T U R K M E N I S TA N CLIMATE FACTS AND POLICY 66 MILLION tCO2e 12 TONNES PER CAPITA
POLICIES AND PROCESSES Turkmenistan 2030 socioeconomic transformation strategy National climate change strategy (2012) National plan to reduce greenhouse gases (under preparation) National plan on adaptation (under preparation) Enhanced energy efficiency and resource savings in all key sectors Technological modernization Renewable energy systems in remote and sparsely populated areas Increased share of renewables in the energy mix Plans for a green economy
2030 targets and INDC
Mitigation Energy sector priority Continued promotion of new technologies Base year: 2000 Unconditional 2030 target: growth rate of GHG emissions less than GDP growth rate; reduction of carbon- and energy-intensities of GDP; increase in emissions to the projected level of 135.8 million tonnes and stabilization trajectory Conditional 2030 target: zero growth in emissions, and possible reduction trajectory
5.4
6 948 US $
MILLION POPULATION
100%
PER CAPITA GDP
OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS
Sources: 2010 national GHG inventory data submitted to UNFCCC; latest population, energy and economic data from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank http://data.worldbank.org/indicator
Adaptation priorities Water, health, agriculture, land management Development of forest shelter belts to protect soils and infrastructure Construction of the “Golden Age” lake to support water sector adaptation
GHG inventory and projections
Third national communication to UNFCCC (2016), covering 2000-2010 Second national communication to UNFCCC (2010), covering 1990-2004 No advanced MRV and GHG emissions modelling systems established yet
CLIMATE ACTIONS Paris Agreement on Climate Change
Turkmenistan ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in October 2016
Reducing emissions intensity of GDP
Carbon intensity of GDP reduced by 53 per cent in 2012 compared to 2000 Energy intensity of GDP reduced by 57 per cent in 2012 compared to 2000
Regional actions
Proposed host for a regional climate change technology centre Hosts the Scientific Information Centre of the Interstate Commission on Sustainable Development of Central Asia
CLIMATE FINANCE European Union
Sustainable development policies in energy-environment sectors
Adaptation Fund – UNDP
Addressing climate change risks to farming systems at the national and local levels
UNDP-GEF projects
Energy efficiency and renewable energy for sustainable water management
K K
Moynoq
A A
Z Z
A A
K K
H H
KAZAKHSTAN KAZAKHSTAN
Sarygamysh Lake Sarygamysh Lake
Dashoguz
a nS e Sa e C a C s ap s i pa i n a
(planned)
Serdar K ara k Serdar K um C
Urganch
U Z B E K I S T A N U Z B E K I S T A N
Urganch
Tashkent Tashkent Khujand
Jizzax
Kerkichi
Denov Qurghonteppa
Kerkichi
TermizQurghonteppa
D
0 produced by ZOÏ 100 km Map Environment Network, November 2015
ar y a
Mary Mary
Khujand
Jizzax
u D A mu
Mashad
Am
N N
Turkmenabat
Aydar Lake Zaravs han Zaravs han Samarkand
Panjakent Samarkand Bukhara Qarshi Shahrisabz Panjakent Dushanbe Qarshi Shahrisabz Dushanbe ar y Denov a
Yoltan
Termiz
Yoltan Hindukush
Sheberghan
Hindukush
ab rghab Murgh Mu
100 km
A A
BukharaNavoiy Turkmenabat
en Tejen Tej
Mashad
R R
Navoiy
T U R K M E N I S T A N T U R K M E N I S T A N
Regional centre on climate technologies (proposed) ara ana kum l Regional centre on climate technologies Ca (proposed) nal Ashgabat Atr ek Ashgabat Gonbad-e Kavus Atrek Mini solar stations Tejen (demonstration) Gonbad-e Kavus Bojnurd Mini solar stations Gorgan Tejen Bojnurd (demonstration)
I I
Shymken
Uchquduq
Balkanabat (planned) Balkanabat
Shymken
Aydar Lake
Gorgan
0
Uchquduq
Golden Age Lake Golden Age Lake
Turkmenbashi
Turkestan
KAZAKHSTAN KAZAKHSTAN
Sheberghan
Meymaneh
BalkhaBbalkhab
Karabogazgol
Dashoguz
N N
a
Nukus Karabogazgol
A A
Turkestan
a
Nukus
Turkmenbashi
T T
ry ry Da r Da S yr S y
Moynoq
S S
Kulob Kulob
Kunduz
Mazar-e Sharif Mazar-e Sharif
A Meymaneh
Serhetabat
F G H A N I S T A N A F G H A N I S T A N
Serhetabat
Energy and emissions Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions
Renewable energy installations and plans
Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions
Renewable energy installations and plans
Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015
CO2 emissions from thermal power plants, million tons per year: CO2 emissions from thermal power plants, million tons per year: more than 5 Thermal power-plant (coal/oil/gas) more than 5 Thermal power-plant (coal/oil/gas) 2-5 12 -- 25 0.5 - 1 1 - 2than 0.5 less 0.5 - 1 less than 0.5
Wind farms
Solar power stations
Hydropower stations
Wind farms
Solar power stations
Hydropower stations
Less than 50 MW Less than 50 MW
Policies and institutions The interest in climate change extends to the highest level of government: the President of Turkmenistan has proposed a regional climate change technology centre, which Turkmenistan is ready to host. The 2012 national climate change strategy calls for measures on enhancing energy efficiency in all key sectors of the economy, for technological modernization and for the introduction of renewable energy systems in remote and sparsely populated areas. The strategy also seeks to increase the share of renewables in the energy mix and to develop economic incentives. National action plans for mitigation and adaptation based on the 2012 strategy are being developed, and will be incorporated into the broader plans for a green economy. The Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources, successor of the former Ministry of Nature Protection since 2016, develops official climate policy positions in consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Cabinet of Ministers. The Ministry for the Economy adopts
budgets, sets standards and manages relations with donors. The inter-agency group of experts under the Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources coordinates activities of all concerned ministries with regard to climate policy development and implementation. Energy prices, especially for natural gas, remain subsidized and low because of long-standing domestic socioeconomic policies and social support packages. Abundant natural gas reserves and rapidly growing power production capacities using natural gas make renewable energy such as solar and wind a distant prospect: less than 1 per cent of these renewables is projected for the country’s energy mix by 2030. In spite of low energy prices, the country’s leadership is interested in improving energy efficiency and in adopting new technologies. In the transport sector, for example, only modern and fuel-efficient cars may be imported, and in the water sector the energy efficiency of pumps will be improved.
Kunduz
Moynoq
A
Z
A
K
H
S
K
A
Z
A
K
H
S S yr
KAZAKHSTAN
K
S yr
Da
ry
Balkanabat
Dashoguz
Urganch Urganch
Serdar
TKara U R K M E N I S T A N kum
Navoiy
ek
Ka rak u
AtrBojnurd ek
Ashgabat Ashgabat
Turkmenabat Mary
Tejen
Mary
R
A
N
I R A Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015
N
100 km
Tejen
I
Serhetabat
Impacts of climate change Rivers with intense water use and increased stress from Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015
Jizzax
Qurghonteppa
Sheberghan
Termiz Mazar-e Sharif Mazar-e Sharif
Meymaneh Serhetabat
A F G H A N I S T A N
Densely populated and agriculturally important areas with increased environmental stress and projected impacts of climate change
Rivers intense use surges and increased from Risk ofwith flooding duewater to storm and seastress level fluctuations climatic and hydrological changes
Densely populated and and agriculturally with increased Increased heat stress impacts important on humanareas health environmental stress and projected impacts of climate change
Risk of flooding due to storm surges and sea level fluctuations
Increased heat stress and impacts on human health
Turkmenistan scorecard Country’s emissions per capita General climate action ambition
Mitigation commitment: Emissions reduction Decoupling from population growth Decoupling from economic growth Renewable energy prospects
Adaptation action
Khujand
National climate policy actors Policy leadership: President, Cabinet of Ministers and Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources UNFCCC focal point: Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources GHG inventory and projections: project-based team in the Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources GCF focal point: Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources
Kulob Kulob Kunduz Kunduz
A F G H A N I S T A N
climatic and hydrological changes
Country’s share of global emissions
Khujand
Panjakent
DenovQurghonteppa Termiz
Kerkichi
Meymaneh
Mashad
100 km
Kerkichi
Sheberghan
ab Murgh
Mashad
ar y a
ab Murgh
Tejen
Tejen
Gorgan
Zaravs han
Jizzax
Bukhara Qarshi SamarkandShahrisabz Dushanbe Panjakent ar y Denov a Qarshi Shahrisabz Dushanbe
uD
Ca nal
Am
Gonbad-e Kavus
m
Turkmenabat
Zaravs han Lake Aydar
uD
Atr
Ca nal
Navoiy
Shymken
Tashkent
Aydar Lake
Samarkand
Bukhara
Shymken
Tashkent
U Z B E K I S T A N
Am
Serdar
Bojnurd
0
U Z B E K I S T A N
Golden Age Lake
GorganGonbad-e Kavus
0
Uchquduq
T U R K M E N I S T A N Balkanabat
KAZAKHSTAN
Balkhab
S e a S e a C a s pC ia as np i a n
Turkmenbashi
Nukus Dashoguz
Uchquduq
Balkhab
Golden Age Lake
Turkmenbashi
N
ry
Sarygamysh Lake
Karabogazgol
A
a
Amu Darya delta Sarygamysh Lake
T
Turkestan
K A Z A K H S Turkestan TAN
Nukus
Karabogazgol
N
a
Amu Darya delta
KAZAKHSTAN
A
Da
Moynoq
T
Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Turkmenistan Million tonnes 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
20 10 0 1994 Energy
Industrial processes
2000 Agriculture
2002 Waste
2004
2006
2008
Land use change and forestry
2010 All sectors
Projections 2020 2030 Lower range
Higher range
Projections are based on Turkmenistan’s INDC
© Zoi Environment Network (2016)
30
Climate actions
Climate finance
Turkmenistan’s emissions profile is similar to other energy-rich countries, especially those rich in natural gas, and methane constitutes about 40 per cent of total GHG emissions. Energyrelated GHG emissions contribute an estimated 56 million tonnes of CO2e per year or 85 per cent of the total.
Most of the funding on climate actions in Turkmenistan comes from the state budget. Some funds come from GEF and the Adaptation Fund and cover activities on drought-risk management, adaptation technologies for reliable drinking water supply, animal husbandry, efficient irrigation systems and energy efficiency in water supply systems. GEF funding for low-carbon urban development in the cities of Ashgabat and Awaza is in its the final stage for approval. The EU provides support for the introduction of sustainable development policies and and for the rational use of natural resources in the energy and environment sectors in Turkmenistan.
The majority of Turkmenistan forests are sparse desert saxaul with limited carbon sequestration potential, but with significant climate resiliency functions for protecting people and infrastructure from weather extremes, providing valuable shelter for biodiversity and serving as grazing grounds for agricultural animals. A team within the Committee for Environmental Protection and Land Resources compiles Turkmenistan’s GHG emissions inventory, primarily as a project-based GEF activity, normally supported via UNEP. Much of the statistical data in Turkmenistan is restricted, and keeping the GHG inventory and other climate change information easily available domestically can be a challenge even though the information is published on websites of international organizations. The EU sustainable development project focuses on natural resources management and the energy sector. One component supports policy design for energy efficiency and renewable energy sources at the national and provincial levels. As part of this component, strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment and air quality regulations and legal instruments will be reviewed and possibly revised in line with modern approaches. In October 2016 Turkmenistan ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In its INDC, Turkmenistan maintains that the stabilization of GHG emissions or the beginning of reductions by 2030 will allow the country to pursue low-carbon development.
Sources of information for the scorecard Turkmenistan’s strategies and legislation National climate-related assessments and reports: Third national communication to UNFCCC (2016); INDC (2015) Zoï expertise and interviews with stakeholders in Turkmenistan This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or region or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.