ZMSSA's First Aid Guide 2023

FIRSTSTEPSFORAFIRSTAIDEMERGENCY(THE3C'S)

1. CHECK

A) THE SCENE: IS IT SAFE FOR YOU TO APPROACH? ALSO SEE HOW MANY VICTIMS THERE ARE AND

B) LOOK FOR BYSTANDERS WHO CAN ASSIST.

C) THE VICTIM: IS THE VICTIM CONSCIOUS?

2. CALL 1-2-3 FOR ASSISTANCE.

3. CARE FOR LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS UNTIL THE FIRST RESPONDER(S) ARRIVE.

A) AIRWAY - IS THE VICTIM'S AIRWAY OPEN?

B) BREATHING - LOOK, LISTEN, AND FEEL FOR BREATHING.

C) CIRCULATION - CHECK FOR SIGNS OF CIRCULATION.

DIARRHEA & DEHYDRATION

DIARRHEA IS CHARACTERIZED BY ABNORMALLY LOOSE OR WATERY STOOLS. THAT HAPPENS FREQUENTLY THREE OR MORE TIMES A DAY. DIARRHEA MAY BE ACUTE, PERSISTENT, OR CHRONIC.

HOW TO MANAGE DIARRHEA?

▪ SEVERE DEHYDRATION CAN BE A CONSEQUENCE OF IT, THE SOLUTION IS REHYDRATION:

1- IN MILD-MODERATE CASES, FLUIDS CAN BE REPLACED BY SIMPLY DRINKING MORE FLUIDS AT HOME

2- IN SEVERE CASES, FIRST AID PROVIDERS SHOULD USE “ORAL REHYDRATION SALTS (ORS) SOLUTION”

DEHYDRATION CAN BE A CONSEQUENCE OF A WIDE RANGE OF HEALTH IMPAIRMENTS (VOMITING AND DIARRHEA, HEAT STRESS, FEVER, ETC.) OR VIGOROUS EXERCISE.

MANAGEMENT OF DEHYDRATION ..

1- WEAR COOL CLOTHING THAT ALLOWS AIR CIRCULATION

2- DRINK ENOUGH WATER DURING THE DAY

3- AVOID EXTENSIVE SPORT ACTIVITIES AROUND NOON AND MID-DAY

4- PROTECT SKIN WITH HIGH PROTECTION SUNSCREENS

5- DEHYDRATION SOLUTION

BLEEDING

While most incidences of bleeding are not life-threatening, more serious cases require proper first aid and urgent medical assistance. It's important you know the steps to controlling blood loss.

Managment of bleeding:

1 2 3

Stop bleeding: apply direct pressure + raise the injured part above heart level

● Call emergency if :

-

Bleeding is severe

- Internal bleeding

- Abdominal or chest wound

-

clean cut or wound

Bandage

The wound and check the circulation beyond the bandage

CHOKING

WHAT IS "CHOKING" ?:

Itistheinabilitytobreathduetoanobstructioninthe airwayforanyreason.

SIGNS OF CHOKING ::

Thepersonwhoischokingwillprobablybeholdinghis throatwiththehands,unabletocoughortalk.

THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER CHOKING 1ST AID

"ABDOMINAL THRUSTS"..

1- Call123,orcalmlyaskpeopleforhelpifthere'speoplearound.

2. Putonehandontheabdomen.

3. Firmlygraspyourfirsthandwithyourotherhand

4. Squeezethepatient'sabdomeninadirectionofupwardsand inwardsfor5times.

5. Ifthepatientismorbidlyobeseorpregnantdothesamething butdirectlybelowthesternum"Thebreastbone".

6. Ifthepatientfallsontheground,provideabdominalthrustswhile he'slyingonhisback.

7. Alternatethe5abdominalthrustswith5backblowsbetweenthe twoscapulae"shoulderblades"whilethepatientisleaningforward.

8. Ifthecirculationstopsandthepatientlosesconsciousness, performCPRatanytimeassoonaspossibl

WHEN ALONE .

DROWNING

WHAT IS "DROWNING" ?:

Itistheprocessofexperiencingrespiratory impairmentfromsubmersionorimmersioninliquid;it canhappeninafewinchesofwaterinadrunken/ intoxicatedperson

SIGNS OF DROWNING ::

Headlowinthewaterwithmouthatwaterlevel

Headtiltedbackwithmouthopen

Eyesglassyandempty,unabletofocus

Eyesclosed

Hairoverforeheadoreyes

Notusinglegsandverticalinthewater

Hyperventilatingorgasping

Tryingtoswiminaparticulardirectionbutnot makingprogress

Tryingtorolloverontheback

Appearstobeclimbinganinvisibleladder

HOW TO MANAGE A CASE OF DROWNING?!

Firstyouhavetoensureyourownsafety,donotattemptto swimtowardsthevictimunlessyou'retrainedoratleastknow howtoswimwell.

1. Check for breathing. Tilt their head back and look, listen and feel for breaths. If they are breathing normally, put them in the recovery position.Iftheyarenotbreathing,moveontothefollowingsteps

2. Tell someone to call 123 for emergency help – if an AED is available,asksomeonetogetitbutdon’tdelaystartingCPR

3. Give five rescue breaths: tilt their head back, sealing your mouth overtheirmouth.Pinchtheirnoseandblowintotheirmouth.Thisis anattempttomaketherespiratorysystemworkagain

4. If the rescue breaths failed, perform CPR. Give 30 chest compressions. Push firmly in the middle of their chest and then release.Repeatthis30times

5. Give two rescue breaths then continue with cycles of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until help arrives or the casualtyshowssignsofbecomingresponsive

6. If the casualty starts to breathe normally, keep them still and treat for hypothermia by keeping them warm and dry, simply cover themwithablanketandputanotherblanketunderneaththepatient if possible. Being naked is better than being dressed in wet clothes. Trytoisolatethemfromtheground.

POISONING

POISONING IS INJURY OR DEATH DUE TO SWALLOWING, INHALING, TOUCHING OR INJECTING VARIOUS DRUGS, CHEMICALS, VENOMS OR GASES. MANY SUBSTANCES — SUCH AS DRUGS AND CARBON MONOXIDE — ARE POISONOUS ONLY IN HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OR DOSAGES. CERTAIN TYPES OF CLEANERS ARE ONLY HARMFUL IF INGESTED, WHILE OTHERS ALSO EMIT TOXIC GASES/FUMES. CHILDREN ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO EVEN SMALL AMOUNTS OF CERTAIN DRUGS AND CHEMICALS.

HOW YOU TREAT SOMEONE WHO MAY HAVE BEEN POISONED DEPENDS ON:

THE PERSON'S SYMPTOMS THE PERSON'S AGE

WHETHER YOU KNOW THE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF THE SUBSTANCE THAT CAUSED POISONING

HOWTOREACTWITHBITES

ANGINA

Paininthechest,occurswhenbloodflowtoheart decreases,usuallyduetonarrowingofarteriessupplying heart

SPECIAL TRIGGERS TO ANGINA:

1)Doingexercises,evenwalking

2)Severeemotions

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

1) Heavy , compressing central chest pain , may spread to jawandtooneorbotharms

2)Painusuallyeasewithrest(hallmark)

3)Shortnessofbreath

4)Suddenandseveretiredness

5)Anxiety

**Anginalpaincharacterizedby:

*DecreaseswithrestandNitrates

*Doesn’tlastformorethan15minutes

ASTHMAATTACK

severenarrowingofairwayswhichmakesbreathingmore difficult,usuallytriggeredbycoldexposure,allergy,drug, smoke.

SIGNS OF ASTHMA::

1)difficultybreathing

2)coughandwheezes

3)Distress,anxiety

4) Difficulty speaking , bluish tinge of lips and exhaustion (hypoxiasigns) …>>severeattack

FRACTURES

Abreakorcrackinthebone

TYPES:

Closedfracture:skinaroundfractureisintact

Openfracture:brokenbonemaypierceskinsurface

SYMPTOMS:

1)Deformityorswellingaroundthefracture

2)Painonmovingarea

3)Limbmaybetwisted/bent

4)Noisefeelingfromendsofthebrokenbone

5)Woundmaybeseenontheskin(inopenfractures)

6)Signsofshock(espiciallyinfractureofhip&thighbones.

DIABETES

Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.

Normally , Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body’s cells for use as energy.

With diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it as well as it should. When there isn’t enough i insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood . Sugar stays in your bloodstream.

Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such . as Heart disease, vision loss, and kidney.

We have 2 opposite medical conditions related to blood sugar status :

▪ Hyperglycemia

▪ Hypoglycemia which indicate Increase and decrease the blood sugar level respectively.

SYMPTOMS: MANAGEMENT: MANAGEMENT:

1) Call emergency.

2) Check pulse and breathing.

P Perform CPR if necessary.

1) Help the person to sit down.

2) Give them something sugary.

3) If no improvement call emergency.

4) Check pulse and breathing. Perform

c CPR if necessary.

HOW TO DEAL WITH WOUNDS ?!

DIFFFERENTTYPESOFWOUNDS..

BURNS

Properburntreatmentcaneasepain,aidinthehealing process,andreducethelikelihoodofaninfection.

BURNS:

DO'S AND DON'TS DO

Move the patient away from the burn area

·Get rid of clothes not attached to burn. Call 123 and Emergency .

DON'T

Remove any parts attached to burn. Remove any jewelry & watches immediately

·Use oils or creams.

Use cotton directly on burns

Use ice directly on it too.

INJURIES

1- VERTEBRA INJURIES

Violent

2- CHEST INJURIES

CAUSE:

● BLUNT TRAUMA

● PENETRATING OBJECTS

● COMPRESSION / CRUSH INJURY

TYPES::

EXAMPLES:

● PNEUMOTHORAX

Itisacollapsedlung,occurswhenairleaks

intothespacebetweenyourlungandchest wall

● FRACTURED RIBS

Itoccurswhenoneofthebonesinyourribcagebreaks orcracks.Abrokenribisacommoninjurythatoccurs whenoneofthebonesinyourribcagebreaksorcracks.

Themostcommoncauseischesttrauma,suchasfroma fall,motorvehicleaccidentorimpactduringcontact sports

WHAT IS "CPR" ?:

Cardiopulmonaryresuscitationisaprocedurebywhichyou canmanuallyretrieve,ortemporarilymaintainperfusionand oxygenation,formedofaseriesofchestcompressions alternatingwithartificialventilation

WHEN TO PERFORM "CPR" ?:

CPRshouldbeperformedonlyinapersonwithabsent breathingandheartbeat.

4.Minimizeinterruptionsinchestcompressions.

Whencompressionsstop,bloodflowtovitalorgansstops.In addition,afterstoppingcompressions,sometimeisrequired toregaintheminimumcoronaryperfusionpressure(CPP) necessarytoachieveROSC.TheCPPisthedifferencebetween thepressureintheaortaandthepressureintheright atriumduringdiastoleandisareflectionofmyocardialblood flow.MaintainingadequateCPP(greaterthan20mmHg) duringCPRhasbeenshowntoincreasethelikelihoodof ROSCandsurvival.

5.Avoidexcessiveventilations.

6.Eachventilationshouldlastabout1secondanddeliverjust enoughvolumetomakethechestbegintorise. RSOCmeansreturnofspontaneouscirculation.

RECOVERY POSITION:

1.I.Kneelatthepatient’sside.

2.Liftthepatient’sarmclosesttoyouupnexttotheirhead.

3.Placethepatient’sarmfarthestfromyounexttotheir side.

4.Grasptheirlegclosesttoyou,flexitatthehipandbend thekneetowardtheirhead.

5.Placeoneofyourhandsonthepatient’sshoulderandyour otherhandontheirhipfarthestfromyou.

6.Usingasmoothmotion,rollthepatienttowardyouby pullingtheirshoulderandhipwithyourhands.

7.Makesurethepatient’sheadremainsincontactwiththeir extendedarm.

8.Stopallmovementwhenthepatientisontheirside.

9.Placetheirkneeontopoftheotherkneesothatboth kneesareinabentposition.

10.Placethepatient’sfreehandundertheirchintohelp supporttheirheadandairway

CONVULSIONS

Suddenabnormalmovements,Usuallycausedbyepilepsy.

COMMON CAUSES:

1)Headinjury

2)Lackofoxygen(hypoxia)

3)Somedrugs

4)Severehypoglycemia

SYMPTOMS:

1)Jerkyuncontrolledmovements

2)Suddenlossofresponsiveness

3)Noisybreathing

4)Salivaatmouth(maybebloodstained)

5)Bluetingeonlips

HEARTATTACK

suddenblockageofbloodsupplytopartoftheheart, usuallybybloodclot.

SYMPTOMS:

1)crushingpaininthecenterofthechest,thatmayspread tothejaw,andtoaoneorbotharms(painmaybesimilar toindigestion)

2)DifficultBreathing

3)Profusesweating

4)Dizziness

5)Paleskin,Lipsmayhavebluetinge

6)Rapid,weakorirregularpulse.

MEETOURTEAM

Mennat-AlRahman Ahmed

First aid local coordinator

Hadeer hani 1st aid team

Malak mohammed LOME general assistant

Shimaa Ahmed First aid team

Menna sarhan ZMSSA LOME

Nor-eldin Hussain First aid trainer

Abd El-Hai Ahmed LOME developmental assistant Editor & Book designer