Writing Research Papers: Tips from a Science Language Editor 校閲者からみた、英文論文執筆のコツ by Chad Walker (チャド・ウォーカー) (エダンズグループ)
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Native vs. Non-Native 1985: about 320~380 million native English speakers; (約3.5億人)
vs about 300 million non-native English speakers （約3億人） 2003: about 350 million native English speakers; （約3.5億人）
ｖｓ
about 1.2 billion non-native speakers
（12億人）
= total 1.5 billion (15億人) English speakers www.edanzediting.co.jp
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I.
Writing in General 英文作成（一般的に）
The Better You Can Write English, the Better You Can Edit It
英作文の能力が高い人ほど、 校正ができる。 www.edanzediting.co.jp
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A. Words 単語 Commonly Confused and Misused Words (よく混同したり誤用されたりする単語)
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Practice Exercise! 練習問題 Check your knowledge of commonly confused and misused words.
混同・誤用されやすい単語についてどれだけの知識が あるかチェックしてみよう www.edanzediting.co.jp
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1. Articles a/an vs. the 冠詞 a/an と the •
“a/an”: used when the noun can exist in more than one form or as more than one case（“a/an”: 同種のものが複数あってその中の一つを指す場合、 不定冠詞“a/an”を使う）
"A new species of Escherichia was identified.“ (other species also exist) •
“the”: used when no more than one instance exists or is likely to exist in the future： （“the”: 冠詞の後に来る名詞が一つしか存在しない、また今後も存在 しそうにない場合）
•
"The organism responsible for the outbreak was Escherichia coli." Experience using and reading them is the key!
（キーポイントは英語の読み書きの訓練を積むこと！） www.edanzediting.co.jp
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2. affect/effect (and impact) •
“effect” as a noun is the “result of some action.” (名詞としての“effect”は、行為の結果を表す) • “affect” as a verb is “to influence”. (動詞としての“affect ”は、（何かに）影響を与えることを表す)
BUT・ただし •
“effect” as a verb is to “bring about a change.” (動詞としての“effect”は「変化をもたらす」ことを表す) • “affect” as a noun is the feeling or emotion caused by somebody‘s demeanor, action, or speech. (名詞としての“affect”は、他人の言動によって自己の感情に影響が表れる ことを指す) • “impact” should be used only to describe “striking of one body against another” and should not be used as “affect”. (“impact”は衝突・衝撃の意味を表すときにだけ使われるべきであり、 “affect” 「影響する」の代わりに使われるべきではない) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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2. affect/effect (and impact) 例文：
“Ingesting massive doses of ascorbic acid may affect his recovery.” (influence the recovery in some way) “Ingesting massive doses of ascorbic acid . his recovery.” may effect (produce/cause the recovery)
Luckily, the medicine did not adversely affect the patient. Many scientists believe that global warming is the effect of greenhouse-gas emissions.
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3. because/as/since •
“as” used only in temporal, not causal, sense. (“as” は「～している時[最中]の」、「～しながら」、「～したままで」のように 時間的な関係を表す場合に使われ、因果を表すためには使われない) “As we were completing the paper, new evidence came to light.”
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“because” used to show causal action. (“because”は因果関係を表す) “Five participants could not complete the follow up questionnaire because they had moved out of the target district.”
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“since” used to show temporal relation. (“since”は時間的関係を表す) "Since we completed the study, there have been 3 additional outbreaks." www.edanzediting.co.jp
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4. because of/due to •
“due to” = adjective（形容詞）+ preposition （前置詞）, adjectival phrase meaning “attributable to” or “caused by” (形容詞句：～に起因して、～が 原因で)
"The problem was due to mechanical failure." •
“because of” = conjunction（接続詞） + preposition（前置詞）, adverbial phrase meaning “as a result of” or “owing to” (副詞句：～のために、～の せいで)
“The problem occurred because of mechanical failure.”
*Tip: どちらを使うべきか迷う時は、“attributable to”と “as a result of”へ置き 換え、どちらがより適切か考えてみること www.edanzediting.co.jp
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5. comparable/similar (and same) • “comparable”: adjective indicating an item lending itself to comparison with a similar term. (形容詞：別のものと比較した結果:～に類似した、 ～と同様の、同程度の) “Because the methods are different, the statistics are not comparable.”
• “similar”: adjective indicating likeness (形容詞：類似性を示す:～と似ている、～と同じよう である、～と同類である). "The mortality rates in Sweden and Chile are similar." www.edanzediting.co.jp
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5. comparable/similar (and same) *Tip: “Same” is sometimes mistakenly used when “similar” is the correct word. “Same” means exactly the same, or “identical,” which is not often the case when comparing scientific results, especially when comparing the results of two different studies. “Same” はよく“ similar”と混同されやすい。“Same”は完全に同じであることを表し、 “identical”と同義語。 “ Similar”は完全にではないが、「よく似た」あるいは
「同じような」という意味を表す。科学的結論や研究結果を比較する場合、 Similarの場合が 多い。
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6. compose/comprise/constitute •
“compose” *1) active verb meaning to form, to make up a single object, to go together. (～を構成する) “Fifty states compose the United States of America.”
*2) passive verb meaning the same as “comprise” (〔部分〕～から成る) “The United States of America is composed of 50 states.” •
“comprise” (verb) to include, contain, be made up of (「全体が部分として～を」包む、包含する、〔部分〕～から成る) “The United States of America comprises 50 states.”
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“constitute” means the same as “compose.” ( “constitute”は“compose”の 同義語である) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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7. currently/presently/ at present (and "now") •
“currently” (preferred) and “at present” mean “now.” (“currently”と“at present”は“now”「現在」の意味を表す) “There are currently no available studies on Han Chinese populations.”
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“presently” means “soon”, “shortly”, “in the near future.” (“presently”は“soon”、 “shortly” “in the near future”の意味を表す) “Presently, we will go to the Forbidden City.”
*Tip: “Now” is often mistakenly used in manuscripts when “currently” or “at present” is better. (科学論文では“Now”の代わりに“currently”あるいは“at present”を使うとよい)
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8. demonstrate/exhibit/reveal/show • “demonstrate” should be used only for deliberate action intended to illustrate an action or procedure (“demonstrate”は事例および研究の結果を実際に示すときに使う)
“The technician demonstrated how to operate the pH meter.” • “exhibit” is used for deliberate action to make visible. (“exhibit”は実際に展示すること、示すことである)
"He exhibited the mineral specimens at the last congress." *NOT used to mean passively carrying something. (＊受動的立場で何かの状態を示すときには“exhibit”を使わないこと )
× "The patient exhibited a rash" ○ "The patient had a rash.” www.edanzediting.co.jp
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8. demonstrate/exhibit/reveal/show “reveal” is an action to make visible what has been hidden. It is not a synonym for “report.” (“reveal”は隠されていたものを見えるようにすると いう動詞である。 “report”の同義語ではない。 ) “The X-ray revealed a tumor in the lower part of the stomach.” *Tip: Non-living things cannot “demonstrate” anything; sentences like “The data demonstrated that...” should be avoided (*生き物でない限り “demonstrate”という動作は出来ないので、 “ The data demonstrated…”のような文章は避けること ). www.edanzediting.co.jp
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9. significant vs. important/great/major/valuable • “significant” should be used to mean serving as “pointing to,” especially in the statistical sense of reaching a numeric threshold. (科学的文章において “significant”は何かに達するという意味であり、統計上である 数値へ到達するというような意味合いで使われる。) “The mean blood pressure was significantly lowered, with a P value of 0.05” “The results of this research will be of great value to all nanotechnology researchers.” *Tip: Use other words only when statistical significance is not intended. (統計的な意味での重大性を示さないのであれば、 別の言葉を使うべきである ) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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10. employ/utilize vs. use •
“use”: adequate in most cases to mean applying or drawing on for a purpose. (“use”は通常「利用」の意味で使われ、目的のために 利用することを表す)
“An autorefractor was used to measure refractive error.” •
“employ”: can also mean to put a person to work or put an object to use. (“employ”は雇用することや、手段を「採用」することを表す)
“All of the subjects had been employed at the company since 1997 or earlier.” *Tip: There is really no reason to use “utilize” in scientific writing. (科学論文では、“utilize”を使う必要はない) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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B. Phrases (語句) Be Concise (簡潔に書くこと)
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Practice Exercise! (練習問題) When writing science, it’s important to be clear and use as few words as possible. (科学論文を書く際は、できる限り明瞭かつ 簡潔に書くことが重要である) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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How did you do? （自己診断！) • • • • • • • • •
a majority of a number of at a rapid rate as a consequence of at this point in time based on the fact that completely filled despite the fact that due to the fact that
• • • • • • • • •
most many, several, some rapidly because of now, currently because filled although because
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• • • • • • • • • •
during the course of fewer in number for the purpose of examining has the capability of in all cases in connection with in the event that in the near future It has been reported by Wang it is often the case that
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• • • • • • • • • •
during, while fewer to examine can, is able to always, invariably about, concerning if soon Wang reported often
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• • • • • • • • • •
it is possible that the cause is it is worth pointing out that it would thus appear that large amounts of large in size large numbers of located in, located near on the basis of oval in shape, oval-shaped prior to [in time]
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• • • • • • • • • •
the cause may be note that apparently much large many in, near from, by, because oval before
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C. Sentences (文と文章) Short is the Key (簡潔さがキーポイント)
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Shorter Sentences (文はより短く)
The trend in scientific writing is toward shorter sentences with less punctuation. (最近の科学文章の傾向： 句読点の少ない、短い文章を書くこと)
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Sentence Structure (構文) In 1600 the average length of an English sentence was 40 to 60 words. (1600年：一英文の長さは平均４０～６０語であった)
In 1900 the average length was 21 words. (1900年：平均長さは２１語であった)
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Sentence Structure (構文) In 1970 the average length was 17 words. (1970年：平均長さは１７語であった)
Now the average length of an English sentence is 12 to 17 words. (現在、一英文は平均１２～１７語から成っている)
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Sentence Structure (構文) Japanese uses long sentences. (日本語では長い文がよく使われる)
English—particularly scientific English—uses very short sentences. (英語、特に科学英語は短い文章ほど望ましい)
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Sentence Structure (構文) Short sentences are the NORM. They don’t sound childish. (短い文が基本であり、 稚拙ではない)
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Exercise: Break down long sentences (練習問題：短い文の作成) New descriptors of local environment and atomic state, the X and Y indexes, can accurately reflect electron distribution around atoms in different chemical microenvironments, therefore when these were applied to characterize a local chemical environment and atomic self-state, a satisfactory result was obtained to simulate and predict the 13C chemical shift of 22 natural amino acids and 4 non-natural amino acids.
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Exercise: Break down long sentences (練習問題回答例１：短い文の作成) New descriptors of local environment and atomic state, the X and Y indexes, can accurately reflect electron distribution around atoms in different chemical microenvironments. When these were applied to characterize a local chemical environment and atomic self-state, a satisfactory result was obtained to simulate and predict the 13C chemical shift of 22 natural amino acids and 4 non-natural amino acids.
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Exercise: Break down long sentences (練習問題回答例２：短い文の作成) New descriptors of local environment and atomic state, the X and Y indexes, can accurately reflect electron distribution around atoms in different chemical microenvironments. These were applied to characterize a local chemical environment and atomic self-state. A satisfactory result was obtained to simulate and predict the 13C chemical shift of 22 natural amino acids and 4 non-natural amino acids.
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Sentence Structure 構文 Japanese sentences are very different from English sentences (日本語と英語の文章はとても異なる)
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Sentence Structure 構文 For example, in Japanese all modifiers precede the elements that they modify. (日本語では、全ての修飾語(句)が名詞の前にくる) 例：私が昨日渋谷で買った中古の本
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Sentence Structure 構文 In English, some modifiers go in front of the noun and some are placed after the noun. (英語では修飾語(句)が名詞の前にも後にもくることがある)
Ex: the used book that I bought in Shibuya yesterday
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Sentence Structure 構文 A modified soil’s single sorption … . The single sorption of a modified soil … .
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Sentence Structure 構文 Correcting sentence structure: (構文の校正) If possible, don’t translate from Japanese. Write in English from the start. (出来れば、日本語の文章を翻訳するのではなく、 最初から英語で文章を書いてみること) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Sentence Structure 構文 An important rule: ONE SENTENCE, ONE IDEA (重要ルール：一文で言及する内容は 基本的に一つである)
一文一事
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D. Punctuation 句読法 Punctuation Has the Power to Completely Change the Meaning of a Sentence (句読法は文章の意味を完全に 変える力を持っている)
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1. Commas: Be careful about commas with essential and nonessential information （コンマ：重要な情報とそうでない情報へ のコンマの使い方に注意すること） www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Ask yourself, “Is the information essential or is it extra information that could be omitted”? 「その情報が文章の主張を伝達する上で 必要不可欠なのか、そうでないのか？」 を考えてみましょう www.edanzediting.co.jp
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If the information is essential, do NOT use commas. (重要な情報にはコンマを使わないこと)
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If the information is extra, nonessential information, you MUST use commas. (情報が重要でない場合は、コンマを使うこと)
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Correct: (正しい用例)
The equipment that we used was made by the XX Company.
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Wrong: (誤った用例)
The equipment, which we used, was made by the XX Company.
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Correct: (正しい用例)
The equipment, which was made in Shanghai, was very expensive.
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Basic Rule for Comma Use (基本ルール：コンマの使い方) Use commas + “which” for non-essential information. (重要でない情報を文に入れるときは、「コンマ＋which」で繋げること) ○This review, which can also be found online, covers research that started in 1999. ×This review that can also be found online covers research that started in 1999. Use NO commas + “that” for essential information. (重要な情報を文に入れるときは、「that」で繋げること) ○The research that I reviewed started in 1999. ×The research, that I reviewed, started in 1999.
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2. Hyphens, en dash, em dash: Try not to overuse because they can slow down the reader （ハイフン、エンダッシュ、エムダッシュは読者の 読む速度を遅くするので、なるべく使わないこと）
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Hyphens and Dashes • Hyphen (-): Connector rather than in indicator of interruption or omission. (ハイフン＝連結) well-being, advanced-level • En dash (–): Means “through.” (エンダッシュ＝範囲) October 28–29; pp. 2–5. • Em dash (—): Separator to create a strong break in a sentence, like parentheses. (エムダッシュ＝区切り) These two cities—that is, Tokyo and Fukuoka—are developing rapidly. www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Practice Exercise 練習問題 1. The introduction is written on pages 3□6. 2. The Elsevier conference will be held October 31□November 3 in Tokyo, Japan. 3. Mr. Wang had tried asking, begging, and even demanding cooperation from his staff□all of whom were busy with other things□before he gave up and wrote the report himself. 4. No one□not even his professor□thought that his article would be published in Nature. www.edanzediting.co.jp
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3. Colons, Semicolons (コロンとセミコロン) • Colon: for listing and defining, and indicates a stronger pause than a semicolon.(コロン：列挙、定義を述べるときに使われ、 セミコロンより文章を中断する力がある)
The presentation covered three topics: grammar, punctuation, and format.
• Semicolon: for joining two related complete sentences (shows closer relationship than “.”). (セミコロン：関連性のある二つの文章を結合するために使われる。 ピリオドに比べて、二つの文章がより密接に関係していることを表す。) The patient had no prior history of disease; however, he presented with many common symptoms.
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4. Asian Symbols (全角フォントの問題) • All Asian, full-space fonts should be changed to Western, half-space fonts for accurate display on other computers and for proper printing. (原稿内全ての全角フォントを半角(西洋の言語で使われる） に変換すること。全角フォントは英語使用のパソコン上では 表示されず、正しく印刷されないからである。）
The biggest offenders:
問 題児
(よく使われる問題“字”は以下の通りである)
、， ； ：( )×%＜ ＞℃ www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Practice Exercise 練習問題
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Spelling (つづり) Good online dictionaries to help with spelling: (オンライン辞書などでつづりを確認すること)
• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ • American Heritage Dictionary, 4th Ed. http://yahooligans.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/
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Spellcheckers (スペルチェック機能)
but remember that it won’t catch mistakes like from/form, trial/trail… (ただし、スペルチェックは「from/form, trial/trail」 のような誤用は判別できない)
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Stylebooks (科学原稿を書くためのスタイルガイド) • Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th edition • American Medical Association Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors, 9th edition • The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition • The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors, 3rd edition www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Grammar Books (英文法書)
• The Gregg Reference Manual • The Little, Brown Handbook
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Dictionaries (辞書) • The American Heritage Dictionary • Longman Dictionary of American English • Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary • Oxford ESL Dictionary
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Online Resources (オンライン情報源) • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/inde x.html#punctuation • http://stipo.larc.nasa.gov/sp7084/sp7084cont.html • http://www.iolani.honolulu.hi.us/Keables/KeablesGui de/PartFour/UnnecessaryCommas.htm • http://englishplus.com/grammar/punccont.htm • http://yahooligans.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/ • http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ • http://englishplus.com/grammar/mistcont.htm www.edanzediting.co.jp
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II. Journal Specific Topics (学術雑誌の改善点) Practical Advice for Journal Editors and Publishers (学術雑誌編集者・出版社のための アドバイス) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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A. Instructions for Authors (投稿規程) • Should be:
(投稿規程は見つけやすく、分かりやすく、 そして徹底していないといけない)
• Easy to find • Easy to understand • Thorough *Tip: It is also good to complement them with sample articles or pre-made format files for authors to use as reference. (投稿規程を反映した見本原稿やあらかじめ作成された形式ファイルを 提供すると良い)
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B. Structure of Scientific Articles (科学文章の構成) The IMRAD format was developed to present data in the clearest possible way. (IMRADは『論文の内容を最も簡潔明瞭に提示するため』に開発された 文章体系である)
Introduction (はじめに) Methods and Materials (方法) Results (結果) And Discussion (考察) *Note: Some journals require a different format; this should be made clear to all authors. (*注意：雑誌によっては文章体系の規定が異なるので、 きちんと情報を公開すべきある) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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IMRAD Structure (IMRADの構造) • The INTRODUCTION answers the question, What problem was studied? (はじめに：どの問題を研究したのか？)
• The METHODS section answers the question, How was the problem studied? (方法：どのようにして研究したのか？)
• The RESULTS section answers the question, What were the findings? (結果：どのような研究・分析結果が得られたか？)
• The DISCUSSION section answers the question, What do the findings mean ? (考察：研究結果にどのような意義があるのか？) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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C. Importance of Abstracts (アブストラクト・要約の重要性) • Let reader decide whether to read further (要約の出来によって、読者が先を読むか読まないかを左右する) • Is the 1st part to be read, therefore it sets up positive or negative expectations for the remainder of the work (読者が一番最初に読む部分であるため、論文全体に与える第一印象が大きい) • Should encourage readers who decide the topic is relevant to read further (論文内容に興味を持つ読者が続けて先を読みたくなるような書き方をすべきである) • If poorly written, discourages reader from reading further (要約の出来がよくないと、読者は続けて先を読まなくなる) • Should be aimed at both readers who will read the abstract only and those that will read the complete paper. (要約のみを読む読者、論文全体を読む読者、両方を念頭に置いて書くべきである)
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Tips for Writing an Abstract (要約を作成する上でのヒント) • • • • • •
•
Be clear and brief and try to avoid abbreviations. (明確かつ簡潔な表現を使い、また略語を避けること) Describe methods and results in the past tense. (方法論および結果の部分は過去形で書くこと) Discuss conclusions in the present tense; avoid perfect tenses. (結論・議論の部分は現在形で書き、完了時制を避けること) State document contents in present tense. (本文の内容（例：表のデータ）は現在形で書くこと) The use of I and we is preferable in many journals to the third person and the passive. (雑誌によっては、主語を“the author”のような三人称で表現するよりも、 直接 “I, we”を好む場合もある) Do not use synonyms e.g. if you use “housing” in one sentence, do not change it to “casing” in another. The reader may think you are discussing two different things. (同義語および類義語での言い換えを避けること。一つではなく 二つの違う事柄について言及していると誤解される可能性がある) The abstract should be understandable when read separately from the paper (i.e., stand-alone) (要約は本文とは別に、単独で読んでも論文の主要内容を分かりやすく www.edanzediting.co.jp 65 伝えなければならない)
The “Code” of Writing Scientific Abstracts （科学論文の要約作成のための「コード」（暗号）） Think of each sentence as representing one of the following “codes” based on its function: (要約を作成するとき、それぞれの文章が以下の‘暗号’を表すようにすること) B = Background information (研究の背景情報) P = Purpose/scope/aims of study (研究の主な目的) M = Methodology (研究の方法論) F = Results/findings (研究の結果・発見) C = Conclusions/main implications of the work (研究の結論／結果が示唆すること) S = Suggestions/recommendations (提案および今後の課題) Adapted from Weissburg and Buker (1994)
*Remember: Being Published Means wRiting Clear Science! www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Exercise: 要約を分析する：生理学 (Evaluating Abstracts: Biology) Stimulus-induced oscillations in plant cell cytosolic free calcium. Ca2+ is implicated as a second messenger in the response of stomata to a range of stimuli. However, the mechanism by which stimulus-induced increases in guard cell cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+] are transduced into different physiological responses remains to be explained. Oscillations in [Ca2+] may provide one way in which this can occur. We used photometric and imaging techniques to examine this hypothesis in guard cells of Commelina communis. External Ca2+ ([Ca2+]e), which causes an increase in [Ca2+], was used as a closing stimulus. The total increase in [Ca2+] was directly related to the concentration of [Ca2+]e, both of which correlated closely with the degree of stomatal closure. Increases were oscillatory in nature, with the pattern of the oscillations being dependent on the concentration of [Ca2+]e. At 0.1 mM, [Ca2+]e induced symmetrical oscillations. In contrast, 1.0 mM [Ca2+]e induced asymmetric oscillations. Oscillations were stimulus-dependent and modulated by changing [Ca2+]e. Experiments using Ca2+ channel blockers and Mn2+-quenching studies suggested a role for Ca2+ influx during the oscillatory behavior without excluding the possible involvement of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. These data suggest a mechanism for encoding the information required to distinguish between a number of different Ca2+-mobilizing stimuli in guard cells, using stimulus-specific patterns of oscillations in [Ca2+]. www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Analysis of Abstract - Biology Stimulus-induced oscillations in plant cell cytosolic free calcium. Ca2+ is implicated as a second messenger in the response of stomata to a range of stimuli. [B1-well focused intro to research topic] However, the mechanism by which stimulus-induced increases in guard cell cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+] are transduced into different physiological responses remains to be explained. [B2-gap in understanding] Oscillations in [Ca2+] may provide one way in which this can occur. [B3-hypothesis] We used photometric and imaging techniques to examine this hypothesis in guard cells of Commelina communis. [P, M1-NB active rather passive]. External Ca2+ ([Ca2+]e), which causes an increase in [Ca2+], was used as a closing stimulus. [M2] The total increase in [Ca2+] was directly related to the concentration of [Ca2+]e, both of which correlated closely with the degree of stomatal closure. [F1] Increases were oscillatory in nature, with the pattern of the oscillations being dependent on the concentration of [Ca2+]e. [F2] At 0.1 mM, [Ca2+]e induced symmetrical oscillations. In contrast, 1.0 mM [Ca2+]e induced asymmetric oscillations. [R3] Oscillations were stimulus-dependent and modulated by changing [Ca2+]e.[R4] Experiments using Ca2+ channel blockers and Mn2+-quenching studies suggested a role for Ca2+ influx during the oscillatory behavior without excluding the possible involvement of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. [C1] These data suggest a mechanism for encoding the information required to distinguish between a number of different Ca2+-mobilizing stimuli in guard cells, using stimulus-specific patterns of oscillations in [Ca2+]. [C, S-broader/possible focus for further research] www.edanzediting.co.jp
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D. The Editing Process (文章校正の過程) • Good editing starts with good writing. (優れた校正は優れた作文能力から始まる)
• Ask the author to write the paper in English and not to translate. (翻訳するのではなく、最初から英語で作成するよう、 著者に促す)
• Remind the author to write the paper in short sentences. (英文の場合短い文章が望ましいことを、著者に促す) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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The Editing Process • Check for each category of grammatical mistake separately. (文法は各項目別にチェックすべきである)
• Look at the punctuation. (句読法をチェックする)
• Check for spelling mistakes. (use Word to help you!) (つづりをチェックする － マイクロソフト・ワードも使用！)
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The Editing Process • Do a separate reading to check for use of articles (a/an and the) and nouns (singular/plural; count/noncount). (冠詞および名詞（単数・複数、可算名詞・不可算名詞）の チェックは分けて行うこと)
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The Editing Process • Read the paper again for sentence structure. (構文を再確認するために論文をもう一度読む)
• Check the sentence length. Are any of the sentences too long? (文章の長さを確認する。長すぎる文章はないか？)
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The Editing Process • Constantly check dictionaries, style guides, and grammar books while you edit. (校正する際、常に辞書・スタイルガイド・文法書で確認すること)
• Check that all numbers, formulas, figures, and tables are correct. (原稿内全ての数字、数式、図表、および表が正しいことを確認する)
• Check the references. (参考文献を確認すること) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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III. Using Computers and the Internet (コンピューター・インターネットの利用) The Internet has Completely Changed the Way We Edit and Publish Science (インターネットは科学界における編集・出版の過 程を完全に変えた) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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A. Computers Microsoft Word has great editing functions: (マイクロソフトワードには優れた校正機能が含まれている) 1. 2. 3.
Track Changes Function (変更履歴の記録機能) Comment Function (コメント機能) Find Function (to check for consistency) (検索機能－文章中に使用されている単語の統一性を確認する等)
4.
Word Count Function (to check sentence length) (文字カウント機能－文章の長さを確認する等)
5.
Spell Check Function (but has limitations) (スペルチェック機能－ただし、限りがある)
6. 7.
Dictionary (customizable) (辞書機能－カスタマイズ可能) Split Screen Function (to compare two sections of text) (ウィンドウ分割機能－離れている二つのセクションを比較する等) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Track Changes Function (変更履歴の記録)
ツールからアクセス
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Accept/Reject your Changes (変更の承諾・削除)
変更の承諾 表示されたすべての変更を反映 ドキュメント内すべての変更を反映 www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Microsoft Word Dictionary マイクロソフトワードの辞書機能 • Microsoft Word has a “Custom Dictionary” function that is very useful for authors and editors. (マイクロソフトワードにはカスタマイズ可能な 辞書機能が含まれており、著者・編集者に とってとても便利な機能である)
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B. The Internet 1. Search Engines: (検索エンジン) • •
Google: for general Internet searches (通常検索) Google Scholar: for searching published research (http://scholar.google.com) (科学文献の検索)
*Tip: If you use quotation marks (“) before a phrase when searching, only results with that exact phrase will be searched. (検索したい語句の前に引用符を付けると、その語句が そのまま含まれる検索結果のみが検索される) www.edanzediting.co.jp
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2. Instructions for Authors (投稿規程) Online resources for Author Instructions: (オンライン投稿規程)
1. Elsevier Authors Home: (http://www.elsevier.com/authors/) ２．Mulford Library of the Medical University of Ohio: (http://mulford.meduohio.edu/instr/)
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THANK YOU! ありがとうございました！
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The Edanz Group 1995年創立の英文サービス会社 日本に根ざしたサービス 専門分野に精通したネイティブ・エディター エダンズ グループ ジャパン株式会社 〒810-0041 福岡市中央区大名 1-4-23 ロワール大名1002 TEL:092-715-7208 FAX: 092-715-7204 フリーダイヤル:0120-554-685 www.edanzediting.co.jp www.edanzwriting.com/ja www.edanzediting.co.jp
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Credits/Resources 参考文献・オンラインリンク • Abstract Tips (要約作成のヒント) (http://users.tkk.fi/~dpihko/cyberSAC/abtips.htm) • Abstract Writing (要約作成全般) (http://lilt.ilstu.edu/ewpeter/GEO361/Scientific%20Abstracts.pdf) • Scientific Writing 2 Robert Blake SLDC (学術論文の作成) (http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/celt/sldc/sciencewriting.htm）
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