EDIBLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGN: URBAN AGRICULTURE APPROACH IN SHARED GARDENS AND PARKS OF COMMUNITY —— THE CASE OF LODI-CORVETTO COMMUNITY IN MILAN
Politecnico di Milano I School of AUIC and Eng
Final Thesis of Laurea Magistrale - LM (equivalent to Master of Science) Landscape Architecture · Land Landscape Heritage a.y. 2022 Yunrui Ren I Xiaoyu Wang
This detailed-designed site is located in the northeast area of the community of Lodi-Corvetto. The surrounding buildings are maily factories together with some residential housings, and the site is in a relatively open space. The sunlight hours show that the longest hours are in summer nearly 16 hours and the shortest sunlight hours are in winter time which is about 6 hours. This data helps decide which areas will be planted proper plant species in site 2.
The SITE 2 are separated by a road into two parts. In the PGT2030 document, these two areas are planned as potential green spaces. The design concept for this site is to weave two parts together and connect them to the surroundings. The entire landscape is a network with curves, we want to use it to break the regular form of the street and give the site a softer look, and the square is rectangular, keeping the shape of the planting pond.
The nearby renovated railway station project will become a side entrance. The area on the east side is surrounded by offices and factories, so the edible landscape is mainly for sightseeing, and planting maintenance will be made by park managers. The existing building to the marginal part will be retained as an operation cottage and a greenhouse garden café. The west part is close to the residential area, so the edible landscape on this side is divided into 25 m2 and 35 m2 for the use of the surrounding residents. This area is equipped with greenhouses to ensure vegetables are also available in winter.
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF ROAD AND SEAT Scale: 1:20
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF RETAINING BENCH Scale: 1:20
Path and forest in the South Park of Milan Photography credit to Yunrui Ren
Project that is part of the entire regeneration operation of the Corvetto district and in detail of the public spaces surrounding the Sile 8 building. Benches, picnic spaces, places to relax and to be able to work in the middle of the green characterize this area. Planting and creation of widespread green flower beds are planned.This space, now enclosed and isolated, becomes the fulcrum of the lot and one of the new points of attraction of the entire neighborhood. Expected completion in 2022. (Projects | [Online]. Studio FZ Milano. Available at: https://www.studiofz.it/ progetti (Accessed: 24 November 2022).)
Source：https://www.studiofz.it/progetti
Source: https://www.studiofz.it/progetti
Adelaide Botanic Garden's Edible Garden is a good example of success: stable clients, ample funding, and a complete management team. "There are educational activities, shared kitchens, museums and more. The origins of most botanic gardens can be traced back to food, medicine and tradeable produce. A kitchen garden in the Adelaide Botanic Garden breathes fresh life into productive history.
Previous Foreground stories on productive landscapes have explored nature strips and edible street gardens, apartment balcony planting and broader considerations regarding protection or reinforcement of Australia’s fertile foodbowl conditions. This rich diversity of locations for potential productive planting is also being explored in Adelaide. It is supported by active government intervention, for example through major planning reform to protect vital food and agricultural lands."
Source：https://www.studiofz.it/progetti
Reference: J. Russell-Clarke, (2017). Adelaides Botanic Garden rediscovers its productive roots [Online]. Foreground. Available at: https://www.foreground.com.au/parks-places/ adelaidebotanicgardens-rediscovers-itsproductive-roots/ (Accessed: 24 November 2022).
"Alongside trends in productive gardens, from the private to public realms, including community-championed semi-public realms, there has been a move within Adelaide to refocus on the food and education potential of traditional spaces of public institutions, such as hospitals, museums and, not surprisingly, botanic gardens."
"The full title for the site of their edible garden activities is Little Sprouts Kitchen Garden, which indicates the garden’s primary audience. It was designed with education in mind, in its broadest sense: education in planting and growing, in tending and harvesting, in food diversity, in preparation and taste, in design and in health. It promotes an enjoyable exposure to plants and their propagators and to being outdoors, engaged with a living world that we would wish all children could enjoy. Adults who missed out or have forgotten this fun might rediscover much too." (J. Russell-Clarke, (2017). Adelaides Botanic Garden rediscovers its productive roots [Online]. Foreground. Available at: https://www.foreground.com.au/parksplaces/adelaidebotanicgardens-rediscovers-its-productive-roots/ (Accessed: 24 November 2022).)
CATEGORY: Vernacular Landscape, By Elizabeth "Liz" Christy DESIGNATION: National Register of Historic Places
"Located in Manhattan’s Bowery neighborhood, New York City’s first community garden was established in 1973 when local citizen Liz Christy successfully advocated to transform a large, abandoned lot into a working vegetable garden. After attaining permission from city
officials, Christy’s Green Guerillas, volunteer gardening activists, spent the first four months of 1974 clearing the lot of detritus, spreading loamy topsoil, erecting fencing, and planting vegetation, including 60 raised vegetable beds, trees, and herbaceous borders. The garden’s success prompted other neighborhoods to reclaim urban wasteland, and in 1986, this garden was dedicated as the Liz Christy’s Bowery-Houston Garden in honor of its founder."
Reference: (2012). Liz Christy Community Garden [Online]. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Available at: https://www.tclf.org/landscapes/liz-christy-community-garden (Accessed: 26 November 2022).
"The rectangular parcel stretches along the north side of Houston Street between Bowery, the oldest thoroughfare in Manhattan, and Second Avenue. It fronts a large, mid-rise building and is enclosed by a tall iron fence. The thickly treed parcel, featuring fruit trees, evergreens and weeping birches, contains a small, flagstone-edged fish pond, a wildflower lea, a lone dawn redwood tree, vegetable and berry patches, an herb garden, and an apiary. Pebbled and flagstone paths wind through discrete garden spaces, which are adorned with perennials, a grape arbor, and wooden benches. The dense vegetation provides seclusion and a contemplative garden in the midst of the city. The Liz Christy Community Garden is maintained by volunteers. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Bowery National Register Historic District in 2013."
Reference: (2013). From Parking Lot to Paradise [Online]. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Available at: https://www.tclf.org/blog/parking-lot-paradise-revenge-urban-agriculture (Accessed: 26 November 2022).
PROJECT TITLE: Productive Landscape Initiative
FULL CONCEPT/IDEA TITLE: Project for an Agroforestal implantation landscape and farming methodology in Gratosoglio, Milano
Source：https://2021.prizes.new-european-bauhaus.eu/node/268174
"What if our cities could be engaged with the land surrounding it? Instead of inaccessible paths and barriers, green promenades that link towns and neighborhoods while introducing biodiversity to the landscape. Instead of underused agricultural facilities, Cultural hubs for young entrepreneurs and citizens. We propose a permaculture philosophic approach to engage the biodiversity imbedded in our landscapes and cities with all its inhabitants. " Submitted by the group in their project on the website.
Reference: Productive Landscape Initiative [Online]. Available at: https://2021.prizes.new-europeanbauhaus.eu/node/268174 (Accessed: 26 November 2022).
Source: https://2021.prizes.new-europeanbauhaus.eu/sites/default/files/project-images/10_ AGROFORESTAL_XALABARDER_ALBORS_ MARCEL.jpg
Picture reference: [Online]. Available at: https://2021.prizes.new-european-bauhaus.eu/sites/default/files/project-images/11_AGROFORESTAL_XALABARDER_ ALBORS_MARCEL.jpg (Accessed: 24 November 2022).
Picture reference: [Online]. Available at: https://2021.prizes.new-european-bauhaus.eu/sites/default/files/project-images/4_AGROFORESTAL_XALABARDER_ ALBORS_MARCEL.jpg (Accessed: 24 November 2022).
This case provides a example of space design and function integration for community participation.
Source: https://productiveurbanism.com/project/synergetic-grounds-a-productive-vista-as-a-social-catalyst/ "Synergetic grounds transforms the fenced and lawned Central Vista into an accessible, productive space for people of Gandhinagar. The Vista is reimagined as the new social hub which seeks to engage people in different productive activities, helping them connect better to the everyday processes of food production, waste management, etc. The project also tries to make the aforementioned systems visible to the public through a series of socially engaging programs."
"Today, a pattern observed in cities all over the world is the pushing out of various everyday and/or productive processes, like the treatment of waste, power generation, as well as food production, among many others, to and sometimes beyond the city limits, due to their low scenic value. This creates a situation which can be best captured by the phrase ‘out of sight, out of mind’."
Reference: Synergetic Grounds: A Productive Vista as a Social Catalyst [Online]. Available at: https:// productiveurbanism.com/project/synergetic-grounds-a-productive-vista-as-a-social-catalyst/ (Accessed: 24 November 2022).
Bird’s eye view of the proposal by Arundhati Hakhu
Policies for surrounding buildings and proposed planting palette for the Vista by Arundhati Hakhu
Reference: Synergetic Grounds: A Productive Vista as a Social Catalyst [Online]. Available at: https://productiveurbanism.com/project/synergeticgrounds-a-productive-vista-as-a-social-catalyst/ (Accessed: 24 November 2022).
The designer used vacant plots on the edge of the Central Vista. The project provides the later designers with the innovations of refunctioned use of these vacant plots for multiple ways including production in the open spaces and waste disposal. And it is indicated by the project that on average, each vacant plot is divided into 4 or more parts to built forms adhering to the proposed policies.
“It’s very approachable. The packaging cuts right across the population and everyone is going to get it and be touched by it. All readers will get it. It will start a conversation. Not finish it, but start it.” – 2015 Awards Jury
Source: https://www.gooood.cn/2015asla-fayetteville-2030-food-city-scenario.htm?lang=cn
"What kind of infrastructure would a city have to develop if it cultivated its own food? Food City envisions a future based upon resilient and recuperative forms of urbanism in a region with the nation’s highest food insecurity. Food City devises a model agroecological vocabulary for reclaiming a missing middle scale of urban agriculture between that of the individual garden and the industrial farm. This missing middle foodshed functions as an ecological municipal utility featuring green infrastructure, public growscapes, and spaces for food processing and distribution. Beyond current ad hoc production practices, the next stage of urban agriculture includes large-scale conservation, accelerated nutrient management, and upcycling of municipal waste. Food City’s transferable set of planning tools not only assists to embed highquality food production into American urbanism, but shows how urban infrastructure can also deliver important ecosystem services."
"Food City proposes a regenerative urbanism that creates integrated loops from otherwise disconnected flows in energy, food, water, ecological, and financial systems. In addition to growing strategies, Food City integrates upcycling strategies in energy harvesting and waste management, a portfolio of water, soil, and conservation strategies, and hybrid settlement patterns that blend productive landscape systems and urbanism." Introduced by the project description, "Farming and urbanism are recombined to deliver the 17 ecosystem services provided in all healthy ecosystems "(per Robert Costanza et al., pollination, erosion control, water regulation/supply, nutrient cycling, disturbance regulation, soil formation, etc.).
Reference: 2015ASLA:Fayetteville2030:FoodCityScenario [Online]. . Available at: https://www.gooood. cn/2015asla-fayetteville-2030-food-city-scenario.htm?lang=cn (Accessed: 24 November 2022).
This design solution includes many means, such as integrated waste recycling, composting, deep waste farming and aquaculture to solve the problem of nutrient management on a municipal scale, which can take many years to produce healthy and productive soil.
Twenty-Two Agricultural Urban Real Estate Products. Food City adds these hybrid alternatives to the nineteen standard real estate product types constituting mainstream land development (see Christopher Leinberger’s list in his The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream). Photo Credit: University of Arkansas Community Design Center
Originate from the fascination of agriculture, the owner who owns an agriculture field on a vast land in Suan Phueng (a Thailand scenery town) intends to bring the farming products and farming lifestyle from the farm to the urbanites. Therefore, the first phase of “Coro project” was located on the front area of the same plot with the farm to be the prototype of farming lifestyle and the Coro products display.
"This first development of the Coro project is a place for both plant and human with the design for the capability of supporting different activities responding to different circumstances. The certain dimension of 1.50m, the proper distance of farming, defines a grid system, which connects each building layers from the open space to the enclosed. Structure, skin, services, space plan, and stuff are supporting each other to define different spaces."
"Moveable surfaces define different enclosure. Modular furniture system defines different planning. Electrical outlets on the grid structure supply different activities and different adjustments. Consequently, the relationship of these layers generates the space’s resilience in order to encourage the creativity and diversity."
Source: https://www.gooood.cn/coro-field-by-integrated-field-co-ltd.htm?lang=cn
All pictures and descriptions on this page are cerdit to reference: CoroField/IntegratedFieldCo.,Ltd. [Online]. . Available at: https:// www.gooood.cn/coro-field-by-integrated-field-co-ltd.htm?lang=cn (Accessed: 26 November 2022).
Today there are two types of panels used for conservetory construction: glasses and polycarbonate panels. Comparing both material, there are obvious advantagies and disadvantegies. Overall, the light transmittance of polycarbonate panels is comparable to that of glass, but the heat insulation effect is 45% higher than that of glass; at the same time, the polycarbonate panels can be opened and closed intelligently to enhance ventilation, and will not be as stuffy as glass sun rooms in summer.
Polycarbonate panels used in greenhouses are usually multilayer materials. However, today the situation has improved. Some greenhouses have a single layer of transparent polycarbonate glass. The expected life of this material is between 15 and 25 years. Most manufacturers also have a 10-year hail damage warranty. Generally, this will be a cheaper choice than single tempered glass. Therefore, the advantages of double wall and triple wall are that they are almost unbreakable, can be used for a long time, and provide better insulation than single glass. The only disadvantage is vision. Even if the outer panel is very clear, the view will be distorted because the ribs will damage the clarity.
The polycarbonate greenhouse
Source: https://www.onegarden.co.uk/grow-yourown/greenhouses/metal-greenhouses/palramhybrid-6x8-greenhouse-green
Single tempered glass – The insulation coefficient of single tempered glass is not as good as that of double wall polycarbonate plate. But when you use this glass, you will see the eternal beauty of the Victorian greenhouse. Builders should ensure that tempered glass is used in greenhouses, especially on roofs. Ordinary float glass may break into sharp pieces and cause injury. Tempered glass is a kind of safety glass because when it breaks, it will crumple into small pieces. Glass greenhouses are generally heavier than polycarbonate greenhouses, so keep this in mind when building foundations. Glass greenhouses have a bigger problem with the freeze-thaw cycles that many of us experience.
The initial cost of double tempered glass will exceed the increase in insulation. It all depends on whether it is really used as a greenhouse or a living area greenhouse. Importantly, polycarbonate and glass have their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this needs to be selected according to the function and design intent.
Source: https://www.advancegreenhouses.com/polycarbonate-greenhouses-vs-glass-greenhouses/
Generally, rectangular greenhouses are preferred. There are several types of structure. In this thesis, we are choosing steel structure. Steel structure greenhouse is a greenhouse with steel, steel pipe, steel plate or section steel as the main bearing structure of the greenhouse. The greenhouse is mainly used for high-efficiency planting (melons, fruits, vegetables, flowers and trees, herbs, etc.), agricultural product exhibition and sales, high-efficiency breeding (aquaculture, livestock and poultry, insects, etc.), comprehensive industrial circulation, ecological restaurants, exhibition sightseeing, scientific research experiments.
Most of the polycarbonate greenhouses are Venlo type (can also use round arch), mostly with one span and multiple roofs, with modern appearance, stable structure, beautiful appearance, smooth vision, excellent thermal insulation performance and moderate light transmittance. This kind of greenhouse has the characteristics of good light transmittance and low thermal conductivity. Due to the light weight of the solar panel, the service life is long and the tensile strength is high.
The greenhouse foundation is 2.2m deep, and the concrete is poured on site (it can be adjusted according to the local location). The interior of the greenhouse is a point type foundation, and the surrounding is a strip foundation. The ring beam is cast on site to improve the overall strength of the greenhouse.
The span of the corrugated greenhouse refers to the distance between the east and west columns. The standard dimensions are 12 meters, 9.6 meters and 8 meters. The bay refers to the distance between the north and south columns. The standard dimensions are 8m and 4m. The span and bay size shall be selected according to the actual planting needs and location of the owner's greenhouse.
The ‘Standard size’ greenhouses measure 6 x 4ft (1.8 x 1.2m) –these are generally a good option for small and medium gardens. They provide enough room for plants, without taking up too much space. For a larger space and wish to grow more plants, we could consider a larger 6 x 8ft (1.8 x 2.4m) greenhouse. As the basic size for the width of polycarbonate panel is 610mm, it is a moulded unit.
Source: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89%E6%9D%BF%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4/1649638
The polycarbonate greenhouse
Source: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%98% B3%E5%85%89%E6%9D%BF%E6%B8%A9%E 5%AE%A4/1649638
The structure of greenhouse
Source: https://www.nitsch-gartenbautechnik.de/ produkte/kat/thermohaus/produkt/sonderbautenbildergalerie.html
The steel structure of the Venlo Greenhouse consists of the following main structural elements: columns, trusses, beams, purlins and bracing. These elements work together to handle the forces exerted on it by the weight of the greenhouse, wind, snow, crops and installation loads. For the importance of weight in a greenhouse, all steel structural elements were made as light as possible while complying with building codes.
The columns of the greenhouse bear the pressure in three different ways. First, they carry the weight of the glass and aluminum roof system and the devices in the greenhouse. Secondly, under the influence of wind suction, the greenhouse column bears the vertical load upward. Finally, the steel column is subjected to horizontal force; They are pulled by trusses and affected by wind pressure. The column determines the height of the greenhouse and the height of the column. The optimum height of the greenhouse depends on the type of crops and cultivation methods. In addition, if a plant growth lamp is installed, the greenhouse will usually be higher.
The trusses together with the columns form the skeleton of the Venlo greenhouse and have the important responsibility of transferring all loads to the foundation. The steel truss not only fulfills this duty, but also takes care of the suspension of all technical installations. Ventilation mechanisms, screening systems, hanging gutters, heating systems, crop wiring, etc., depend on the type of crops grown in the greenhouse. The truss itself consists of four elements; top and bottom box profiles, diagonals and end plates.
With only columns and trusses, the greenhouse structure is strong enough to tackle loads at a 90 degrees angle. To ensure the strength of the steel structure for forces applied from any other angle, braces are applied. The main function of cross braces is to transfer the horizontal loads in the gutter direction to the foundation. To prevent the foundation from tilting, a bridging beam is mounted to the pre-fabricated dollies and also to the columns.
Source: https://www.dutchgreenhouses.com/en/technology/venlo-greenhouse-structure/
A rain garden is a planted shallow depression designed to hold water until it seeps into the soil. Rain gardens, also known as bio-infiltration basins, effectively address stormwater runoff and pollution, and are an increasingly common eco-friendly landscape design practice.
The main purpose of a rain garden is to reduce runoff and store stormwater for subsequent use for irrigation etc. and should be placed in a location that allows the garden to collect water.
Source: https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-a-rain-garden-5186007
Choose a site: A low area or ditch ttat collects water after raining. The site should receive full sun to partial shade, away from a septic tank or any underground utilities or infrastructures.
Evaluate the site soil: Remove lawn or other vegetation to decide the soil type because clay soil drains slowly while sandy soil drains quickly. The time needs to be controled within 12 to 48 hours after raining to keep plants healthy.
Dig a garden basin: The rain collecting basin needs to be 25-20 cm deep with slopes from outer edges to the deepest point at the center. The removed soil is used to create a berm to catch and hold water runoff and create a hospitable medium for plants to grow. Then a pathway of river rocks needs to be placed or an underground pipe is installed to divert rainwater from the downspout source into the basin.
Select plant species: Specially native plant species that provide food and habitat for wildlife and insect pollinators. Species tolarate moisture and intermittent dry spells with deep root systems that will help water seep into the soil.
Install and maintain: Water well after planting and add a layer of organic mulch to suppress weeds and retain moisture. Water during the dry spells of the first growing season until the plants are established. Prune the plant and remove debris and old dead branches in spring. Divide perennials as needed after plants mature.
Source: https://www.gardendesign.com/eco-friendly/rain-gardens.html
https://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/gardencompost-or-potting-compost
Rain gardens offer an opportunity to manage stormwater that runs off hard surfaces after downpours by planting an attractive, lowmaintenance, wildlife-friendly space. Rain gardens are proper to be constructed in any back or front gardens where there are roofs or outbuildings from which water can be collected, with a slope of less than 10% and are reasonably well-drained. The optimum time is when the soil is dry enough to work with and not compacted. Early spring or early fall is recommended for the best plant establishment.
The rain gardens will offer users low maintenance without watering once the plants have established; They can absorb up to 30% more water than a lawn; Rain gardens are also possibly to hold a wide range of perennials plants and reduce erosion by slowing heavy rainfall; Attract insects and birds, avoiding to sink a soakaway.
Be aware of underground services, such as gas and electricity, and dig carefully a rain garden should be located in full sun or partial shade; in a well-drained area, on a very gentle incline (10% or less); more than 5m (16ft) away from the nearby houses; where it is practical to install a pipe leading to the main drainage system below the rain garden in case of excessively heavy storms.
TIPS: Use a garden hose, or stakes and string to create the shape as kidney-shaped can work well. Then remove existing vegetation before digging; The soil removed can be used to make the berm (the lip or bund on three sides) that keeps the water in the rain garden. Finally, put the organic matter into the excavated soil to improve soil structure and then backfill to the original level. The organic matter includes leaf mould, homemade compost, soil conditioner or well-rotted manure are suitable media and the soil should not be compacted.
WATER: A rill or channel of bricks to carry the water the few metres from the downpipe to the rain garden. A downpipe diverter to the downpipe leading from the roof gutter. At the point where the water enters the rain garden, place the cobbles or gravel to prevents soil from washing away.
Source: https://www.rhs.org.uk/garden-features/rain-gardens
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First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to our thesis supervisor Prof. Julia Nerantzia Tzortzi and our co-supervisor Maria Stella Lux, for their continuous support and encouragement, and for their patient guidance and invaluable feedback on our thesis.
Besides, we would like to express our gratitude to the professors and scholars in the department of landscape, AUIC, Politecnico di Milano. Thanks to the graduation board and teaching staff, for all their time and work on our programme study and graduation procedures. Thanks to our alma mater for its excellent learning environment, comfortable libraries and studios and workshops that imporove students' abilities and skills.
The completion of our research and project could not have been accomplished without the infinite support and love from our beloved parents and families. Here we also sincerely appreciate all the help and love from our friends and colleagues.
Finally, we would like to thank each other, for each other's cooperation and efforts in the whole progress of our work. We spent these months together and shared all the happy and hard moments all along the project. Nothing could express how thrilled and fulfilled with what we have achieved and completed in this thesis project.
Politecnico di Milano I School of AUIC and Eng
Final Thesis of Laurea Magistrale - LM (equivalent to Master of Science) Landscape Architecture · Land Landscape Heritage a.y. 2022 Yunrui Ren I Xiaoyu Wang