Yicheng han part b journal

Part. B. CRITERIA DESIGN

Content B.1 Research Field B.2 Case Study 1.0 B.3 Case Study 2.0 B.4 Technique: Development B.5 Technique: Prototype B.6 Technique: Proposal B.7 Learning Objectives & Outcomes B.8 Appendix: Algorithmic Sketchbook

Tensile Structure

B.1

Research Field

Structure formed mostly of components acting in tension rather than compression. It might include tents, suspension-bridges, and suspended roofs (all types where weight can determine the form of the structure and its very stability); prestressed membranes and cable-roofs (where form and stability derive from forces in tension created by stressing); and pneumatic structures.

- Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can economically and attractively span large distances.

Air supported structures are a form of tensile structures where the fabric envelope is supported by pressurized air only.

A cable net structure is an example of a tensile structure, i.e. a structure that is stabilised by tension rather than compression.

- My personal focus on tensile structure.

The lightweight spatial structures, the double curved space structures with pure axial stress, called membrane stresses (Fig. 4). These structures are not only extremely light but they also open up a whole new world in architecture, an unsurpassable variety of forms which is not yet exhausted, by no means. Just like bridges, these structures transfer their loads predominantly by compression shells or domes (Fig. 4, left), or by tension cable nets and membranes (right). In between are the plane space structures - the slabs and the space frames.

Lightweight structure is made to be as popular as it is today arguably by Frei Otto and his work. Its irreplacable advantage of being able to span at extremely large distances with very minimum number of supports in the middle is being widely exploited to create modern architecture. However, they are by no means cheap or easy to construct, as they usually demand for high precision and material and construction qualities.

1. James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary Of Architecture And Landscape Architecture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

2. Jorg Schlaich, "Forward On Architects And Engineers", Shells For Architecture, 2 (2014), 8 - 11, 21 - 23.

3. Jรถrg Schlaich and Mike Schlaich, "Lightweight Structures."

B.1

Precedent Sky Reflector Ne

The transit hub’s atrium rises 34 m and is topped by a conical dome centered on the concourse below.

The central architectural concept of redirecting natural light deep into the transit environment culminates in the design of the dome’s interior and a new integrated artwork titled Sky Reflector-Net, a collaboration with James Carpenter Design Associates, Grimshaw, and Arup, with form-finding by Schlaich Bergermann und Partner, commissioned by MTA Arts & Design and MTA Capital Construction Company.

Reflective Infill Panels: (Perforated Alumnium rhombus)

Universal Cruciform Connector: (896 pcs)

Aluminum Panels: (952 pcs)

All components of the connector; armatures, bolt & swages were individually modelled as discrete parts and then assembled into a single component.

The perforation adds attributes to the Aluminum Panels: Considering Density & Size of circular holes - Flexible to bend.

- Control quantity of light reflected - Permit passage of interior air currents - Reduce load on cable net system 4 Joints: - Top: pin fed through a standard hole - Bottom: determines the angle of panels - Left & Right: Oversized to allow independent movement from changes in temperature or air pressure from large air intake grills at its midpoint. *Perforated Aluminum Panels can be used for my own Student Precinct Proposal.

Each Cruciform Connector comprises a horizontal & a vertical armature, linked by a bolt at the mid point and set between swaged cable pairs.

et

In realising the final structure, we always compromise between design and construction, for nature appear to be much more complicated than how we anticipate it during the design stage. Unlike the Sky Reflector Net, the Olympic Pavilion chose to compromise on design, whereas Arup, the structural consultant for the Sky Reflector Net in contrast, found the final form based on the designed geometry.

1. Grimshaw Architects, "Fulton Centre, New York, NY, USA", Grimshaw.Global, 2018 <https://grimshaw.global/projects/fulton-center/> [Accessed 16 April 2018].

2. "Fulton Center / Grimshaw", Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/780271/fulton-center-grimshaw> [Accessed 11 April 2018].

3. Yuka Yoneda, "Fulton Center LEED-Seeking Landmark Transit Hub Unveiled In Lower Manhattan", Inhabitat.Com, 2018 <https://inhabitat.com/nyc/fulton-center-leed-seeking-landmark-transit-hub-unveiled-in-lower-manhattan/> [Accessed 11 April 2018].

4. Shapiro, Gideon Fink, Archlighting.Com, 2015 <http://www.archlighting.com/projects/sky-reflector-net-at-the-fulton-center_o> [Accessed 11 April 2018]

Computational Modelling

Form-finding

Iterations

Measuring success: judging the iterations.

Forces applied (Varying the numerical parameters) to each segment of a pair of steel cables, as each of those segments would experience unique load.

Force values are tested and is either smaller or larger than what is desired to achieve originally designed structural form.

The displacement of nodes is measured against the desired architectural geometry as force values applied in each pair of cables are changed in every iteration.

Prestressed redistribution of those forces results in self-adjusting forms/outcomes that are different from the original geometry.

Second Form-finding Arup developed Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that self corrects data and re-apply them to form-finding process to produce a total of 113 iterations until the desired one is found.

Zak Kostura, Erin Morrow and Ben Urick, "The Fulton Center: Design Of The Cable Net", The Arup Journal 2/2013, 2018, 74-83.

Geometry output

Design for conditions

Documentation

Prototyping 1:1

The validated architectural geometry was tabulated and presented as a set of Cartesian node co-ordinates.

*The aluminum panels are non-structural, any environmental factors that would most dramatically affect the shape of the cable net must be identified and considered. Fail to do so can cause Aluminum panels to take loads and fall off from above peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heads.

Hybrid documentation; embracing prescriptive design and integrating performance criteria.

The panels & tension rods are of unique geometries.

The connector components had unique locations.

Though uncalled for, the manufacturer numbered those elements to eliminate potential confusion.

Interior air currents: the magnitude of this air pressure is modelled by ANSYS, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling software.

Environmental conditions were superimposed to generate 815 unique load combinations. The scenario which caused the greatest change in shape of the cable net advised the final design of Aluminium Panels.

The working environment promoted open dialogue on potential construction issues.

Nodes were given unique identifies, tabulated and presented in the contract drawings with explicit 3-D co-ordinates.

For tensioning, the drawings conveyed to the contractor the precise force to be applied to each boundary element.

The mock-up is assembled in a rent warehouse and lifted by crane in a field, the procedure assimilates what takes place in real construction.

The Music Pavilion - Frei Otto and other saddles.

Structurally speaking, it is a piece of tensile membrane fixed by 4 anchor points, reinforced by thin ridge beams.

Simulation by Kangaroo

It is relatively simple and easy to replicate with parametric tools such as Grasshopper. As demonstrated, there are many replicants of this project built all over the world, the tensile-membrane structure has become a classic pedagogy of parametric design.

Crucial Grasshopper Components Mesh edges: determines all the line segments on a mesh for you.

Anchor (Points): assign the points on mesh that must be fixed.

Length (Line): allow adjustment of strength or directly the lengths of each line segments.

Kangaroo Solver: the essential component which takes information and put them together to produce a shape of mesh that assimilates design intent.

The Kangaroo Solver treats the mesh as a collection of line segments and allows the designer to control their length and strength as adjustable parameters which would effect the shape of the saddle.

The Kangaroo Solver also allows adjustment of the strength which the mesh corners are pulled towards the anchor points.

Put it simply, the resulting shape of the mesh is an equalibrium where the lengths of line segments is found by the balance between a list of forces.

This is beneficial because it closely assimilates real-world physics.

A lot of methods are available for finding the form of tensile cones. Those structures can consist of membrane, cable-nets or both.

The soup bubble method can find a tensile cone with minimal surface (ultimate structural efficiency) Grasshopper, accompanied with the Kangaroo plug-in & other mesh tools also provide a parametric solution for form-finding.

Simulation by Kangaroo

In this part, Xinying and I explored the options provided by computation and developed our technical knowledge on parametric design based on the grasshopper definition precedent - â&#x20AC;&#x153;tensile_coneâ&#x20AC;?, a standard tensile cone cable-net model that provides all fundemental knowledge on how to make a similar design in the digital environment.

The assimilation of the tensile cone is quite similar to the saddle, however it requires new definition for openings to become the anchor.

There are many ways to do this but essentially, the rim of the opening is extracted as a curve and at least 20-30 points on this curve is defined as the anchor points to make sure the mesh is appropriately attached to this ring.

We also found that the closer it gets to the ring, the denser the mesh becomes to adapt its shape.

Ca s e S t u d y 1.0

B.2

Tensile Cone - full of potential

Anchor Points

(Shape/Position/Quantities)

Selection Criteria

Base Mesh

Shading Coverage Beautiful, intriguing Spatial potential & flexibility

(Shape)

arIatIon

The idea of shading, casual studying area were all over the place. Xinying and I would liked to think out of the conventional, we wanted it to be a a place to chill, but one that serves a unique purpose; such as a bookstore. It has always been a funny thing on the university campus, that it is hard to find a place where it is comfortable and suitable for reading, to just chill and enjoy the nice scent of acedamic environment in the air.

Materiality: Steel cables but with strength/diammeter specifications corresponding to each scenario, determined by the length/strain data that could be extracted from the parametric model.

Based on the selection criteria, the above 4 results are considered as the best outcomes by Xinying and I .

Brief Summary & Speculate upon Design Potential: When getting those Iterations, we considered also how the structures can be anchored and how the structure could adapt the site contour, and how it could evolve to echo with the characteristics of that of the site.

During this exercise, we found that it was much harder to get a clean mesh for irregular tensile cone structures than saddle or single-hole cones. Given time constraints and technical difficulties, this will surely limit our options in making future decisions in the following stages, considering prototyping in particular.

atrIx

Ca s e S t u d y 1.0

Function: Bookstore & Reading Space Requirements: Good shading, flexible space (to be able defined by users), an interesting look/ wanting people to stay.

B.2

Ca s e S t u d y 2.0 The primary function of the Olympic Roof is to shelter the visitors below from weather and to provide coverage over some sitting spaces. Beyond this however, the piece of architecture also serves as a diplomatic device which is to gain international respect for Germany during the Post World War II period. As a result, the structure also needs to demonstrate German aesthetics and sophisticated technology.

B.3

The Olympic Pavilion was a success and won much appreciation by the visitors and critics. Structurally speaking however, there are diverse views on its finished form. As Frei Otto and his physical model failed to provided accurate enough data on cutting pattern, Klaus Linkwitz solved this issue by using what we might now see as an early form of computation. Though the structure would have not been possible without any of theirs work, computation offended Frei Otto as it generated a form that is not optimum.

Architecturally speaking: the structure was a success.

Structurally speaking: though no one was completely satisfied with the outcome, they all agreed that technical gains were positive.

Introducing the Project – How it is produced in the real world

The design-construction method was traditional, though new techniques were employed to solve extremely difficult issues.

The process was briefly this: 1. Nice sketches & a model with stressed panty nets designed by Behnish.

2. A team of engineers tried to evaluate the potential & feasibility of the design.

3. Production of Frei Otto’s physical model 4. Measurement of Frei Otto’s physical model, which failed to provide all accurate data.

5. Linkwitz (Computer scientist) proposed his computation method, developed based on his essay in 1961.

6. His solution was accepted and provided the rest of the accurate data.

7. About 5000 drawings were required for construction, as each cable needed about 10 drawings.

8. Construction of the cable-net system concerned the following essential elements; main cables, anchors, screws at ends of cables (for montage & adjust cable pretension level) Jos Tomlow and others, "Designing And Constructing The Olympic Roof (Munich 1972)", SAGE JOURNALS, 2016 <http://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/full/10.1177/0266351116642078> [Accessed 13 April 2018].

Topology

Properties

Dynamic Relaxation

Elastic Line Segments Tensile Mesh Anchor Points Consider Materiality: Strength & Youngs Modulus of cables Real Material Reference The structure bounces under the effect of a collection of loads, it would gradually come to static as those forces finally reaches equalibrium.

Plexi Glass: Non-load bearing Cut to shape

Finding base points & interpolate CURVE.

Anchors: Complex anchor system

Explode curve & Array points on curve to obtain vertices for mesh construction

Construct mesh from points

Membrane Skin

The reverse engineered form in the grasshopper environment could breifly ressemble what it looks at the real site, however there are some major differences.

Cable Net/Web`

1. Real structure is actually a joined combination of 9 sections instead of a continuous one.

Total Output The Kangaroo Solver gives output of mesh & curves in a combined form & vertices where line segments joins

Find bottom anchor points via Naked Boundaries on the mesh

2. There are 2 top anchor points at each section in stead of 1.

3. Surface is tiled by flexiglas instead of a continuous membrane.

Find Top anchor points by extracting them from the mesh vertices & translate them in the positive direction on the Z-xis

Olympic Roof

B.3

Grasshopper Output

Plug anchors, mesh edge length, the base mesh in the Bouncy Solver and obtain result. (Curves + Mesh)

Iteration 01

Tectonic

Iteration 02

Iteration 03

Iteration 04

Iteration 05

Iteration 06

Anchor Points

(Shape/Position/Quantities)

Technique Development In this new experimentations in Part.B3 & B4, we have discovered new potential in generative approaches which allows us to push for more diverse and demanding selection criterias. Our growing familiarity to use grasshopper has also allowed us to spare the mind to think beyond the form itself, such as construcability.

Selection Criteria (Updated) Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic In those iterations, we saw how anchor points could greatly effect, or even completely change the shape of meshes. The potential of the size and types of anchor points is recognized through this process of discovery, which will surely provide us crucial knowledge in developing our own proposal in the student precinct.

Furthermore, we have also attempted to alter the surface geometry of the membranes; for example, the little pyramids created in iteration 05 provided us light in rethinking the membrane surface as more than just a loft across the mesh, but they could have their own identities & characteristics.

B.4

We have also attempted tesselation/patterning in iteration 06, further exploring what we could do with cladding & surfaces. Some really intricate patterns were produced.

Considering Succ Membrane/Flat-Panel Cladding

This iteration was an attempt to assimilate those tensile projects which one could easily find off the streets.

You can call it relatively traditional, but its a safe choice. Its aesthetic quality, constructability and so on are all already approved widely by the public and the industry.

This is also not a bad starting point to move onto something that could be a little bit more radical.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

UFO

This iteration emphasis on symmetry, an approach that is not quite commonly taken when considering the form of tensile structures, as its sole benefit is to produce beautiful irregular structures.

However, this simple form coincides the image of an UFO, making is look futuristic.

The left/right arms extends as flat objects, which means this roof membrane must be lifted to above gound. This will greatly effect its acoustic performance.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

cessful Outcomes Patterning

Pneumatic

This shape reminds me of pneumatic form-finding method. Although it is usually used for a concrete shell, we could also use this method to assist finding the form of a tensile membrane built on cable nets and ridge beams.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

Patterning is perhaps the most intricate and beautiful outcome of all iterations made. Apart from that, it provides reasonably good shading and large enclosed space.

All good traits which a bookstore/reading space should have.

This is just to speculate on construction and by no means we are shifting from tensile structure to compressive structure.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

Considering Materiality Panel Cross-Section

Unrolled in Grasshopper

Plan view Brocken lines indicate where panel bends

The panels can now be laser-cutted from flat sheeted materials such as Polyproplyene, which is translucent and bendable.

Panels

Materials List

Materials Criteria

From the digital model, each panel is not flat in place but slightly bent. As a result, they cannot be directly fabricated stright off whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s on the model.

Bendable/Melleable Translucent Easy to lazer cut Reasonably strong under tension

Polyproplyene 900 x 600 x 0.6mm White Translucent Cable Ties 100 x 2.5mm Black & White *Wanted to use Hair Bends but they were too elastic and not aesthetically appealing.

when

Thin Metal Wire (Metal Thread) Diameter <1mm

Easy to attach Flexibility for adjustment Reasonably thin

Hole 5.8mm

when

Connectors Reasonably strong under tension

6 sides Hexagon

Assembly Panels (32 pieces/pavilion) are joined by cable ties:

Prototyping

B.5

1

First Loosely connected.

Assembly by hand

Orientation

2

Tighten-up after fixing to the anchor points to find final shape.

We only have two hands and cannot tighten every cable tie simultaneously; Wilson, David & I could only tighten them one by one. How much we need to tighten-up those cable ties in order get desired form is completely judged by eyeballing, and as a result of this, the connectors are inevitably either too tight or too loose.

Although the panels are numbered, their orientations must be judged by comparing to the digital model.

This greatly increased time cost & frequency which error occurs.

Numbering 1

Numbered onto the panel geometry before Laser-cutting.

2

Outcome: Laser penetrated panels or melted the local area.

3

We had to mannually number each panel with pencils.

Poles - Foamboard Connection

Panels Connections 1

Cable ties width = 2.5mm.

(78 strings/pavilion)

2

Holes set to be ~ 5.8mm considering the inaccuracies that may occur by CNC machine and by hand when assemblying the model.

3

The holes turned out to be too big and caused error due to excessive flexibility between panels.

1

We knew foamboards are not strong enough to keep poles in place so we bought nuts and washers to give mechanical support.

2

Painful Lesson: although the poles & nuts we bought are both specified as M6, they failed to match. The problem could be due to the different manufacturer brands or there are other specifications which we failed to consider.

1

Digital File Set-up for fabrication

Panels are unrolled in grasshopper and distributed as 2-D objects across a pre-set laser-cutting template. Example shown above.

2

Panels Laser - Cutted Materials Sourced

Taped to prevent falloffs.

Later, we found this wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a worry.

All the rest of the materials are sourced from Bunnings.

3

Remove Panels

One set of the panels were particularly poorly cut and we had to remove them mannually using a cutting knife.

Below is a typical panel removed and properly cleaned.

4

Assembly

We should have expected, that polyproplyene could not stand the heat by laser, the numbering on each panels melted and numbered the panels mannually.

Following the numbering & digital model, connecting panel by panel mannually.

What could be improved Our inexperience on CNC fabrication caused inconvenience; especially that we could have done better to let the machines to do the panel numberings for us.

Cartesian co-ordinates: data for the position of poles.

5

Attach to poles

6

Adjust Cable Ties

The speed which we assemble the model could also be increased by planning out an effective workflow strategy so the team could function like that of a automobile assemblying line for example.

3-D printing: Better accuracy with shape & holes, but the panels it produces may be less bendable and translucent due to a much narrower choices of materials.

The 4 sides of the panel are first fixed by thin steel wires.

Find the final form by tightening the cable ties.

At each corner, two wires are fixed to an anchor point on the corresponding pole.

The cable ties are trimmed to give clean bottom surface.

The wires tighten up the 4 boundaries of each canopy and force panels into correct positions.

Bending/Stretching

Sagging

The model is tested with point loads (applied by one finger tip) and withstood reasonable force with out failure.

The model is also made to sag by decreasing the horizontal distances between anchor points.

The pavilion retained reasonable rigidities and no destructive deformation is observed.

Testing prototype Under designed conditions

As the pavilions are subjected to wind load or significant temperature change, the structure has the tendency to sag, bend, stretch and so on. The prototype also allows designers to test the designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structural capability in handling those conditions.

High Tension

Materiality

The translucen most of the li tinted pattern below them. I projection of t pavilion.

Detail Prototype

nt panels transmitts ight, producing a n on the ground It is also an artistic the tectonic of the

Sagging (Detail)

1:5 Model - Structural Detail & Connetion Material: Polycarbonate Sheeting & Panel

Zenith Wire Rope Grip

B.6 Proposal

Presentatio

Research field:

The University of Melbou

Lightweight Tensile New Studen Structure

Team Members Wilson Carol Xinying Charley Triton David

on

Current needs • Suitable spaces for contemporary student • Improve poor quality spaces • Keep pace with comparable institutions

urne

nt Precinct

Proposal  Activate the site as a 24/7 study space  Adequate sun shading for a conducive study environment  Aesthetically attractive space befitting of a top university

Design Concept

To create an innovative and conducive informal study space to provide an enriching student experience

Site Analysis Site Analysis is essential before starting to consider the design. It gives us knowledge of the site that will guide us choice. A few criteria must be included in the site analysis for it to become benificial. In this case, we included: Circulation diagram - to study where the main stream of circulation occurs, which also tells us which places are uninhabited or used as sitting. Etc. This guides the orientation & location and the form of our proposal.

Vegetation - where shading is provided and where perhaps people likes to sit, as this behaviour is proved by psychological experiments.

Existing buildings - this tells us the 3-D shape of our site, the planning and where we could put our proposal. This also identifies where the heritage buildings are.

Design Proposal Plan

The plan and elevation demonstrates the location, size and the relationship of our proposal to the site. By using colour and shadow, we have also demonstrated some depth within those illustration.

A short coming, which our team regretably fail to consider, is that we perhaps included too much site context in those drawings and maybe more details of our proposal can/should be shown.

Elevation

Section

Fabrication

One completed Pavilion:

Testing bendability & tensile strength before atta

Cutting unwanted edges

In progress:

ached to anchors

Final Touch-up Tightenging Cable Ties

Bill Of Quantities Total Material Costs $178.87 Hook & Eye 3% Aluminium Open Otter 3%

Cable Ties 13% Laser-Cutting 27%

Screw Zenith 5% Threaded Rod 15% Screws, nut, washer 10%

Knauf Insulaltion Board 24%

Planning & Distribution of workloads

Making the Rhino Model

Site Analysis 3D Rendering Plan

Design Proposal

Section Elevation

Timeline

Materiality

Wilson – Introduction & Field of Research, Plan, 1:50 Model Carol – Site Analysis & 3-D Rendering, Assistant Team Manager Xinying – Elevation & Section, Design Proposal Charley – Site Model 3-D, Team Manager, 1:50 Model, Bill of Quantities Triton – Design Proposal, 1:1 Model, Grasshopper David – 1:50 Model, Design Proposal, Grasshopper, Laser-Cutting

Model Assembly Task Force

Summaries INNOVATION: The main field of study for our team is cable net. As I have stated in B.2., we have discovered, that in the Grasshopper environment, the Kangaroo plug-in treats the cable net as a collection of independent line segments which is each of an unique length and under a certain amount of stress.

This has inspired us to think: why not replace some of those wires as panels? Panels that work under tensile stress just like a cable in a sense.

With this idea in mind, we set out and obtained what we have now.

Conceptual & Technical Achievements: It was an innovation, though we are certainly not the first, we are some of the early ones to experiment with this.

Technical achievements mainly include an overall successful digital design & fabrication process, which we have never experienced before. To summarise the pros & cons in this, we found that digital fabrication is amazingly fast, but inevitably, we will still have to use our hands to complete the prototype. Time is reduced to fabricate the pieces, but extra time costs occured because we need to set up the file for CNC. This time cost may reduce as we get familiar with this proces.

Final Selection Criteria: After we carefully studied the site, we found a few elements which cannot be violated, thus we adjusted our selection criteraand constructed sound brief requirements.

1. No more acoustic considerations. Circulation is first priority, we cannot have an enclosed space in the middle to disrupt pedestrian traffic. It was too difficult to compromise on both.

2. Increased patterning considerations. The structure is the shading itself, hence it is passed through by intense sunlight during afternoons, this works like a projector; producing beautiful pattern on the ground. This is a part of the architectural aspect of our proposal.

Potential Improvements

1:5 Model: Connector should use Cable Management Turnbuckle, which works along its horizontal axis. Unlike what we used, which worked like a cable tie, we have to pull along on the Normal axis to which the connecting direction is.

This is no mere alteration on models, it means we need a conceptual shift on how we think about our connectors. There will be much more factors to consider.

Rendering: From our perspective, the rendering was a success in terms of demonstrating our design and its relationship with the site context.

However, it appeared to the critics that we have not shown sufficient image of our proposal. This will be improved.

Normal Axis

Direction of Panel connection

Direction of Panel connection No pulling action on normal axis involved

B.7 Learning Objectives & Outc Learning Objectives of Studio Air: It is not so much about following the rigid rules of what must be included in this journal; but I always thought it is more important to understand the holistic image of this learning process. I always ask myself this question: what am I actually learning, how do I make sure I retain as much of the knowledge as possible after the completion of this subject and how could it become a real part of me instead of being an independent block of experience I had in the past. I believe every step I take in studying Studio Air contributes to the much greater course of me becoming a better human being and become a great architect in the future.

My performance: I have always had a unique logic in understanding things, this caused me great trouble in providing what should be shown in assignments. However, after Part.B. I have found my compromisation with the rules requirements. I have learnt to use the headers to inform myself what is the focus here, whereas in the past, I would always ignore them and go straight to reading the specific outlines. As a matter of fact, I always looked down on acedemic scores system since they could be quite subjective and unfair, and whatever the approach I took was almost always based on TRUE performance. After Part.B. I had a better attitude towards thre acedemic system and saw how they could make my life much easier. The Part.B. journal was by no means an ordinary assignment to me, there was a little revolution going on inside of me.

comes The effect of Research Acedemic research is one of the best way to learn. In studying the precedents, I looked at their process from design all the way to how they realise the project. With great joy and fascination, I found that the process which some of the best architects go through corresponds exactly to what is advised on the subject guide. I found I could understand the reasons behind many of their thinkings and decisions; the techniques they employed and the troubles they went through proved to be extremely useful to my cause. In particular, the prototyping of the Sky Reflector Net & how Grim Shaw Architects designed the connectors of between Aluminum panels and the cable net have taught me much on what to consider for prototyping and fabrication.

After Part.B., I have also gained a much more sophisticated knowledge on how to use research to provide myself of what I want. I am fully confident this will benefit me for the rest of my life.

Parametric Design Skills I obtained after Part.B. In the beginning, it was frustration. However, the process of finding iterations let me perservere and explore the potential of parametric tools. It was never enough to understand what grasshopper is, but it was absolutely necessary to apply this understanding and refine it and sometimes correct it during the process of using, because it was the only way to make the knowledge meaningful to our brain and to discover all the necessary details & logics of grasshoper.

In particular, I now have considerable knowledge on the Kangaroo 2 plug-in and I know exactly how to make it work. I really appreciated this experience.

B.7

Algorithmic Sketchbook

Fluid by Field

Shark Fin Stadium

The Double Pintch

Reference Architects, Grimshaw, “Fulton Centre, New York, NY, USA”, Grimshaw.Global, 2018 <https://grimshaw.global/projects/ fulton-center/> [Accessed 16 April 2018] Curl, James Stevens, A Dictionary Of Architecture And Landscape Architecture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) “Fulton Center / Grimshaw”, Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/780271/fulton-center-grimshaw> [Accessed 11 April 2018] Gideon Fink Shapiro, Archlighting.Com, 2015 <http://www.archlighting.com/projects/sky-reflector-net-at-the-fultoncenter_o> [Accessed 11 April 2018].

Kostura, Zak, Erin Morrow, and Ben Urick, “The Fulton Center: Design Of The Cable Net”, The Arup Journal 2/2013, 2018, 74-83 Schlaich, Jörg, and Mike Schlaich, “Lightweight Structures” Schlaich, Jorg, “Forward On Architects And Engineers”, Shells For Architecture, 2 (2014), 8 - 11, 21 – 23 Tomlow, Jos, Hochschule Zittau, Hochschule Görlitz, and Theodor Körner Allee, “Designing And Constructing The Olympic Roof (Munich 1972)”, SAGE JOURNALS, 2016 <http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0266351116642078> [Accessed 13 April 2018]