MENDLING
Yingxue Wang| ARCH 7006 | Spring2017 Professor Ursula Emery McClure
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RESEARCH BOOK
CONTENTS 01
INTRODUCTION Science Fiction Inspiration Project Brief Amphibious Precedent Amphibious Creature Project Intent
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SITE INVESTIGATION
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SCHEMATIC DESIGN
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Site Excursion Site Analysis
Program Analysis Model Investigation Precedent Mid Review
06 10 12 22 34
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142 148 176 188
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Material and Structure Selection Sustainable Strategies Building Code Analysis
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PROJECT DOCUMENTATION Construction Documents
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206 232 254
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CONCLUSION Final Presentation
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CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION
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Science Fiction Inspiration Project Brief Amphibious Precedent Amphibious Creature Project Intent
06 10 12 22 34
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01 INTRODUCTION
1. The Lorax (1972)1
2. Dune (2000 Sci Fi series)2
3. Mad Max 2 (1981)3
4. Waterworld (1995)4
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5. The Road (2009)5
SCIENCE FICTION INSPIRATION
1. The Lorax (1972) The Lorax represents the truffula trees against Mr. Once-ler. Although Mr. Once-ler cut down all truffula trees and polluted the environment, he has one seed left. The seed represents the potential of human kindness and love and the opportunity to protect and nurture the environment. 2. Dune (2000 Sci Fi series) Arrakis, also known as Dune, is a desert planet, but residents of Dune desire resources and a green environment. The ecosystem is transformed but the human arrogance behind the change does not take into account its long-term effects. In the screenshot, the woman sees a small bit of greenery. It is so rare that she views it as a priceless treasure. 3. Mad Max 2 (1981) The movie’s main character, Max, and others fight for the dwindling supply of fossil fuels and water. By doing so, they ironically waste the planet’s resources. 4. Waterworld (1995) Only when humans lose access to dry land due to rising oceans and are forced to live on the water do they notice the importance of soil. A tomato plant becomes a rare and expensive commodity. 5. The Road (2009) After the apocalypse, the earth has become cold, and there is no food and no fuel. People resort to fighting with each other simply to grab a portion of the dwindling resources to survive.
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01 INTRODUCTION
7.Star Trek—First Contact (1996)7
6.Silent Running (1972)6
8.Alphaville (1965)8
9.The Matrix (1999)9
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10.Blade Runner (1982)10
6. Silent Running (1972) Set in a barren future, all plant systems exist in pods attached to space crafts. The main character, Lowell, refuses to give up on the last remaining forest and resorts to desperate measures to protect the plants in his ship. 7. Star Trek—First Contact (1996) In Star Trek—First Contact, the plot revolves around the need to protect Earth’s first interaction with alien life by traveling back in time to prevent interference by the time-traveling Borg who wish to assimilate the entire universe into their hive. This screen shot graphically portrays the human striving for exploration and contact, and the thrusting tree beside the ship is a visual echo of this urge. 8. Alphaville (1965) Alphaville, a dystopian planet where emotion and love have been eliminated, is controlled by the sentient computer called Alpha 60. After love is introduced to Alphaville by an outsider, the controlling machine is defeated and there is hope for a new world that has emotion and self-awareness. 9. The Matrix (1999) The Matrix is a computer world in which human biology is the primary energy source. Humans exist in pods where their energy is tapped, while they mentally “live” in a simulated reality. The digital environment of The Matrix can only be transcended when Neo overcomes physical limitations such as gravity. 10. Blade Runner (1982) Blade Runner, set in a post-apocalyptic world, highly influenced by Japanese culture, deals with themes of genetic engineering (whereby human replicants are populating the earth) and the effects of technology on the environment influence the city greatly.
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01 INTRODUCTION
LUMCON, Louisiana11
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PROJECT BRIEF
The rise in sea levels has serious global ramifications. The rising seas change coastlines, create ecological storms, destroy architecture and landscapes, and reduce populations. The sodium chloride in the seawater also changes the chemistry of soil and landforms. In Louisiana, coastal areas are in a fragile situation: the Mississippi River is bound by humanmade structures as the sea rises and climate change brings stronger storms. The vulnerable Louisiana coastline is vital to the ecosystem and industry of the state. It shields a significant portion of the state’s population, is the source of more than a quarter of the nation’s energy resources, is the setting for a billion-dollar fishing industry, and contains 40% of North America’s wetlands. This vital region must be studied, monitored, and cared for. The Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) is at the center of this research and conservation. LUMCON was formed in 1979 to increase awareness of the environmental, economic, and cultural value of Louisiana’s coastal and marine environments. The LUMCON building is located in an environment consisting of land with fresh, brackish, and salty ocean water. The design of the LUMCON building allows it to withstand damaging occurrences such as hurricanes, floods, and oil spills as well as cope with ocean dead zones caused by human pollution. To investigate LUMCON’s future at the changing edge, the goal of this project is to envision and design sustainable systems that reduce the structure’s vulnerability to increased storm strength, land subsidence, habitat degradation, and global environmental change.1
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WHY AMPHIBIANS?
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“To begin the process of designing in water, the project focus on amphibious tectonics, PLANTS, MACHINES, ANIMALS, etc. The goal of this investigation is to gain a composite understanding of the workings that allow the amphibious to move between land and water successfully.” --Urusla Emery McClure [Prospectus]2
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01 INTRODUCTION
Mangrove Trees12
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RED MANGROVES
Red mangroves are halophytes adapted to growing in coastal saline or brackish water.3 It is a type of tree that survives in a salt water environment and in sandy soil. As an amphibious precedent for the project, mangrove trees offer several examples of tectonic construction to consider when creating a new amphibious creature. First, the red mangrove has different types of roots. When the highly suberized silt root recognizes that it touches water instead of soil, it will grow underwater until it touches soil or other object. A mangrove will root into the object it touches and develop more baby roots on it. In the absence of soil, it will even grow into stationary creatures such as coral groups. Numerous strong roots uphold the mangrove forest against typhoon and tide. They also allow oxygen exchange in the oxygen-poor sediment. The red mangrove’s arch-shaped prop roots serve two purposes. They allow the tree to absorb oxygen and other nutrition such as iron when they are exposed to the air, but, when anchored in the soil, they become the support structure for the mangrove.4 Second, because red mangroves live in a limited freshwater environment, the plant has evolved to limit water loss through its leaves. The old leaves are sacrificed in order to expel salt, though most (90%97%) of salt is excluded at the roots. The red mangrove’s unique characteristics help it adapt to life in harsh coastal conditions.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Sacrificial Leaves13
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Red mangrove seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.14
Red Mangrove Rhizophera Mangle
Leaves have a waxy covering (cuticle) that keeps water from being lost
Leaves have specially adapted glands that secrete the salt they take in
Mangroves are halophytic (salt-loving) and can survive in salt water habitats Prop roots
Red mangrove are halophytes and offer a habitat for other animals.15
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01 INTRODUCTION
Tiger Salamander16
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TIGER SALAMANDERS
Tiger salamanders are amphibians. The larvae live in the water and adults live both on land and in water. Characteristics of the amphibious tiger salamander offer several successful tectonics to create an amphibious construction. As a larva living in the water, the salamander has two large external gills on the head, and a tail fin behind the head.5 When tiger salamanders become adults, they breathe through their skin, which must remain smooth and moist, and they hide under wood, wet leaves, or stones to avoid drying out. The skin also secretes poison to keep danger away. But the weakness of the porous skin is that it will absorb pollutants and other environmental toxins.6 The tiger salamander walks exclusively on its toes, a trait that also influenced the design of the current project. Function of the organs changing as the environment changing offers a thinking of the project. People cannot expect structure build now could 100 percent suitable for the future environment. Therefore, when doing design for the future, the architect should use adjustable structure and flexible program layout.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Water Balance Osmoconformer: isoosmotic with surrounding Osmoergulator: control internal osmoslarity Gain water salt ions from food
Excrete salt ions from gills
Gain water salt ions from seawater
Excrete salt ions& little water in scanty urine from kidneys
Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish
Osmotic water loss from gills, body surface
Uptake water, ions in food
Uptake salt ions by gills
Osmotic water gain from gills, body surface
Excretion of large amounts of dilute urine Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish Osmoregulation in saltwater fish freshwater fish.17
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EURYHALINE FISH
Gill arch Direction of water flow
Operculum (gill cover)
Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Oxygen-rich blood Gill arch
Blood vessels Water flow between lamella Gill filaments
Contercurrent exchange Water flow, showing % O2 Diffusion of O2 from water to Blood flow in blood simplified capillary showing % O2 The function of fish gills.18
Since the project needs to adapt to a salt water environment, Euryhaline fish are ideal research subjects for learning about methods for adapting to salinity and other changing water environments. The level of salinity in intertidal zones is variable. Low salinity is caused by rain water or fresh water from rivers. Euryhaline fish are able to live in both fresh and salt water.7 Freshwater fish cannot live in the salt water because of osmoregulation, “the active process by which an organism maintains its level of water content.�8 Salt ions can only move from a high concentration solution to a low concentration solution, via osmotic pressure. An example of a euryhaline fish is the Atlantic stingray. Compared to salt water fish, Atlantic stingrays have only a 30-50% concentration of urea and other osmolytes in their blood. The salt water still diffuses into their bodies, but because of osmoregulation, they use their gills, skin, and urine to excrete extra salt ions. (The diagram on the left shows a detail of the osmoregulation process.)
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FENDLING Above Vacuum Head Dirty Air Filter Under Water Vacuum Head Dirty Air Filter Toes
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The amphibious creature whose name is Fendling lives in a salt erosion environment. Fendling is a combination of two words -- filter and endling. Filter means the creature’s main part is like an euryhalined fish’s gill that filters salt water to fresh water. Endling means an individual that is the last of its species or subspecies.9 In order to adapt the salt water environment, the creature’s tectonic structure is derived from following organisms: red mangroves, tiger salamander, and euryhalined fishes. The multi-function gills filter dirty air and salt water. Like red mangrove tree’s sacrificed leaves, if small pieces on the gill become dirty, they will fall off. The vacuum head above the water helps the Fendling collect clean air and the vacuum head below the water level helps Fendling to collect fresh water. The Fendling has tiny toes with a spring inside to absorb the force when walking so the Fendling can stand upright. Fendling’s toes also work like mangrove roots to help the creature stand up.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Salt Water Amphibious Creature--Fendling (Collage Version 01)
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FENDLING EVOLUTION--COLLAGE
Soil Sky Viviparous Seed Variation Animal Water Surface and Thin Air Layer Slit Root Breath Skin Baby Fendling Paddles Salt Water enviro
Fendling Version01: The creature lives in a world of lower gravity. Soil becomes sky, and the air layer becomes very thin. In order to live in this environment, Fendling must have characteristics similar to those of mangrove and tiger salamander. Fendling utilizes a concept similar to mangrove’s viviparous seed in order to reproduce and also has slit roots with which to breathe. Like the tiger salamander, Fendling uses its skin to breathe in the water. The Fendling also has paddles to help it move in the water. The adult Fendling can live in both air and water environments. Baby Fendling can only live in the water environment, similar to a salamander. In this world, other animals such as alligators, fishes, and pelicans have all adapted to the new environment, with changed characteristics. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. The background environment is too flat. 2. It is unclear what is the creature’s major and how it adapts to its environment.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Salt Water Amphibious Creature--Fendling (Collage Version 02)
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Dead Cypress Trees
Dirty Air Filter Fresh Air Absorbing Head Dead Animal Fresh Water Absorbing Head Tiny Toes
Fendling Version02: The creature lives in a pink salt water swamp. Pink salt water will erode all fresh water. The air in this future environment is polluted, and all plants and animals are dead. Fendling is the only surviving creature. The Fendling has a filter system that has a structure similar to the Euryhaline fish‘s gills, that can filter dirty air and water. After the filter leaves grow dirty, they drop into the water. Two vacuum arms help Fendling collect clean air and water. The Fendling has small toes like those of the tiger salamander to reduce the force between body and land so it can walk on the salt crystals. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. The collage has a good progress. 2. The boundary of the salt lake appears too sharp. 3. Placing the tree in the water would be more accurate. 4. Consider making the filter part of small pieces that grow on the main skeleton. 5. The dead alligator is not like the alligator in the collage.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Salt Water Amphibious Creature--Fendling (Collage Version 03)
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Dead Cypress Trees Dead Animal Filter Structure
Fendling Version03: The background has changed in this version which makes it easier to discern. The filter system has a better structure explanation. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. The collage has a good progress. 2. The environment is well-done.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Salt Water Amphibious Creature--Fendling (Colladel Version 01)
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FENDLING EVOLUTION--COLLADEL
Filter Spine Absorbing Head Absorbing Head Tube Abandon Filter leaves Joints Reducing Force Feet
Fendling Version01: In the colladel version, the filter system has three-dimensional structures. The old computer cable head with a plastic tube mimics a vacuum head. Above the water, it collects clean air via the filter system and below water it collects fresh water. The wire feet highlight the reduced force with which the creature treads on the ground. The light filter pieces drop into the water when clogged by salt crystals. The legs, absorbing heads, and filter structures all can move. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. Materials of the colladel is from collage. 2. The tectonic of creature has developed more from collage. 3. The creature looks as if it’s moving. 4. Printing the water elements on glossy paper will express water environment better. 5. Try to find a way to clarify the filtration process. 6. Dead alligator is not like that in the colladel.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Salt Water Amphibious Creature--Fendling (Colladel Version 02)
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Dead Animal Better Water Environment
Fendling Version02: Water showing and alligator problem are fixed. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. Water environment on glossy paper showing water feeling better. 2. The dead alligator is showing correct.
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01 INTRODUCTION
LUMCON, Cocodrie
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PROJECT INTENT
Today, LUMCON faces a future of consistent flooding. In fact, rising waters will be a problem for all coastal areas. To ensure its future, the new LUMCON will be a working environment for scientists, a learning center for visitors, and a new habitat for animals. Environmental scientists and researchers need flexible research space where they can analyze data and have a direct connection with natural resources. The educational center will not be limited to a concrete building because the new LUMCON will encourage students, researchers, scientists, and tourists to visit barrier islands, beaches, and swamps. In the new LUMCON, learning won’t just take place through pictures, aquariums, or research documents; rather, people will be inspired by new technologies, as well as have access to nature where they can observe wild animals in their habitat. The new LUMCON will not only be for human beings but also a home and shelter for all coastal residents, including free roaming animals. Finally, the new LUMCON will become a part of the coastal ecology system to welcome animals and people, and to guard Cocodrie, a benefit to both Louisiana and the United States. The future of the new LUMCON is one in which scientists, students, and visitors are immersed in nature, enjoying it through direct contact. The mangrove-inspired architecture utilizes multiplefunction “roots” in the form of a foundation that grasps the marsh, protected by the constructed island. The opening at the top of the foundation functions like the prop root of mangrove trees. Water tanks and other equipment in this area support the research activities and allow the whole building to work. The elevated wet wing is like the top point of a mangrove tree’s highest branch. As people absorb and appreciate their new knowledge of the coast, they also enjoy the wonderful natural views, and become gripped by the beauty around them. The temporary residential rooms and research vessels work like the viviparous seeds of mangrove trees. After absorbing the knowledge they need from the “mother tree”— LUMCON— visitors and scientists leave LUMCON to begin their own research and exploration.
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01 INTRODUCTION
END NOTES 1. Emery McClure, Ursula. Prospectus. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U, 2017. Print. 2. Emery McClure, Ursula. Prospectus. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U, 2017. Print. 3. “Mangrove.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 4. “Mangrove roots.” Mangrove roots. N.p., n.d. www.mangrove.at/mangrove_roots.html. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 5. “Tiger_salamander.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_salamander. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 6. “Saint Louis Zoo.” Tiger Salamander :: Saint Louis Zoo. N.p., n.d. www.stlzoo.org/animals/ abouttheanimals/amphibians/salamandersandnewts/tigersalamander. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 7. “Euryhaline.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryhaline. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 8.“Euryhaline.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryhaline. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 9. “Endling.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endling. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017.
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IMAGE NOTES 1. The Lorax. Dir. Hawley Pratt. Columbia Broadcasting System, 1972. TelevIsion. Youtube. THE REAL MATTHEW ROBERSON, 12 Aug. 2013. www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSSrYnc1yQs. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 2. Dune (2000 sci fi seriess). Dir. David Lynch. Perf. William Hurt. 2000. DVD. Youtube. Dustin Gollehon, 25 Sept. 2016. www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFBdqDry9Mk&t=9378s. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 3. Mad Max 2. Dir. George Miller. Perf. Mel Gibson. 1982. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/Mad-Max2-Road-Warrior/dp/B000KJZWMW/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1485493443&sr=11&keywords=mad+max+2. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 4. Waterworld. Dir. Kevin Reynolds. Perf Kevin Costner. 1995. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/ Waterworld-Kevin-Costner/dp/B002PSZF6E/ref=sr_1_sc_1?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid=1485493714 &sr=1-1-spell&keywords=waterworlqd. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 5. The Road. Dir. John Hillcoat. Perf. Viggo Mortensen. 2009. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/RoadViggo-Mortensen/dp/B003NVN1C2/ref=sr_1_1?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid=1485493858&sr=11&keywords=the+road. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 6. Silent Running. Dir. Douglas Trumbull. Perf. Bruce Dern. 1972. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/SilentRunning-Douglas-Trumbull/dp/B002RPK1P0/ref=sr_1_1?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid=1485494082 &sr=1-1&keywords=silent+running. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 7. Star Trek—First Contact. Dir. Jonathan Frakes. Perf. Patrick Stewart. 1996. Film. n.d. www.amazon. com/Star-Trek-VIII-First-Contact/dp/B000IZ8SD8/ref=sr_1_2?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid=1485494 347&sr=1-2&keywords=Star+Trek%E2%80%94First+Contact. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017.
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01 INTRODUCTION
IMAGE NOTES 8. Alphaville. Dir. Jean-Luc Godard. Perf. Eddie Constantine. 1965. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/ Alphaville-Eddie-Constantine/dp/B002WAKV32/ref=sr_1_1?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid=148549443 0&sr=1-1&keywords=Alphaville. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 9. The Matrix. Dir. Lana Wachowski, Lilly Wachowski. Pref. Keanu Reeves. 1999. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/Matrix-Keanu-Reeves/dp/B000HAB4KS/ref=sr_1_1?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid =1485494560&sr=1-1&keywords=The+Matrix. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 10. Blade Runner. Dir. Ridley Scott. Pref. Harrison Ford. 1982. Film. n.d. www.amazon.com/BladeRunner-Final-Harrison-Ford/dp/B0012PDVUS/ref=sr_1_1?s=instant-video&ie=UTF8&qid=1485494673 &sr=1-1&keywords=blade+runner. Accessed 11 Jan. 2017. 11. “REU: LUMCON (Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium).” REU: LUMCON (Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium). N.p., n.d. www.adaminlouisiana.blogspot.com/. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 12. “Mangrove_Morning.” On DeviantArt. N.p., n.d. www.1rainmaker.deviantart.com/art/MangroveMorning-160028152. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 13. ”Salt crystals formed on grey mangrove leaf.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Mangrove#/media/File:Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 14. “Red mangrove seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove#/media/File:Plody_mangrovnika_(Rhizophora_mangle).jpg. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017.
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15. ”Exploring Nature Educational Resource:.” Mangrove Swamp. N.p., n.d. www.exploringnature.org/ db/view/1752b. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 16. ”Caudata Culture Species Entry - Tiger salamander.” Caudata Culture Species Entry - Tiger salamander. N.p., n.d. www.caudata.org/cc/species/Ambystoma/A_tigrinum.shtml. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 17. Jay Swan, Former Teacher Follow. “AP Biology Chapter 44.” Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare. N.p., 20 Oct. 2010. www.slideshare.net/jayswan/ap-biology-chapter-44. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 18. Quiroga, Nelson. “Swims With Seals.” January 2014. N.p., 01 Jan. 1970. www. 4.bp.blogspot.com/MxGH-d19HoA/UoFNH550gjI/AAAAAAAACrw/wJ8QjEirBo8/s1600/gills-an-o2.jpg. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017.
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CHAPTER 02 SITE INVESTIGATION
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Site Excursion Site Analysis
40 114
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SITE EXCURSION
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Studying architecture is a process not limited to the classroom and the campus. Site excursions help architecture students engage with the site and increase their observational and research skills. Louisiana University Marine Consortium (LUMCON) building provides a living experience to students. A visit to LUMCON and coastal Louisiana provides students with fresh ideas and refreshes their design intentions for LUMCON’s future.
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02 SITE INVESTIGATION
1
7 8 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Combon Bridge LUMCON Timbalier Island East Island Wine Island Trinity Island Bubba Dove Floodgate Pipe Line
4 6
5
3
Day 1-- Travel Map
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JAN30, 2017
DAY 1 DRIVE SOUTH
At 8 a.m., students departed from LSU campus heading to the LUMCON in Cocodrie. The first stop was the Combon Bridge in Houma. The Combon Bridge is a vertical lift bridge built in 1990 over Grand Cailou Bayou.1 The bridge has a steel truss design. Four wheels with bands on the truss’s corners help the bridge lift up and down. A mechanical room nearby acts as a base of operations for the manager who maintains the bridge. The second stop was LUMCON, Cocodrie. Before students arrived, they saw and smelled a marsh fire adjacent to the road. They asked one of the LUMCON faculty, Ms. Conover, who explained that the marsh burn was not intentional. After lunch, Ms. Conover took the students on a boat trip to Timbalier Island, Wine Island, East Island, Trinity Island, and the Bubba Dove Floodgate. Originally, there was a barrier island called Last Island which, before the 1856 hurricane, housed a resort. A barrier island is a coastal landform and a dune system formed by sea level waves and the tide working together.2 The tide is a sea-level rising and falling influenced by the rotation of the moon around the earth and the earth around the sun.3 The hurricane of 1856 caused the fragmentation of Last Island into five smaller islands: East, Trinity, Whiskey, Raccoon, and Wine.4 The students saw an original coastal landscape as they approached their first destination, Timbalier Island. Next they visited Wine Island and then East Island. After the hurricane, the population never returned to these islands, which became habitat for vegetation such as mangrove and cord grasses, and animals such as nutria and coyote. The sulfur mine on Trinity Island stands in sharp contrast to the beaches and clean water of long ago. The ruin of the once-elegant hotel has become a home for white and brown pelicans. The abandoned structures attract other wildlife, including fish and plants below the water level. The last place the students landed was the Bubba Dove Control Flood Structure, a component of a leaky levee system. A leaky levee is a system of gates and water control structures that allow the flow of water back and forth.5 In theory, it works better for the river than a traditional levee. Timing is crucial,
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02 SITE INVESTIGATION
Timbalier Island
Wine Island
as closing the gate requires four to five hours. The last time the faculties closed the levee system they did not allow enough time as they were trying to permit more boats to pass through. On the way back to LUMCON, students passed a pipeline made of moving sediments including mud, sand, dead grass. The scene is reminiscent of a sci-fi landscape with black silt pouring from the pipe. The students also observed some oil well plumping platforms along the route. Students returned to the LUMCON building and tower. It was clear that the building frequently floods because there is a residue of salt on every floor. The LUMCON foundation is challenged because of damage caused by rising waters. From the tower, it is easy to see the pretty sunset and the roof of
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East Island
Trinity Island
LUMCON. The flat roof of LUMCON does not shed rain, a peaked roof does. Dealing with the sections of roof is something to consider in the future. Visiting barrier islands is a special and unique experience, especially for students from other states. After today’s trip, students had a deep understanding of and feeling for the importance of the barrier island, and the power of the nature. To visit coastal areas by boat, scientists and students must have time and calm weather. Currently, when students and scientists visit LUMCON in bad weather, they are unable to access the coastal environment. In the new LUMCON building, new programs will help students, scientists, and visitors enjoy the natural coastal features without leaving the LUMCON building.
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02 SITE INVESTIGATION
Combon Bridge,Houma
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Marsh Fire, Cocodire
Oil Industry, Terrebonne Bayou
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02 SITE INVESTIGATION
Leaky Levee System
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Sediment Pipe Line Sand Low-Tide Overwash Barrier Foreshore Flat Flats Apron Maritime Flats Nearshore Backshore Salt Forest Dunes Marshes
Drift Line High Tide Overwash Fan Low Tide Shoreface Sediments
Lagoon Sediments
Overwash Layers
Dune Soil Bedding
Peat Berm Through Crest Bar Anatomy of a Barrier Island1
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02 SITE INVESTIGATION
Stage 1 Erosional headland with Flanking Barriers
Active Delta
Interdistributary Bay
Wine Island
Submergence
Stage3 Inner Shelf Shoal
Reoccupation
Abandonment
Flanking Barriers Island
Stage2 Transgressive Barrier Islands Arc
Submergence Trinity Island
Ship Shoal
Barrier Island Evolution2
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JAN31, 2017
DAY 2 DELTAIC PLAIN_ LUMCON
At 8:00 a.m., students went to the lecture, “Beyond the Bay”, in which Ms. Conover conveyed her deep knowledge of the barrier island system to encourage the students to feel engaged in their future. A barrier island is the result of many natural processes--erosion by wind, waves, and currents; restriction or complete lack of sediments; subsidence along with the decay of organic material; and sea level rise due to climate change. The delta lobe cycle changes gradually according the human standard but quickly in terms of nature’s standard. Barrier island evolution can be summarized in a three stage model. (The diagram on the left shows detailed information about the anatomy of a barrier island.) A barrier island has four zones: 1) beach-- where sands are deposited or eroded by wave action; 2) dunes—which are formed by sand carried and deposited by the wind and usually vegetated; 3) mud-flat—formed by sediments pushed through the dunes by large storm events, and are vegetated; 4) salt marsh—low lying areas on the back-side of a barrier island. The salt marsh is divided into high marsh (flooded monthly) and low marsh (flooded daily). The beach is the high energy side of the island, receiving the brunt of the tides, and the salt marsh is the low energy side. Storms push sediments through the marsh to form the over wash. Waves, currents, tides, winds, sea level damage, and storms are forces affecting barrier islands.6 The Isles Dernieres is an island chain made up of at least five barrier islands—Raccoon, Whiskey, Trinity, East, and Wine. Wine Island is the smallest of all the islands, and was restored after it had become a shoal. 7After a hurricane, the barrier island called Isles Dernieres split and was difficult for people to visit. The Isles Dernieres have returned to their natural state now that people can no longer visit and disturb the ecosystem. Now, the Isles that have abundant natural resources and abandoned artificial structures offer a unique habitat for coastal animals. Barrier Islands contain a variety of habitat zones that make them ideal from many species of birds. They serve as nesting habitat all year for pelicans, skimmers, terns, egrets, and gulls, among other species. They offer landfall habitat for nontropical birds during migration. Nowadays, global warming and human actives influence the habits and life-cycles of nesting birds. Their habitats are being lost and degraded. Additional threats of predation
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02 SITE INVESTIGATION
Racoon Island
Whiskey Island
Trinity Island
East Wine Island Island
Timbalier Island
Isles Dernieres
Barrier Island
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and human disturbance increase the risk to nesting birds. Climate change and episodic events such as oil spills also negatively influence birds’ habitat.8 Having visited the barrier islands for a day, students had an increased appreciation for their studies in the classroom. Their own first-hand experiences meant the lectures were more vivid and reinforced students’ knowledge of the barrier island. Were it not for their ability to visit actual barrier islands, the lectures would be ordinary, something students could experience anywhere. The hands-on and classroom learning in combination are a boon to students at LUMCON. The new LUMCON program must improve the connection between nature and the classroom experience. LUMCON building.
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Dry Wing Girls’ Wing
Boys’ Wing Wet Wing
Residential Public Research LUMCON Plan3
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LUMCON
After the lecture, students visited the Louisiana University’s Marine Consortium (LUMCON). The LUMCON W.J. DeFelice Marine Center is located in Cocodrie, LA7 and is linked to 200 member universities. Ms. Conover is a member faculty. In 1973, architect Don O’Rourke designed the marine center.9 The marine center is positioned on a wetland between two active distributaries—the Atchafalaya River and the Mississippi River.10 The marine center, a 75,000 square foot complex, includes three functions: residential, public, and research. The residential space is located at the north part of the building. The living spaces are separated into two wings, for men and women. There are dormitories and apartments. The students share bathrooms in the dormitory section. There are only two handicap-accessible rooms, which is not adequate. The plastic window blinds are not very functional for privacy. In the public space is located in the middle of LUMCON building. The ramp of the entrance is at an inconvenient angle. It is difficult for disabled students to visit the Marine Center. The tower offers a good view for visitors but it only has stairs. The aquarium is filled by several fish tanks without creatures inside. The administrative office has a small window to recept visitors. They do not have storage and display closet for souvenirs. The research space is split between a wet wing and a dry wing, located on the south part of the building, providing easy access to the research vessels in the LUMCON harbor. The wet wing (approx. 23,150 sq.ft.) has plumbing facilities that operate with a sea water system, but the dry wing (approx. 22,575 sq.ft.) has no such system. There is fresh water plumbing only in the dry wing to supply the laboratories with water, thus some sensitive equipment and resources are kept there. The primary program in the dry wing includes research laboratories (19% of sq. footage), library (12% sq. footage), and offices for the researchers and staff (11% sq. footage). The secondary program includes circulation (35% sq. footage) and mechanical (12% sq. footage). The primary program in the wet wing includes research laboratories (18% sq. footage), researcher’s offices (7% sq. footage), teaching facilities (5% sq.
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LUMCON
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footage), an auditorium space, and collections space. The secondary program includes circulation space (31% sq. footage) and mechanical (11% sq. footage). For both wings, neither the educational space nor the laboratories are big enough. Research equipment is located in very crowded laboratories and thus difficult to access and operate.11 The waffle ceiling structure works very well for the building. The concrete structure is heavy but the waffle ceiling is lighter than the solid structure. For students on a field trip, the LUMCON building is not as stimulating as it could be. Since LUMCON is a marine consortium, when students visit it, they should engage with and investigate nature and get a unique coastal environment experience. Scientists who work at LUMCON should have comfortable and convenient laboratories with easy access to water. In the residences, both temporary and permanent, different living strategies need to be employed. A temporary residential strategy is more about exploring and investigation; a permanent residential strategy is more about the convenience and comfort of the space for those living there and conducting research.
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4
0 Cafeteria 1 201 Library 2 202 Lecture Room 3 206 Ecology 4 Unused Space 5 218 Aquatic Ecosystem Ecology 6 224 Biological Oceanography Laboratory 7 227 IT Space 8 229 Graphics 9 110 Cooler Freezer 10 313 Teaching Laboratory 11 Unused Space (with Sofa) 12 310 Wet Laboratory 13 302 Murt Conover Office 14 300 Collections 15 301 Teaching laboratory 16 104 Auditorium 17 Scientists Dormitory
3 5
1 6
2 7 8 9 16
10 15 11
17
14
13
12
Listed Rooms
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0. Cafeteria
1
2
The Cafeteria is a space to offer breakfast, lunch, and dinner for LUMCON faculties, scientists, and students. It serves as a hang-out place for people to rest. 1. Kitchen Area 2. Balcony Area 3. Dining Area
3
1. 201 Library 1
2
LUMCON is a large research space, so it needs a library. The LUMCON library has unique marine study collections. The library needs more open space, and the light needs to be changed to LED light that is environmental friendly. 1. Dizzy Light 2. Comfortable Reading Space
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2. 202 Lecture
1
The Lecture Room in the dry wing is a class room for students and kids. Noisy sound from the mechanical room disturbs teaching process. The room is not big enough for large groups. 2
1. The ceiling cannot absorb sound. 2. The flexible furniture works very well. 3. Fixed teaching table is limiting. 3 3. 206 Ecology
1
2
This is a standard dry wing lab. The lab has easy access to the storage room. Pipes under the ceiling are easy to maintain. The cabinet above the water sink is useful, but the lab does not have enough cabinets. 1. Pipes are hanging on the wall. 2. This point should be opened to walk.
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4. Unused Space The space is a printing room now. The faculty expects the space to become an office for graduate visiting students. 1
1. This area has a very good window view with a balcony.
5. 218 Aquatic Ecosystem Ecology The lab needs a easy method to clean tools. The wall of the lab could be a potential notes board in the future. The space is crowded, and the storage is not large enough.
1 2
1. The closet is crowded. 2. The scientist is working in a tiny space.
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6. 224 Biological Oceanography Laboratory The laboratory has a same layout as the Aquatic Ecosystem Ecology lab. The server is not located in a good space. It is too hot for computers. 1
2
1. Service computer in the small room. 2. The storage room is full.
7. 227 IT Space The IT space is open to all facalty and students who work in LUMCON. The room is too small to put more computer equipments. 1
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1. The computers have the software that scientists need such as Adobe, Auto desk, and arcGIS.
8. 229 Graphics The empty lab room will become a new mechanical room. A wall is moved in the room, the scar on the wall and floor is visual. 1
1. The scar on the wall.
9. 110 Cooler Freezer The large cold storage help LUMCON researchers keep samples. 1
1. The door of the large frigerator is very heavy.
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10. 313 Teaching Laboratory The room is too crowded to teach. The table is inconvenient for teacher to teach. 1. The table is heavy and hard to move. 2. The teaching equipment is inconvenient. 2
1
11. Unused Space Now the space is for scientists to relax. A potential program should be put in the space.
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12. 310 Wet Laboratory 2
The wet lab has many tanks and salt water. Now the space is too crowded. It is hard to organize tanks. 1. Flume machince tests currents. 2. Hanging pipes are easy to maintain and use.
1
13. 302 Murt Conover Office Ms. Conover’s office has two rooms. Visitors can pick up materials in the outside room without disturbing Ms. Conover. The office has a good view. 1
1. The office’s big window offers a very good view.
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14. 300 Collections All collections will be moved away in the future. For now it is a space to display and store animal samples.
15. 301 Teaching laboratory 2
The teaching laboratory is too small so it cannot fit more than 18 persons. It will work better if the furniture could be moved. 1. The lab table is fixed. 2. The Lights work well.
1
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16. 104 Auditorium The auditorium is recently renovated. It is comfortable to have a lecture here. 1
2
1. The wall paper is new. 2. The TV is new. 3. Chairs and tables are comfortable.
3 17. Scientists Dormitory The scientists dormitory has basic entertainment equipments. The bedroom has two bunk beds. Four people share one bathroom.
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LUMCON Mechanical Building
LUMCON Mechanical Building Interior
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In the afternoon, students explore the LUMCON water ways by themselves and visit the marsh by
Oyster Bed
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6 4 5 2
1
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ship Industry High Bridge Burns Point Park Salt Dome Cypremort Point Avery Island Day 3-- Travel Map
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Feb 1, 2017
DAY 3 DELTAIC PLAIN_ SALT DOMES
At 8:00 a.m. before the students left LUMCON, they boarded the R/V Pelican, an oceanographic research vessel. The R/V Pelican was built by Allied Shipyard Inc. in 1985. The research vessel provides an efficient way to conduct research around the coastal area. On the boat, students visited the wet lab, the kitchen space, the computer system room, the dry lab, and the control tower. On the dock, the faculty showed students a CTD- system that can determine the conductivity, temperature, and depth of the ocean.12 The dry lab is where scientists use their computers to analyze data and do research, whereas the wet lab is where they use equipment for analyzing coastal water or soil samples. In the computer system room, the captain showed students how the software works for analyzing soil samples that have been collected. The kitchen has a deli and a cooking space, and is a convenient meeting place for faculty. In the control tower, the captain can see everything within range. The boat control system is fully backed up to ensure the safety of the boat and crew. After visiting the Pelican, students left LUMCON, heading to the edge of land left from the Sale Cypremort delta lobe—Burns Point Park. They passed many coastal industries such as boat factories and a salt factory. Students also passed several high bridges. The bridges are getting higher not because of flooding but because the big shipping boats need to cross under them to pick up and deliver to the various industries. At Burns Point Park, students got a very good view of East Cote Blanche Bay. Because of the salt, trees close to the coastal area are dead. But green grasses and cord grasses still thrive there. The park offers enough electricity for people to park their recreational vehicles. Leaving Burns Point Park, students continued to Cypremort Point, passing a small cemetery. The soil is not suited for burial, so the dead are placed in huge concrete coffins. Cypremort Point is another edge of land left from the Sale Cypremort delta lobe. It has a clear view of the beach, made up of riverine deposits. At Cypremort Point, students walked in the silt to become accustomed to the deposit. They took off their shoes and did some sketching. A clean water bayou near the beach provides habitat for some live trees such as beech and oak.
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Research Vessel--Pelican
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After visiting the Cypremort Point, students went to Avery Island. Avery Island is a salt dome named for the Avery family. “A salt dome is a type of structural dome formed when a thick bed of evaporated minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir.”13 After marrying Mary Eliza Avery in 1938, Edmund Mciihenny established Mciihenny Company to produce Tabasco brand pepper sauce. In the Tabasco Museum, students gathered basic information about Avery Island and Tabasco sauce history. In the greenhouse, there are displays of different pepper plants that are used to make Tabasco sauce. The huge sauce warehouse displays Tabasco pepper mash aging in barrels. Students were able to smell the salt and French vinegar. In the blending house, students were bombarded by a strong pepper smell. The blending machine is huge. The Avery Island experience room shows a “Maquette of the island” and some local people’s homes. Next, the students experienced a salt mine where they saw huge salt crystals. In the bottling line, the factory workers and machines pack bottles of Tabasco sauce to export to as far away as Australia. Today, Tabasco sauce is exported to over 185 countries. In the Tabasco country store, students found some creative Tabasco-related souvenirs. The most fantastic experience on Avery Island was the visit to the Jungle Garden. Ms. Avery populated the garden with a variety of vegetation and animals that she brought to the Island. Today’s Avery Island is a habitat for alligators, turtles, and egrets. Students got very close to the alligators in the pond. In the bird city, egrets lay on the wooden dock to enjoy the natural environment. Avery Island has cypress trees, oaks, and bamboo. The Buddha pavilion located on a small hill create a calm and holy atmosphere. A natural coastal environment is unique and powerful. Edges of the delta lobe and salt domes are gifts from nature. Nourishing soil cultivates plants to create a habitat for animals and human beings. By investigating the landscape and animals in this wonderful environment, students come to understand why LUMCON should be protected. The responsibility LUMCON has to preserve the coastal environment means that its future needs to be ensured.
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Burns Point Park
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Burns Point Park Section
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Cypremort Point
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Cypremort Point Section
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Tabasco Factory
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Tabasco Warehouse
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Alligator in the Jungle Garden
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Egrets in Bird City
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5 1
4 3
1 2 3 4 5
Palmetto Island State Park Leland Bowman Lock Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge Holly Beach Port Arthur
2
Day 4-- Travel Map
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Feb 2, 2017
DAY 4 CHENIER PLAINS_ WEST THEN EAST
At 8:30 a.m., students left Abbeville and headed to Palmetto Island State Park. The Palmetto Island is a salt dome. To visit the island, students hiked the park on a road paved by shells. Palmetto, cypress, and oaks grow there. Although the students expected to see wild animals ranging from alligators to salamanders, they did not observe them on this walk. Next, students went to the Leland Bowman Lock. The Leland Bowman Lock help boats enter the bayou. Since the ocean and the bayou are at different elevations, when the boat enters the left part of the bayou lock, the gate of the right bayou lock is closed. Then the left gate closes and the right gate opens, so the boat can move. The Bayou Lock is a habitat for Louisiana’s many coastal birds such as egrets and pelicans. Driving straight to the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, students passed Pecan Island. It is not really an island, but a small town situated on two large cheniers. A chenier is a plain where mud aggregates with marsh and vegetation. Dead tree branches on the chenier look like sculptures shaped by the powerful winds. The Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, founded in 1920 by E. A. McIlhenny, is located in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The main headquarters is home to a tourist center, an alligator research center, and a hurricane radio. Currently, more apartments are being built for researchers. The apartments have single bedrooms with single bathrooms and a shared kitchen. Driving close to the Gulf of Mexico, students saw wildlife such as alligators, pelicans, fish, and crabs. The refuge has built three miles of small islands to protect the coastline, in accordance with the Shoal Line protection Act. They used rubber pillows filled of covered with rocks to collect natural marshland and create the artificial islands. A flood gate in the refuge separates the salt water from the fresh water. This protects the agricultural system from salt water, even after a hurricane. The week before the students visited, some marsh had been intentionally burned to eliminate undesirable plants and prevent their re-germination. After the students left the refuge, they ferried across a bayou near Calcasieu Lake to Holly Beach. Holly is a very flat beach populated with native grasses. After leaving Holly Beach, the students visited
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The Palematto Island
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Palms in the Palematto Island
the bridge on Sabine Lake, a salt-water estuary on the border between Louisiana and Texas. Students passed through the town of Port Arthur, part of the “golden triangle� of petrochemical and other industries, many of which were clearly visible on the shoreline. Leaving Port Arthur, the students drove to the Slidell via I-10 and I-12.
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Leland Bowman Lock
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Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge Office
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The Refuge
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The Refuge Floodgate
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Box Light Aggregate
Pillow Case Heavy Stone Outside of Pillow Case
Mud
Settlement Collect Box
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The Artificial Island
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Holly Beach
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Holly Beach Section
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1 2
4
5
3
1. Fort Pike 2. Fort Macomb 3. Venice- The Southern Most Point in Louisiana 4. Cut Off 5. Grand Isle Day 5-- Travel Map
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Feb 3, 2017 DAY 5 COASTAL PLAIN TO MISSISSIPPI FLOOD PLAIN
On day 5, the students were on their way at 8:30 a.m., heading to Fort Pike. Fort Pike was built following the the War of 1812 to guard Rigolets Pass, a strait (rigolet means trench or gutter in French) that exits the Gulf of Mexico. The fort’s foundation is 100 feet deep—deeper than the Mississippi River itself. Later it was made part of the park system and known as Fort Pike State Historic Site. The Fort, built so near the water, was vulnerable to weather and rising water. After Hurricanes Katrina and Gustav, it has been closed permanently. Visible today are the 7-10 foot thick masonry walls, the cypress mats on which the building was built, and a natural 6 foot deep green roof originally meant to absorb the impact of cannon balls. After visiting Fort Pike, students had the opportunity to visit Fort Macomb, though it is not open to the public. Macomb is located on the Chef Menteur Pass near the Gulf of Mexico, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Fort Macomb is similar in design to Fort Pike, but smaller. On a visit to Fort Macomb, it is easy to observe the power of nature. Wild plants have taken over the entire place. The fort had a water storage area from which people extracted water. Fort Macomb has fallen into disrepair and is too structurally unstable for tourism. It was used as a location for the series True Dectective in 2014 and Into the Badlands in 2015. The next destination the students headed to was Venice, Louisiana, the southernmost point in the state. Vegetation in Venice is similar to that of other coastal areas in Louisiana—spartina, beach oak, and cypress trees. But most of the area is occupied by grasses. Next, the students left Venice, heading for Grand Isle. Students stopped at Cut Off to visit Mr. Terrebonne’s parents. After dinner, they arrived at Grand Isle.
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Fort Pike
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Fort Pike
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Fort Pike Section
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Fort Pike Perspective
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Fort Macomb
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Fort Macomb Water Storage
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The Southernmost Point in Louisiana, Venice
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Coastal Industry, Venice
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3
1 2 1 Grand Isle 2 Port Fourchon 3 Baton Rouge Day 6-- Travel Map
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Feb 4, 2017
DAY 6 BARRIER ISLANDS TO COASTAL RIDGE
At 9:00 a.m., students arrived at Grand Isle State Park. The island is home to many salt-tolerant plants such as Salicornia, whose common name is pickleweed or glasswort. Salicornia has two different color leaves—red and green. The green leaves are the primary part of the plant and the red leaves work like the mangrove’s scarified leaves to export extra salt. When students tasted the plant, they discovered it to be salty. On the road, students saw some “mud flight”—salt crystals above the mud. Students passed some mangrove roots too. Walking near the beach, the students accessed a ramp and a tower. The wooden ramp meets the legal guidelines of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ramp was constructed using 1 inch bolts—the size that can hold a skyscraper. Because of winds and shifting mud, the structure needs to be able to move, but also withstand the changing environment. A truss keeps the whole structure in balance. On the beach, there were some newly planted grasses covered with plastic. There are also new plantings of beach oaks and mangrove trees. On the way back to the parking lot, students saw Roseau cane, which in times past was used as straw due to the hollow shaft. After leaving Grand Isle State Park, students visited some of the rest of Grand Isle in the car. Some houses and cemeteries can survive near the coastal area thanks to the protection provided by nearby oak trees. On the way back to Baton Rouge, students passed Port Fourchon, Louisiana’s southernmost port, very important for the trafficking of oil. It services offshore Gulf oil platforms and drilling rigs as well as the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port pipeline. This deep water port allows big vessels to access it easily.
This last stop ended the six day field trip.
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Grand Isle State Park
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New Plantings of Oak Trees
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Wood Observation Tower
110
Big Bolt
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Pickle Weed
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Mangrove Roots
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SITE ANALYSIS
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Site analysis is a research process undertaken before architectural design begins. Its purpose is to investigate the site for information about climate, geography, infrastructure, history, and so on. By doing a site analysis, architects have a better understanding of both site and architecture and are more likely to be inspired by them.14
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Dr. Nancy Rabalais’s Trailer in 19834
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SITE ANALYSIS
LUMCON’s History As a result of the water along the Louisiana coast from Mississippi River requiring great examination, scientists recognized the need to examine the great Mississippi Delta and the Atchafalaya Delta. In the late 1960s, Louisiana universities planed to develop a marine consortium to satisfy researchers and students’ requirement to research the Louisiana’s coast. According to the early 1980’s LUMCON brochure, “A proposal to form the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium was endorsed by the Louisiana Board of Regents and enacted into law by the Louisiana legislature in 1979. Architectural planning for the Marine Center began in 1980 and ground was broken for construction in April 1983.” But before the Marine Center was constructed, research scientists worked in trailers at the end of Highway 56 in Cocodrie. Dr. Don Boesch, who built LUMCON’s Defelice Marine Center and the research vessel Pelican and Acadiana, came to Cocodrie in August 1980. During that time, he only had a run-down trailer to live in. Dr. Nancy Rabalais, who was the second faculty member to join LUMCON, came to Cocodrie in 1983. Back then, the LUMCON only had five trailers. In April 1983, LUMCON began to construct a 75,000 square foot building that sit on over 800 pilings, each 120 feet long. The Marine Center was designed to protect the building from hurricanes, flooding, and strong winds. The floor is elevated 18 feet above the mean sea level and 14 feet above ground, and the exterior structure can withstand wind gusts of up to 250 miles per hour. The trailer boratory is located in the center of the building.15
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5
1 1. Sale-Cypremort 2. Teche 3. Lafourche 4. St. Bernard 5. Cocodrie
4600 years BP 3500-2800 years BP 1000-300 years BP 2800-1000 years BP 4600-3500 years BP
4
2 3
6. Plaquemine 7. Balize
6 Cocodrie 7
750-500 years BP 550 years BP The seven deltaic lobes of the Mississippi River5
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Cocodrie-- A Village on the Delta Located at the end of Highway 56 in Terrebonne Parish, the town of Cocodrie (from the French word “cocodril” meaning crocodile) is an unincorporated fishing, shrimping, and crabbing village in the Mississippi River delta. It is situated to the west of Grand Isle, locked in by barrier islands, and the LUMCON building’s coordinates in Cocodrie are 29°14’49”N 90°39’41”W.16 Cocodrie and the people who live there are nourished by the natural resources of the Mississippi River Delta, part of the Louisiana coastal plain and the 7th largest river delta on Earth. “The Mississippi Delta contains 4,000 square miles of coastal wetlands and 37 percent of the estuarine marshes in the conterminous US.”17 When water and sediment are dumped into another water environment, a delta is formed. Water moves slowly near the river’s mouth. Sediments and solid materials fall to the river bottom. The slow water speed and the sediments break rivers up into single channels near the mouth. Under the proper conditions, rivers can form deltaic lobes. A delta includes two parts: subaqueous and subaerial. The subaqueous part is an underwater, steeply sloping part of the delta. The subaerial part is above water and influenced by waves and tides. “Deltas are incredibly diverse and ecologically important ecosystems.” The delta is an important wetland habitat and a natural pollution filter.18 Before the great flood of 1927 and the full leveeing of the reiver, the nature Mississippi delta, which includes natural levees, barrier islands, forests, swamps, and fresh, brackish and saline marshes, is productive and significant.19 LUMCON is located in a unique spot with a variety of coastal resources. Protecting, researching, and utilizing natural conditions will help LUMCON improve its program and extend the life of the building.
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1. Sand Road
4 2 1
3
2. Soil and Sand Road
3. Soil Road with Grasses
4. Sand Road with Grasses LUMCON Site Surface Map
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The Site Soil and Surface LUMCON is located on two deltaic lobes. The most recent land is from the Lafourche Lobe created 2,500 to 500 years ago. The newest of the land in the soil boring was brought for the building’s construction in the 1980s. Between the depths of 0 and 50 feet, the site consists of clay, silt, some organic soils, and fragments of wood. The soil components of the site can be categorized as very soft to soft.20 According to the topographical plan for accommodating research vessels, the harbor is dredged to a depth of 15 feet mean sea level. The spoil levee surrounding the building was to be built to a height of 5 feet mean sea level.21 There are four types of surface around LUMCON—sand roads, soil and sand roads, soil roads with grasses, and sand road with grasses. Most are sand roads, though a soil and sand road is found between LUMCON and the artificial lake. Between the asphalt road Highway I-7 and the main entrance is soil road with grasses. Finally, between the building and the marshes is a sand road with grasses. Instead of building an asphalt road around the LUMCON building, natural paving is better suited to the environment. Plants can re-occupy sand and soil more effectively than asphalt, should the land stop being used. The fact that some of the soil and sand roads contain grasses is proof that nature will assert herself. Though it is necessary to modify the land for before construction, architects should not do any unnecessary adjustments on the LUMCON site. LUMCON is a coastal center for conducting local research. Keeping the land around the LUMCON building as natural as possible will evoke people’s interest. Visitors will take note of the coastal environment if it is carefully preserved.
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Site of LUMCON Future Imagination
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Sea Level Rise ,Wind and Precipitation at the Site To help the new LUMCON program engage with nature, rising sea levels, wind, and precipitation should be considered. LUMCON’s subtropical setting in Cocodrie, LA means the summers are long, hot, and humid. The most common wind in Cocodrie comes from the Southeast. The highest wind speed is 11kts in March and April. The lowest wind speed is 6kts in July. The strongest wind has a 60% probability of occurring in April.22 The highest temperature in Cocodrie is 30°C in August. The heaviest rain falls in July, up to 9 inches in a single month.23 According to the global mean sea level rising diagram, in 2025 the highest sea level will rise 0.35 meter. In 2050, the highest sea level will rise 0.85 meter.24 Humid climates and strong winds greatly affect LUMCON. For example, in the existing residential area, windows cannot be open because strong winds will bring humid air inside, to the detriment of fixtures and furniture. The climate will influence the selection of the materials to be used in the new LUMCON, as well as decisions about where the entrances will be placed. Materials will need to be stabilized against salt, humidity, subsidence, and erosion. The opening on the Southeast side of the building needs to be modified to account for the strong Southeastern winds. Unfortunately, according to the data from NOAA about sea level rise, Cocodrie will be submerged within 30 years. Instead of managing the rise in sea level with higher foundations or a stronger structure, the proposal for the new LUMCON has the structure engaging with nature. The new LUMCON building will make use of several strategies to adapt to flooding and keep marsh land samples for the next generation. Why fight against the inevitable? Better to work with it.
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Sea Level Rise in 20256
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Sea Level Rise in 20507
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Global Mean Sea Level Rise (cm above 1992)
02 SITE INVESTIGATION
Observed
Higest-2.0m
Scenarios
160 Intermediate-High-1.2m
120 80
Intermediate-Low-0.5m
40
Lowest-0.2m
0 -40 1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Year
Scientists have come up with four scenarios of sea-level rise, ranging from 0.2 meters (8 inches) to 2 meters ( about 6.5 feet). They are using the mid-range figure, about 4.5 feet, to make local projections of relative sea-level rise. Global Mean Sea Level Rise (cm above 1992)8
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NNW NW
N 10
NNE NE
8 6
WNW
ENE
4 2 0
W
E
ESE
WSW SE
SW SSW
S
SSE
Cocodrie Wind Direction Distribution in Year9
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Month of Year
Jan 01
Feb 02
Mar 03
43
47
9
10
11
11
10
17
17
15
12
19
Dominant wind dirction Wind probability >= 4 Beaufort (%)* 25 Average Wind Speed (kts) Average air temp. (oC) Arrows*
Apr 04 60
May 05 40
Jun 06
Jul 07
Aug 08
Sep 09
Oct 10
Nov 11
Dec 12
Year 1-12
8
13
10
28
24
29
29
9
6
7
7
9
9
9
8
18
19
30
26
19
18
15
18
27
North
Wind Statistics, Cocodrie10
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8inch 7inch 6inch 5inch 4inch 3inch 2inch 1inch Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0inch
Precipitation, Cocodrie11
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N
Sea Level Rising 2025
130
N
Sea Level Rising 2055
N
Sea Level Rising 2095
SITE MODEL INVESTIGATION
N
Sea Level Rising 2117
N
Wind Analysis
N
Precipitation and Temperature
LUMCON’s Existing Site Model,1”=100’-0’: The site model presents the LUMCON site from 2017 to 2117. The model base shows the marsh land, water erode land, and water. The information layer shows the wind and precipitation information. The extra water layer shows sea-level rise information.
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N
Land Birds Habitat
Filter Artificial Island
Plants Artificial Island Water Water Erosion Area LUMCON Future Site Model, 1”=100’-0’
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LUMCON’s Future Site Model, 1”=100’-0’: Inspired by LUMCON’s field excursion and site analysis, the LUMCON’s site has a possibility that will be submerged in the future. The soft soil and clay will be moved by water, but the new LUMCON it should be able to stay in the new environmental condition. In this model, the artificial island will protect the building, offer new land for the future program, and bring a new accessible method to the LUMCON building. The island and the new building structure is a concept to create a new habitat for animals and plants as well as keep the facility working.
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END NOTES 1. Butler, Douglas. “Combon Bridge.” Bridgehunter.com. Bridgehunter, n.d. www.bridgehunter.com/la/ terrebonne/combon/. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 2. “Barrier island.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 3. “Tide.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 4. “Last Island.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Island. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 5. Writer, Chris LeBlanc Staff. “Morganza levee system design accounts for environment.” Houma Today. Houma Today, 02 May 2015. www.houmatoday.com/news/20150502/morganza-levee-systemdesign-accounts-for-environment. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 6. Interview with Murt Conover, Senior Educator LUMCON Marine Center, Jan 30, 2017. 7. “Last Island.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Island. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 8. Interview with Murt Conover, Senior Educator LUMCON Marine Center, Jan 30, 2017. 9. “Marine Center.” LUMCON Website. N.p., n.d. www.lumcon.edu/information/marine-center/. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017.
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10. “Marine Center.” LUMCON Website. N.p., n.d. www.lumcon.edu/information/marine-center/. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 11. Olson, Julie. LUMCON. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U, 2016. Print. 12. “CTD_(instrument).” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTD_ (instrument). Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 13. “Salt Dome.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_dome. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 14. “Site Analysis.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_analysis. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 15. Nicholls, Stu. “Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) - Home.” Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) - Home. N.p., n.d. www.lumcon.edu/information/history/default. asp. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 16. “Cocodrie,Louisiana.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocodrie,_ Louisiana. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 17. “Mississippi River Delta.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Mississippi_River_Delta. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 18. Society, National Geographic. “Delta.” National Geographic Society. N.p., 09 Oct. 2012. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.
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END NOTES 19. “Mississippi River Delta.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Mississippi_River_Delta. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 20. Olson, Julie. LUMCON. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U, 2016. Print. 21. Olson, Julie. LUMCON. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U, 2016. Print. 22. Windfinder.com. “Wind and weather statistic Cocodrie Marina.” Windfinder.com. N.p., n.d. www. windfinder.com/windstatistics/cocodrie_marina. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 23. Windfinder.com. “Wind and weather statistic Cocodrie Marina.” Windfinder.com. N.p., n.d. www. windfinder.com/windstatistics/cocodrie_marina. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 24. Marshall, Bob. Staff writer. “New research: Louisiana coast faces highest rate of sea-level rise worldwide.” The Lens. N.p., 21 Feb. 2013. www.thelensnola.org/2013/02/21/new-research-louisiana-coastfaces-highest-rate-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-planet/. Accessed 01 Mar. 2017.
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IMAGE NOTES 1. Lecture with Murt Conover, Senior Educator LUMCON Marine Center, Jan 31, 2017. 2. “Isles Dernieres - Trinity Island.” MississippiDelta - Isles Dernieres - Trinity Island. N.p., n.d. www. mississippidelta.wmwikis.net/Isles+Dernieres+-+Trinity+Island. 08 Feb. 2017. 3. Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium. LUMCON Visitor Handbook. N.p.: Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, n.d. Facilities Marinecenter. LUMCON, Oct. 2014. .www.lumcon. edu/facilities/marinecenter/visitorhandbook.pdf. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 4. Nicholls, Stu. “Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) - Home.” Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) - Home. N.p., n.d. www.lumcon.edu/information/history/default. asp. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 5. “Tag Archives: Mississippi River delta.” Porous Places. N.p., n.d. www.adammandelman.net/tag/ mississippi-river-delta/. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017. 6. “NOAA Logo Sea Level Rise Viewer.” View site. N.p., n.d. www.coast.noaa.gov/slr/beta/#/layer/slr/0/10092498.319379756/3408057.537802875/15/satellite/none/0.8/2075/interHigh/midAccretion. Accessed 01 Mar. 2017. 7. “NOAA Logo Sea Level Rise Viewer.” View site. N.p., n.d. www.coast.noaa.gov/slr/beta/#/layer/slr/0/10092498.319379756/3408057.537802875/15/satellite/none/0.8/2075/interHigh/midAccretion. Accessed 01 Mar. 2017. 8. Marshall, Bob. Staff writer. “New research: Louisiana coast faces highest rate of sea-level rise worldwide.” The Lens. N.p., 21 Feb. 2013. www.thelensnola.org/2013/02/21/new-research-louisiana-
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coast-faces-highest-rate-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-planet/. Accessed 01 Mar. 2017. 9. Windfinder.com. “Wind and weather statistic Cocodrie Marina.” Windfinder.com. N.p., n.d. www. windfinder.com/windstatistics/cocodrie_marina. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 10. Windfinder.com. “Wind and weather statistic Cocodrie Marina.” Windfinder.com. N.p., n.d. www. windfinder.com/windstatistics/cocodrie_marina. Accessed 27 Jan. 2017. 11. Data, US Climate. “Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine - Snowfall.” Climate Houma - Louisiana and Weather averages Houma. N.p., n.d. www.usclimatedata.com/climate/houma/louisiana/united-states/ usla0224. Accessed 08 Feb. 2017.
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Architectural programming is the research and decision-making process that identifies the scope of work to be designed. By analyzing the architecture program, an architect can make better decisions for the layout and clarify the relationship between the environment and the construction.1
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According to the project’s intent, the main goal of the program is to improve the experiences of scientists, students, and visitors at LUMCON with the surrounding ecosystem. Thus, the natural environment must influence the design of the LUMCON building, and improve the facility. 1 In the future, the LUMCON site will become a flooded area. In time, the road will be submerged and abandoned. To access LUMCON, people will have to park their cars at a distance and take boats the rest of the way. When boats become the primary method for accessing LUMCON, visitors’ first impressions will be of the Louisiana coast—the very thing that LUMCON exists to research and protect. 2 A harbor is effective method to reinforce the communication between the LUMCON building and the natural environment. Whereas, currently, LUMCON has a small harbor on the south side, the new LUMCON will have a new visitor’s dock on the west side of the building. Although nowadays the scientists at LUMCON visit the coastal area through the south harbor, they need to turn right (west) to access the main water road. According to the chapter 2 research, the western section will be submerged before the other areas. The new visitor harbor will become the main entry point. Furthermore, the harbor offers an expansive view for visitors, scientists, and students. In the cafeteria, dormitory, and science labs, people can see ongoing activities such as when students take canoes out to explore or visitors go fishing. New research harbor will be added and work for more research vessels. It will have direct access to the laboratory and scientists will be able to collect fresh samples immediately and easily. 3 The wet wing on the eastern side will be reorganized, reconstructed, and reprogramed to embrace nature. It will have two floors. The first floor is an open lab area adjacent to the foundation. Water tanks and other big equipment can be stored on the first floor, which will also serve to provide access to the artificial barrier island. People can walk on the marsh and touch wild coastal plants. The second floor will contain more convenient offices and larger research labs than are available currently.
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4 The constructed wetland structure above the roof will become an animal habitat to help the building participate with nature activities. The structure artificially mimics the coastal environment to welcome visiting and migrating birds. Salt water will flow through the constructed wetland to offer clean water to the whole building. The rooftop environment also provides a space for scientists to research and explore potential opportunities for rebuilding the coastal ecosystem. 5 The scientists’ residences will occupy the already existing residential space. The temporary rooms, for visitors, will be on houseboats. Once visitors and students are through with a busy day of learning and exploration, they can go back to the houseboat and explore the coastal area right from their rooms. All the design strategies for the new building are intended to leave a deep and lasting impression on visitors and help them understand the important coastal research that is undertaken at LUMCON. All the planned changes will help LUMCON function at peak capacity and allow the building and the program to exist into a future of extreme environmental conditions. Accessing and engaging in the natural environment is vital to the survival of humanity. In the new LUMCON program, human beings and buildings have a high quality relationship with the natural environment. Scientists will have a convenient and comfortable working environment. Students and visitors will understand coastal environment effectively and interestingly.
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Model investigation is an effective method to improve the initial project intent and the program layout. In the investigated progress, architects create the real space, make material samples, constructed structures, assemble functions, test building scales and space relationships.
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Trace of human LUMCON Way of Exploring nature Water
1”=50’-0’ Model 01: The model shows a concept of architecture whereby humans can share an environment with nature without disturbance. The LUMCON building is hidden in the environment but traces of the human can still be found. The architecture offers a shelter for both human beings and animals. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. The project intent needs to be clarified. 2. The program needs to be clarified.
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Mangrove Trees in the Grand Isle
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RED MANGROVE
In the previous chapter, the red mangrove was mentioned as a precedent for the amphibian creature--Fendling. In fact, the mangrove faces a situation similar to LUMCON’s— how to adapt in the coastal area. Mangrove trees can survive in the coastal area because their prop roots suspend the tree above the water and slit roots absorb air.2 Similarly, the foundation of the LUMCON building supports it above the water. Furthermore, if the new LUMCON program elevates the wet wing lab one floor higher and leaves the existing floor as part of the foundation, the mangrove precedent will be even more applicable. The existing floor could become an open public space for large research equipment. The dry wing will be covered by a wetland green roof. When mangroves reproduce, the seeds live on the parental trees for a time. When those seeds mature, they drop into the water.3 The process of the mangrove tree’s seeds provides inspiration for a new plan for residential and research programs at LUMCON. When visitors and students, temporary residents, come to LUMCON, they learn about the coastal environment and science technology. After a day of learning, these temporary residents can return to their dormitories— houseboat units. By living on houseboats, visitors will enjoy the coastal environment away from the LUMCON building. In terms of the research program, the view docks near the wet wing can be thought of as “immature seeds” supported by the LUMCON building as research is conducted. Research vessels are the “mature seeds” of LUMCON, because they are independent rooms for scientists and include laboratory, cafeteria, and sleeping quarters. Furthermore, the LUMCON building, like mangrove trees, is a filter for the natural coastal environment and coastal technologies. The building offers new ways to explore local environments, and collect and select useful coastal information for human beings.
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Natural Environment Collected Sediment Floating Cafeteria LUMCON Way of Exploring nature Water
1”=32’-0’ Model 01: The model is a developing version of the 1”=50’-0’ model 01. In this model, the roads are visible. The new LUMCON building has three roads for exploration to be built on the constructed barrier island. The cafeteria is a floating café. While dining, people can travel to other areas and enjoy pretty water views. The roof of the dry wing is a new habitat for birds. The wet wing is elevated so scientists can see the water and constructed wetland roof. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. The project intent needs to be clarified. 2. The program needs to be clarified. 3. If the cafeteria is off-site, guests in the café won’t have access to the residential space. 4. The cafeteria should have a section model for exploring the structure. 5. The design for the main entrance needs to be decided. 6. The residential space needs to be considered.
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Cafeteria Residential Floating Structure Sediment Collection Structure Water Sediment
1”=16’-0’ Cafeteria Structure Section Model: This model shows how the cafeteria floats and is able to collect sediment. First, after the whole site are submerged, waves and currents will bring sand and soil as sediment. The barrier protection system will collect sediment and build new marsh under the building. Second, when the foundation is submerged, the cafeteria can abandon the foundation and float to other places. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. In the cafeteria, the architecture needs another way to connect with the residential part.
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Vegetation Growing Medium Drainage Aeration Water Storage Roof Barrier Water Proof Barrier Insulation Geofoam Roof/ Structural Support
Ultra-Extensive 2.5”-4” Media Depth
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GREEN ROOF
In developing the concept of a green roof for the dry wing, research revealed that it is a roof structure/growing medium in one, covered with vegetation, and planted over a waterproof membrane. Green roofs can help buildings improve the functioning of the roof by absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, and creating a habitat for wildlife. In a city, a green roof helps lower temperatures and decreases the effects of an urban heat island.4 For the LUMCON building, the green roof will be constructed as several small square structure to reduce the weight. Types:5 1.Intensive 2.Extensive 3.Ultra-Extensive Advantages of Green Roof:6 1. Adding mass and thermal resistance to reduce heat 2. Reducing heating costs/requirements by fifty to ninety percent 3. Decreasing storm water run-off 4. Creating natural habitat 5. Filtering pollutants from air and rainwater Limitation of Green Roof:7 1. Twice as costly as a normal roof 2. Higher maintenance costs 3. Higher demands on the waterproofing
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New Highway Residential Space Cafeteria Marsh Roof Marsh for Pedestrian
1”=32’-0’ Model 02: The model focuses on bringing the environment inside—so the exterior enters the interior. The new highway will allow car access to LUMCON. The dock, used for both research and education, is moved to the left side. The residential space is elevated so visitors can have a view of nature. The marsh roof is located on the dry wing but there is a pedestrian walkway from the wet wing to the marsh. The wet wing is elevated to have a view of the marsh roof and the sea. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. If the water rises on the West side first, the dock can be moved to West. 2. Building a bridge in the flooding world is very expensive. As cars will not be necessary, perhaps a bridge is not needed. 3. The shape and function of the west side needs to be considered. 4. The new program should use the existing structure as much as possible. 5. The information of the site needs to be clarified.
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Horizontal Wetland
Water Plants
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CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
In LUMCON’s future, the environment where it is built is certain to be flooded. Constructing a marsh roof garden on the dry wing will help serve Louisiana’s coastal environment and offer a new habitat for birds. Unlike a green roof garden, the structure of the wetland roof garden requires a solution to the water problem. A constructed wetland is an artificial island intended to address industrial water pollution, industry wastewater, and storm water runoff. By planting tolerating salt plants and adding a salt filter layer, it can solve the salt water problem. Constructed wetlands function like natural soil, vegetation, and water. The artificial wetland is not only a biofilter for the heavy metal water or gray water, but it serves as a new habitat for wild animals. The roots, stems, and leaves of plants in the wetland environment offer a substrate for microorganisms, which break down organic materials. In this process, ninety percent of pollutants are removed and the waste broken down.8 Advantages of Constructed Wetland:9 1. Less expensive than other pollution treatment options 2. Uses nature 3. Simple construction that uses local materials 4. Operation and maintenance is simple 5. Great value for operation and construction 6. Process provides stability 7. Demands low energy 8. Has low environmental impact Limitation of Constructed Wetland:10 1. Requires a large area 2. Can only be constructed on land that is available and affordable 3. Not developed for different types of waste water and climates
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Box Light Aggregate
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CONSTRUCTED BARRIER ISLAND
The intention behind constructing a barrier island under the LUMCON building is to prolong the life of the marsh. The barrier island would evoke people’s memories of how far the land extended at one time. A constructed barrier island is not an artificial island, which is an island built by humans. An artificial island is a base to support structures within the water.11 On the other hand, forming a barrier island is a natural process, using something like a sediment collection box (mentioned in the previous chapter). Workers need put sediment collection boxes in the area close to the sea barrier. Currents and waves bring settlements. Sediment collection boxes collect those sediment to create fertile bed for plants to grow. After plants grow on the sediments, the constructed barrier island is formed. The wetland works as same as natural barrier island which protects coastal environment and brings back a natural habitat for birds. A constructed barrier island would allow tourists to access the wetland and scientists to do land research. It also offers a new habitat for local animals.
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Constructed Barrier Island Scientists Dormitories Houseboat Dock Houseboat Units Cafeteria Bridge between Residential Space and Research Space Marsh Roof Marsh for Pedestrian New Wet Wing Research Area( Second Floor) Equipments Area( Wet Wing First Floor) Private Dock for Research Vessels
1”=32’-0’ Model 03: This model focuses on utilizing the existing structure for the new LUMCON program and bringing nature into the building. The addition has a crescent-shaped barrier island and a crescent-shaped public dock. The existing private research dock is included in the new design. The dry wing has a constructed wetland roof and the dry wing has two floors. The first floor is for water tanks and the second floor includes labs and offices. People can access the marsh through the first floor on foot. The temporary residences, houseboats, are on the left along with the houseboat dock. The temporary residents will live on the east side. Scientists can go to the wet lab via the bridge between the residential and research areas. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. It is not necessary to destroy the residential area on the left side in order to build the houseboat dock. 2. The scientists’ residence can fit into the existing residential space. 3. The shape of the dock and the residential area needs to be considered. 4. The model should appear as one building.
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The Infinite Bridge4
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THE INFINITE BRIDGE
Architects: Gjøde & Povlsgaard Architecture Location: Aarhus, Denmark Project Year: 2015 The new LUMCON project is exploring and expressing a relationship between architecture and nature. In envisioning this new version of the structure, essential questions include: How will people access the building? What they will see on the way? How can the changing landscape be called to their attention? When LUMCON becomes the last existing human trace in the sea, how will the building say hello to the water? The infinite bridge offers an inspiration about how to guide people to enjoy and to engage with nature. Designed by the Danish architect studio Gjøde & Povlsgaard Arkitekter, the bridge is located in the coastal region of Aarhus, Denmark. The infinite bridge is a structure 60 meters in diameter and constructed half on the beach and half in the sea. It has no beginning or end, thus its name. The project is located on the mouth of a small water valley. The curvature of the bridge echoes the contours of the landscape.12 The experience of the infinite bridge calls people’s attention to the relationship between the city and the wonderful landscape of bay. When people walk on the bridge, experiencing splendid ocean and forest views, they also enter a social interaction with people who are experiencing the same things. Additionally, the bridge evokes people’s memories of the site’s history. The bridge also acts as a landing dock where people arrive by steamboat.13 The concept of an infinite bridge expresses the potential connections among architecture, humans, and the landscape. The infinite bridge, with its eternal shape, embodies a philosophy of life— the limitless, never-ending quality of life.
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Floating Hotel with Catamaran-Apartments5
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SALT & WATER DESIGN FLOATING HOTEL WITH CATAMARAN-APARTMENTS Architects: Salt & Water Architecture and Yacht Design Architecture Location: No Location, Concept Design Project Year: 2015
The residential space for visitors and students needs to include opportunities for more and better experiences with the coastal landscape. The floating hotel design seeks to introduce visitors to the water without disturbing the harmony of nature. The salt and water design floating hotel has two parts: a central main body and separate catamaran apartment units. In the main part, tourists can find a reception hall, restaurant, event space, cafeteria, and manager’s office. A small pathway connects the main body to the apartment units, each of which can fit four guests. The apartment unit contains a salon, art gallery, modern bathroom, hallway with storage, and bedroom. Furthermore, visitors can move their floating houseboat hotel to other spots in order to find the best water views.14 The floating hotel is ideal for giving residential spaces access to the local environment, providing maximum opportunities to enjoy and explore nature.
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Existing Water Those will be submerged in the future Houseboats Dock & Houseboats Fixed Residential Area Public Dock Cafeteria Marsh for Pedestrian Constructed Wetland Roof Extending Wet Wing Research Vessel and Research Dock Boat Traces
1”=50’-0’ Model 02: Exploring the relationship between the new LUMCON program and the existing site, this model shows that, in the future, all of Cocodrie will be submerged. But the western part of the site will be submerged first. The eastern site will be eroded by water but does not have a water connection with the bayou on the other side. The main entrance is to be placed on the left side of the building. The foundation of the new LUMCON building will work with the constructed barrier island system to collect and keep sediment. The public dock, for houseboats, and the research dock will be separated. The wetland roof is constructed on the dry wing. The new wet wing lab has an equipment space and mechanical area on the first floor and a research lab and office on the second floor. People can access the marsh through the wet lab.
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Existing Water Those will be submerged in the future Houseboats Dock & Houseboats Fixed Residential Area Public Dock Cafeteria Marsh for Pedestrian Extending Wet Wing Constructed Wetland Roof Research Vessel and Research Dock
1”=32’-0’ Model 04: The 1”=50’-0’ Model 02 and 1”=32’-0’ Model 04 are big improvements from previous models. The model shows water level changes, clarify nature strategies for different programs. The model has an architecture structure intent helps the new LUMCON program engage with water and exterior environment. Critique and Construction Summary: 1. Making building section to investigate the connection between natural environment and building itself.
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“In this phase students are to produce a schematic design for the building as described in the program document that students produced in Phase 1. This phase will focus on the testing of design hypotheses against tangible factors and requirements. This is a reiterative process in which the design gains validity and depth as the initial hypotheses are modified and refined. The outcome of this phase should be a clearly articulated building design that addresses site relationships, functional requirements, formal and spatial relationships, and building systems at a schematic design level that will allow the design to be refined and developed in the next phase.� --Urusla Emery McClure [Arch 7006 Comprehensive Architectural Design]15
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Site Model 1”=50’-0’
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LUMCON, although it is a Louisiana university’s marine consortium, if currently does not present a strong marine coastal learning experience. In the field excursion process, the author enjoyed experiencing the coastal environment directly, and gained more knowledge there than by studying inside LUMCON. Why not make LUMCON itself as good a learning resource as the landscape itself? If LUMCON is just a complex of research labs and dormitories, it can be built anywhere. Undeniably, Cocodrie, as a small coastal town, offers LUMCON a unique and convenient site for doing coastal research. But LUMCON strives to be an epicenter of marine research into coastal ecosystems. To achieve that goal, LUMCON will need to work and communicate with nature, by erasing the structural barriers between the itself and the environment in which it exists. To reinforce the relationship between LUMCON and the natural environment into a future affected by climate change, the designer developed several programs for the building. Within 100 years, most of LUMCON’s surrounding site will be submerged so that the only way to reach it will be by boat. Visitors will park their cars near the closet point, such as Dulac or Chauvin, and take a public boat to LUMCON, while scientists who work at LUMCON will have their own boat. Guests will access LUMCON at a new harbor near the cafeteria. In the cafeteria, they can go to the conference room to get their keys to the houseboats, which will be the dormitories for temporary visitors. Scientists will have their own rooms. After visitors leave their baggage in their houseboat units, they can begin visiting the research wings. The dry wing will be relatively unaltered in its organization but the wet wing will see significant changes. The first floor of the dry wing is for tank storage and also serves as a mechanical room. The second floor of the dry wing is a new lab area. When people walk the corridor, they will see scientists at work and will learn how water tanks function through vertical gardens in the research lab. At the end of the corridor they will have a view of the whole coastal landscape. The interior garden will create an enjoyable and bright space for scientists.
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In the wet wing, there is to be an artificial wetland. Once the building is submerged, keeping an example of the land is important for scientists to conduct research and for visitors to understand the history of a landscape forever changed by planetary warming. After visiting the labs, tourists can return to their houseboats to explore and to enjoy the real coastal landscape. The new LUMCON program will help visitors have a consistent experience when they visit LUMCON. They will gain coastal knowledge from the moment they approach LUMCON, at its entrance, in the houseboat dormitories, and in the research laboratories. Critique and Construction Summary: -Right now the model is fragmented, pieces are scattered. The designer should focus on how to cohesive the building to its elements. -How does the process of the creature translate into how the building functions ? -When the water rises to the level of the residences, what will happen? -How can the building change from just a museum to serve the building like the creature-- Fendling? Improvement Idea: The new LUMCON program as a knowledge filter: As a marine consortium, LUMCON is a center for the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge about the coastal environment. Scientists work in labs to collect, filter, and analyze information. Visitors and students, after spending time at LUMCON, take the knowledge they acquire and spread it far and wide, extending the knowledge and understanding of this unique, coastal environment. The new LUMCON program as a environment filter: The green system acts as an essential environmental filter. Similar to the creature Fendling, the constructed wetland filters salt water and supplies fresh water to the building, while the vertical garden in the wet wing filters air.
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The constructed wetland should work with whole building and the filter concept The vertical garden should work with whole building and the filter concept The hurricane protectio system should work with the whole building and the filter concept The garden should have more meaning than just being a plants museum A View of the Dry Wing and the Wet Wing
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New scientists labs look like a piece that is added on the LUMCON The first floor should have relationship with water rising The wetland museum The constructed wetland can do more New LUMCON Program Front View
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1 Scientist dormitories do not have response with water 2 Develop houseboats idea New LUMCON Program Residential Space View
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1 The green garden should not just decorate the corridor, it also needs work with laboratory space. New LUMCON Program Laboratory View
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LUMCON as a Fiter System
NATURAL ENERGY FLOW TRACE HUMAN ENERGY FLOW TRACE
Nature Activities Human Activities Natural Energy Flowing Diagram
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Mid Review Revision
The new LUMCON has two program systems—a resource filter system and a knowledge filter system. Plants are at the core of the resource filter system. The plants suspended in the constructed wetland function as a fresh air and fresh water supply for the whole building. Salt water is pumped up to the first filter—the constructed wetland—then gray water drops to the second filter layer—the salt filter system. Finally, some water drops to the third layer to nourish the plants that filter air, and other water flows to the export tube to supply fresh water to laboratories, dormitories, cafeterias, or offices. Plants that grow in the air filter layer not only filter air but also offer a green view for laboratories and offices. Together, the plants, scientists, students, and visitors are the core of the knowledge filter system. Scientists collect, filter, and analyze information in the labs. After having an educational tour at LUMCON, visitors and students can take houseboats to explore the coastal environment. After they leave LUMCON, they will spread marine knowledge all over the world. Plants are a part of the coastal knowledge system as they help scientists analyze coastal problems, and help students and visitors study coastal plants.
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Exit A Port to Spread Knowledge All Over the World
Lab Type 1 The Coastal Environment Testing Lab (Plants Inside)
Cafeteria A Nature Transition for Coastal environment
Lab Type 2 The Coastal Environment Testing Lab (Plants Outside) Lab Type 3 The Coastal Environment Mobile Lab Artificial Plant System As a core for the marine knowledge filter and the resource filter
Scientists As a core for the marine knowledge filter
Lab Type 4 The Artificial Coastal Environment Lab
Students & Visitors As a core for the marine knowledge filter
Houseboat Units for Temporary Residence A Relaxing Way to Digest Coastal Knowledge Nature Villa for Scientists A Method to Enjoy Coastal Environment
Natural Filter System Program Analysis
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How do plants work as a core in laboratories? Plants, as one of the core elements of the lab, reinforce the function of research and improve scientists’ efficiency. New plant systems will work with existing laboratories such as ecology labs, engineering labs, geology labs, and teaching labs. There are four types of research laboratories in the new LUMCON: coastal environment testing laboratories (plants inside), coastal environment outside testing laboratories (plants outside), a coastal environment mobile laboratory, and an artificial coastal environment laboratory. For example, the ecological laboratory is reinforced by coastal environment technology—the laboratory includes an environment collection area. The regular lab has an outside coastal environment testing system with a protective function—the multiple function wall. The multiple function wall gives access to more testing areas out in nature when the wall is opened. It also protects the structure during hurricane season, when the wall is closed. The regular lab has an outside coastal environment testing system—the hanging plants cultivation structure. It offers a vertical research space for scientists to cultivate plants as well as a green working space. The new lab, a mobile coastal environment testing lab, floats. The floating lab brings coastal plant samples back to LUMCON or brings human cultivated micro-coastal environments back to LUMCON.
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Natural Filter System Program Analysis
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Revised Model Photo
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Revised Model Photo
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Regular Lab
Office
Water Tank Lab
Aquarium Floating Lab
Floating Lab
VEGETATION STRUCTURE SCALE: 1/2”=1’-0’
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Pre-Version Natural Filter System Program Analysis
Vegetation Inlet Pipe
Salt Water Filter Layer
Grey Water Filter Layer
Air Filter Layer
Effluent Outlet
Slope 1%
Drainage Aeration Water Proof Barrier Insulation Geofoam Structural Support Activated Carbon Bio Balls
Multi Porous Fiber
Growing Medium Drainage Aeration Water Storage Water Proof Barrier Insulation Geofoam Structural Support
Salt Water Fresh Water Pre-Version Natural Filter System Detail
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4
Fresh Water Input
Fresh Water Input
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1. FRESH WATER RESOURCE STORAGE 2. BEDROOM 3. RESTROOM 4. CONTROL DESK
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1.Fresh Water Resource Storage 2.Bedroom 3.Restroom 4.Rudder
HOUSEBOAT SCALE: 1/2”=1’-0’
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Pre-Version Houseboat Design
Lab
Visitors Dormitories
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Lab
Library
Visitor Deck
Lab Office
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Scientists Dormitories
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Plants Wall Hurricane Protection System
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Pre-Verison First Floor Horizontal Section
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Pre-Verison Second Floor Horizontal Section
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Pre-Verison Roof Plan
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END NOTES
1. “Architectural Programming .” Architectural Programming | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide. N.p., 11 Feb. 2016. www.wbdg.org/design-disciplines/architectural-programming. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 2. “Mangrove.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 3. “Mangrove.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 4.“Green Roof.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Roof. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 5. Administrator. “Hỏi đáp.” Hỏi đáp. N.p., n.d. vuonthangdung.vn/faq. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 6. “Green Roof.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Roof. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 7. “Green Roof.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Roof. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 8. “Constructed Wetland.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Constructed_wetland. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 9. “Wetland construction seminar REPORT.” Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare. N.p., 17 Feb. 2014. www.slideshare.net/sabiknp/wetland-construction. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017.
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10. “Wetland construction seminar REPORT.” Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare. N.p., 17 Feb. 2014. www.slideshare.net/sabiknp/wetland-construction. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 11. “Artificial Island.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_ island. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 12. “The Infinite Bridge / Gjøde & Povlsgaard Arkitekter.” ArchDaily. N.p., 13 July 2015. www. archdaily.com/770084/the-infinite-bridge-gjode-and-povlsgaard-arkitekter. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 13. “The Infinite Bridge / Gjøde & Povlsgaard Arkitekter.” ArchDaily. N.p., 13 July 2015. www. archdaily.com/770084/the-infinite-bridge-gjode-and-povlsgaard-arkitekter. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 14. “Salt & Water Design Floating Hotel with Catamaran-Apartments.” ArchDaily. N.p., 14 June 2015. www.archdaily.com/641365/salt-and-water-design-floating-hotel-with-catamaran-apartments. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 15. Emery McClure, Ursula. Arch 7006 Comprehensive Architectural Design. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U, 2017. Print.
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IMAGE NOTES All pictures are from personal achieve unless otherwise noted. 1. Administrator. “Hỏi đáp.” Hỏi đáp. N.p., n.d. vuonthangdung.vn/faq. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 2. “Constructed wetland.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Dec. 2016. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Constructed_wetland#/media/File:Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_ Wetland.jpg. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 3. “Constructed wetland.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Dec. 2016. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Constructed_wetland#/media/File:Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_ Constructed_Wetland.jpg. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 4. “The Infinite Bridge / Gjøde & Povlsgaard Arkitekter.” ArchDaily. N.p., 13 July 2015. www.archdaily. com/770084/the-infinite-bridge-gjode-and-povlsgaard-arkitekter. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 5. Apollo13.eu. “Catamaran Apartments.” Salt Water. N.p., n.d. www. saltandwater.rs/work/floatinghotel-with-catamaran-apartments/. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. /
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Material and Structure Selection Sustainable Strategies Building Code Analysis
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MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES SELECTION
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In architecture, selecting materials and structures is an opportunity to highlight the project goals. The materials and the structure of a building create its atmosphere and space and reinforce the program intended for the architecture.
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Site Model 1”=50’-0’
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MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES SELECTION
As discussed in the previous chapter, the site of the LUMCON building is an aggregate of soft sand and stone. The original building is made of reinforced concrete, which is a composite material. The higher tensile strength or ductility of the reinforcement counteracts the low tensile strength and ductility of concrete.1 The original structure works very well. The whole building is supported by 800 steel pilings that are each 120 feet long.2 The waffle ceiling is lighter than a flat ceiling structure but can support the same weight. The whole structure is strong enough to withstand high speed winds, hurricanes, and flooding. Since the original structure works very well, the new building will also use reinforced concrete. Inspired by Japanese architect Taodo Ando, “his architecture emphasized the concept of sensation and physical experiences. He believes architecture is responsible for performing the attitude of the site and makes it visible.”3 So the concrete structure of the new model is raw—in other words not decorated with other materials. The intention is to match the project’s intent, which is to be a conduit between nature and humans. Therefore, the building should either hide in nature or be a part of it. For the exterior, concrete, a restrained and humble material such as Ando Tadao’s Church on Water and Akita Museum of Art, is a quiet presence within the natural environment. For the inside space, concrete finished surfaces create a silent and peaceful environment in which scientists and researchers can focus on their process without distraction by architectural elements.
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UNC Coastal Studies Institute/ Clark, Wanchese, NC1
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Case Study
UNC Coastal Studies Institute / Clark
Architects: Clark Nexsen Location: Wanchese, NC, United States Principal in Charge: Clymer Cease, AIA, LEED AP Senior Project Architect/Designer: Don Kranbuehl Senior Project Architect: David Francis Area: 63190.0 ft2 Project Year: 2012
The UNC Coastal Studies Institute, located in Wanchese, NC, offers an interesting model for selecting materials for a coastal research center such as the new LUMCON. The design purpose of the UNC Coastal Studies Institute is to express the idea of sustainability through architecture, building systems, and the research it conducts. The building is elevated to reduce its impact on the land and highlight itself within the existing landscape.4 The building’s designers selected local materials largely for how they handle harsh coastal environment. The materials are durable and easy to maintain. The exposed concrete structure uses a rainscreen fiber cement panel system with cypress rainscreen siding. The lower floor walls are constructed with concrete masonry units to respond to the periodic flooding from harsh ground floor conditions. The upper floor walls are built with lighter metal studs and storefront. The high ceilings, transparent corridor walls, and clerestory windows allow natural light through to the interior corridors.5 The future LUMCON will employ a similar principle and that is what this precedent provides.
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Humble Administrator’s Garden, Suzhou,China2
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Case Study
Humble Administrator’s Garden
Architect: Xiancheng Wang Location: Suzhou, Jiangsu, China Area: 129,167 ft2 Project Year: 1510-1531, Tang Dynasty
To explore the relationship between landscape and architecture, an old Chinese style garden—the Humble Administrator’s Garden— is a successful example. The Humble Administrator’s Garden, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest garden (129,167 sq.ft.) in Suzhou, China and considered the finest garden in all of Southern China.6 The original site of the garden includes a variety of small ponds around which the designer planted trees and brushes. Pavilions, bridges, and other structures were built to connect each pond and island. The garden hides structures within the landscape. Empty spaces combine with tight spaces; curving connections combine with buildings and landscape; large spaces hide small spaces. All these methods are used in the garden’s design to break the space boundaries of the garden and show the abundant garden elements to tourists.7 To enhance the experiences of scientists, students, and visitors, the interior space at LUMCON will be altered by creating a vertical garden from the bottom floor through to the top. New open water spaces around the corridor in the wet wing will be planted with water lilies and other floating plants. When people walk through the interior corridor, they will feel they are in the wetland landscape. They will enjoy pretty water views in the residential area, the cafeteria, the corridor, even the laboratory. As a World Heritage Site, the Humble Adminstrator’s Garden preserves the appearance of Sixteen Century Chinese Garden. Similar to the Humble Administrator’s Garden, the new LUMCON preserves today’s wetland environment which is not longer presented by nature in the future.
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1. Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA3
2. Langen Foundation, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany4
3. View from Akita Museum of Art, Akita, Japan5
4. Church on the Water, Tomamu, HokkaidĹ?, Japan6
Case Study
Tadao Ando’s Béton Brut
Example of Tadao Ando’s Béton Brut architectural projects that engage with nature: 1. Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas,USA The concrete elements as a simple background set off water and glass. 2. Langen Foundation, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany The concrete wall and the paving open up to reveal the glass structure and water. 3. Akita Museum of Art, Akita, Japan The concrete structure highlights the landscape without disturbing the quiet and peace of the view. 4. Church on the Water, Tomamu, Hokkaidō, Japan The concrete building reinforces the hallowed and peaceful atmosphere of the church and guides the view to the landscape.
Reinforced concrete is the primary material for the new LUMCON. It can help the building simplify the exterior, construction and organization of the space, and visualize nature environment around the building. 8 The Japanese architect Tadao Ando is a primary designer who captures this material intention. In order to practice the concept of sensation and physical experience, Tadao Ando uses high-quality Béton Brut, a roughly-finished or unfinished raw concrete whose surfaces bear the imprint of its formwork. Raw concrete aligns with the modern architectural concept of truth to materials, whereby a material’s innate nature is not hidden.9Ando uses Béton Brut as a form of structural expressionism, to reveal the fantastic relationship between architecture and landscape.
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Brec’s Bluebonnet Swamp
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Exploring Colored Concrete
Brec’s Bluebonnet Swamp
According to the project proposal, the new LUMCON building should become a part of nature. The Béton Brut concrete facing allows the building to be the background of nature. Inspired by the ESO hotel in the Cerro Paranal region of the Chilean Atacama desert, the concrete will have local soil mixed into it so that the material has the same color as much of the natural environment. For the LUMCON building, this method has more meaning than simply a match in color. In the future, when the marsh that exists today is gone, if the LUMCON building’s material includes the soil, the building will not only be an actual part of the Louisiana coastal area but also will preserve the soil itself in the walls. The colored concrete enhances people’s experience of visiting and working in a natural setting. In the new LUMCON program, students study in the space created by the coastal marsh and scientists work there. Visitors explore the coastal environment as well. The first version of soil-enhanced concrete in the ESO hotel used pigment from desert sand. Before using marsh soil in concrete, it needs to be tested as an aggregate. Since Cocodrie is far from Baton Rouge, the author took marsh soil from Brec’s Bluebonnet Swamp to test the colored concrete idea.
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STEP 01: First, the author grabbed marsh close to the water. The marsh in the swamp area is not just soil. It includes leaves, wood, and small stones. It is not hard to grab marsh because the material is soft, though it is important to avoid plant roots.
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STEP 02: The author decided to test three proportions in mixing the colored concrete. 1. 250ml concrete + 100ml water 2. 250ml concrete + 150ml marsh + 100ml water 3. 250ml concrete + 250ml marsh + 200ml water (mix 100ml water with marsh first, and then put water into concrete)
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Concrete 1 : April 3rd 3:22 PM
Concrete 2 : April 3rd 3:22 PM
Concrete 3 : April 3rd 3:22 PM
Concrete 1 : April 4rd 11:54 AM
Concrete 2 : April 4rd 11:54 AM
Concrete 3 : April 4rd 11:54 AM
Concrete 1 : April 12 3:13 PM
Concrete 2 : April 12 3:13PM
Concrete 3 : April 12 3:13 PM
Conclusion: After marsh soil is added, the concrete takes on the color of the marsh. When people extend parts of LUMCON in the future, marsh can be added to the concrete. The colored concrete reflects a positive relationship between the architecture and site. Plus, builders need not waste time and energy addressing challenges regarding extra soil that is dug up during construction.
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ESO Hotel7
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Case Study
ESO Hotel
Overall Planning: Philipp Auer, Dominik Schenkirz, Robert Giessl, Michael Kruger, Charles Martin Location: Cerro Paranal, Chile Client: ESO European Southern Observatory, Munich Area: 10,000 m2 Project Year: 2008-2002
ESO hotel is located in the Cerro Paranal region of the Chilean Atacama dessert. The hotel is not a commercial hotel. It is the accommodation for the ESO( European Southern Observatory) scientists and engineers who work in the desert on a roster system. The hotel includes a restaurant, music room. library, swimming pool, and sauna. The hotel includes an artificial oasis where scientists can relax after working in extreme climatic conditions. 10 The concrete that used to build hotel was colored with iron oxide pigments to reflect the reddish tones of the desert. The pigmentation was undertaken directly on the construction site.11 The colored concrete idea also can use in the new LUMCON building to reinforce the LUMCON buildings’ embracing nature idea. After 100 years, even if people cannot see any soil around the LUMCON building, just look at LUMCON, they can find the color of the marsh in the old time.
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1
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Taking out some existing concrete but keep the old rebar.
The rebar in the extending structure will connect with the old structure.
The extending structure is connecting with old structure.
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The extending structure is connecting with old structure.
The extending structure connects with old structure.
New site cast structure connect with old site cast structure.
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SiteCast Concrete & Precast Concrete
New LUMCON building parts will be constructed in two ways. The extending room will use a site-cast concrete framing system. The extending building will use precast concrete framing systems. Concrete offers unlimited possibilities for architects because it can be cast in any shape.12 Site-cast and precast concrete elements are defined as follows. “Site-cast concrete [elements are] cast in form on a cured slab and then placed in their final location.”13 “Structural precast concrete elements—slabs, beams, girders, columns, and wall panels—are cast and cured in factories, transported to the construction job site, and erected as rigid components.”14 Structures that can only be cast on site include the foundation caissons, spread footings, slab on grade, structural elements too large or too heavy to transport, highly irregular elements, and the slab topping over the precast floor and roof elements.15 The waffle slab of the LUMCON building is cast on site. Therefore, when the architects add new structures to connect with the old structure, they should take out some existing concrete but keep the old rebar. Next they need to connect the old rebar with the new rebar in the new concrete piece. Finally, they will use concrete to connect the old piece with the new piece. The foundation of the extended structure will be site-cast. All new walls and beams will use concrete structural elements that are precast. Extending rooms and buildings without destroying the existing structure saves money for LUMCON. It also preserves the original LUMCON elements to show the building’s evolution.
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Double- tee slab elements supported on a frame of precast columns and L-shaped girders. Assembly Concepts for Precast Concrete Buildings8
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Sitecast Concrete Frame System9
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1
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Arrangement of members.
Beam 1 is inserted through the column.
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Beam 2 slides over the projecting end of the tenon of beam 1.
After tightening the joint, two keys are inserted.
A draw pin competes the assembly.
Double Plug Assembly Connection for Beams and Columns10
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“Kumiko” Technique
Traditionally, “kumiko is a delicate technique of assembling wooden pieces without nails.” Craftsmen grooved, punched, and mortised thinly slit wooden pieces and assembled and joined them with plane, saw chisel, and other tools. The “kumiko” technique is often used in creating screen dividers and sliding doors.16 When people think about “kumiko”, they imagine “kumiko” doors open to nature. In the new LUMCON building, instead of wood, the “kumiko idea” will be realized in metal. The artificial environment needs a structure to protect plants. In the future, as the environment worsens, people can add protective materials to the structure. The artificial environment structure needs to be both gentle and strong. Wood is not the right material to use. Doors and windows in the artificial environment will be made of metal with the “kumiko” technology. Metal materials will be cast in the required shapes and not require any nails, lending strength and a streamlined appearance. Normal curtain walls separate people from nature. “Kumiko” structures are typically modeled on natural elements. In LUMCON, the “kumiko” pattern is to be inspired by mangrove trees. When people look through doors or windows in LUMCON, they will be looking through a “kumiko” swamp landscape, with the windows and doors representing the plants that once grew in the wetlands of the area, and the ocean will be visible in the background.
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SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES
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Strategies used to help LUMCON achieve sustainability should be reliable, replicable, and measurable. The sustainable strategies should consider three time-phases: rectifying past mistakes, reducing or eliminating current problems, and building legacies for future generations.17
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LUMCON Water Bill11
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LUMCON Electricity Bill12
LUMCON Energy Analysis
Light According to EIA18, lighting accounts for about 17% of the electricity used in labs. According to the electric bill, LUMCON uses 2,152,000 kWh per year, so its lighting use is 365,840 kWh. About 77% of LUMCON’s space is illuminated by fluorescent fixtures (labs, center, mechanical building, and tower), and 23% of the space uses incandescent lights. Fluorescent light usage encompasses 281,696 kWh of electricity. LED lights are about 13% more efficient than fluorescent lights.19 By replacing all fluorescent lights with LED lights, LUMCON can save 36,620kWh. The incandescent lighting uses 84,143 kWh. LED lights are about 80% more efficient than incandescent lights. By replacing all incandescent lights with LED lights, LUMCON can save 67,314kWh of electricity use. If the total electricity use is 2,152,000 kWh, and we subtract a total of 151,457 kWh (84,143kWh add 67, 314kWh) the result is 2,090,991kWh. Replacing the air conditioning will reduce usage by 180,768 kWh; replacing refrigeration will reduce usage by 258,240kWh; changing the windows will reduce usage from 96,840kWh to 201,427 kWh. Thus, the total annual electricity use for the new LUMCON building is reduced from 2,152,000 kWh to 1,464,695 kWh. Water According to its water bill, LUMCON uses 3,369,900 gallons per year. The Green Studio Handbook specifies that reduced-flow fixtures can cut water demand by 25-50% (from 2,527,425 gallons to 1,684,950 gallons) compared to conventional fixtures. Thus, if the total annual water use of 3,369,900 gallons is reduced by 50%, or 1,684,950 gallons, the water use will go down to 1,684,950 gallons.
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N
Scientists Apartment Wind Ventilation
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Wind Ventilation
Apartment 01
Apartment 02
Scientists Apartment Wind Ventilation
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Tidal Power Tower
LUMCON Electricity System Diagram
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Electricity - Tidal Power
According to the sea-level rise data from research in chapter 2, in 2050, the highest sea level will rise 0.85 meters.20 In about 100 years, the LUMCON site will be fully submerged. LUMCON will need a more sustainable energy-supply system as if will be off the grid. In the future, the ocean is a potential clean energy source for an off-grid LUMCON. Tidal power comes from the earth’s oceans. The energy of the tide coverts into useful power, mainly electricity. The tidal force has periodic variations in gravitational attraction influenced by the moon and the sun. These forces cause corresponding motions and currents in oceans. Tide power is the only technology inherent in the orbital characteristics of the earth-moon system, and, to a lesser extent, the earth-sun system. The tide generation process is a method that converts the energy of tidal flows into electricity. The variation of the tides and the height of tidal current will influence the generation of tidal electricity. Greater tidal variation and higher tidal currents can increase the efficiency of electricity generated by this powerful source.21 Benefits of tidal power: 1. A renewable energy resource which is inexhaustible. 2. Ultimately a resource caused by gravitational interaction with celestial bodies. 3. More predictable than wind energy and solar power. Cocodrie has an obvious potential to develop tidal power. The largest known tidal range at Cocodrie, Terrebonne Bay, is 2.2 feet.22 In the future, the site around LUMCON will be occupied by water. Utilizing the inexhaustible, clean, and predictable tidal power could be a feasible electricity source for LUMCON as the power of the sea includes around it.
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Sluice Gates Road
Head Height
Outgoing Tide
Tidal Barrage
Turbine Tunnel
Sluice Gates High Water Level
High Tide Level
Tidal Basin
Head Height Low Tide
Road
Tidal Barrage
Outgoing Tide
Tidal Basin
Turbine Tunnel
A Choice for LUMCON Docking--Tidal Barrage13
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The grid in LUMCON distributes electricity to consumers. LUMCON needs 1,464,695kWh/Year=4012kWh/Day The electricity storage battery.
Underwater cables carry the electricity to inverters into LUMCON battery.
Rotors with a diameter of 10-15 meters can generate as much as 700 kW/hour.
Current Current Turbines are placed where there is an especially strong tidal flow. Turbine blades rotate slowly at 7-14 minute, powering a generator that produces electricity. Turbines are Mounted on a foundation and it is on the seabed. Their weight, about 1,000 tonnes, hold it in place or with tripod designs each leg is anchored by a 200-ton block of cement. They are not drilled into the seabed. 1000 tonnes cement = 600m3 about a 7.5m by 7.5m by 7.5m cement cube.
Tidal Stream Generator14,15
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Constructed Wetland
LUMCON Water System Diagram
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Water - Constructed Wetland Plus Salt Filter
In 2017, Cocodrie will be submerged by sea water. Only fresh water will be scarce at LUMCON, not ocean water. As mentioned earlier, the artificial wetland in the new LUMCON program is not only a new habitat but also a water and air filter system. The constructed wetland built in the dry wing is the primary fresh water source for the offgrid LUMCON. As detailed in Chapter 3, the originally constructed wetland is an artificial island that addresses water pollution.23 To make the system work for brackish water, the plants in the constructed wetland will be salt tolerant plants. The second level water filter system also as second salt filter system. The constructed wetland is a heavy system that requires a large area. To decrease the weight of the constructed wetland, the newly constructed wetland systems used in LUMCON are divided into small rectangular structures supported by metal tubes. Every constructed wetland has a 1% slope built in. All constructed wetlands are organized from high to low. Salt water will be pumped up to each constructed wetland framework. Next, it flows through the marsh and the plant roots. A substrate for microorganisms offered by roots, stems, and leaves will break down organic materials. Through the constructed wetland system, water will flow into the second filter system—for salt water. Next, the fresh water will be stored in a tank and be ready for use. Furthermore, the constructed wetland above the roof is another water catchment system for the LUMCON building. The constructed wetland may not be “natural” but it is “of nature” and brings natural elements— plants, fresh air, and clean water—to the LUMCON building as it provides filtration.
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Select Wetland Plant Materials
Ambrosia Chamissonis16
Salt Water Filter Layer
Grey Water Filter Layer
Carex lyngbyei17
Distichilis Spicata18
Spartina Patens19
Vegetation Inlet Pipe Effluent Outlet Slope 1%
Drainage Aeration Water Proof Barrier Insulation Geofoam Structural Support Multi Porous Activated Carbon Fiber Bio Balls
Water Pump Water Filter System
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Select Air Filter Plant Material
Ivies20
Growing Medium Drainage Aeration Water Storage Water Proof Barrier Insulation Geofoam Structural Support
Air Filter System
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Grey Water Filter Vacuum Toilet Composting Tank Vacuumizer
LUMCON Waste Addressing System Diagram
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Waste-- Composting Toilets
Since the LUMCON building is far from the mainland, waste needs to be addressed on site. Regular toilets waste water and, by exporting waste into the ocean, are messy and environmentally unfriendly. On the other hand, “[c]omposting toilets can manage the chemical breakdown of human excrement, paper products, food wastes, and other carbon-based materials.”24 A composting toilet contains two basic elements: a place to sit and a composting unit. The latter is made up of four main parts: a composting or storage chamber, a ventilation unit for odorous gasses, a leachate collection system for excess gray water, and an access door for extracting the compost.25The composting chamber is where aerobic bacteria and fungi break down wastes.26 A drainage system separates the leachate from the rest of the system. The leachate requires filtration before being returned to the natural environment. Human excrement includes recycled fecal nutrients and pathogens. Mesophilic conditions would require one to two years to eliminate potential pathogens, so the composting chamber should offer an appropriate temperature (104-140℉) for thermophilic composting bacteria to oxidize waste.27 In the new LUMCON, the composting toilet turns waste into treasure. After the composting process, the waste becomes fertilizer. Scientists could use that fertilizer to nourish the marsh in the lab’s artificial environment and the constructed wetland system. Not only human excretion, but all trash in LUMCON are to be addressed in the composting system. Nondegradable materials are forbidden.
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Ventilation Pipe Waterless of Microflush Toilet
Fan Exhaust System Composting Chamber
Chamber Access Door
Leachate Drainage
Composting Toilet System21
248
Composting Chamber and a Common Type Composting Toilet22,23
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Composting Tank
Vacuumizer
Vacuum Toilet24
250
Waste-- Vacuum Toilets
A type of composting toilet, vacuum toilets use suction to remove human excrement. They require only minimal water usage (0.5 to 1.5 liters). Vacuum toilets are as comfortable as traditional toilets. Because the effluent includes aerobic bacteria, vacuum toilets are specifically adapted for use in combination with separate greywater and blackwater treatment, or require sending high concentrations of organic matter content to the composting chamber.28 Vacuum on demand (VOD) The vacuum-on-demand system only produces a vacuum when the toilet needs to be flushed. This system uses water with air to transport sewage. The VOD toilet evacuates air automatically upon activation of the activator button. The VOD toilet requires lower energy so it can be solar powered. Similar to a composting toilet, the composting tank can be connected at the end of the vacuum pipes.29 The composting tank can be at the same level as the vacuum toilet. The composting chamber for the regular composting toilet must be placed under the toilet. If the sea level rises, the composting chamber will be submerged and eventually corroded by salt water. A vacuum toilet avoids this problem.
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Dormitory
Restroom
Control Room
Houseboat Plan
252
DORMITORY BOATS
Rain Water
Dormitory
Restroom
Control Room
Battery
Grey Water Collection
Rain Water Collection
Houseboat Section
0.5m Fans Generates 50kWh
253
Building Code Analysis
254
Whether the building is commercial, residential, or industrial, the safety of the structure must be reliable. The building code is the government’s official statement on building safety that embraces all aspects of building construction. Building codes can protect the public from disaster due to fire, structural collapse, and uncomfortable environment. 30
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
First Floor
Second Floor
Building Use or Occupancy Identification
256
LUMCON Code Analysis
LUMCON is a multiple function building. According to IBC 305, LUMCON identifies with assembly group, business group, factory and industrial group, high hazard group, and residential group occupancy. 31 Building Code Edition: 2012 IBC Classification: 1. Group A-3: “Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or amusement and other assembly uses.” 2. Group B: “Business Group B occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type transactions, including storage of records and accounts.” 3. Group F: “Factory Industrial Group F occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or sturcture, or a portion thereof, for assembling, disassembling, fabricating, finishing, manufacturing, packaging, repair or processing operations.” 4. Group H: “High-hazard Group H occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, that involves the manufacturing, processing, generation or storage of materials that constitute a physical or health hazard in quantities in excess of those allowed in control areas consturcted and located in Section 414.” 5. Group R-2: “Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature.”
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
First Floor
Second Floor
List all occupancy separation fire barrier ratings required: A-3 to R = 2hr(NS)/1hr(S) R to V =2hr(NS)/1hr(S) B to H-3 =2hr(NS)/1hr(S)
258
According to IBC Table 508.4, “buildings or portions of buildings that comply with the provisions shall be considered as separated occupancies.” 32
First Floor List all incidental use areas, floor area, and separation to be provided: Room or Area
Floor area (sf.)
Fire Separation
Laundry Room
555
1 hour or provide automatic sprinkler system
740
1 hour or provide automatic sprinkler system
9896
1 hour
Waste Collection Room Liquid Storage
According to IBC Table 509, “General Incidental uses located within single occupancy or mixed occupancy buildings shall comply with the provisions of this section. Incidental uses are ancillary functions associated with a given occupancy that generally pose a greater level of risk to that occupancy and are limited to those uses listed in Table 509.�33
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
List Construction Type(s) used in the design:
VA Allowed
Proposed
Building Height (ft.)
50
39
Number of Storage
3
2
Are Automatic Sprinklers used for Height Modifications?
No
Is there a basement?
No
Is an Automatic Sprinkler System Used in Place of 1-Hour Construction? or other fire resistive construction per IBC Table 601 footnote c.?
No
According to IBC, the construction type of the new LUMCON program is VA. Type VA -- Structural elements, exterior and interior walls are of any materials permitted by the code. Fire-resistance rated construction. According to Table 503, the maximum building height of VA type building is 50 feet. The proposed building height of the new LUMCON building is 39 feet. The maximum storage number of VA type building is 3. The proposed building height of the new LUMCON building is 2.34
260
Fire Resistance Rating Requirements:
Rating Required
Rating Provided
Assembly#
Structural Frame
3
3
Type1
Bearing Walls-Exterior
3
3
Type1
Bearing Walls-Interior
-
-
-
Nonbearing Walls & Partition -Exterior
-
-
-
Nonbearing Walls & Partition -Interior
0
2
Type1
Floor Construction
2
2
Type1
Roof Construction
1/2
2
Type1
According to Table 601, The building elements shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that specified in Table 601 and exterior walls shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that specified in Table 602.35
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
First Floor Egress Diagram
262
Basement
First Floor
Mezzanine
Second Floor
Third Floor
Other Floor(s)
Total Occupant Load
-
A-3, B, F, H, R-2
-
B,H
-
-
Number of Exits and Exits Width from Each Level
Number of Exits
Exit Width Stairs
Other Egress Components
Required
Provided
Required
Provided
Required
Provided
Basement
-
-
-
-
-
-
First Floor
4
9
48”
108”
-
-
Mezzanine
-
-
-
-
-
-
Second Floor
2
2
24”
24”
-
-
Third Floor
-
-
-
-
-
-
Are Areas of Refuge Required?
NO
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
First Floor Area Limitations For Each Proposed IBC Use or Occupancy Group IBC Use/ Occupancy Group
Second Floor Occupancy-1
Occupancy-2
Occupancy-3
Occupancy-4
A-3
B
H-3
R-2
Table 503 Area Limitation(sf.)
11,500
18,000
10,000
12,000
Total Allowable Floor Area (sf.)
11,500
18,000
10,000
12,000
Actual Floor Area (sf.)
8,170
6,373
9,876
9,896
Total Allowable Building Area (sf.)
11,500
18,000
10,000
12,000
Does the Building Qualify for Unlimited Area? (per IBC 507)
264
NO
According to IBC Table 1004.1.2, occupant load factora of assembly without fixed seats unconcentrated (tables and chairs) is 15 net. occupant load factora of assembly without fixed seats Concentrated (chairs only-not fixed) is 7 net. Occupant load factora of accessory storage areas, mechanical equipment room is 300 gross. Occupant load factora of dormitory is 50 gross. Occupant load factora of residential is 200 gross.36
Type of Occupancy
Chapter 10, Table Chapter 10 1004.1.2 Floor Area Occupanct Occupant Served Load Load Factor
Water Closets
Lavatories
Male2
Female2
Male2
Female2
Required/ Provided
Required/ Provided
Required/ Provided
Required/ Provided
A-3
12,795
15
431
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
B
31,625
15
147
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
F
1500
300
100
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
H
200
7
74
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
R-2
17,800
200
89
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total Number of Fixtures
11
13
11
11
Number of Accessible Fixtures
3
3
3
3
Number of Drinking Fountains
Required
1
Provided
2
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04 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
END NOTES 1. “Reinforced concrete.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Reinforced_concrete. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 2. Nicholls, Stu. “Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) - Home.” Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON) - Home. N.p., n.d. www.lumcon.edu/information/history/default. asp. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 3. “Tadao Ando.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando . Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 4. “UNC Coastal Studies Institute / Clark Nexsen.” ArchDaily. N.p., 17 Apr. 2014. www.archdaily. com/497410/unc-coastal-studies-institute-clark-nexsen. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 5. “UNC Coastal Studies Institute / Clark Nexsen.” ArchDaily. N.p., 17 Apr. 2014. www.archdaily. com/497410/unc-coastal-studies-institute-clark-nexsen. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 6. “Humble Administrator’s Garden.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Jan. 2017. en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden#/media/File:Suzhou_Zhuozheng_Yuan_2015.04.23_0813-49.jpg. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 7. “Zhuozhengyuan.” Baidupedia. N.p., n.d. www.baike.baidu.com/view/4131.htm. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 8. “Tadao Ando.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017.
266
9. Armstorng, Donald. “Tadao Ando’s Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts.” Material practices. N.p., 16 Feb. 2014. www.donaldearmstrong.com/tag/beton-brut/. Accessed 02 Mar. 2017. 10. “ESO Hotel.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Apr. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO_Hotel. Accessed 4 Apr. 2017. 11. Devine, Marion. “Case Study of the Malmaison Hotel Group.” Talent Management (2009): 184-99. www.bayferrox.cn/uploads/tx_lxsmatrix/ccw_case-study_eso-hotel-cl_de_en_2009_02.pdf. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 12. Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. Print. 13. Staff, Buildipedia. “Site-Cast Concrete.” Site-Cast Concrete - Buildipedia. N.p., n.d. www.buildipedia. com/knowledgebase/division-03-concrete/03-40-00-precast-concrete/03-47-00-site-cast-concrete/03-4700-site-cast-concrete. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 14. Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. Print. 15. Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. Print. 16. “About KUMIKO & MATERIALS Interior Lattice TANIHATA.” About KUMIKO & MATERIALS Sliding partition Design | TANIHATA. N.p., n.d. www.tanihata.co.jp/english/kumiko/index.html . Accessed 14 Apr.
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END NOTES 17. Wandiga, Cecilia. “Defining Sustainability: A Process and Strategy Focus.” Sustainablebrands.com. N.p., 7 Oct. 2013. www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/communications/defining-sustainabilityprocess-strategy-focus. Accessed26 Mar. 2017. 18. “Energy Use in Commercial Buildings.” Energy Use in Commercial Buildings - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy - Energy Information Administration. N.p., n.d. www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index. cfm/data/index.cfm?page=us_energy_commercial. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 19. “LED light bulbs review - choose the best LED bulbs.” Lighting Idea. N.p., 02 Mar. 2017. www. lighting-idea.com/2015/06/LED-bulbs-review.html. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 20. Marshall, Bob. Staff writer. “New research: Louisiana coast faces highest rate of sea-level rise worldwide.” The Lens. N.p., 21 Feb. 2013. www.thelensnola.org/2013/02/21/new-research-louisiana-coastfaces-highest-rate-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-planet/. Accessed 01 Mar. 2017. 21. “Tidal Power.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 22. “Tide Times for Cocodrie, Terrebonne Bay.” Tide times and tide Charts. N.p., 25 Mar. 2017. www. tide-forecast.com/locations/Cocodrie-Terrebonne-Bay-Louisiana/tides/latest. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 23. “Constructed Wetlande.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Feb. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlande. Accessed 20 Feb. 2017. 24. Kwok, Alison G., and Walter T. Grondzik. The green studio handbook: environmental strategies for schematic design. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2007. Print.
268
25. “Composting Toilet.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 26. “Composting Toilet.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 27. “Composting Toilet.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 28. “Vacuum Toilet.” Vacuum Toilet | SSWM. N.p., n.d. www.sswm.info/content/vacuum-toilet. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 29. “Vacuum Toilet.” Vacuum Toilet | SSWM. N.p., n.d. www.sswm.info/content/vacuum-toilet. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 30. “Who needs building code?” Internatioal Code Council. International Code Council, 15 Aug. 2016. www. thinkinsidethetriangle.com/documents/Building_Codes.pdf. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 31. (COR), International Code Council. International building code, 2012. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, 2011. Print. 32. (COR), International Code Council. International building code, 2012. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, 2011. Print. 33. (COR), International Code Council. International building code, 2012. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, 2011. Print.
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END NOTES 34. (COR), International Code Council. International building code, 2012. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, 2011. Print. 35. (COR), International Code Council. International building code, 2012. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, 2011. Print. 36. (COR), International Code Council. International building code, 2012. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, 2011. Print.
270
IMAGE NOTES 1. “Gallery of UNC Coastal Studies Institute / Clark Nexsen - 1.” ArchDaily. N.p., n.d. www.archdaily. com/497410/unc-coastal-studies-institute-clark-nexsen/534df9dbc07a80b7ca00007a-unc-coastal-studiesinstitute-clark-nexsen-photo. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 2. “Humble Administrator’s Garden.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Jan. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden#/media/File:Suzhou_Zhuozheng_Yuan_2015.04.23_08-1349.jpg. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 3. “Tadao Ando.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando#/ media/File:Ft_Worth_Modern_02.jpg. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 4. “Tadao Ando.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando#/ media/File:Langen_Foundation_Neuss_01.jpg. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 5. “Tadao Ando.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Mar. 2017. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando#/ media/File:View_from_Akita_Museum_of_Art_2.jpg. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 6. Alidm, Ammar. “Church on the Water, Hokkaido by Tadao Ando.” Architect Boy. N.p., 9 Jan. 2017. architectboy.com/church-on-the-water/. Accessed 03 Mar. 2017. 7. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the products, stories and building teams behind the project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. www.archello.com/en/project/eso-hotel-cerro-paranal-chile. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 8. Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. Print.
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IMAGE NOTES 9. Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. Print. 10. Sumiyoshi, Torashichi, Gengo Matsui, and Ferenc Kovacs. Wood joints in classical Japanese architecture. Tokyo: Kajima Institute Pub. Co., 1991. Print. 11. Email from Joe Malbrough, Marine Superintendent and Facility Manager LUMCON Marine Center, April 14, 2017. 12. Email from Joe Malbrough, Marine Superintendent and Facility Manager LUMCON Marine Center, April 14, 2017. 13. Atta, Engineer Talha. “Tidal Barrage Power Generation.” Green Mechanic. N.p., n.d. www.greenmechanic.com/2014/06/tidal-barrage-power-generation.html. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 14. “Tidal Power: A Wave of the Future?” GEreports. N.p., n.d. gereports.ca/infographic/tidal-power-wave-future/#. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 15. “Tidal Power.” Tidal Power - Energy British Columbia. N.p., n.d. www.energybc.ca/tidal.html. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 16. “Saltmarsh Plant Guide.” Mimulus. N.p., 08 Dec. 2014. www.mimulus.ca/saltmarsh-plant-guide/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 17. “Saltmarsh Plant Guide.” Mimulus. N.p., 08 Dec. 2014. www.mimulus.ca/saltmarsh-plant-guide/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017.
272
18. “Saltmarsh Plant Guide.” Mimulus. N.p., 08 Dec. 2014. www.mimulus.ca/saltmarsh-plant-guide/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 19. “Saltmarsh Plant Guide.” Mimulus. N.p., 08 Dec. 2014. www.mimulus.ca/saltmarsh-plant-guide/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 20. Hutchinson Farm Flower Guide - Ivies. N.p., n.d. www.hutchinsonfarm.ca/Flowers/Ivies.html. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. 21. “How to Benefit from Your Poo: A short guide to composting toilets.” Abundant Edge. N.p., n.d. www. abundantedge.com/news/2016/6/24/save-your-poop-composting-toilets-and-why-you-should-have-one. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 22. “Does a Composting Toilet Stink Up Your House?” GreenBuildingAdvisor.com. N.p., n.d. www. greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/building-science/does-composting-toilet-stink-your-house. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 23. “How to Benefit from Your Poo: A short guide to composting toilets.” Abundant Edge. N.p., n.d. www. abundantedge.com/news/2016/6/24/save-your-poop-composting-toilets-and-why-you-should-have-one. Accessed 26 Mar. 2017. 24. “Vacuum Toilet.” Vacuum Toilet | SSWM. N.p., n.d. www.sswm.info/content/vacuum-toilet. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017.
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