THESIS X LAB

e=mc

2

SCIENCE . ANTHROPOLOGY . ARCHITECTURE

Architectural thesis

Rediscovery of pedagogical spaces towards a scene of climate crisis displacement on a post fossil fuel era ITESM Arch. Zaira Malpica

Sebastiao Salgado, “Genesis: The Anavilhanas, the Worlds Largest Inland Archipelago” (2009)

Georges Roger, “Les merveilles du Monde” (1957)

Susanta Chatterjee, “Introduction to Anthropology”, Roger Pearson (1974)

Sebastiao Salgado, “Genesis: Mentawai Climbing a Gigantic Tree” (2008)

“There’s no such thing as neutral education. Education either functions as an instrument to bring about conformity, or freedom” Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the oppressed (1968)

To my family, my light, To my husband, my love, To those lovers of science and arts, To mother earth and humanity.

science anthropology architecture

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Arch. Anabel Barreda González Arch. Daniel Savedra Olivo My mom, Ana María Delgado Tovar

Thanks to my professors and mentors, colleagues, family and friends for making this thesis a multidisciplinary work.

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Content

Introduction

17 30 60

The problematic The scenerio The experience Development

76 79 84 85 88 92 116 122

The strategies The concept The project Masterplan General layout First approach Second approach Third approach Conclusion

128 130 139 140 141 142

The prospective Physical prototype Manifesto Aknowledgments Credits References

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Final year project / X Lab - is an opportunity to remember why we decided to study architecture, as well as to plan which path we want to follow in our future as professionals. It is an opportunity to put in practice all the theoretical and thecnical nowledge we have gathered during our years in university and create our own view of architecture.

My thesis is projected during a post fossil fuel era on a climate crisis displacement scenario.

The reason behing the project is a very personal interest in both, climate change and pedagogy. The project consists on a transition protocol during the sea level rise using the ecosystem services and different pedagogy theories as design tools.

The main stance on the project is to adress and critize humanity’s energy dependency on fossil fuels, and it proposes through architecture and human biology, a new way of learning from our bodies and nature by finding real energy liberation and emancipation.

Consequently, the right way of reading the project is to consider new ways of living in a domestic scale but also to understand the city not as a consumer but as the giver of energy to nature, creating a symbiotic relationship from the organism of the city and the nature itself.

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Introduction

Zaira Malpica

According to data from NASA, IPCC, MIT, among other experts, if glaciers on planet Earth melted, the sea level would rise around 70 meters, causing the Mexican Caribbean (Yucatán, Q.R., Campeche) be completely under water, and around 5 million people to move in search of new settlements. In which, I personally believe, pedagogy will be a key point given the new opportunity this scenario represents to re learn and re think our connection to nature.

A questioning exercise was carried out towards the question that should guide my project, giving rise to this table of guidelines and limits of scope:

Very open

Right

Very narrow

How can we help the climate displaced?

How architecture can use pedagogy when programming habitats for climate displaced?

How can we design schools for those climate displaced?

the type of help they may require is so complete that it ends up being a very long question

this question expresses enough information without falling into hasty solutions

we don’t really know if a school is the most appropriate for pedagogy in such a scenario

Problematic

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HYPOTHESIS

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Problematic

Zaira Malpica

The new human settlements should be programmed habitats using pedagogical strategies that help regenerate the immediate ecosystems

Problematic

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20

Problematic

Zaira Malpica

Problematic

21

Theorical framework

ECOSYSTEM

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Problematic

Zaira Malpica

“system that includes the relationship between different species that interact with each other and their physical environment or abiotic environment with clear and marked limits”

Problematic

23

Theorical framework

“space, environment or any specific place that meets physical and biological characteristics and conditions for the survival of one or more organisms, species or community, whether animal or plant”

HABITAT

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Problematic

Zaira Malpica

Problematic

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Theorical framework

PEDAGOGY

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Problematic

Zaira Malpica

greek paidos - children greek agein - to guide “systematic human activity with the character of science whose object of study is education, raises principles, methods, practices and teaching models”

Problematic

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Theorical framework

CLIMATE DISPLACED

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Problematic

Zaira Malpica

“people forced to migrate or displace, within or outside their own countries, due to the effects of climate change, natural disasters and environmental degradation, mainly affecting developing populations” (unhcr, 2022)

Problematic

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Relationship time + sea leve rise Conservative stages 2020 0.05 m

2050 0.30 m

2100 1.3 m

2150 3m

4000 70 m

2200 35 m

2400 70 m

Global situation

Speculative stages (for the project) 2020 0.05 m

2050 5m

2100 15 m

55% lives in poverty

100% loss of farmland

greatest energy demand

200 million displaced

overall infrastructure damage

global famine

intense droughts 80% of mexicans live in cities

Displacements due to climate change have doubled since 1970, each year 20 million are added, it is expected that by 2050 there will be 200 million climate refugees in the world (UNHCR, 2022)

massive biodiversity loss

https://www.climaterealityproject.org/ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ 30

Scenario

Zaira Malpica

Scenario

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2020 0m

2050 5m

2100 15m

2200 35m

2400 70m

México is the american country with most indigenous population, and most of them are living inside the Yucatán Peninsula.

YUCATÁN

QUINTANA ROO

2.3 million

1.8 million

CAMPECHE

0.9 million

indigenous population by millions

Number of displaced humans per state

country

Age range of displaced humans from Yucatán Peninsula 60-64 10.7%

More than 60% of the forest areas of the Yucatán Peninsula belong to the Mayan communities, which deeply depend on the ecosystem for their survival.

85+ 1.9%

5-9 28.5%

age

15-19 28.1% mayas

10-14 30.9%

https://www.inegi.org.mx/

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Scenario

http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/

Zaira Malpica

zapoteco mixteco

Problematic

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Summary

According to science, if all the glaciers melted, the sea level would rise approximately 70 meters, I took on the task of mapping through the time that I considered for the project, realizing that the entire Mexican Caribbean would be completely under water, except for some areas of protected rainforest.

These 70 meters exceed the height of the pyramid of Chichen Itzá, which due to its location would also be completely underwater, as well as other Mayan vestiges.

This increase in sea level would cause around 5 million people to move in search of new settlements, on the other hand, I did a parallel investigation which showed that Mexico is the country with the largest indigenous population in all of America, which is mostly in the caribbean. Therefore, I concluded that my user would not only be a displaced person but very likely an indigenous of the Mayan ethnic group, so the project should contemplate both the lives of these people and that of other flora and fauna that inhabit this delicate space of the Earth. .

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Scenario

Zaira Malpica

Scenario

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Chaká tree 10 m high natural resins

Spaces in a Mayan solar “the home joins the villages”

back door without windows curtains

frontal door

Zapote tree 25 m high natural resins

zacate bejuco moorings

milpa rammed earth

Ceiba tree 50 m high structural branches

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Scenario

Zaira Malpica

The Mayan solar is a Mayan territorial organization, it is destined to the cultivation of vegetables, raising animals, and at the same time constitutes a space for work, worship and recreation (redalyc, 2008)

Scenario

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42

Scenario

Zaira Malpica

Scenario

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Main economic mayan activities

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Non-human climatic displaced from Yucatán peninsula

Apiculture

Citriculture

Jaguar and panther

Laud turtle

Maíz

Fishing

Scarlet macaw

Honey bees

Scenario

Zaira Malpica

Scenario

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parameter

liveable surface

harvest intake surface

electric consumption

used water

organic waste

quantity needed per 1 human

10m2

370m2

58KWh

45m3

500g

Scenario

Zaira Malpica

Scenario

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site

site

site

site

30,000 m2 3 hectares

site

tropical flora and fauna

60 km away from the new coastline

aquifers and underground caves

170 m

160 m

150 m

left - topographic study from the site made on QGIS right - exploded diagram of level curves on site

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Scenario

140 m

Zaira Malpica

Scenario

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PAULO FREIRE - THEORICAL

Methodological approach

A DIALOGUE WITH NATURE In order to write this thesis it has been an imperative to analyse both, the ideological as well as the technical theories.

Brazilian educator, one of the most important pedagogues of the 20th century. Writer of “The Pedagogy of the Oppressed” in 1968, his theory on pedagogy is still extremely important today, since it makes a profound criticism of the educational system and how it can become oppressive, not only in scientific matters, but also in human matters.

Emphasizing how we can find absolute emancipation through education.

DISPLACED

IAN MCHARG - TECHNICAL

HABITAT

ECOSYSTEM

60

Experience

PEDAGOGY

Zaira Malpica

Through a combination of academic research and practice, McHarg laid the foundations for his ideas about using ecology as a basis for design and planning. In 1969, his theories were published in his seminal book Design with Nature, which helped redefine the design of new communities and regional planning all over the US and the environmental policy.

Experience

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Experience

habitat

pedagogy

displaced

support

site management lifecycle

primary production

biodiversity human and non human multispecies

provisioning

materials embodied energy

electricity fuels hydrogen food

genetics energy fulfillment

regulation

air and water purification soil erosion

waste breakdown recycle compost

sickness control

social constructivism

research

heritage aesthetics

ethics recreation

mental health wellness belonging

connectivism

Zaira Malpica

ecojustice

liberationism

Experience

pedagogical theories

ecosystem services

Matrix of the connection between the ideological and technical theories used during the programming of the project.

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ecosystem

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Activities’ program

Macro program (masterplan) region

activity

membrane

membranes

support regulation research provisioning

provisioning

apiculture

citriculture

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Medium program (conjunto)

nursing breeding harvesting sowing monitoring harvesting processing

retention vessels

filtration fishing irrigation

ágora

market congregation exhibitions

Experience

Zaira Malpica

activity to

pedagogy

housing capture

freedom

research

laboratories power plant libraries to convert

autonomy

regulation

ágora health services palaestra to regulate

dialogue

support

policultives composts filtration systems to consume

critique

Experience

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regulation ágora palaestra democracy

research laboratories libraries health services

support filtration

irrigation gardens composts

provisioning housing storage kinetic path

66

Experience

Zaira Malpica

Experience

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Micro program (living space)

first level semiprivate

second level private

ground floor public

Experience

69

living membrane

thermal zone 8 6

chemical zone 4

9

5

3

1 gymnasium 2 shared learning 3 temazcal 4 nutrition court 5 community kitchen 6 compost system 7 toilets 8 leisure area 9 resting area

70

7

Experience

mechanical zone

1

kinetic path

2

biosensor pillars

Zaira Malpica

Experience

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72

Experience

Zaira Malpica

Experience

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The intention of my thesis is to criticize our energy dependence on fossil fuels through pedagogy, and proposes that through architecture and our biology we find energy emancipation and a long-term regenerative solution.

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Experience

Zaira Malpica

Conceptual analysis and proposal

energy flow today

energy flow proposal

Value proposal As the industrial revolution ended with the connection that native villages had about nature, the relationship between ecosystem and human settlements became predatory and parasitary. Nowadays, cities are mainly consumers without giving anything back to nature. Thus, the value proposal of the project is to design a protocol using pedagogy as a tool to promote a symbiotic understanding of our biological interaction with nature from an architectural perspective.

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Strategies

Zaira Malpica

The bioelectricity from a human being is compared to that of a 100 watt light bulb.

The energy produced daily by a human being just for existing reaches 3000 volts, which could make a television work for more than 30 hours.

Eidgenössische Technische Hochschulev (ETH), Zürich

Strategies

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Topographic plan from site

The main problematic of this scenario was found to be the energy dependency from cities and individuals towards fossil fuels. This problematic becomes a positive potential on the project by creating a pedagogy capable of emancipate humanity from all external energy sources, and creating spaces capable of harvesting energy from human bodies.

form follows flow

provisioning

research

regulating

support

no scale

conceptual section

no scale

conceptual elevation 1 km Concept

79

membrane systems

UV radiation

energy released

bioelectricity

irrigation

water filtration

H2O from new cenotes

herbage

O (oxygen) released

82

Concept

CO2 absorbtion

no scale

Zaira Malpica

Concept

83

citriculture apiculture

ágoras membranes retention vessels

transportation system

masterplan / infrastructure

The territorial organization of the new settlements tries to end with the concept of offices and industry as a pedagogical and critical position against systematic oppression, and in favor of the necessary changes in this new era since humans beings were never meant to produce without purpose.

84

Project

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Project

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masterplan / infrastructure

86

Project

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Project

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30

75

135

general layout plan

88

Project

5 10

250

Zaira Malpica

20

35

transversal section

sc 1:500

longitudinal section

sc 1:1100

10

20

45 Project

80

89

Circadian daytime

90

Project

Circadian nighttime

Zaira Malpica

Project

91

Fisrt approach

ground level

first level

location on project

1:2000

longitudinal section

1:2000

second level

sc 1:500

92

Project

Zaira Malpica

Project

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structural flow

scenario stages parallelism

bracings arriostramientos

bamboo strips

2050

2050

exosqueletal structure estructura exoesquelética

ceiba tree

2100

prefabricated modules módulos prefabricados

sargazo

foundation cimentación ceiba tree roots

2200

2100

2200

outer covering recubrimiento exterior

mycelium

2400

foundation cimentación

mycelium

inner covering recubrimiento interior

resins of local trees

2400

installations flow

lighting iluminación

bioluminescence + biosensors

+

60%

of global contaminants come from the fossil fuel industry

40%

biomass biomasa

+ watercycle ciclo del agua

the installations’ design answers to different resource crisis shown in the following indicators

+

organic waste chemically converted

of the total production of food is wasted only in méxico

70% filtration, infiltration and irrigation

of fresh water is only used for agriculture and never treated

50%

insulation aislamiento

+

of climate change is produced by activities related to construction tree materiality lifecycle Project

97

1

lighting

1.1 person or animal existing inside the membranes

1.1

1.2 biosensors acivate and harvest energy for heating and lighting

1.2

1.3 bioelectricity is used inside and outside the membranes

1.3

1.4 extra energy goes to powerplant and liberated to ecosystem

1.4

98

Project

Zaira Malpica

Project

99

2

biomass

2.1 food is consumed

2.2 scramps as well as other organic sanitary waste are cycled into compost station

2.1

2.2 2.3 plants grow and circulate, while methane gas goes to algae hydrogel system

2.4 food harvested from vertical gardens on membranes

2.3 2.4

100

Project

Zaira Malpica

Project

101

3

watercycle

3.1 greywater is collected from human activities on the membranes

3.2 filtration in detention ponds clean water through algae hydrogel system

3.1

3.3 water is used to irrigate crops

3.1

3.4 water is given back to aquifers

3.2 102

Project

Zaira Malpica

3.3

3.4 Project

103

4

insulation

4.1 sargazo prefabricated modules are placed into the structure

4.1

4.2 mycelium eats the sargazo and grows

4.2

4.3 sargazo modules are retired and used to make biosoil for the retention pond

4.4

4.3

4.4 mycelium stays covering and insulating the structure

104

Project

Zaira Malpica

Project

105

circadian flow

1 2 3 4 5 6

rainwater directed to roots sunlight filtrated through branches humidity absorbed for algae hydrogel wetwire biosensors to harvest bioelectricity crossed ventilation hot air escapes through upper micropores

+50 °C 1

2 +25 °C 3

4 5

6

circadian daytime

106

Project

rythm transversal section

Zaira Malpica

sc 1:200

Project

107

1 bacterium vibrio fischeri glows naturally pale green in the night 2 algae pyrocystis fusiformis emits blue light when kinetic biosensors get activated by the movement of users 3 the fauna of yucatán rainforest can rest above the envelope during night 4 the organic illumination doesn’t affect the life of animals or insects that might be triggered by too much artificial light

3

4

2

1 circadian nighttime

108

Project

rythm transversal section

Zaira Malpica

sc 1:200

Project

109

1. Bamboo strips as key tensors for bending forces in the arch (bóveda)

+

1 2. Curved based (soclo) from resins and bracings to create flow from floors to walls

2

+

+11.0

+5.50

+0.10

+

110

Project

3

4. Bamboo strips as key tensors to balance the arch compression forces to the slabs

+

constructive detail

sc 1:200

Zaira Malpica

3. Diagonal ogives (ojivas diagonales) to put the forces from slabs to the arch

4 5. Ceiba roots as main foundation 6. Mycelium microfiber as second foundation footing

5

6

Project

111

Circadian daytime

112

Project

Circadian nighttime

Zaira Malpica

Project

113

envelope

membrane

bioluminiscence

levels

114

Project

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Project

115

Second approach

location on project

sc 1:2000

ground level

116

sc 1:500

Project

Zaira Malpica

transversal section

sc 1:500

longitudinal section

sc 1:500

Project

117

1

2

3

4 2

+

1

microecosystem for insects

1. Algae hydrogel encapsulated on agar bioplastic 2. Micropores to capture humidity for hydrogel

5

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

118

Trace of the ágora Compacted earth and rocks Bamboo mesh Mycelium benches Landscape proposal

Project

+ constructive detail

Zaira Malpica

sc 1:20

3

3. Bamboo mesh embeddd into flat slab 4. Mycelium flat slab foundation 5. Stones filling for gabion

Project

119

Circadian daytime

120

Project

Circadian nighttime

Zaira Malpica

Project

121

Third approach

location on project

1:2000

ground level

122

sc 1:750

Project

Zaira Malpica

transversal section

sc 1:750

longitudinal section

sc 1:750

Project

123

tiles texture 2

1

1

7 2

3

+

1. Greywater coming into the pond 2. Algae hydrogel coated tiles clean greywater

3

4

+

5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

124

4

Edible vegetation Detention pond trace Algae hydrogel Treated water Sargazo and stones biosoil Mycelium retaining wall Landscape proposal

Project

constructive detail

Zaira Malpica

5 6 3. Sargazo biosoil 4. Stones for biosoil 5. Mycelium retaining wall 6. Infiltrated water is sent back to aquifers

sc 1:125

Project

125

Circadian daytime

126

Project

Circadian nighttime

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Project

127

The project has been designed to have the least possible impact on the site from the structure to the installations, thanks to a regenerative lifecycle that doesn’t destroy the rainforest but actually “builds” more of it, so local animals and vegetation can make appropiation of the space once it is not longer needed for human civilization.

128

Prospective

Zaira Malpica

Prospective

129

Prototyping the structural and materiality performance of the design, by using bioplastics and different fibers.

Study of sunlight filtration depending on the amount of fiber and bioplastic used.

130

Prospective

Zaira Malpica

Conclusion

131

The project was modeled on Rhino and printed digitally 3D.

134

Prospective

Zaira Malpica

Prospective

135

The process of doing architecture is a process of love, because only through love we can act responsibly enough to be completely honest with the site, in the visual, physical and performative aspects of an integrated project.

I personally feel that the pedagogical process I had during this studio class has taught me to wander into fields I could have never imagined to connect with architecture. I am excited to put in process more techniques and experimentation in order to discover where this conections can lead us to in the field or achitecture. Thanks to this project, in which I did a especulative design, I have opened the eyes to a future of multiple possibilities not only inside my career but also about the life and the direction of our planet. I strongly believe the intentions and theories followed in this project can help humans to wonder if this is time to start designing for other organisms and not only humans anymore. To learn from them is to learn from us. To design for them is to design for us.

138

Conclusion

Zaira Malpica

M

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n i f e s Humanistic futurism

t

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FORM FOLLOWS ORGANISM MATERIALITY Use of materials with anthropological and biological importance

Meaning Rejection of any radical ideology whose means establish a lag in the development of humanity

value You must propose a conceptual idea that serves as artistic and plastic activism and learning, and invite to individual as well as collective reflection

time Projection with clear and concrete intentions of not harming future generations

Conclusion

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Arch. Ana María Lastiri Martínez Arch. Pedro Delgado Morales Arch. Esmeralda Torres Perez Arch. Daniela Mollinedo Herrera

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Arch. Anabel Barreda González Arch. Daniel Savedra Olivo My mom, Ana María Delgado Tovar

Arch. Daniel Savedra Olivo Arch. Sergio Gallardo Rivera Arch. Denise López Cartagena Arch. Jose Luis Sanuy Lostes Arch. Angel Morúa Achiaga Arch. Mikaël Waterdrinker Arch. Alejandra Rubio Acle Arch. Anabel Barreda González Arch. Enrique Villalobos Rodríguez Arch. Federico Zatarain Dachs Arch. Fernando Curiel Gamez Arch. Álvaro Argaíz Parra for helping me to get here.

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References

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References

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Books, articles and encyclopedias

Books, articles and encyclopedias

https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/07/27/clim-j27.html

https://www.koozarch.com/interviews/lucky-lixo/

http://www.rocagallery.com/displacement-by-design

https://www.gifex.com/detail/2011-09-28-14577/Mapa_geologico_de_Mexico.html

http://www.rocagallery.com/upland-and-going-forward

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9AcioXrT7k

http://www.rocagallery.com/upland-and-going-forward

https://parametric-architecture.com/what-is-parametric-design-in-architecture/

http://www.rocagallery.com/growing-up-hydroponics-cultivates-food-without-soil

https://www.southwestwater.co.uk/frequently-asked-questions/saving-water/how-muchwater-does-an-average-person-use/

https://www.archdaily.com/932084/architecture-and-climate-6-techniques-for-emergency-shelters

https://home.uni-leipzig.de/energy/energy-fundamentals/04.htm

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/18/dont-design-shelter-refugees-kilian-kleinschmidt-rene-boer-good-design-bad-world/

https://www.dezeen.com/2021/12/09/dezeen-guide-biomaterials-architecture-design-interiors/

https://pr2016.aaschool.ac.uk/Tiffany.attali

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nV_Ck7k-8U

https://xshore.com/news/how-much-would-sea-level-rise-if-all-the-ice-in-the-worldmelted

https://www.iaacblog.com/programs/architecture-as-living-organism/

https://rpd.unibo.it/article/view/7642

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eAFEAkYqEk

https://colaboratorykitchen.com/?story-760

https://experimentosescolares.com/enciende-una-bombilla-con-una-patata/

https://fundacionmeri.cl/vision-ecosistemica/

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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180516101413.htm

https://onuhabitat.org.mx/

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/135481-will-your-body-be-the-battery-of-thefuture

https://www.floodmap.net/

https://piezo.com/pages/piezoelectric-generators

https://www.elcaminomascorto.es/que-son-los-cenotes-yucatan/

https://elsolarmaya.wordpress.com/

References

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References

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Books, articles and encyclopedias

Books, articles and encyclopedias

https://louisdelmonte.com/what-we-dont-know-about-energy/

McHarg, Ian. Design with nature (1969). First edition. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

https://www.universetoday.com/114617/a-fun-way-of-understanding-emc2/ https://www.quora.com/Could-the-atoms-of-the-human-body-create-an-atomic-bomb https://www.1728.org/einstein.htm

Freire, Paulo. The pedagogy of the oppressed (1968). First edition. United States of America: Bloomsbury Academic.

Baños, Othón, y El hábitat maya rural de yucatán: entre la tradición y la modernidad (2002). Colegio de Michoacán AC. Relaciones. Estudios de Historia y Sociedad, vol.

XXIII, no. 92, 2002, pp. Redalyc, https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=13709208

https://www.cynthiamalamud.com/es/proyectos https://issuu.com/aaschool/docs/ https://www.lajornadamaya.mx/quintanaroo/192386/casa-del-migrante-en-cancun-sera-construida-con-bloques-de-sargazo https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/55

Yarrow, Greg, y Habitat Requirements of Wildlife: Food, Water, Cover and Space (2009). Fact sheet 14.

Olivera, Alejandro, y Las 10 especies mexicanas más icónicas en peligro (2018). Centro para la Diversidad Biológica.

https://www.vidaenyucatan.com/2020/03/arbol-de-ceiba/?amp https://materiom.org/recipe/152 https://santiagodelaguila.myportfolio.com/neuxs https://www.elagoradiario.com/ciencia-e-innovacion/raices-mas-grandes-cambio-climatico/

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References

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References

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Architectural thesis

Arch. Zaira Mariela Malpica Delgado 2022