Han_Yicheng_834659_FinalJournal

Studio

AIR Journal

Yicheng Han Tutor Alessandro Luiti

“THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS ARCHITECTURE.” - LOUIS. I. KAHN

I NEVER FIGURED I WOULD DO ARCHITECTURE. THE TERM WAS NEVER FORMALLY INTRODUCED TO ME BEFORE I ENTERED THE UNIVERSITY. BUT I WAS SUFFERING AND STRUGGLING IN YEARS OF SOLITUDE. SO I PUT HOPE IN ARCHITECTURE AS I STRONGLY BELIEVED, THAT THROUGH STUDYING IT, MANY OF MY QUESTIONS COULD BE ANSWERED, AND IT VERY MUCH DID. I FOUND BUILDINGS ARE CARRIERS OF THOUGHTS AND DREAMS, THEY INHERIT THEIR CREATORS’ STRONG SOUL & TENACIOUS HOPE. EVERY PROPERLY TRAINED ARCHITECT IS A HERO TO THIS WORLD, WE EACH HAVE ENORMOUS RESPONSIBILITIES TO SAVE THE PLANET, AS DESIGN IS UNFORTUNATELY ONE OF THE FEW LINE OF DEFENCE REMAINING AGAINST OUR OWN DESTRUCTION.

“CITY SMART” - AA SHANGHAI VISITING SCHOOL DURING THE “CITY SMART” PROGRAM, WE WORKED IN GROUPS AND WENT THROUGH A DESIGN PROCESS THAT INCLUDED “DEEP LEARNING” CODES DEVELOPED BY OUR MENTOR IMMANUEL KOH USING PYTHON. THE “DEEP LEARNING” MODEL:

DESIGN INPUT: A COLOURED CITY PATTERN DESIGNED BY AN ARCHITECT, INTENDING TO PRODUCE A REALISTIC RENDER BASED ON IT. DESIGN OUTPUT: A REALISTIC RENDER OF THE DESIGN INPUT. A DEMONSTRATION OF AN ARCHITECT’S INTENT. TRAINING DATA: INFORMS THE CODE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INPUT AND GIVES GUIDELINE TO WHAT OUTPUT SHOULD LOOK LIKE IN TERMS OF COLOUR CHARACTERISTICS. AS DEMONSTRATED, THE COLOUR OF ONE OF THE TRAINING IMAGE MUST MATCH WITH THE INPUT’S, SO THE CODE WON’T MESS UP DIFFERENT ELEMENTS. THE CODE UNDERGOES A “DEEP LEARNING” PROCESS AND WORKS THE IMAGE FROM A LARGE SCALE DOWN TO FINE PIXELS. A RENDERED OUTPUT IS OBTAINED AT THE END OF THE PROCESS. THE OUTPUT IS THEN PLUGGED INTO PROCESSING TO GENERATE TOPOLOGICAL DATA.

USING DOCKER, THE FILE WAS MADE AVAILABLE TO RUN IN GRASSHOPPER AND GENERATED A 3D MODEL. AFTER THIS POINT, THE DIGITAL MODEL GOT SENT TO 3-D PRINTING AND COMPUTER RENDERING IN KEYSHOT.

Introduction Back in 15 BCE, Vitruvius made the case that an architect should:

“be educated, skillful with the pencil, instructed in geometry, know much history, have followed the philosophers with attention, understand music, have some knowledge of medicine, know the opinions of jurists, and be acquainted with astronomy and the theory of the heavens.’

Throughout human history, however, the role of an architect has been growing more and more specialised. Though Vitruvius’s statement still applies today and certainly more skills were added to the list, now we have construction engineers, urban planners, civil engineers, geotechnical engineers, internal designers. Etc. who take jobs which were all done by only one person back in the ancient times - an architect.

However, Modern Architecture has dispersed the role of an architect, even leaving the internal space design to internal designers whereas architects are mostly responsible for only the appearance of the buildings now.

For architects, this has shifted the meaning of “design” and started to put extra emphasis on cultures and environmental sustainability. Etc. As a result, the “art” in architecture starts to reflect more intentions from “design”; introducing new, modern aesthetics values to the society.

The emergence of new global issues demand architects to take more problems into consideration while designing, including environmental ethics. Therefore, new tools and techniques, and theories are created to help architects to do this.

“Computation” have allowed architects to integrate their design with practise with tighter control, and making the modelling of meaningful, real-world scenarios possible.

“Grasshopper” extends the function of Rhino by digitising the BIM process and provide the possibility for realistic simulations to architectural applications with fully controlled parametric algorithm.

C O

N T E N T

PART A. CONCEPTUALISATION A.1 Design Futuring A.2 Design Computation A.3 Composition/Generation A.4 Conclusion A.5 Learning Outcome A.6. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketchbook

PART B. CONCEPTUALISATION B.1. Research Field B.2. Case Study 1.0 B.3. Case Study 2.0 B.4. Technique: Development B.5.Technique: Prototypes B.6.Technique: Proposal B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes B.8. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketchebook

PART C. Detailed Design C.1. Design Concept C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes C.3. Final DETAIL Model C.4. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

Figure. 1. POMPIDOU_METZ_319. 1

A.1. Design Futuring

CENTRE POMPIDOU-

Figure. 2. POMPIDOU_METZ_292. 3

Inspired by two precedential architectural ideas; the “Bilbao Effect” & Renovation of old industrial architectre, Shigeru Ban seek to accomodate the advantages present by those ideas while discarding their weaknesses. In effect, he wants to “architecturally leaving a deep impression with visitors” without sacrificing the perfomative aspects and aim to provide “ease of displaying and viewing art”.

Figure. 2. Level_08_Plan_copia. 2

Inspired by the traditional woven Chinese hat, the roof structure was realised with long stretched, continuous Leminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) members. This creates a “hat” above the main art display blocks and creates open space for large, temporary art to display.

Sitting in an significant historical area, the architecture also aims to establish contextual continuation with the city. “Thee picture window of the uppermost Gallery Tube 3 frames the view to the cathedral, the symbol of Metz, and Gallery Tube 2 frames the central station.” The station was an important part of the city’s history, a monument in the neo-Romanesque style during a period when Metz was under German occupation.

This proposal was the winner of its competition for Centre Pompidou-Metz and was built.

Figure. 4. Watercube-6. 4

A.1. Design Futuring

THE “WATER

Figure. 5. Watercube-2. 5

Figure. 6. Watercube-4. 6

PTW was one of the 10 nominated architectural firms that were invited to join the limited competition to design the 2008 Olympic Swimming Centre. They were confronted by the following major issues: 1. Technical issues including protecting structural elements from a corrosive atmosphere inside.

2. An expectation to do something unique, such as the “bird’s nest” next to it.

Inspired by the soup bubbles form-finding technique, the form of “water cube” is highly efficient and is achieved by an outer skin of steel-framed ETFE membrane surface.

One thing to take away from this architecture is how PTW accomplished structural feasibility AFTER their design was accepted. Their work was a true reflection of contemporary design process, where architects are also software engineers when it is required. The PTW group developed new software to help with the “optimization process” and obtained “remarkably efficient” results which made their whole production process became automated Overall, the “water cube” was outstanding in its structural and architectural performance, taking much benefit of the ETFE material; a material that is much lighter but have better thermol performance than singlep-glazed glass, a material that protects the steel frame from corrosion, and a material that could even clean itself everytime after it rains.

Not only this was one of the most successful example of using innovative material and design process, but it also inspired many architecture that came after it.

Figure. 7. Kimbell Museum Fort Worth

A.2. Design Computation

THE KIMBELL ART MUSEUM

The Kimbell Museum features its shells which are not only crucial elements for the distribution of light to internal space, but are also lightweight structures and overall a thin piece of curved concrete where it is thicker at the edges and increasingly thinner as it evolves towards the middle, minimising unnecessary material & weight.

However, for a unique and great mind such as Kahn, it was difficult for everyone to have the same picture as he did in mind and the structural engineer doubted greatly the structural soundness of the shells and suggested altering the shape and increase thickness. For Kahn, this was about changing the architectural language and would have severely damaged the lighting and spatial quality. Luckily, Kahn was able to agree upon some minor changes that did not cause too much destruction on the architectural qualities of the shells.

Not to mention COMPUTATION, back then they did not even have COMPUTERISATION, the way to communicate design is purely based on drawings and the explanation by architects.

Figure. 8. Richard. F Brown, the first director of Kimbell Museum, looking at the drawings

If this happened at the digital age, Kahn and the engineer would have been able to run a load simulation to prove the structural soundness.

Figure. 7. Screenshot from the movie “Louis Kahn Architect�; Kahn trying hard to explain shell structure.

This provided a good reference to reflect upon the benefits of COMPUTATION. Traditionally, the responsibility of architects and structural engineers almost never overlap except when changes must be made during construction, causing lots of confusion even to experienced practitioners. When architects fail to explain effectively, there will be discord. COMPUTATION, on the other hand, have allowed both architects and engineers to work on a project simultaneously, there will be much less confusions since most design and construction decisions are made together.

This saves, time, cost and creates new design discoveries and opportunities because designers now have access to a broader network of knowledge more easily.

A.2. Design Computation

MUSEO

Using a complex 3-D Modelling computation design process, the FREE (Fernando Romero EnterprisE) group created a complex form where the internal finishes and external panels are connected by struts which each have unique dimensions. This would have presented a serious engineering challenge before COMPUTATION is introduced, but the digital model created by the architects allowed the Structural engineers Arup “to ensure the 26 curving columns and horizontal steel rings lay on the design surface.� as stated by Fernando Romero and Armando Ramos.

Figure. 12. Structural diagram showing the inner columns of the parking grid, the 28 steel columns, concrete belt, seven steel bracings that take the lateral forces, and the concrete core that takees the gravity force.2

The design of this building employed the idea of COMPUTATION for design and construction, which allowed the architects to solve complex architectural and structural issues that may not be possible in the past.

1. A central digital model allowed architects to work simultaneously on different parts of the building.

This reduced cost of time and everyone could gain clear understanding from unique angles.

2. The use of parametric modelling enabled architects and structural engineers to make real-time changes on the central model. This improved efficiency in collaboration.

3. Innitial analysis of the model showed that 16,000 unique hexagonal panels, which resulted in both cost and fabrication issues. Using Gaussian analysis and parametric modelling techniques developed by Gehry Technologies, FREE was able to categorise panels into groups and standardize their dimensions so that fabrication is a lot easier and cost was reduced.

Figure. 11. Exploded axonometic showing a detail of the facade with a double-layer secondary triodesic structure (green and red) as the support structure for the hexagonal panels.1

A.3. Composition/Generation

Deitingen Sued Raststaette Schalendach

Figure 15: Latex rubber form-finding model for the Sicli SA factory shell in Geneva (Photograph: John Chilton)

Figure 16: Series of form-finding models for Isler’s standard typically 17.75 or 18.6 m wide x 48 m long tennis hall shells.

(Photograph: John Chilton)

Highway service area Deitingen south, triangle concrete cupola roofs of the Swiss civil engineer Heinz Isler, built 1968 presented at the first conference of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, in Madrid, in September 1959 Heinz Isler introduced three non-conventional form-finding methods for shells, one of which he perceived as the most satisfactory , is the hanging cloths reversed (i.e. fabric forming) method.

He also acknowledged that although this technique can be used directly to form small to medium scale objects, it is not feasible for the long-span shells. However, it can be utilized for their form-finding.

Through out the development of this form-finding technique, Isler realised a few advantages and disadvantages: Advantage: 1. Easy to make rough calculations about the feasibility of models, as Isler himself said: “while walking between my study and the tea room.� This saves much time and helps to make quick and correct form selection.

2. For small to medium scale projects, forms could be directly obtained.

3. Model could be easily adjusted to avoid buckling under compressive stress near the supports where load is concerntrated, whereas traditional geometrically determmined shells, such as hyperbolic paraboloids would necessitate the incorporation of edge beams.

4. Construction, cost, statics.

5. Now standing at the point of 21st century, another advantage would be not requiring computation for this reasonablly complex light shell structure.

Disadvantage: 1. Cannot be used for large scale/very long spans.

2. The shape of model is influenced by fabric weaves and orientation of boundaries. Though this is resolved by using a selected highquality latex rubber membrane which has consistent isotropic properties, this formwork must be removed everytime when an accurate measurement needs to be obtained.

A.3. Composition/Generation

Munich Olympic Pavilion 1968-72

Figure. 20.frei-otto-knotty-architecture

Figure. 17. Small wire model used by Klaus Linkwitz for testing his initial computer-based calculation methods for cable nets in winter 1969/170.

Source: Photo kindly send to the author by Klaus Linkwitz for this article.

Figure. 18. View from ground on air struts in a model of an Olympic Stadium variant at the Institut fßr leichte Flächentragwerke (IL), now ILEK. Source: Photo Jos Tomlow 2015.

The Olympic Roof built in 1972 is a tensile structure created with form-finding models & numerical calculation method. This project presents not only a high value for studying tensile lightweight structure, but is also a milestone that recorded technical evolutions in architectural/structural design processes.

“At the start of building the engineers registered that the technical models of Frei Otto team could not bring exact data for (all) cutting patterns, which was a crucial problem. Both Argyris and linkwitz delivered feasible computational methods for calculating cable lengths and joint locations.”

After the main architect, Gunther Behnisch’s design was credited as the winning proposal, Frei Otto entered the design team to propose a feasible structural solution for the roof.

Initally, Frei Otto attempted to simulate real-world structural conditions by creating a physical technical model, with not only the size proportional to what would be the real construction, but also a close simulation of the behaviour of cables when they experience change in forces. This cable-net system however, involves tricky decisions on such as the pretension of cables and demands high precision of calculation and engineering.

Frei Otto’s physical model for form finding and cutting patterns in scale 1:125 involved inevitable inaccuracies in its making: 1. “Studentsxvii and professionals soldering by hand could easily bring errors of ±1 mm, which projected to about 4 cm in the real structure.”

2. “The ready models had to be measured, a process in which additional errors could possibly occur.”

The main issue caused by this, as quoted before, is inaccuracy in cutting patterns. Klaus Linkwitz, who was responsible for measuring the models suffered from heavy critcism by other design team members for not measuring the models effectively and correctly. Under great pressure, later with his colleagues, Linkwitz developed a computer-based calculation methods and tested on a simple physical model they made. The results was successful and a break-through of the design process was established and Linkwitz was asked to work according to his method.

Considering the design process, the significance of COMPUTATION was recognised and it seemed to be the one that saved the day. However, the following comments by Jos Tomlow should be noted and afterall, it is a successful integartion between form-finding method and computational calculations; “In the course of this design, only in few cases, one could rely on the models of 1:125 since they lacked for other cases a proper dimensional accuracy. However, without the model work, no feasible design for the Olympic roofs would have been thinkable.”

A.3. Conclusion We have previously looked at Isler’s geneous work of his hanging cloth reversed form-finding technique, it was only valid for small to medium scale constructions as the requirement for accuracy cannot be fulfilled . Same as that of Frei Otto’s model in this case, though form-finding technique could provide a valid design but becomes inadequate to realise it because the physical model cannot provide accurate enough data for bigger structures.

Hence, the significance of computation was introduced which helped to resolve the engineering crisis in the construction of Olympic roof.

However, the role of computation must be understood more than just a handy tool, its limitations, such as in this case, what Frei Otto has proposed as an most efficient shape was altered in order to obtain structural soundness. Hence, it is important to realise the potential compromisation which computation could cause on architectural language, but then, there is always compromisation no matter what tools we use.

Thanks for the first 3 weeks of research, I have decided to choose cable-net system and perhaps more focused on but not limited to: the floating compression system. The cable net system is an extremely flexible system to be used as either a stand-alone structure type or used to support existing roof or grid shell structures. They are light and aesthetically appealling because of their thin material bodies and could become almost invisible when high up in the sky. The cable net system has also got a lot of potential for development and can support very large spans. As a representitive of modern lightweight structures, this system uses minimum materials and can be designed to achieve optimum efficiency. This flexible, durable and large structural system could be one of the solution for sustainable living and it could provide some thought on mass dwelling construction for refugees as well as construction for modern livings at rural/natural sites. It is at the front line for innovative designs.

A.4. CONCLUSION

A.4. Conclusion

A.5.LEARNING A.5. Leaning Outcome

Through researching activties taken in Part.

A., the history of the development of COMPUTATION and its roles and forms in contemporary architectureal design process are reasonably understood, along with the “Algorithmic Sketchbook� excercise, insights and experience about parametric design is gained, together providing a solid knowledge foundation for moving onto Part. B. The studyings I did in the first three weeks of the semester have allowed me to escape from a shallow prejudice which I held towards parametric design in the past. Now, thinking back on the projects I have done before, designing the Kahn boathouse by the Yarra river in particular, computation techniques would have enabled me to more quickly and effectively determine the site contours and use them to assist me in deciding the compositions of the building.

A.6. Algorithm Sketchbook

A.6. ALGORITHMIC

Tensile Structure

B.1

Research Field

Structure formed mostly of components acting in tension rather than compression. It might include tents, suspension-bridges, and suspended roofs (all types where weight can determine the form of the structure and its very stability); prestressed membranes and cable-roofs (where form and stability derive from forces in tension created by stressing); and pneumatic structures.

- Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can economically and attractively span large distances.

Air supported structures are a form of tensile structures where the fabric envelope is supported by pressurized air only.

A cable net structure is an example of a tensile structure, i.e. a structure that is stabilised by tension rather than compression.

- My personal focus on tensile structure.

The lightweight spatial structures, the double curved space structures with pure axial stress, called membrane stresses (Fig. 4). These structures are not only extremely light but they also open up a whole new world in architecture, an unsurpassable variety of forms which is not yet exhausted, by no means. Just like bridges, these structures transfer their loads predominantly by compression shells or domes (Fig. 4, left), or by tension cable nets and membranes (right). In between are the plane space structures - the slabs and the space frames.

Lightweight structure is made to be as popular as it is today arguably by Frei Otto and his work. Its irreplacable advantage of being able to span at extremely large distances with very minimum number of supports in the middle is being widely exploited to create modern architecture. However, they are by no means cheap or easy to construct, as they usually demand for high precision and material and construction qualities.

1. James Stevens Curl, A Dictionary Of Architecture And Landscape Architecture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

2. Jorg Schlaich, "Forward On Architects And Engineers", Shells For Architecture, 2 (2014), 8 - 11, 21 - 23.

3. Jรถrg Schlaich and Mike Schlaich, "Lightweight Structures."

B.1

Precedent Sky Reflector Net

he transit hub’s atrium rises 34 m and is topped by a conical dome cenered on the concourse below.

he central architectural concept of redirecting natural light deep into the ansit environment culminates in the design of the dome’s interior and a ew integrated artwork titled Sky Reflector-Net, a collaboration with James Carpenter Design Associates, Grimshaw, and Arup, with form-finding by chlaich Bergermann und Partner, commissioned by MTA Arts & Design and MTA Capital Construction Company.

eflective Infill Panels: (Perforated Alumnium rhombus)

Aluminum Panels: (952 pcs)

he perforation adds attributes to the Aluminum Panels:

Considering Density & Size of circular holes

Flexible to bend.

Control quantity of light reflected Permit passage of interior air currents Reduce load on cable net system Joints:

Top: pin fed through a standard hole Bottom: determines the angle of panels Left & Right: Oversized to allow independent movement from hanges in temperature or air pressure from large air intake grills at s midpoint.

Perforated Aluminum Panels can be used for my own Student Preinct Proposal.

Universal Cruciform Connector: (896 pcs) All components of the connector; armatures, bolt & swages were individually modelled as discrete parts and then assembled into a single component.

Each Cruciform Connector comprises a horizontal & a vertical armature, linked by a bolt at the mid point and set between swaged cable pairs.

In re to b Net Sky

1. Grims <http 2. "Fulto ton-c

3. Yuka 2018 < tan/>

4. Shapi ton-ce

ealising the final structure, we always compromise between design and construction, for nature appear be much more complicated than how we anticipate it during the design stage. Unlike the Sky Reflector t, the Olympic Pavilion chose to compromise on design, whereas Arup, the structural consultant for the y Reflector Net in contrast, found the final form based on the designed geometry.

shaw Architects, "Fulton Centre, New York, NY, USA", Grimshaw.Global, 2018 ps://grimshaw.global/projects/fulton-center/> [Accessed 16 April 2018]. on Center / Grimshaw", Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/780271/fulcenter-grimshaw> [Accessed 11 April 2018].

Yoneda, "Fulton Center LEED-Seeking Landmark Transit Hub Unveiled In Lower Manhattan", Inhabitat.Com, <https://inhabitat.com/nyc/fulton-center-leed-seeking-landmark-transit-hub-unveiled-in-lower-manhat> [Accessed 11 April 2018].

iro, Gideon Fink, Archlighting.Com, 2015 <http://www.archlighting.com/projects/sky-reflector-net-at-the-fulenter_o> [Accessed 11 April 2018]

Computational Modelling

Form-finding

Iterations

Measuring success: judging the iterations.

Forces applied (Varying the numerical parameters) to each segment of a pair of steel cables, as each of those segments would experience unique load.

Force values are tested and is either smaller or larger than what is desired to achieve originally designed structural form.

The displacement of nodes is measured against the desired architectural geometry as force values applied in each pair of cables are changed in every iteration.

Prestressed redistribution of those forces results in self-adjusting forms/outcomes that are different from the original geometry.

Second Form-finding Arup developed Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that self corrects data and re-apply them to form-finding process to produce a total of 113 iterations until the desired one is found.

Zak Kostura, Erin Morrow and Ben Urick, "The Fulton Center: Design Of The Cable Net", The Arup Journal 2/2013, 2018, 74-83.

Geometry output

Design for conditions

Documentation

Prototyping 1:1

The validated architectural geometry was tabulated and presented as a set of Cartesian node co-ordinates.

*The aluminum panels are non-structural, any environmental factors that would most dramatically affect the shape of the cable net must be identified and considered. Fail to do so can cause Aluminum panels to take loads and fall off from above peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heads.

Hybrid documentation; embracing prescriptive design and integrating performance criteria.

The panels & tension rods are of unique geometries.

The connector components had unique locations.

Though uncalled for, the manufacturer numbered those elements to eliminate potential confusion.

Interior air currents: the magnitude of this air pressure is modelled by ANSYS, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling software.

Environmental conditions were superimposed to generate 815 unique load combinations. The scenario which caused the greatest change in shape of the cable net advised the final design of Aluminium Panels.

The working environment promoted open dialogue on potential construction issues.

Nodes were given unique identifies, tabulated and presented in the contract drawings with explicit 3-D co-ordinates.

For tensioning, the drawings conveyed to the contractor the precise force to be applied to each boundary element.

The mock-up is assembled in a rent warehouse and lifted by crane in a field, the procedure assimilates what takes place in real construction.

The Music Pavilion - Frei Otto and other saddles.

Structurally speaking, it is a piece of tensile membrane fixed by 4 anchor points, reinforced by thin ridge beams.

Simulation by Kangaroo

It is relatively simple and easy to replicate with parametric tools such as Grasshopper. As demonstrated, there are many replicants of this project built all over the world, the tensile-membrane structure has become a classic pedagogy of parametric design.

Crucial Grasshopper Components Mesh edges: determines all the line segments on a mesh for you.

Anchor (Points): assign the points on mesh that must be fixed.

Length (Line): allow adjustment of strength or directly the lengths of each line segments.

Kangaroo Solver: the essential component which takes information and put them together to produce a shape of mesh that assimilates design intent.

The Kangaroo Solver treats the mesh as a collection of line segments and allows the designer to control their length and strength as adjustable parameters which would effect the shape of the saddle.

The Kangaroo Solver also allows adjustment of the strength which the mesh corners are pulled towards the anchor points.

Put it simply, the resulting shape of the mesh is an equalibrium where the lengths of line segments is found by the balance between a list of forces.

This is beneficial because it closely assimilates real-world physics.

A lot of methods are available for finding the form of tensile cones. Those structures can consist of membrane, cable-nets or both.

The soup bubble method can find a tensile cone with minimal surface (ultimate structural efficiency) Grasshopper, accompanied with the Kangaroo plug-in & other mesh tools also provide a parametric solution for form-finding.

Simulation by Kangaroo

In this part, Xinying and I explored the options provided by computation and developed our technical knowledge on parametric design based on the grasshopper definition precedent - â&#x20AC;&#x153;tensile_coneâ&#x20AC;?, a standard tensile cone cable-net model that provides all fundemental knowledge on how to make a similar design in the digital environment.

The assimilation of the tensile cone is quite similar to the saddle, however it requires new definition for openings to become the anchor.

There are many ways to do this but essentially, the rim of the opening is extracted as a curve and at least 20-30 points on this curve is defined as the anchor points to make sure the mesh is appropriately attached to this ring.

We also found that the closer it gets to the ring, the denser the mesh becomes to adapt its shape.

Ca s e S t u d y 1.0

B.2

Tensile Cone - full of potential

Anchor Points

(Shape/Position/Quantities)

Selection Criteria

Base Mesh

Shading Coverage Beautiful, intriguing Spatial potential & flexibility

(Shape)

arIatIon

The idea of shading, casual studying area were all over the place. Xinying and I would liked to think out of the conventional, we wanted it to be a a place to chill, but one that serves a unique purpose; such as a bookstore. It has always been a funny thing on the university campus, that it is hard to find a place where it is comfortable and suitable for reading, to just chill and enjoy the nice scent of acedamic environment in the air.

Materiality: Steel cables but with strength/diammeter specifications corresponding to each scenario, determined by the length/strain data that could be extracted from the parametric model.

Based on the selection criteria, the above 4 results are considered as the best outcomes by Xinying and I .

Brief Summary & Speculate upon Design Potential: When getting those Iterations, we considered also how the structures can be anchored and how the structure could adapt the site contour, and how it could evolve to echo with the characteristics of that of the site.

During this exercise, we found that it was much harder to get a clean mesh for irregular tensile cone structures than saddle or single-hole cones. Given time constraints and technical difficulties, this will surely limit our options in making future decisions in the following stages, considering prototyping in particular.

atrIx

Ca s e S t u d y 1.0

Function: Bookstore & Reading Space Requirements: Good shading, flexible space (to be able defined by users), an interesting look/ wanting people to stay.

B.2

Ca s e S t u d y 2.0 The primary function of the Olympic Roof is to shelter the visitors below from weather and to provide coverage over some sitting spaces. Beyond this however, the piece of architecture also serves as a diplomatic device which is to gain international respect for Germany during the Post World War II period. As a result, the structure also needs to demonstrate German aesthetics and sophisticated technology.

B.3

The Olympic Pavilion was a success and won much appreciation by the visitors and critics. Structurally speaking however, there are diverse views on its finished form. As Frei Otto and his physical model failed to provided accurate enough data on cutting pattern, Klaus Linkwitz solved this issue by using what we might now see as an early form of computation. Though the structure would have not been possible without any of theirs work, computation offended Frei Otto as it generated a form that is not optimum.

Architecturally speaking: the structure was a success.

Structurally speaking: though no one was completely satisfied with the outcome, they all agreed that technical gains were positive.

Introducing the Project – How it is produced in the real world

The design-construction method was traditional, though new techniques were employed to solve extremely difficult issues.

The process was briefly this: 1. Nice sketches & a model with stressed panty nets designed by Behnish.

2. A team of engineers tried to evaluate the potential & feasibility of the design.

3. Production of Frei Otto’s physical model 4. Measurement of Frei Otto’s physical model, which failed to provide all accurate data.

5. Linkwitz (Computer scientist) proposed his computation method, developed based on his essay in 1961.

6. His solution was accepted and provided the rest of the accurate data.

7. About 5000 drawings were required for construction, as each cable needed about 10 drawings.

8. Construction of the cable-net system concerned the following essential elements; main cables, anchors, screws at ends of cables (for montage & adjust cable pretension level) Jos Tomlow and others, "Designing And Constructing The Olympic Roof (Munich 1972)", SAGE JOURNALS, 2016 <http://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/full/10.1177/0266351116642078> [Accessed 13 April 2018].

Topology

Properties

Dynamic Relaxation

Elastic Line Segments Tensile Mesh Anchor Points Consider Materiality: Strength & Youngs Modulus of cables Real Material Reference The structure bounces under the effect of a collection of loads, it would gradually come to static as those forces finally reaches equalibrium.

Plexi Glass: Non-load bearing Cut to shape

Finding base points & interpolate CURVE.

Anchors: Complex anchor system

Explode curve & Array points on curve to obtain vertices for mesh construction

Construct mesh from points

Membrane Skin

The reverse engineered form in the grasshopper environment could breifly ressemble what it looks at the real site, however there are some major differences.

Cable Net/Web`

1. Real structure is actually a joined combination of 9 sections instead of a continuous one.

Total Output The Kangaroo Solver gives output of mesh & curves in a combined form & vertices where line segments joins

Find bottom anchor points via Naked Boundaries on the mesh

2. There are 2 top anchor points at each section in stead of 1.

3. Surface is tiled by flexiglas instead of a continuous membrane.

Find Top anchor points by extracting them from the mesh vertices & translate them in the positive direction on the Z-xis

Olympic Roof

B.3

Grasshopper Output

Plug anchors, mesh edge length, the base mesh in the Bouncy Solver and obtain result. (Curves + Mesh)

Iteration 01

Tectonic

Iteration 02

Iteration 03

Iteration 04

Iteration 05

Iteration 06

Anchor Points

(Shape/Position/Quantities)

Technique Development In this new experimentations in Part.B3 & B4, we have discovered new potential in generative approaches which allows us to push for more diverse and demanding selection criterias. Our growing familiarity to use grasshopper has also allowed us to spare the mind to think beyond the form itself, such as construcability.

Selection Criteria (Updated) Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic In those iterations, we saw how anchor points could greatly effect, or even completely change the shape of meshes. The potential of the size and types of anchor points is recognized through this process of discovery, which will surely provide us crucial knowledge in developing our own proposal in the student precinct.

Furthermore, we have also attempted to alter the surface geometry of the membranes; for example, the little pyramids created in iteration 05 provided us light in rethinking the membrane surface as more than just a loft across the mesh, but they could have their own identities & characteristics.

B.4

We have also attempted tesselation/patterning in iteration 06, further exploring what we could do with cladding & surfaces. Some really intricate patterns were produced.

Considering Succe Membrane/Flat-Panel Cladding

This iteration was an attempt to assimilate those tensile projects which one could easily find off the streets.

You can call it relatively traditional, but its a safe choice. Its aesthetic quality, constructability and so on are all already approved widely by the public and the industry.

This is also not a bad starting point to move onto something that could be a little bit more radical.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

UFO

This iteration emphasis on symmetry, an approach that is not quite commonly taken when considering the form of tensile structures, as its sole benefit is to produce beautiful irregular structures.

However, this simple form coincides the image of an UFO, making is look futuristic.

The left/right arms extends as flat objects, which means this roof membrane must be lifted to above gound. This will greatly effect its acoustic performance.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

essful Outcomes Patterning

Pneumatic

This shape reminds me of pneumatic form-finding method. Although it is usually used for a concrete shell, we could also use this method to assist finding the form of a tensile membrane built on cable nets and ridge beams.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

Patterning is perhaps the most intricate and beautiful outcome of all iterations made. Apart from that, it provides reasonably good shading and large enclosed space.

All good traits which a bookstore/reading space should have.

This is just to speculate on construction and by no means we are shifting from tensile structure to compressive structure.

Enclosed space Coverage/Shading Acoustic Insulation Constructability Aesthetic

Considering Materiality Panel Cross-Section

Unrolled in Grasshopper

Plan view Brocken lines indicate where panel bends

The panels can now be laser-cutted from flat sheeted materials such as Polyproplyene, which is translucent and bendable.

Panels

Materials List

Materials Criteria

From the digital model, each panel is not flat in place but slightly bent. As a result, they cannot be directly fabricated stright off whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s on the model.

Bendable/Melleable Translucent Easy to lazer cut Reasonably strong under tension

Polyproplyene 900 x 600 x 0.6mm White Translucent Cable Ties 100 x 2.5mm Black & White *Wanted to use Hair Bends but they were too elastic and not aesthetically appealing.

when

Thin Metal Wire (Metal Thread) Diameter <1mm

Easy to attach Flexibility for adjustment Reasonably thin

Hole 5.8mm

when

Connectors Reasonably strong under tension

6 sides Hexagon

Assembly Panels (32 pieces/pavilion) are joined by cable ties:

Prototyping

B.5

1

First Loosely connected.

Assembly by hand

Orientation

2

Tighten-up after fixing to the anchor points to find final shape.

We only have two hands and cannot tighten every cable tie simultaneously; Wilson, David & I could only tighten them one by one. How much we need to tighten-up those cable ties in order get desired form is completely judged by eyeballing, and as a result of this, the connectors are inevitably either too tight or too loose.

Although the panels are numbered, their orientations must be judged by comparing to the digital model.

This greatly increased time cost & frequency which error occurs.

Numbering 1

Numbered onto the panel geometry before Laser-cutting.

2

Outcome: Laser penetrated panels or melted the local area.

3

We had to mannually number each panel with pencils.

Poles - Foamboard Connection

Panels Connections 1

Cable ties width = 2.5mm.

(78 strings/pavilion)

2

Holes set to be ~ 5.8mm considering the inaccuracies that may occur by CNC machine and by hand when assemblying the model.

3

The holes turned out to be too big and caused error due to excessive flexibility between panels.

1

We knew foamboards are not strong enough to keep poles in place so we bought nuts and washers to give mechanical support.

2

Painful Lesson: although the poles & nuts we bought are both specified as M6, they failed to match. The problem could be due to the different manufacturer brands or there are other specifications which we failed to consider.

1

Digital File Set-up for fabrication

Panels are unrolled in grasshopper and distributed as 2-D objects across a pre-set laser-cutting template. Example shown above.

2

Panels Laser - Cutted Materials Sourced

Taped to prevent falloffs.

Later, we found this wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a worry.

All the rest of the materials are sourced from Bunnings.

3

Remove Panels

One set of the panels were particularly poorly cut and we had to remove them mannually using a cutting knife.

Below is a typical panel removed and properly cleaned.

4

Assembly

We should have expected, that polyproplyene could not stand the heat by laser, the numbering on each panels melted and numbered the panels mannually.

Following the numbering & digital model, connecting panel by panel mannually.

What could be improved Our inexperience on CNC fabrication caused inconvenience; especially that we could have done better to let the machines to do the panel numberings for us.

Cartesian co-ordinates: data for the position of poles.

5

Attach to poles

6

Adjust Cable Ties

The speed which we assemble the model could also be increased by planning out an effective workflow strategy so the team could function like that of a automobile assemblying line for example.

3-D printing: Better accuracy with shape & holes, but the panels it produces may be less bendable and translucent due to a much narrower choices of materials.

The 4 sides of the panel are first fixed by thin steel wires.

Find the final form by tightening the cable ties.

At each corner, two wires are fixed to an anchor point on the corresponding pole.

The cable ties are trimmed to give clean bottom surface.

The wires tighten up the 4 boundaries of each canopy and force panels into correct positions.

Bending/Stretching

Sagging

The model is tested with point loads (applied by one finger tip) and withstood reasonable force with out failure.

The model is also made to sag by decreasing the horizontal distances between anchor points.

The pavilion retained reasonable rigidities and no destructive deformation is observed.

Testing prototype Under designed conditions

As the pavilions are subjected to wind load or significant temperature change, the structure has the tendency to sag, bend, stretch and so on. The prototype also allows designers to test the designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structural capability in handling those conditions.

High Tension

Materiality

The translucent p most of the ligh tinted pattern o below them. It is projection of the pavilion.

Detail Prototype

panels transmitts ht, producing a on the ground s also an artistic e tectonic of the

Sagging (Detail)

1:5 Model - Structural Detail & Connetion Material: Polycarbonate Sheeting & Panel

Zenith Wire Rope Grip

B.6 Proposal

Presentatio

Research field:

The University of Melbou

Lightweight Tensile New Studen Structure

Team Members Wilson Carol Xinying Charley Triton David

Current needs

on

• Suitable spaces for contemporary student • Improve poor quality spaces • Keep pace with comparable institutions

Proposal

urne

nt Precinct

 Activate the site as a 24/7 study space  Adequate sun shading for a conducive study environment  Aesthetically attractive space befitting of a top university

Design Concept

To create an innovative and conducive informal study space to provide an enriching student experience

Site Analysis Site Analysis is essential before starting to consider the design. It gives us knowledge of the site that will guide us choice. A few criteria must be included in the site analysis for it to become benificial. In this case, we included: Circulation diagram - to study where the main stream of circulation occurs, which also tells us which places are uninhabited or used as sitting. Etc. This guides the orientation & location and the form of our proposal.

Vegetation - where shading is provided and where perhaps people likes to sit, as this behaviour is proved by psychological experiments.

Existing buildings - this tells us the 3-D shape of our site, the planning and where we could put our proposal. This also identifies where the heritage buildings are.

Design Proposal Plan

The plan and elevation demonstrates the location, size and the relationship of our proposal to the site. By using colour and shadow, we have also demonstrated some depth within those illustration.

A short coming, which our team regretably fail to consider, is that we perhaps included too much site context in those drawings and maybe more details of our proposal can/should be shown.

Elevation

Section

Fabrication

One completed Pavilion:

Testing bendability & tensile strength before attached t

Cutting unwanted edges

In progress:

to anchors

Final Touch-up Tightenging Cable Ties

Bill Of Quantities Total Material Costs $178.87 Hook & Eye 3% Aluminium Open Otter 3%

Cable Ties 13% Laser-Cutting 27%

Screw Zenith 5% Threaded Rod 15% Screws, nut, washer 10%

Knauf Insulaltion Board 24%

Planning & Distribution of workloads

Making the Rhino Model

Site Analysis 3D Rendering Plan

Design Proposal

Section Elevation

Timeline

Materiality

Wilson – Introduction & Field of Research, Plan, 1:50 Model Carol – Site Analysis & 3-D Rendering, Assistant Team Manager Xinying – Elevation & Section, Design Proposal Charley – Site Model 3-D, Team Manager, 1:50 Model, Bill of Quantities Triton – Design Proposal, 1:1 Model, Grasshopper David – 1:50 Model, Design Proposal, Grasshopper, Laser-Cutting

Model Assembly Task Force

Summaries INNOVATION: The main field of study for our team is cable net. As I have stated in B.2., we have discovered, that in the Grasshopper environment, the Kangaroo plug-in treats the cable net as a collection of independent line segments which is each of an unique length and under a certain amount of stress.

This has inspired us to think: why not replace some of those wires as panels? Panels that work under tensile stress just like a cable in a sense.

With this idea in mind, we set out and obtained what we have now.

Conceptual & Technical Achievements: It was an innovation, though we are certainly not the first, we are some of the early ones to experiment with this.

Technical achievements mainly include an overall successful digital design & fabrication process, which we have never experienced before. To summarise the pros & cons in this, we found that digital fabrication is amazingly fast, but inevitably, we will still have to use our hands to complete the prototype. Time is reduced to fabricate the pieces, but extra time costs occured because we need to set up the file for CNC. This time cost may reduce as we get familiar with this proces.

Final Selection Criteria: After we carefully studied the site, we found a few elements which cannot be violated, thus we adjusted our selection criteraand constructed sound brief requirements.

1. No more acoustic considerations. Circulation is first priority, we cannot have an enclosed space in the middle to disrupt pedestrian traffic. It was too difficult to compromise on both.

2. Increased patterning considerations. The structure is the shading itself, hence it is passed through by intense sunlight during afternoons, this works like a projector; producing beautiful pattern on the ground. This is a part of the architectural aspect of our proposal.

Potential Improvements

1:5 Model: Connector should use Cable Management Turnbuckle, which works along its horizontal axis. Unlike what we used, which worked like a cable tie, we have to pull along on the Normal axis to which the connecting direction is.

This is no mere alteration on models, it means we need a conceptual shift on how we think about our connectors. There will be much more factors to consider.

Rendering: From our perspective, the rendering was a success in terms of demonstrating our design and its relationship with the site context.

However, it appeared to the critics that we have not shown sufficient image of our proposal. This will be improved.

Normal Axis

Direction of Panel connection

Direction of Panel connection No pulling action on normal axis involved

B.7 Learning Objectives & Outco Learning Objectives of Studio Air: It is not so much about following the rigid rules of what must be included in this journal; but I always thought it is more important to understand the holistic image of this learning process. I always ask myself this question: what am I actually learning, how do I make sure I retain as much of the knowledge as possible after the completion of this subject and how could it become a real part of me instead of being an independent block of experience I had in the past. I believe every step I take in studying Studio Air contributes to the much greater course of me becoming a better human being and become a great architect in the future.

My performance: I have always had a unique logic in understanding things, this caused me great trouble in providing what should be shown in assignments. However, after Part.B. I have found my compromisation with the rules requirements. I have learnt to use the headers to inform myself what is the focus here, whereas in the past, I would always ignore them and go straight to reading the specific outlines. As a matter of fact, I always looked down on acedemic scores system since they could be quite subjective and unfair, and whatever the approach I took was almost always based on TRUE performance. After Part.B. I had a better attitude towards thre acedemic system and saw how they could make my life much easier. The Part.B. journal was by no means an ordinary assignment to me, there was a little revolution going on inside of me.

omes The effect of Research Acedemic research is one of the best way to learn. In studying the precedents, I looked at their process from design all the way to how they realise the project. With great joy and fascination, I found that the process which some of the best architects go through corresponds exactly to what is advised on the subject guide. I found I could understand the reasons behind many of their thinkings and decisions; the techniques they employed and the troubles they went through proved to be extremely useful to my cause. In particular, the prototyping of the Sky Reflector Net & how Grim Shaw Architects designed the connectors of between Aluminum panels and the cable net have taught me much on what to consider for prototyping and fabrication.

After Part.B., I have also gained a much more sophisticated knowledge on how to use research to provide myself of what I want. I am fully confident this will benefit me for the rest of my life.

Parametric Design Skills I obtained after Part.B. In the beginning, it was frustration. However, the process of finding iterations let me perservere and explore the potential of parametric tools. It was never enough to understand what grasshopper is, but it was absolutely necessary to apply this understanding and refine it and sometimes correct it during the process of using, because it was the only way to make the knowledge meaningful to our brain and to discover all the necessary details & logics of grasshoper.

In particular, I now have considerable knowledge on the Kangaroo 2 plug-in and I know exactly how to make it work. I really appreciated this experience.

B.7

Algorithmic Sketchbook

Fluid by Field

Shark Fin Stadium

The Double Pintch

Part.C. Detailed Design

Critical Design Process Overview

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

REVIEW: Good / Other than Good

C.3. Final Detail Model

Adjust Design Concept

C.1. Design Concept

ogic Chart

C.1. Design Concept Review Concept & Research Design: Form Pattern Attachment

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes Design Detail Prototyping

C.3. Final Detail Model Final Models Documentation Speculations & Conclusion

C.1. Design Concept

- Interim Feedback/Review Brief - Precedents/Detailed Study

- Form-Finding Outcomes - Critical Review - Final Form-Finding Outcome - Patterning - Grasshopper Node Diagram - Mast Design

Interim Feedback Items

Design

Conceptual Model

Prototype

Functions

Not finalised by the time of presentation

Unexplained

/

Masts

Too many, inefficient, learn from Frei Otto

Masts way too long

/

Composition

Levels, system topography can be improved

O.K.

/

Materiality

Not finalised by the time of presentation

Good Architectural Expression. The use of cable-tie failed to echo with real construction system.

Design Brief

Not finalised by the time of presentation. This is essential for everything + Critical Review needed.

/

/

Rendering

Failed to match design concept. Fail to demonstrate enough information.

/

/

Prototype

Sort of reflected design intent.

/

Inappropriate for experimental purpose

Needs more consideration

Real Construction

/

Unexplained

/

Needs to be cheaper.

Re-consider cost, time, construction, aesthetics.

Etc. Unexplained

/

Failed to reflect enough aspects of the real building - construction system

Updating Brief It was very tempting to abandon the acoustic consideration/ No more music Pavilions. The topology of our structure is not designed to control sound, and if we are going to use metal/stainless steel as the material for our panels, acedamic research shows that this type of material is generally the worst for sound absorbance. (That it rattles and produces annoy buzzing sound, such is the property of metal when struck by sound.)

However, we are not going to give up on the idea of Music Pavilion just yet.

We have decided to go over precedents that may inspire us to the right solution.

Besides functionality, we will have a general update in materiality, architectural principle, design & construction systems.

1. Re-considering the viewing angle from above.

Take into account of both on-ground & above.

3. Sun Intensity: the intensity of natural light varies in different parts of the site, we have decided to use this factor locate each of our pavilion carrying different functions.

- Reasonable Sunlight: Food - Intense Sunlight: Music Pavilion - feature good patterning - Adjacent to surrounding building: Casual Studying/Rest All Pavilions carry the function of shading.

C.1. Design Concept

2. Sun Angle: Maximising sunlight as a resource to produce lighting pattern during the day. The orientation of the site indicates that the plaza in the middle is exposed to the full-time natural light during the day.

Precedent 01

Music Pavilion Frei Ot

The pavilion is a simple tensile saddle but put together with other features by careful consierations.

Music Pavilion is not about one tensile sail but it is a combination of building systems.

The careful placing of the sound blocker directs sound to a controlled direction.

Sound produ one direction

tto

In effect, the pavilion behaves like a speaker by changing space composition below the sail.

C.1. Design Concept

uced by a band is directed to n instead of letting it develop 360.

Precedent 02

The 20th Rainbow

Manufacturing & Fabrication The manufacturing process is designed to be automated, serialised & optimised.

This project is designed to be a festival architecture; an investigation on temporary structure and reusable installations.

CAD - CAM design process is the focus of thsi project and it demonstrated an important process of negotiation between form-finding and manufacturing process.

This structure is designed to provide shading and create an atmosphere for large crowds to shape the â&#x20AC;&#x153;festival experienceâ&#x20AC;?. Its form carries the purpose of breaking the conventional box-like stages for musical festivals.

Construction & Materiality Prototyping & Off-site Assembly Metal is chosen as a suitable solution for a robust & irreversible structural system and a material that still looks good.

Metal is chosen as a suitable solution for a robust & irreversible structural system and a material that still looks good.

The panels are treated with a special coating of protective film after manufacturing.

w Serpent Festival Pavilion Alessandro LUITI & Ravi BESSABAVA On-Site Construction The panels are connected off-site and half-erected in the workshop. The flexibility of the tectonic system absorbed the errors and deviations occurred on site

The joint is designed to be robust and simple. They are expected to neutralise any types of moment generated by the differentiation between panels.

The two parallel holes for receiving connectors have an 20mm offset from the corresponding panel edges.

Turn Buckles are used to counter any elongation that would occur in the steel cables during the period of temporary installation.

C.1. Design Concept

Joint Construction

Summaries

on Precedents

Inspiration by ther Precedents: Musical Pavilion - adjust the form-topology of the sails to form a sound-guiding channel.

Alexâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pavilion - Preliminary research shows that metal panels are not good for sound absorbance, but it was only considering real high-quality musical performing scenarios. Metal panels are not suitable to be used as internal cladding system of a well designed theatre.

However, considering our structure as a outdoor muscial performing centre designed for youth playing music such as rock and roll, metal might be the better material in this case as it could add the ear drum breaking sound effect.

There are also some general inspirations about joints/connections, Tectonic system & On-Site construction which will be talked about in the following sections.

C.1. Design Concept

Form-Finding

Outcome 01

The form of the sail; especifically the four circular anchoring rings, are inspired by the valves on the trumpets, as we wanted to establish a link between the form of our Musical Pavilion to Musical instruments.

Trumpet Pavilion 1

2

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;meshmachineâ&#x20AC;? component is an algorithm which calculatees possible tessellation outcomes over the shape of a base mesh. In this case, mesh machine geneated the outcomes in Step 3 based on Step 2. The panels in orange and red are heavily distorted and impossible to construct in real life.

As a result, we have aandoned this outcome as we saw no future potential in development.

3 C.1. Design Concept

Form-Finding 1

Outcome 02

2

Basic Mesh for Design Development

3

Introducing Mesh Boundary Threshold

Single/Double Ridge Beam Pavilion

F dire

Tessellation - Panelization

5

Ridge Beams in-place

C.1. Design Concept

Form a sound ecting channel

4

Critical Review

Outcome 02

Cost

The cost for design, construct & transport a ridge beam is extremely expensive. It is deemed by the design team that it might be unecessary.

Complexity

Ridge Beam really compli cates the construction system a lot. More effort and thinking must be made to balance between cost, aesthetics and connection techniques.

*Ridge Beam: Act as a continuous string of anchor points where each panel is attached to. It defines the curvature on that side of the sail.

The complexity in construction also means Time

that it takes more time to design and manufacture. More time = more cost in Architectural Practise.

Despite Panel Consistency the

+ Brief

Learning from Frei Ottosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Music Pavilion, good thoughts are implemented to generate architecturally appealing sound - directing form, but filed to consider the following factors effectively: 1. The cost of the ridge beam is significantly higher than most alternatives.

2. That we were not clear if we wanted a temporary structure or permanent one, ridge beam can be considered only if this structure should be permanent.

C.1. Design Concept

short-comings of the ridge beams, the inconsistency of the panels have also introduced concerns: varied amount of space available for patterning, the limit imposed on connector design.

Form-Finding Lift Mesh 1

Outcome 03

Threshold 2

We wanted to praise the sky.

Pterosaur skeleton structure is suprisingly similar to the ribbons on a mesh.

Tessell 3

Using the mesh as a base, with as much cohesion as p of a number of parameters

The next page is devoted to

lation

planarise across its surface possible under the restriction s.

o descirbe this process.

Planarization 4

1. Planarization was a necessary step for patterning, unrolling and further CAM algorithems.

2. Adjust the offset between the panels.

3. Chamfer the Panels. (Structural Requirement)

Patterning 5

After the form of panels are finalised, patterning is generated on theme.

There will be a specific section devoted for Patterning Investigations just like Iterations.

Iterations = Final Polygon Edge Length.

Tessellation Mesh Machine

This effects the dimension and total number of panels.

Target Length

= How strong which the polygons are pulled towards the base mesh surface.

Pull Strength

= How close which the panels adapt the local curvature.

Curvature Adaptivity

Effecting the shape of polygons.

Parameters/Constraints

Tessellation Algorithm: Generate all possible outcomes with under the given constraints.

Pull Strength

Iterations This graphic table does not show a full collection of iterations but only the ones that exhibited noticable changes from another.

Final Outcome

C.1. Design Concept

Curvature Adaptivity Target Length

Increase

Increase

Patterning

Remapping Geometries ont

Remapping with Bonudary Threshold

to Panels

Learning from Precedent: We found using Attraction Curve not only prevents deformation but also produces a graduate change Patterning effect that corresponds to the curvature of the sail.

Panel Critical: Introducing boundary threshold does not prevent major deformation from occuring.

Remapping with Attraction Curve

Design Review: Although the graduate change seems an acceptable iteration for patterning, they still canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t avoid structurally critical panels as it was proven in our investigation with PROTOTYPE 01

Patterning

Magnetic Field Patterning Attempt 01 ntour

Panel Co

VECTOR FIELD TOOLS IN GRASSHOPPER – BASIC + AND – POINT CHARGES – EXAMPLE 7.1 Precedent: The construction of controlled magnetic field lines requires at least 3 components: Point charges, spin charges & a boundary. The default Magnetic field algorithm also works only in 2 dimensional plane, the x-y plan to be specific.

For my project: planarised panels are not enough, I have to figure out all the panels’ 2-D version with the dimensions as precise as possible. Despite all the potential problems, I decided to give it a try.

Design Intent: Using the corners of the panel as points for point charges and several manually defined points in the centre area as points for spin charges, I could get somewhat cool pattern but also completely useless as the idea is to generate circles along the field lines.

Attempt 02

Attempt 03

Design Review: If I decrease field line density in general, lines will start to distort.

Design Review: Trying to isolate different Groups of curve, but still failedto generate more reasonable field line density.

The approch on magnetic field line patterning was eventually abandoned as uncontrolled design will do no good.

Patterning Panel 1

Geometrical Patterning

Connector 2

Blank

Base Curve 3

Design Intent:

Design Intent:

This is one of the several offsets taken in this design. Offsetting provides a very convenient and reliable way to define new corners and boundaries.

The curves for pattern generation are offset from central axis that connect the centre of the panel to each corner.

It has been estimated that a majority of forces travels along those axis from the centre when the panel is under tension.

Generation 4

Touch-Up 5

Design Intent: The patterning not only carries the concept: form follows function, but also further constrains the load path.

Masts 1

Structural Anchor Design 3

2

Analysis 01:

Analysis 02:

3-D Analysis:

Different types of stress occur at different part of the structure.

Different stress can be countered by different types of materials - Steel for tension & Timber for compression. This composite structure would also appear more visually appealing with the surrounding environment.

Fins are added to prevent the structure from buckling as shown in the diagram.

C = Compressive Stress.

T = Tensile Stress.

Final Design Though the hand sketch design speculates on a luxurious solution, cost is always the first to step in as it is the foundation to realise any design.

As a result, the mast has quickly evolved into its simplest form.

Construction Envisaged Process (CAM

CAM Traditional Construction Process would not account of the design Process, however, this project features CAD-CAM integrated design-construction process where everything is based on design, giving architects much more authority freedom during the entire process.

Parametric Design

1

Finalise 3-D model, a model that will provide all data necessary to realise the structure.

Digital Fabrication Edit 3-D Model /Data Conversion

2

The CNC machines are what made CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) available.

Data from the 3-D model is converted to 2-D data and sent off to CNC machines to produce the right construction elements.

Confirm Design Concept

Find Manufacturer and Supplier

Documentation

Laser-Cutting

Deliv

M)

M; an y and

very

Off-Site Assembly

3

The Panels/Elements get delivered to assembly space, where each sail is assembled and partially erected in-place.

On - Site Construction

Logistics

4

The assembled items/sails are then lifted up by crane and anchored in place.

Builders make all necessary adjustments; length of cable. Etc. Complete.

Critical Review

Outcome 03

As the thought of ridge beam is abanCost

doned, costs from all aspects are reduced.

Complexity

Other mechanisms will replace the ridge beams to define the sail edges, likely to be steel cables, which are significantly easier to design, construct and build and they cost only a portion of ridge beam.

Reduced complexity means greatly Time

reduced time costs.

refined carefully after the interim feecback. Their shapes are now consistent and they have sufficient area for patterning without the need for compromisation on structural soundness.

+ Brief

It is at this point when we decided that our structure is to be a temporary structure. It will be there to celebrate the completion of the New Student Precinct, serving as a festival architecture as well as a music pavilion should the need appears. Furthermore, it has been considered that parts of this structure such as connectors should be designed and constructed in a more durable form so they are reusable in the future.

Outcome 03 marked the completion of panelisation, patterning & sail topotgraphy. We will then move onto further detailed design by looking at specific issues included in materiality, manufacturing, Panel - Panel connection and Sail - Ground connection.

C.1. Design Concept

The panels Panel Consistency have been

ogic Chart

C.1. Design Concept Review Concept & Research Design: Form Pattern Attachment

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes Design Detail Prototyping

C.3. Final Detail Model Final Models Documentation Speculations & Conclusion

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

- Define & Finalise a Core Construction Element - Materiality for Panels - Panel - Panel Connection Principle - Panel - Panel Connector Design

- Supply & Manufacturing - Prototype 01 - Prototype 02 - Manufacture to Assembly Process - Materiality in Details - Structural Soundness (Review & Critics

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

- Sail - Ground Connection

Core Element

Structural Detailed D

Defining the Core Construction Element

2

As illustrated, we have chosen the position of our core construction element to start our investigation with.

They are three of the smallest panels (easiest to make prototype) and they have both panel-panel connection & panel - ground connection, the two most important joint system on our pavilion.

?

?

Panel

3 Sail - G

Design 1 Panel Material

Ground Connection

The diagram is an outline of the elements that need to be resolved/addressed in Part. C.2. Those design is when we have to carefully consider all issues that may occur in real-world environment; not only structural, but also time and financial.

Etc.

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

- Panel Connection

Identifying Subjects:

Materiality

For Panel

Bluescope Colourbond series is designed for roofing.

Pros: - Water/Corrosion Resistent.

- Desirable colour (White) for expressing lightness.

Con: - Cannot be Lazer-Cutted.

- Needlessly expensive for temporary structure.

Manufacturability

Manufacturability

Durability

Durability

Cost for Treatment Aesthtic

Cost for Treatment Aesthtic

Weight Cost for Material

Weight Cost for Material

Aluminium Trade Centre Aluminium sheets

Handy Steel Shinny Steel sheets

Pros: - Lighter than Steel - Easy to work with.

Pros: - Easiest to Laser-Cut - Easiest to Source - Balanced traits - Cheapest Price

Con: - Subject to corrosion.

- More than 4X the price of Steel.

Con: - Will rust without treatment

Manufacturability Durability Cost for Treatment Aesthtic Weight Cost for Material

Concept 01

Panel Corner Point of Discontinuity

A

B

Unchamfered

When the structure is under tension, sharp edges such as illustrated creates a point of discontinuity. As a result, forces will be concentrated on that sharp point where two edges intersect and panel could easily crack along the axis; the cable, with great pulling force will work as a guillatine that cuts the edge in half.

Chamfered edge eliminates points of discontinuity and evenly distributes the pulling force along the curvature. No longer the force is concentrated on one point.

Evenly Distributed

Design Review: All Panels to be chamfered.

Chamfered

Concept 02

Panel Corner

A Axis of Rotation

[Cleat - Panel] Connection *Ridged*

B

Triangular Cleat

C

A As the connector is expexted to neutralise any displacement between the levels of panels, curved edge is a much better way to treat rotational moment.

Impoved Cleat

B

C

Design Review: A cleat is a strong enough connector, however, we fear it might still be too ridge for our scenario.

Besides, using cleat would replace all the remaining cables on the structure, how could we still perceive it as anything close to a cable-net structure?

Concept 03 Inspiration: Camper Shoe Lace

Panel Corner

Axis of Rotation

Fixed End

Adjustable End

Cable: Nylon, Steel. etc.

The Camper Shoe Lace design could distribute forces very evenly across the edges of a panel.

Since it have many turns, the frictional force might make the cable length adjustment possible when the structure is under tension.

A

Axi s of

Rota

However, connecting this type joint is a tedious process and 3-D Modelling showed that its effect is very not architecturally appealing.

tion

Adjustable Mechanism

Design Review: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Less is moreâ&#x20AC;?, although we must consider structural soundness, cost and complexity were also important factors to consider.

B

C

Hole on Panel for Cable to go through

In its simplest form, we decided to make the connector with only two parts: steel cable & an adjustable mechanism.

The next stage will be focusing on the design of this adjustable mechanism.

Study 01

From Mass Research & Studying, we were attracted to the BACKPACK belt mechanism.

A potentially simple and effective solution.

Adjustable Joint

The BACKPACK belt mechanism works by changing the direction of force at different points on the belt.

We wondered if we could find a similar solution for rope instead of belt. In the end, we realised that it becomes no different to tieing a knot from two ropes.

Backpack Belt Material for Cable Even if we could find an effective solution for ropes, this type of mechanism only allows you to loosen the rope when structure is under tension, and we mostly want tightening.

Furthermore, since the material for panel will be thin steel sheet, the only option for cable would be steel as any other material could be easily cut.

Review Although these specific products failed to match our expectation, we decided that the idea of â&#x20AC;&#x153;changing the direction of forces was a good principle to follow on.

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

Steel Cables are slippery and quite strong. They will not make a good combination with the belt anyway.

Study 02

Adjustable Joint

The camp rope tightener also exploits the law of physics and the friction created by the normal - reaction force.

It allows the adjustment of cable length much easier compare to a simple belt.

They are cheap too.

CamJam Chord Tightener

And the cable is almost impossible to bend into the required angle.

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

The Steel Cable absolutely destroyed the device.

Steel is simply too slippery and hard for the plastic to create friction with.

Study 03

Adjustable Joint

This device offers solution for two way adjustment of the length of cables and they are readily availble on the market.

There are a lot of them on Ebay but they are either too big or likely to be fragile or unnecessarily complex to be the suitable solution for our structure.

The Roman Blinid Chord is a simple pulley system.

The mechanism not only changes the direction of force but also provides 1 mechanical advantage.

A simplified diagram to analyse the composition of this mechanism.

Roman Blind Chord

Since no products from the market presented a suitable solution, we decided to design our own connector following the principle described above.

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

The pulley or the wheel causes the cable to bend according to its surface, therefore changing the direction of Normal Reaction Force which is perpendicular to the tangent of that corresponding point on the cable. This creates enough friction to stablize cable when under tension but also allow for mannual adjustment.

Study 04

Adjustable Joint

Preliminary Render

Custom Mechanical Joint Plan

Manual Two - way Adjustment of cable length.

As simplified as possible.

Easy for water to leave.

Open for ventilation Reasonable Durability (As the structure will be temporary, these connectors are designed to be re-useable for all types of cable-tensioning structures. We could use them for future events or sell them to get some good refund on the budget.)

Section

Deformation Control For the structure, elongation will occur in cables and will also happen unevenly at different regions on the sail.

Turnbuckle might not be as effective and local sagging can occur. This is why we decided that every connector should be capable of adjusting the length of cables to deal with this type of deformation.

Expert Consultation Discussed Feedback Trying to achieve too much.

No matter how simple, this connector will be a complete custom job, which will cost a fortune.

The minimum requirement of basic components means we cannot reduce the size of this connector to fit in the gap between panels.

Dr. Alb

berto Pugnale

Custom Mechanical Joint

Self Criticism Though we might get a chance to refund the cost by selling those connectors, the initial cost would be too high to be acceptable.

The joint is only a basic concept, for it to work in real life, a lot of sharpen-up must be done.

Some deformation will always occur in tensile structures. As our proposal is a temporary construction, the deformation is negligible, thus, it is pointless to design such an expensive connector to deal with long-term issues.

Study 05

Adjustable Joint (Finalised) Back to Simple & Effective Mountain Climbing Carabiner is a heavy duty and simple mechanism that is designed for frequent attach/detachment.

It has got a cheap price compare to all the previous joint choices and it is easy to source.

It is durable and weather resistent Simpler also means less weight which significantly reduces the amount of dead load the structure needs to suuport.

Short-Comings The carabiner cannot provide any mechanical advantage when trying to adjust the length of cables manually. However, this is countered by its easy attach/detachment design; one could simply replace a badly deformed cable with one that has the right length in a matter of two clicks.

Carabiner Panel - Ground Carabiner This connection has more cable attached to it so it is simply bigger and tougher.

Notice: The carabiners used for the tensile structure needs to have locks, so that cable has no chance to self-detach when the structure is shaking violantly in the wind.

Panel - Panel Carabiner Panel - Panel connection is in fact a cable - cable connection, the S-shaped design makes it even more convenient to install.

Supply & Manufacturing Material Suppliers

BlueScope

Handy Steel

Fabricators

MATRIX Group

AC Laser

Melb Uni Fablab

Service Type

Perforation

Laser-Cut

Laser-Cut

Delivery

Offered

Offered

Self Arranged

g Sourcing

Manufacturer: We chose Fablab as our manufacturer as it is more convenient and affordable.

MATRIX Group

AC Laser

Fablab

Quality

Superb

Good

O.K.

Turn Around Speed

O.K.

O.K.

G

Cost

Very High

High

Low

Prototype 01

Experimentation

Whiteboard #01 Just for testing the joint: This is a preliminary prototype that was used for us to get the soundness of our joint.

This prototype has caused error in our self-reviewing deisgn process and it will be explained with more details.

Prototype 02 Final Joint #02 Same joint mechanism, but failed to expect a significantly increased ridigity with metal.

Mild Steel #02 A more serious investigation on joints and materiality: This prototype is meant to be our final detailed model, however, a few design issues related to the connectors were not discovered until Final Presentation Feedback.

Anchor

Sail - Ground Connection

The Aim for this connection detail is to be: - As simple and effective as possible.

- Strong, durable and reliable.

- Items could be easily sourced.

- Demonstrate structural aesthetics.

- Easy installation.

- Can accomodate short-term deformation that occurs in the cables. (Turnbuckle)

Prototyping Process 1

Handy Steel is the long-term contractor as Melbourne University Fablabâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Material Supplier.

Due to low material storage in Fablab, the fastest way was that I buy and deliver the material by myself.

2

A Panda Man was the cheapest private delivery service which I found online, costing $107/hr.

3

Fablab L

Laser-Cutting

4

5

Assembly

Completed Joint

Prototyping Materiality Whiteboard #01 Very easy to bend: the material is only good enough to demonstrate the form of panel.

The contact between whiteboard and steel cables has no rigidity. This should have alarmed us to at least think about how the stiffness of this joint system will change once we use the real material.

However, quick production with whiteboard allowed us to get feedbacks on the preliminary patterning from our supervisor in-time, which guided towards the final design.

This prototype also informed us of the importance to avoid sharp corners and chamfering.

1

Pros & Cons

2

Steel #02 Although it may seem like common sense, steel takes much more forces to bend, the diagram attempts to show the hardness of this material once fabricated into panels.

The contact bewteen steel cables and the panels is rough, the prototype is really hard to carry and the connector often gets stuck with panels when holding them in one hand.

Those observations were too late, as we did not have any more time to change/adjust our design.

Metal Lazer-cutting presented CAM issues such as a much slower turn-around time compare to whiteboard, it is more expensive and we had to arrange for our own delivery of materials.

Force/Pattern Analysis 1

Blank Panel

2

Force

An Integrated Concept

e Analysis Axial Force

3

Final Patterning

Critical Review Feedback from Mr. Ravi Bassabava When under great tension, the Steel cables act like a Guillotine and not much movement (Rubbing) is required for it to cut-open the edge of panel.

Review our Design: 1. Re-distribution of force along the panel edge.

2. Device that will eliminate sharp contact between

Guillotine

Critics Review S

Session (After completion) 1

2 One hole - Two holes More holes means better & more even distribution of forces, further dissecting force vectors.

3 Re-adjust position of Cables To prevent cables from entering the hole at one side of the panel and leaves on the other side, we could use rivet for cables to wrap around with so they never cross the panel again, but works on a parallel plane.

ogic Chart

C.1. Design Concept Review Concept & Research Design: Form Pattern Attachment

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes Design Detail Prototyping

C.3. Final Detail Model Final Models Documentation Speculations & Conclusion

C.3. Final Detail Model

- 1:5 Final Detail Model - Making Process - 1:50 Conceptual Model - Making Process

- Expanding Design Potential - Renders

C.2. Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

- Documentation

Conceptual Model 1

Lazer - Cutting File Fill in the following details: Material :

MDF 600mm x900mm

Thickness : 3mm Additional Instructions (delete if not applicable): Please Tape.

- Charley, - 0430969601 - 46 Sheets

Fill in the following details: Material :

MDF 600mm x900mm

Thickness : 3mm Additional Instructions (delete if not applicable): Please Tape.

- Charley, - 0430969601 - 46 Sheets

2

Models Fo

Collect Parts

Site Model

or Exhibition 3

Assemble

Conceptual Model 1

2

3

12

11

10

Models Fo

Sail Assemble

or Exhibition 4

5

6

9

8

7

Prototype Model Looping the wire around the Panel first

1

Marking & Measure

Models F

Pass the w

2

7 Clip the S-carabiner into place and finish the panel to panel connection.

Sail Assemble

For Exhibition

wire into the swage

Swage the first connector Node

4

3

8

6 Repeat process 2 - 4 and finish the other Node.

5 Cut-off wire with excessive length

Learning Outcomes I have always had a unique logic in understanding things, this caused me great trouble in providing what should be shown in assignments. However, after Part.B. I have found my compromisation with the rules requirements. I have learnt to use the headers to inform myself what is the focus here, whereas in the past, I would always ignore them and go straight to reading the specific outlines. As a matter of fact, I always looked down on acedemic scores system since they could be quite subjective and unfair, and whatever the approach I took was almost always based on TRUE performance. After Part.B. I had a better attitude towards thre acedemic system and saw how they could make my life much easier. The Part.B. journal was by no means an ordinary assignment to me, there was a little revolution going on inside of me.

It is not so much about following the rigid rules of what must be included in this journal; but I always thought it is more important to understand the holistic image of this learning process. I always ask myself this question: what am I actually learning, how do I make sure I retain as much of the knowledge as possible after the completion of this subject and how could it become a real part of me instead of being an independent block of experience I had in the past. I believe every step I take in studying Studio Air contributes to the much greater course of me becoming a better human being and become a great architect in the future.

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Tang, G. (2015). An overview of historical and contemporary concrete shells, their construction and factors in their general disappearance.

International Journal of Space Structures, [online] 30(1), pp.1-12. Available at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/10729/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].

Chilton, J. (2012). Form-finding and fabric forming in the work of Heinz Isler. icf2012, [online] 8, pp.84-91. Available at: http://www.fabwiki.fabric-formedconcrete.com/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=nottingham:form-finding_and_fabric_forming_in_the_work_of_heinz_isler.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].

Reference Architects, Grimshaw, “Fulton Centre, New York, NY, USA”, Grimshaw.Global, 2018 <https://grimshaw.global/projects/ fulton-center/> [Accessed 16 April 2018] Curl, James Stevens, A Dictionary Of Architecture And Landscape Architecture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) “Fulton Center / Grimshaw”, Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/780271/fulton-center-grimshaw> [Accessed 11 April 2018] Gideon Fink Shapiro, Archlighting.Com, 2015 <http://www.archlighting.com/projects/sky-reflector-net-at-the-fultoncenter_o> [Accessed 11 April 2018].

Kostura, Zak, Erin Morrow, and Ben Urick, “The Fulton Center: Design Of The Cable Net”, The Arup Journal 2/2013, 2018, 74-83 Schlaich, Jörg, and Mike Schlaich, “Lightweight Structures” Schlaich, Jorg, “Forward On Architects And Engineers”, Shells For Architecture, 2 (2014), 8 - 11, 21 – 23 Tomlow, Jos, Hochschule Zittau, Hochschule Görlitz, and Theodor Körner Allee, “Designing And Constructing The Olympic Roof (Munich 1972)”, SAGE JOURNALS, 2016 <http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0266351116642078> [Accessed 13 April 2018]