MSK Zuckerman

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

SK IDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL LLP ZGF ARCHITECTS LLP

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

URBAN CONTEXT Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center was established in 1884 and is the world’s oldest and largest private institution devoted to research, clinical care and education in cancer. The main campus is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in a dense, urban environment with predominantly residential and institutional neighbors.

The site is on a block bounded by 69th Street to the north, York Avenue to the east, 68th Street to the south, and First Avenue to the west. The “L” shaped site is situated mid-block with St. Catherine’s Church defining the western boundary and two apartment buildings defining the site’s eastern edges. Further to the East are Rockefeller University, the Cornell Medical School and the East River. Immediately south of the site is main the MSKCC Campus. To the north of the site are low, mid and high-rise residential buildings.

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MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

BUILDING SITE MSKCC’s mission to progressively control and cure cancer is dependent upon the quick translation of insights from bed to bench and back again. The interdependence and connectivity of patient care, research and education requires that the new research building be located on a site contiguous with the campus.

A site immediately to the north of the main campus of approximately 45,000sf was identified for the new research building. This site was partially occupied by the Rectory of St. Catherine’s Church and the outdated Kettering Laboratory. As condition of the sale of the site, the existing rectory was demolished and a new 17,670sf rectory incorporated within the footprint of the new building. The existing Kettering Laboratory has remained fully operational until its occupants can move into the completed first phase of the new research building.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

PROJECT PHASING The new research building is designed in three phases. Phase I accommodates all wet-lab and corelab program requirements, as well as all vivarium research and surgery rooms and all service and building infrastructure. Phase I leaves the existing Kettering Laboratory building fully operational.

Upon the completion of this phase, the researchers in Kettering Laboratory are decanted into the new research building and Kettering Laboratory is demolished.

Phase II completes the vivarium program by filling out its housing program below grade and completes the conference and education program at ground level. Phase III will be undertaken when MSKCC has sufficient growth to require it.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

PROGRAM The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Research Building will provide laboratories, core laboratories, and associated animal research in a new 692,000 gsf building.

The project will consist of: • Research Laboratory Space to accommodate 98 principal investigators; • Core Laboratory Space to support the research laboratory space; • Vivarium consisting of animal research, imaging and surgery facilities; • Amenity Spaces including the lobby interaction space, a Conference Center and a 350-seat auditorium to promote a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach; • Building Support required for the functioning of the overall building such as a loading dock, storage and maintenance offices; • Rectory Facilities for St. Catherine’s Church to replace those demolished; • Dry Laboratory Space/Academic Offices for the use of computational and clinical researchers, such as statisticians, epidemiologists and Bioinformatics investigators.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

FLOOR PLATE DESIGN The floor plate design is motivated by an array of design goals: • Interaction among researchers is encouraged by providing open, flexible labs and contiguous and equitably distributed offices; • Optimization of day lighting opportunities is derived by the open planning and the layering of program spaces from the extensive glazing; • Clear functional zoning facilitates system integration and an efficient floor plate that both maximizes the amount of lab space and minimizes excess circulation.

The floor plate positions the laboratories along the western edge of the site and the administrative spaces next to it along the eastern edge. This sideby-side arrangement maximizes the efficiency of the floor as well as equally distributing the offices across the floor and minimizing distances between the offices and labs. The rectangular lab block also provides an efficient form for the integration of structural and mechanical requirements.

Cantilevering over the existing Kettering Lab, the southern portion of the office and administrative spaces maximizes the floor plate size while allowing for a clear and efficient zoning of all program elements.

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M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN A central spine of vertical shafts and stairs stretching the entire length of the project organizes the typical Tower Lab Floor Plan. To the west of this spine are lab benches, alcoves, the linear equipment room (LER), and lab support. A continuous row of labs stretches across the westernmost edge of the building maximizing flexibility and openness.

Alcoves, procedure rooms and linear equipment rooms are layered adjacently and afford efficient and accessible support.

To the east of this spine are the offices, administrative support, conference and interaction spaces with ready access to the labs for the researchers. The location of stairs, passenger elevators, interaction and conference areas along this spine and at the juncture of lab and office programs will foster casual interaction and “intellectual collisions� among researchers on each floor as well as between floors.

The typical mid-rise lab floor design maintains the lab block layout to the west of the vertical spine while modifying the office layouts to the east to take advantage of the larger floor plate available in later phases of the project.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

GROUND FLOOR PLAN The ground floor plan is characterized by its strong connections to the street, sharing in the street’s activity and creating a distinct civic presence for the institute. Extending through the entire site and creating entrances on both 68th Street and 69th Street, the lobby will be a center of activity in the building, used for special functions and informal meetings as much as day to day circulation.

Organized alongside the lobby are a number of conference rooms, a 350-seat sloped floor auditorium and a small café with seating to promote further interaction. The western portion of the ground floor is occupied by the rectory, which replaces one demolished to allow for the new lab building’s construction, as well as a number of support, service and loading functions.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

LABORATORY DESIGN The lab design is characterized by strategies to promote interaction between researchers.

Laboratories are lined up side-by-side, with frequent connections through and across corridors. The Linear Equipment Room (LER) running parallel to the labs provides access to the labs and space for heat and noise-generating equipment outside the labs. It is also a natural location for chance meetings between researchers as they retrieve samples or stop to use a centrifuge. Announcement boards and writing surfaces in the LER and elsewhere along circulation paths also serve as gathering spaces for informal discussions.

The laboratory maximizes flexibility through the design of movable desk stations, movable laboratory benches and special procedure alcoves. The concept of movable and adjustable workstations has been developed to accommodate changes in the number of personnel using the space, as well as functional change in research requirements. Movable and adjustable casework eliminates the cost, disruptions and inefficiencies associated with removing fixed casework to accommodate changing equipment needs. The alcove is intended to accommodate a variety of specific functions that can address the needs of specific users when the space assignments are determined. Alcoves may accommodate primary freestanding equipment, fume hoods or enclosed special procedure rooms.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

OFFICE DESIGN The support of interaction among researchers also characterizes the design of the administrative, office and shared spaces of a typical floor plate. The linear array of program elements provides efficient adjacencies between lab and offices while also allowing for the creation of concentrations of activity that encourage contact between researchers.

Common facilities such as stairs, restrooms, conference rooms, administrative services and supplies are strategically placed to promote casual interactions amongst researchers. Break areas are located in close proximity to frequently used conference areas and elevator lobbies to exploit circulation patterns and foster contact.

The building also nurtures interaction by providing as much connectivity as possible between the floors: in addition to elevator connections, three stairs connect the research floors, one of which is enclosed in glass and placed next to the conference, break and elevator lobby areas.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

BUILDING STACK The adjacencies created through the vertical stacking of programmatic elements are especially important in tall building design. A number of design goals were developed to address the programmatic, zoning, structural, mechanical, vertical transportation and phasing challenges presented by this building type.

First, the stack needed to provide the necessary research program within the confines of the mandated zoning constraints. Second, the contiguity between research lab floors needed to be maximized. Third, highly efficient locations for core labs needed to be developed. Fourth, the connectivity of Conference Center activities with the rest of the Campus needed to be maximized. Fifth, the stack needed to allow for a logical phasing plan to utilize the existing Kettering Lab site once the first phase of the new research lab is complete. Lastly, the building performance was to be optimized through the location and zoning of mechanical, structural and vertical transportation systems.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

BUILDING MASSING The design consists of several distinct vertical and horizontal forms that clearly express the individual functions of the building, moderate the scale of the tower, and tie it into the surrounding context. The dynamic juxtaposition of these forms, slipped in plan and section, diminishes the visual weight of the massing. Each of these forms is carefully orientated to maximize the amount of daylight reaching the streets as well as the quality of views from and across the research tower.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

EXTERIOR DESIGN To further mitigate the bulk of the project and to clearly communicate the non-load bearing capacity of the curtain walls, the exterior enclosure is conceived and clearly articulated as a series of diaphanous membranes that are programmed for the specific uses that they enclose. This innovative enclosure delimits and protects the differentiated programs and occupants while regulating sunlight and intensifying the expansive views from what will be the world’s tallest laboratory.

South Elevation

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West Elevation

North Elevation

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

East Elevation

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

LABORATORY EXTERIOR WALL To optimize day lighting while mitigating the glare and solar heat-gain of a West-Northwest exposure, the laboratories are draped in a glass curtain wall that employs a sophisticated frit pattern. While the extensive amount of glazing allows ample daylight to reach deep into the floor plate and offer spectacular views of New York City, the ceramic frit applied to the insulating glass units filters and diffuses the low angle sun.

The specific pattern and density of frit is derived directly from programmatic requirements: the precise graduation of frit across vision areas maximizes views while minimizing glare; the “shearing” of the pattern vertically relates directly to the ABA rhythm of bench, aisle, bench, further mitigating direct light at the bench; and the larger scale “erasures” of the frit are generated by the atypical vision area requirements at the north and south faces of the lab block.

Just below this animated surface of glass lies a second skin of metal louvers stretched over the structural frame. Visible below the diffusing frit, the louvers are periodically exposed to allow the mechanical systems to draw air in and out of the building.

As one’s position changes and the quality and direction of light shifts throughout the day, these animated surfaces continually change their appearance, dissolving the perceived mass of the project and defying their own logic of materiality.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

OFFICE EXTERIOR WALL Glass curtain walls also enclose the office, conference and interaction spaces defining the eastern edge of the lab tower as well as the southern face of the mid-rise. Comprised of clear, transparent floor-to-ceiling insulated glazing, these exterior walls intensify the expansive views and provide a strong connection to the campus and the city beyond. To minimize the glare and solar heatgain of an East-Southeast and South-Southwest orientations, precisely calibrated exterior sunscreens are integrated into the facade.

Extensive energy and day lighting analysis was conducted to validate and refine the aluminum sunscreens. Calculations of how much sunlight fall upon the facades throughout the year were followed by analysis of how much and at what times sunlight reached the interior spaces. Average angles of incidence were determined and specific louver configurations were tested to maximize shading through the day and the year while preventing snow and ice accumulation.

The glass membrane that wraps the office, conference and interaction spaces are doubleglazed with a low-emissivity coating to minimize heat loss during the winter months when natural light is most beneficial. The strategic placement of glass clerestories as well as the integration of glazed interior doors draws daylight further into the building. Finally, the deployment of photo sensors and dimmable ballast ensures that artificial lighting would be used in these spaces only when necessary to maintain required illumination levels. Each of these day lighting strategies yield an annual lighting energy reduction of 52% in the office spaces.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

TERRACOTTA WALL SYSTEM Balancing the diaphanous quality of these glass curtain walls, a series of innovative and durable terra cotta walls extend through and across the project. At the base of the building, open jointed terra cotta rain screen panels are used to forge a strong relationship to the masonry of the surrounding context through color, texture and scale.

From these encircling walls, the terra cotta rises as a delimiting plane through the entire height of the project. A literal screen of masonry material, this wall delineates the threshold between administrative and laboratory programs, connects inside and outside, joins the program sectionally, and articulates the juncture between the horizontal and vertical circulation systems as well as that of the horizontal and vertical mechanical distribution systems.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Sustainability is a logical extension of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center’s mission to advance the quality of life through innovation. High performance building design and construction practices can be shaped to protect and improve the comfort, health and safety of staff, visitors, and the community beyond, through the maintenance of sustainable sites, water and energy efficiency, outdoor air quality, conservation of materials, and protecting indoor environmental quality.

Extensive whole building simulations were conducted using DOE-2.1E computer modeling to evaluate energy consumption and cost matrices for the project. The integrated simulation of such building features as shading, fenestration, building mass, and the dynamic response of heating and air conditioning types and controls allowed for the optimization of mechanical equipment, building massing and day lighting options. The analysis identified roughly six cost-effective strategies from among a dozen initially considered for inclusion.

Taken together, these recommendations are expected to reduce the annual energy expenditures by approximately $2.6 million, an amount that equates to a 40% reduction in energy use compared to a code compliant structure.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Energy efficiency was just one area of investigation undertaken by the design team. Due to the enormous quantities of municipal water required by a large laboratory building, water efficiency became a significant focus of our studies. The design team developed an array of strategies that will reduce water consumption by 30% from the baseline set out by the Energy Policy Act of 1992. One innovative strategy is the recycling of R/O water and cooling tower condensate for cooling tower make-up as well as landscaping irrigation.

Another area of focus for the team was Indoor Environmental Quality and the direct relationship between human health and the built environment.

The project meets or exceeds Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) limits for adhesives, sealants, paints, composite wood products and carpet systems. A construction Indoor Air Quality Management plan will be in effect as will a continuous carbon monoxide monitoring system.

To ensure that all occupants have access to daylight and views, both exterior and interior enclosures were designed and analyzed through computer modeling to achieve a minimum Delighting Factor of 2% in approximately 76% of all occupied spaces. A careful and strategic use of interior glazing combined with exterior glazing of insulated, Low-E units and both ceramic-frit coatings and exterior sunscreens for passive shading create working environments that minimize glare while optimizing natural day lighting and views.

The project team has adopted the LEED Rating system as a metric for determining the relative success of sustainable concepts. We expect these and other integrated, energy efficient and environmentally sensitive design strategies to result in a Silver LEED Rating for the Research Center upon completion.

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

AWARDS Best of 2006 - Healthcare & Hospitals New York Construction Best of 2006 Awards 2006 Chairman’s Award Greater New York Construction User Council 2003 American Architecture Award The Chicago Athenaeum TEAM Architect Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP in collaboration with Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architects LLP Construction Manager Turner Construction Laboratories Planning Consultants GPR Planner Collaborative, Inc. Structural Engineering/Sustainable Design Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP - Chicago MEP Engineers Cosentini Associates AEI Civil Engineers Philip Habib Associates Lighting Design Cline Bettridge Bernstein Lighting Design, Inc. Vertical Transportation Van Deusen Associates

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK

M E M O R I A L S LOA N - K E T T E R I N G

MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN RESEARCH CENTER

NEW YORK, NEW YORK