
He is eating chicken. Eating chicken is fun. He is being rude. Being rude is fun.
He should bake cookies. He likes to bake cookies. He should eat chicken. He likes to eat chicken. He will be rude. He likes to be rude.
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ENG -2
VERB CLASS EXERCISE
- My dogs (sleep/ slept) on my bed all the time BEFORE a trainer SHOWED me how to stop them.
- The war is finally over, but its effects (were felt/ willbefelt) FOR MANY YEARS TO COME.
- Larry (brings / brought) some nuts and a loafofbread WHEN HE GOES to the park so he can feed the ducks and the squirrels.
- We WORKED together to speed up the preparations for the party: I (cooked/will cook) dinner while Naomi CLEANED the dining room.
- WHENEVER I WENT fishing with my mother we (buy/ would buy) l bait from the same shop about a mile from the lake.
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ENG -3 IRREGULAR VERBS AND PAST PARTICIPLES
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle become became become begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought
choose come drink drive eat fall fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hide know lay lead lie ride ring rise run see shake sing speak spring steal swim take teach tear throw wear write chose came drank drove ate fell flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hid knew laid led lay rode rang rose ran saw shook sang spoke sprang stole swam took taught tore threw wore wrote chosen come drunk driven eaten fallen flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen gotten given gone grown hidden known laid led lain ridden rung risen run seen shaken sung spoken sprung stolen swum taken taught torn thrown worn written
ENG-4
VERB SUMMARY
1. When a verb is underlined, check the following:
- Subject and verb must agree in number, singular or plural.
- To find the subject, ask: Who is performing the action of verb
- Ignore interrupting phrases and prepositional phrases.
- One verb can have multiple subjects; one subject can have multiple verbs.
2. Tense
- Look for time words. Verbs must refer to the right time.
- Look at other verbs in the sentence. Verbs that occur at the same time must be in the same tense.
- Look at verbs in nearby sentences.
3. Irregular forms
- Watch out for special tenses: present perfect, past perfect, would
- Some verbs need irregular past tense forms.
- Some irregular verbs' past participles are different from their simple past forms.
4. Active vs. Passive
- In a passive verb, the subject does not perform the action. , In general, if we know who the actor is, don't use the passive.
ENG-5
PRONOUN CLASS EXERCISE:
In each of the following sentences, circle the appropriate pronounform.
- CUCUMBERS are generally considered to be vegetables, but its/ their structure more closely fits the botanical definition of fruit
- Despite OUR growing interest in the processes of the brain, there is still much that they/ we don't understand about the way WE think.
- The construction ofthe TOWERS had to be delayed because the architect decided to alter the materials with which it / they would be built.
- THE NAKED MOLE RAT is unique among mammals in that, due to the lack of a chemical called “Substance P,” it /they cannot feel pain.
- A well-written magazine article should be easily accessible for all READERS, regardless of its/ their knowledge of the subject.
PRONOUN CLASS EXERCISE 2
In each of the following sentences, circle the appropriate pronoun form.
- A pronoun must always agree in number with its/ it's ANTECEDENT.
- You're/ Your LUCKY that you weren't in school today: you missed a pop quiz in math class.
- Mr. and Mrs. Walsh are a little dim-witted, but their/ they're CHILDREN are actually quite bright.
- I hope Professor Rodchenko WILL GIVE Sherwyn and I / me a good grade on our art project even though we turned it in late.
- Located above the 23rd parallel, the Florida Keys are technically in a subtropical one, but their/ there CLIMATE is nonetheless considered tropical.
PRONOUN CLASS EXERCISE 3
In each of the following sentences, circle the appropriate pronoun form.
- The factory employs over thirty WORKERS who are/ who is well trained in woodworking.
- The guy who's/ whose RENTING my apartment for the summer is a visiting student from France.
- Yesterday I got a chance to meet the district's SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, which/ who was a very friendly and charming person.
- After living in a dump for three years, I'd be happy to find an apartment that's/ whose WALLS are perpendicular to the floor.
- Once a bill is approved by both houses of Congress, it is passed along to the President, who / whom it or sign it into law.
ENG-8 - PRONOUN CHART
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE
Singular me my I'm (I am myself you you your you're (you are) yourself he him his he's (he is) she's himself she her her (she is) herself it it its it's (it is) we're itself
Plural we us our (we are) you're ourselves you you your (you are) they're yourselves they them their (they are) themselves Relative who whom whose who's (who is) which which whose that That/which whose That’s (that is)
ENG-9
PRONOUN SUMMARY
When a pronoun is underlined, check the following:
1. Agreement
- Pronouns and antecedents must agree in number, singular or plural.
- To find the antecedent, ask: Who or what does the pronoun refer to?
- Watch for vague pronouns, when the antecedent is unclear.
- Watch for mystery pronouns, when there is no antecedent.
- Be consistent with generic pronouns.
- Sometimes nouns must agree with each other, too.
2. Case
- Pronouns have different forms depending on their role in the sentence.
- Subjects and objects use different forms.
- Use reflexive pronouns when subject and object refer to the same thing.
- Contractions use apostrophes, possessive pronouns do not.
3. Relative pronouns
- Relative pronouns are words like who, which, or that.
- Verbs agree with the antecedent of the relative.
- Relatives have cases just like regular pronouns.
- Who is for people, which is for non-people.
- That is generally interchangeable with which.
ENG-10 – MORE COMONLY CONFUSED WORDS
To is a preposition used with infinitive verbs. Too means more than necessary
Affect is a verb meaning produce a change Effect is a noun meaning a change
Accept means to receive.
Except is a preposition meaning but not
Principal means main or primary. Principle means guiding rule
I am too tired to go out. I tried to solve the problem, but it was too hard.
The accident affected me deeply. I still feel those effects today.
I will accept any currency.... ...except Canadian dollars.
I am the principal officer in the company. I live by one principle: always be polite.
ENG-11
GRAMMAR & USAGE SUMMARY
Here are the key rules to look out for on ACT Grammar questions
1. Verbs
- The verb must agree in number with the subject.
- The verb must be in the appropriate tense.
- Irregular verbs may have special forms.
- Don't confuse active and passive voice.
2. Pronouns
- A pronoun must agree in number with its antecedent.
- A pronoun's case is determined by its role in the sentence.
- Don't confuse contractions and possessive pronouns.
- Relative pronouns behave similarly to regular pronouns.
3. Other issues
- Adjectives describe nouns. Adverbs describe all other words.
- Comparatives compare two things, superlatives compare three or more.
- Make sure to use the correct prepositions.
- Your choice of preposition may affect the form of the verb that follows.
- Beware of commonly confused words:
• Use would have", not would of'.
• Use "than" for comparisons, not then.
SENTENCE
ENG-12 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
I want to meet a woman who loves fishing. I want to meet a woman who loves fishing
Harold got a new bike, which he really liked.
Harold got a new bike which he really liked that
The team that scores the most points will win. The team will win scores the most points
You have been a real jerk since you got your promotion.
Once you finish your broccoli you can have dessert.
You have been a realjerk since you got your promotion
you can have dessert
Once you finish your broccoli
ENG-13
SENTENCE STRUCTURE SUMMARY
Here are the key rules to look out for on ACT Sentence Structure questions:
1.Definitions
- An independent clause can stand by itself as a sentence.
- A dependent clause cannot stand by itself as a sentence.
- A relative clause is a dependent clause with a relative pronoun that describes a single word in the sentence.
- A modifier is a phrase with no subject or verb that modifies something in the sentence.
2 Fragments
- Every sentence must have at least one independent clause, or else it's a fragment.
- Fix a fragment by:
• Turning a partial verb into a main verb.
• Removing unnecessary connectors or relative pronouns.
• Joining it to another sentence by removing the period.
3.Run-on sentences
- Don't connect independent clauses with a comma alone, or with no connection at all.
- Fix a run-on by:
• Separating the clauses with a period.
• sing a comma with a conjunction.
• Making one of the independent clauses a dependent clause or modifier.
4.Modifiers
- A modifier at the beginning of a sentence must describe the subject of the main clause (the word right after the comma) or else it's a dangling modifier.
- A modifier at the end of a sentence may describe:
• the subject, if there's a comma.
• the word next to it, if there's no comma
- Prepositional phrases must be placed right after the words they describe.
5.Parallelism
- Use parallel forms for parallel ideas.
- Look out for a list of three things or two things joined with and.
- Don't use and if the forms aren't parallel.
ENG – 14 – PRONOUNS AND APOSTROPHES
It's means it is. Its shows possession. Its' is never correct.
You're means you are. Your shows possession.
They're means they are. Their shows possession. There shows location.
Who's means who is. Whose shows possession.
It's a beautiful day! It is a beautiful day The dog wagged its tail. The tail belongs to the dog. Never use its' for any reason.
You're a jerk. You are a jerk. Your fly is open. The fly belongs to you.
They're going to win. They are going to win. I like their uniforms. The uniforms belong to them. Put it over there. I'm telling you where to put it.
the man who's buying my car the man who is buying my car the man whose car I'm buying the car belongs to the man
ENG-15
CONVENTIONS OF PUNCTUATION SUMMARY
Here are the key rules to look out for on ACT Punctuation questions
1. DO use commas:
- between independent clauses with a conjunction.
- around parenthetical phrases.
- in a list of three or more.
- with coordinate adjectives.
- before a direct quote.
- around sentence adverbs.
2. DON'T use commas:
- between subject and verb or verb and object.
- before infinitives.
- before or in the middle of prepositional phrases.
- with a two-part list (two nouns or verbs with a conjunction).
- with a "that" clause.
- before restrictive clauses.
3. Apostrophes
- Plurals take -s, possessives take - 's, plural possessives take -s'.
- Contractions use apostrophes for missing letters.
- Pronouns take contraction apostrophes but not possessive apostrophes.
4. Other Marks
- A semicolon separates independent clauses (interchangeable with a period).
- A colon strongly connects phrases.
- A dash connects independent clauses or parenthetical phrases.
- Don't mix up sentence-final marks: periods, question marks, and exclamation points.
Contrast although, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, while, yet
Cause and effect as a result, because, consequently, since, so, therefore, thus
Similarity or continuation additionally, finally, for example, fi1rthermore, indeed, in fact, that is
EXPRESSION OF IDEAS SUMMARY
Here are the key rules to look out for on SAT Expression of Ideas questions
1. Effective Language Use
• Be concise. Avoid redundant or wordy choices.
• Be specific. Avoid vague choices and vague pronouns.
• Choose the right word. Make sure it has the right meaning and tone.
2. Organization
• Choose the right transition word to connect similar or contrasting sentences.
• Choose the right transition phrase to connect the topics of adjacent sentences.
• An introductory or concluding sentence should state the main idea of the paragraph.
• Find the right sentence order by looking at references within the sentences.
3. Development
• Does a choice fulfill the writer's goal? Focus on the stated goal, not your opinion.
• Should the writer add or delete a sentence? Look out for irrelevant choices.
• If the writer deleted aphrase,whatwouldthe essaylose? Find themeaningof the phrase and how it relates to the paragraph.
• Is the sentence true according to a data figure?