Landscape architecture portfolio (LSC334)

SHEFFIELD VIADUCT REDEVELOPMENT

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

Green Infrastructure and Ecological Masterplanning

SHEFFIELD VIADUCT

CONTENTS

01. STAGE 1 : SITE ANALYSIS *See attatched pdf file for detail 02. STAGE 2 : VISION AND CONCEPT 2.1. A Think Piece : Humans and Nature

3

03. STAGE 3 : MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT 3.1. Design Approach 01 : Inspirations 3.2. Design Approach 02 : Developing Patterns 3.3. Masterplan (1:1000) 3.4. Emotion and Activities 3.5. Vegetation Typologies 3.6. Section 01 (1:100) : Courtyard ~ Crevice Garden 3.7. Detail Plan (1:500) 3.8. Section 02 (1:50) : Wetland 3.9. Woodland Plantation 3.10. Woodland Habitat Creation 3.11. Wetland Habitat Creation 3.12. Perspective

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

REFERENCES

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SHEFFIELD VIADUCT

2.1. A THINK PIECE : HUMANS AND NATURE

Dear My Friend, I would like to extend my sincere thanks for letting us use your Wicker for the new home for my family. The rocks, trees and pond are perfect for them. Once my children find the perfect spot, they will build very creative homes. It is wonderful to see them enjoying and resting themselves satisfied.

I must mention how much grateful I am for your help with bring a festive and positive vibe to the city. People are impressed with the park. The park itself is a visual narration of the story of the old railway. Many people who often have not been in nature, are truly stunned that we have such great natural resources in our midst. I can’t tell you how many people are using the Wicker to rest and make friends. We had forgotten just how lovely nature is.

You are a perfect green sanctuary and bring such calm to a chaotic day. Thank you for your trees, your birds, your grass and your pond. We deeply appreciate you helping to spread this positive vibe throughout our world.

Lots of love, Sheffield

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

3| STAGE 2 _ A THINK PIECE : HUMAN AND NATURE

3.1. DESIGN APPROACH 01 : INSPIRATIONS

Mapping 1. Emotional Mapping of Grindleford : Emotion Through Motion

Mapping 2. Spatial Structure

Emotion can vary with different spatial qualities. Inspired by walking in Grindleford, the first step of the design stage was thinking about emotion, the feelings and experiences in the proposed design space.

Experiment 1. Spatial Qualities Across the Different Spots 4 | STAGE 3 _ DESIGN APPROACH _ INSPIRATIONS

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

3.2. DESIGN APPROACH 02 : DEVELOPING PATTERNS Spatial qualities were constructed by developing patterns from vegetation : open, fragmented and enclosed. The following are abstract masterplans created by experimenting with representative tiles derived from vegetation structures, landform and materialities.

Experiment 2. Spatial Structure : Open, Fragmented and Enclosed

Experiment 3. Movement of the space and materials YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

Mapping 3. Creating the Spaces with Vegetation Structure

Mapping 4. Reimagining the Proposed Design Through Representative Spatial Patterns 5 | STAGE 3 _ DESIGN APPROACH _ DEVELOPING PATTERNS

3.3. MASTERPLAN (1:1000)

KEY

1

2 16

5

Fu rni va

16

7 6

Mixed woodland

11

Wetland walk

2

Forest cafe

12

Dancing grass walk

3

Picnic area and crevice garden

4

Sand planters

13

Enhanced brownfield meadow and sand pits

5

Hotel courtyard 1

14

Mound features

6

Stepping stones in gravel

15

Gabion waterfall

7

Amphitheatre

16

Viewpoint

8

Birch grove Hotel courtyard 2

17

9

Access points with stairs and the lift

10

Perennial walk

18

The Wicker plaza

19

Rain water pipe

17

Sorbus aria

Effi

ng ha m

8

St

4

lR d

3

+52.4

1

Mixed woodland (e.g. Salix fragilis, Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens

+55.7

11

Don

Betula pendula

Sussex St

Populus alba x tremula

12

River

9

Prunus serrula

19

Fur n

iva

l Rd

Refer to 3.7. 1:500 Plan for detail 13

16

18

+57.2

17

+45.7

15

10

Derek

Doole

y Way

Vic t qua oria ys

14

+57.4

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

1

Calming Forest Cafe

2

Friendly Picnic Area and Crevice Garden

3

Relaxing Courtyard

4 5

Adventurous Stepping Stones Rustling Amphitheatre and Birch Grove

6

Welcoming Courtyard

Surprise

7

Festive Plaza

Playful

8

Immersive Nature Hub

9

Curious Log

10

Amazing Viewpoint

11

Playful Sand Pit

12

Surprising Waterfall

13

Mysterious Landform

Excited Calm Mystery Safe

Degree of Emotion

4

10

1

3.4. EMOTION AND ACTIVITIES

2

Emotional changes while experiencing the different spatial qualities in the proposed site.

10

3

4

5

5

6

9 8

6

7

10

11 12

13

12

8

11 YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

9 7 | MASTERPLAN BREAKDOWN_ACTIVITY MAP

3.5. VEGETATION TYPOLOGIES

Wetland

Woodla nd

Enhance

d Brown

Dr y Mea

field Me a

dow

dow

Sand Pla

Mown G

nters

rass

Mixed Woodland with Edible Shrubs

Riparian Edge

Mixed Woodland with Semi-shade Perennials

Wet Woodland

Mown Grass and Crevice Garden

Biohaven Floating Wetland

Birch Grove with Semi-shade Ground Cover

Scattered Drought Tolerant Plants in Sand

Tall Grass

Enhanced Brownfield Meadow

Species Rich Meadow Dry Meadow in Gravel Wet Meadow

8 | MASTERPLAN BREAKDOWN_VEGETATION TYPOLOGIES

Sedum Green Roof Waterside Marginal Planting Rain Gardens

Species R Transition ich Meadow wit h al Dr y M eadow

Perennia ls

and Tall

Grass

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

LOCATION

A’

TYPOLOGY SPACE USAGE

3.6. SECTION 01 (1:100) _ COURTYARD ~ CREVICE GARDEN Hotel Courtyard Species Rich Meadow

Nature Hub

Dry Meadow in Gravel

Sand Planters

Nature Hub

Picnic

Mixed Woodland

1

Inspiration

A

Materiality

Railway

Mixed Spontaneous Woodland Vegetation

Mown Grass and Crevice Garden

A

Nature Hub

Mixed Woodland

HOTEL

2

3

4

1

A

A 1

A’

A

2

A

Replicating brownfield sites with

Solitary bees will create habitats in sand planters

an open mosaic of habitats such

through holes (Little, 2021). Constructing planters

as sedum based green roof, has

Spontaneous vegetation will be a

with perforated steel and planting drought-

benefits for wildlife (Buglife, 2012).

Substrates will be constructed with Figure 1. Sedum green roof materials from local quarries.

Figure 2. Sand planter

reminder of the history of the site.

tolerant plants will increase biodiversity, as well

Leaving gaps between locally sourced

as aesthetic value.

stone paving will permit vegetation to grow. Although it has often not been

4

3

considered to be of aesthetic value

A neatly mown grass picnic area that is encircled with a crevice garden, can also serve as a threshold. Constructing a crevice garden with locally sourced

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

2015).

itself, additional species will help to

can achieve both aesthetic and ecological value.

make it more attractive to people

Creating log piles by arranging them vertically

(Kuhn, 2006).

with sufficient gaps, will allow creatures to live

stone can create niche habitats (RHS, Figure 3. Crevice garden

Inspired by the artist Michael McGills, log piles

there (Domoney, 2016).

Figure 4. Log piles

Figure 5&6. Large irregular stone paving

9 | SECTION 01 (1:100) _ COURTYARD ~ CREVICE GARDEN

3.7. DETAIL PLAN (1:500)

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

KEY

7

D

+56.7 +55.7

C

1

Biohaven floating wetland

2

Zone 1 : Shallow marsh (fens)

3

Zone 2 : Wet meadow

4

Zone 3 : Shrub wetland

5

Zone 4 : Mixed forested wetland

6

Dry meadow in gravel

7

Tall grass

A

Wetland view point

B

Raised perforated metal walkway

C

Stepping stones

D

Irregular large stone paving Mixed woodland (e.g.

Salix fragilis, Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens

1 2 A

Betula pendula

3

+53.7 Prunus serrula

4

Refer to 3.9. Woodland Plantation for detail

B

A

5

6

10 | DETAIL PLAN (1:500)

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

3.8. SECTION 02 (1:50) _ WETLAND

1

Inspiration

A

Materiality

LOCATION

B’

TYPOLOGY SPACE USAGE

B

Riparian Edge

Mixed Woodland Transition

Stepping Stones

Dry Meadow in Gravel

Zone 4.

Mixed Forested Wetland

Zone 3.

Shrub Wetland

Wetland Pond

Riparian Transition Edge

Zone 1.

Shallow Marsh Zone 2.

Wet Meadow

Zone 2.

Wet Meadow

Wetland with Floating Island

Zone 3.

Shrub Wetland

Mixed Woodland

Grass Walk

Railway

Zone 4. Mixed Forested Wetland

Tall Grass

Spontaneous Vegetation

Refer to 3.10. Woodland Habitat Creation for detail 6

5

B

A

B

C

C

5

Figure 7. Dry meadow

To achieve artificial naturalness, large stepping stone slabs from concrete on site are designed to intermingle with the elements of nature and history. The timeline of the site is carved on each concrete segment to remind visitors of the old railway station and its history.

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

B Refer to 3.11. Wetland Habitat Creation for detail

Standing/fallen dead trees attract birds, as they create invaluable habitats for invertebrates (Redpath, 1995).

6

Figure 8. Biohaven Floating Wetland

A floating wetland is not only has ecological value, but also aesthetic. Planting with native wetland species will provide a habitat, fish refuge and water purification (Floating Island International, 2021).

Figure 9. Dead Wood

B’

A

People are expected to interact with the vegetation through the design of a permeable metal pathway. Raising it above the surrounding wetland, plant space will allow vegetation to thrive. The material itself is a resemblance of a railway track, Figure 10. Perforated Metal which also contributing to visitors’ Pathway sensory experience by creating a soundscape.

11 | SECTION 03 (1:50) _ WETLAND

3.9. WOODLAND PLANTATION Spatial and taxonomic complexity in vegetation maximises the opportunities for wildlife (Hitchmough, 2021). Birds prefer areas with greater habitat fragmentation which increases the richness of different species (Redpath, 1995).

Based on the woodland structural complexity index (Gibbons et al., 2005), the following sections and a diagram summarise the key structural elements for a successful woodland vegetation strategy for wildlife habitats.

A. LARGE TREE SPACING WITH MULTI-STOREY

B. LARGE TREE SPACING WITH RARE GROUND VEGETATION

Canopy Layer Salix fragilis Sorbus aucuparia

Canopy Layer Alnus glutinosa Betula pubescens

Field Layer Carex sylvatica Dryopteris erythrosora

Field Layer Caltha palustris Iris versicolor

Shrub Layer Rubus fruticosus Ribes nigrum Buddleja davidii

C. SMALL TREE SPACING WITH MULTI-STOREY

D. SMALL TREE SPACING WITH RARE GROUND VEGETATION

Canopy Layer Alnus glutinosa Sorbus aucuparia

Canopy Layer Betula pubescens Sorbus aucuparia

Field Layer Pteridium aquilinum Carex pendula

Field Layer Lythrum salicaria Ligularia ‘The Rocket’

Shrub Layer Crataegus monogyna Prunus spinosa Ribes rubrum

A 12 | WOODLAND PLANTATION

B

C

D YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

3.10. WOODLAND HABITAT CREATION The pioneer species of the unmaintained areas live within a complex system in relation to the other species. The following drawings show the schemes connecting the existing characteristics with the newly introduced species and the potential wildlife species that can be found in the proposed design as a result of habitat intervention.

(A) Forest Litter (B) Mixture of Humus and Minerals (C) Silt, Loam Soil (D) Weathered Parent Materials (E) Unweathered Parent Bedrock

Birds Picus viridis (Green woodpecker) Cyanistes caeruleus (Blue tit) Regulus regulus (Goldcrest) Animals Talpa europaea (Mole) Sorex minutus (Shrew) Insects Scutigera coleoptrata (Centipede) Lamprima aurata (Beetle) Formica rufa (Wood ant) Plants Pteridium aquilinum (Eagle Fern) Amanita muscaria (Flay Agaric) Mnium hornum (Thyme Moss) Hedera helix (Ivy)

The hibernaculum, which is filled with loose materials and covered with turf or soil, can provide the habitat for reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates (Wiltshire Wildlife Trust, 2018).

By constructing it with on-site materials, such as bricks, concrete and railway wood blocks, it will provide a safe space for the species over winter and be a spot for bees and birds.

(A) Pipe (Entrance) (B) Top Soil (C) Existing soil (D) Sand and Stones (E) Railroad Wood Blocks (F) Concrete Slabs (G) Bricks (H) Concrete Blocks (I) Gravel

Birds Aegithalos caudatus (Long-tailed tit) Columba palumbus (Wood pigeon) Passer domesticus (Sparrow) Animals Thamnophis sirtalis (Snake) Rana temporaria (Frog) Sciurus carolinensis (Grey Squirrel) Insects Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm) Cornu Aspersum (Slug)

(A)

(B)

(A) (B)

(C)

(C) (D) (D)

(E)

(E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 01_DEAD WOOD YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

02_HIBERNACULUM 13 | WOODLAND HABITAT CREATION

3.11. WETLAND HABITAT CREATION Floating wetlands provide habitats for birds and pollinators on the surface, and aquatic creatures underwater. Island shade and roots allow fish to thrive. Water quality treatment is also expected as the root systems pull pollutants from the water (Floating Island International, 2021). *Filled in baskets (A) Wood Chips (B) Wood Straw (C) Green Brush (D) Low Saturated Sodic Soil (E) Bedrock Aquifer

Birds Podiceps cristatus (Great crested grebe) Cygnus olor (Mute swan) Anas acuta (Northern pintail) Ardea alba (Great egret) Animals Barbus barbus (Barbel) Abramis brama (Bream) Arvicola amphibus (Water vole)

The riparian zone forms the link between the water and land.

Riparian vegetation plays key roles including creating the habitat, protecting water quality, and reducing the risk of flooding (SEPA, 2009).

(A) Organic Rich Saturated Wetland Soil (B) Low Saturated Sodic Soil (C) Bedrock Aquifer

Plants Iris pseudacorus (Yellow iris) Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife) Ligularia ‘The Rocket’ (Leopard plants) Lychnis flos-cuculi (Ragged robin) Pimpinella saxifraga (Burnet saxifrage)

Birds Ardea cinerea (Grey heron) Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) Fulica atra (Coot) Animals Arvicola amphibus (Water vole) Insects Sympetrum striolatum (Darter) Aquarius remigis (Water strider) Plants Carex riparia (Greater Pond Sedge) Phragmites australis (Reed) Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold)

(A) (B) (C)

(A)

(D)

(B)

(E)

(C)

01_BIOHAVEN FLOATING WETLAND 14 | WETLAND HABITAT CREATION

02_RIPARIAN WETLAND YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

3.12. PERSPECTIVE

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

YOUNWOO KIM 190157373

15 | PERSPECTIVE

STAGE 1

STAGE 3

Akin, I. (2016) ‘Urban space case study: The Highline, NY’, Ipek Akin architecture student, 20th April. Available at: https:// ipekakin.wordpress.com/2016/04/20/urban-space-case-study-the-highline-ny/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

Buglife (2012). Scottish Invertebrate Habitat Mnagement: Brownfields. Available at: https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2019/08/ Brownfields_0.pdf (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

CABE (2006). Making contracts work for wildlife : how to encourage biodiversity in urban parks, London: CABE. (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

Domoney, D., (2016) Wildlife garden: how to build a log pile to attract insects. Available at: https://www.daviddomoney. com/wildlife-garden-build-log-pile-attract-insects/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

Catford, N. (2017) ‘Sheffield Victoria’, Disused stations site record, 26th May. Available at: http://disused-stations.org.uk/s/ sheffield_victoria/index.shtml (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

Floating Island International (2021). Available at: https://www.floatingislandinternational.com/biohaven-technology.html (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

Digimap (2022), Ariel Roam, Wicker Arches, Sheffield. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/aerial

Gibbons P. et al. (2005) ‘Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement’, Forest ecology management, 218 (1), pp. 4-7. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705005001?casa_ token=BttE7hARDFUAAAAA:XktW6LEA0d1XyXa7ABmkkV_JGG_xAqPxoPS2B3StqyEl03SBAE3o3ti-qDPSaDIAs9jQQf5IR9g (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022).

Redpath, S.M., (1995). Habitat Fragmentation and the Individual. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 64 (5), pp. 652-661.

Google Maps (2022), Wicker Arches, Sheffield. Google Map[online], Available at: https://www.google.com/ maps/@53.387059,-1.4667468,16.36z Ling, M., (2013) ‘Highline architecture’, NYC architecture, December. Available at: http://cargocollective.com/Uofanycstudioarch/HIGH-LINE-ARCHITECTURE (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) National Trust (2020), ‘Our Vision of Castlefield Viaduct’ , Available at:https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/castlefield-viaduct (Accessed: 12th Jan 2022)

Hitchmough, J. (2021). ‘Rewilding and landscape’ [PowerPoint presentation]. Ecology Lecture. Available at: https://vle.shef. ac.uk/ultra/courses/_98030_1/cl/outline (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022).

Kühn, N. (2006) ‘Intentions for the Unintentional’, Journal of landscape architecture (Wageningen, Netherlands), 1(2), pp.

46–53. doi:10.1080/18626033.2006.9723372.

Robson, S. (2021) ‘Stunning plans to turn Castlefield Viaduct into urban park boasting secret garden’, Available at: https:// www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/castlefield-viaduct-plans-urban-park-21714509 (Accessed: 3th Jan 2022)

Little, J., (2021). ‘Designing brownfield into public space’ [PowerPoint presentation]. Ecology Lecture. Available at: https:// vle.shef.ac.uk/ultra/courses/_98030_1/cl/outline (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022).

Sheffield History Team (2007) ‘ The Wicker’, Sheffield history, 17th February . Available at: https://www.sheffieldhistory. co.uk/forums/topic/239-the-wicker/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

RHS (2015) Why have a rock garden? Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/gardens/wisley/wisley-blogs/wisley/ march-2015/why-have-a-rock-garden (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

The Wildlife Trusts (2021). Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/habitats/towns-and-gardens/brownfield (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

SEPA (2009) Riparian vegetation management. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/151010/wat_sg_44.pdf (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

Twelve Architects (2021), ‘Castlefield Viaduct’ Available at:https://twelvearchitects.com/project/castlefield-viaduct/ (accessed: 8th Jan 2022)

Wiltshire Wildlife Trusts (2018) How to build a hibernaculum for amphibians and reptiles. Available at: https://www.wiltshirewildlife.org/how-to-build-a-hibernaculum-for-amphibians-and-reptiles (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

FIGURES [Figure 1] Bairner, S., (2012) [Green Roof]. Available at: https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2019/08/Brownfields_0.pdf (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 2] Little, J., (2021). [Habitat Panels, Planters and Signs]. Available at: https://www.grassroofcompany.co.uk/habitat-planters (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [FIgure 3] Barnes, J., (2019) [A Long View of the Crevice Garden at Juniper Level Botanic Garden]. Available at:https://meristemhorticulture.com/planted/2019/7/24/crazy-for-crevices-at-juniper-level-botanic-garden (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 4] Michael, M., (2001) Grommet [Wood, steel and paint]. Available at: https://michaelmcgillis.com/grommet-1 (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

[Figure 5] Jordan, S., (2021) Closed Wiscassett Mills. Available at: https://pin.it/5rHvSKk (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 6] Berman, L., (2022) Green Photos. Available at: https://pin.it/28evndl (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 7] Bild, D., (2019) Park Naturmuseum St. Gallen. Available at: https://landezine-award.com/park-naturmuseum-st-gallen/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 8] Floating Island West (2021) Floating Island. Available at: https://floatingislandswest.com/our-products-biohaven-floating-treatment-wetlands/customized-floating-islands/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 9] The Conservastion Volinteers (2022) Dead Wood and Rocks. Available at: https://blogs.tcv.org.uk/tcv-scotland/ uncategorized/2017/01/13/dead-good-deadwood-blog-whats-good-deadwood/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 10] Hernaus, H., (2015) Davis Landscape Architecture. Available at: https://pin.it/IN0SR7c (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)

REFERENCES

SHEFFIELD VIADUCT