Landscape architecture portfolio - housing (LSC330)

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WE PHILADELPHIA Building Our Future on Common Ground

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PRE FAC E

We creatWe create our place.

We share our stories.

We design our future.

We, Philadelphia.

*philadelphia /ˌfɪl.əˈdel.fi.ə/ verb work together to achieve a sustainable means of living in harmony. noun an authentic and supportive community in which the quality of living is sustainable.

CONTENTS PREFACE

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01. STAGE 1 : VISION AND CONCEPT 1.1. Current Issues and Trends in Housing 1.2. Vision and Concepts 1.3. Site Introduction 1.4. Site Analysis 1.5. Literature Review 1.6. Case Studies

7 8 9 10-11 12-13 14-15

02. STAGE 2 : STRATEGIC MASTERPLAN 2.1. Housing Types 2.2. Design Process 2.3. Masterplan 2.4. Masterplan Anatomy 2.5. Residents’ Experiences

17 18-19 20 21-23 24-25

03. STAGE 3 : PUBLIC / PRIVATE INTERFACE DESIGN 3.1. Interfaces Between Public to Private 3.2. Section 01 : The Big House 3.3. Section 02 : The River House 3.4. Isometric 01 : The Big House (Front, Street Side) 3.5. Isometric 02 : The Big House (Back, Courtyard Side) 3.6. Isometric 03 : The River House (Front, River Side) 3.7. Isometric 04 : The River House (Back, Courtyard Side) 3.8. Adaptability 01 3.9. Adaptability 02

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

CONCLUSION

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01.

Stage 1 : Vision and Concept

In response to the issues in the housing market, Stage 1 develops the new proposal for housing in Philadelphia, Sheffield. Based on the site analysis, the process details the vision and concept and explores the various strategic documents and policies linked with the successful case studies.

1.1. CURRENT ISSUES IN HOUSING a. Issues

b. Context

Across the country, there are more than 27 million homes, but many more are needed due to population growth (Kerley, 2021). The following are the current main housing problems as summarised by Crisis UK (2022):

The UK receives approximately 23,000 applications for asylum every year (Figure 1.1). However, two-thirds of them are placed in informal settlements and stay in refugee camps in the short-term (ICMC, 2012). Affordable housing is one of the most complex issues for them and it is related to the tight housing markets and rising housing prices. Asylum seekers tend to be accommodated in temporal properties for which there is low demand, where there are no opportunities for jobs and the property is overcrowded (Housing Europe Observatory, 2019).

Unaffordable rent

A lack of new houses being built compared to the rise in the population

In the smaller context, Sheffield's population is growing and expected to hit 600,000 by 2023 (Sheffield City Council, 2013).

According to the latest population estimates, refugees make up seven of every 10,000 Sheffield residents and the majority are housed in rental accommodation (Migration Yorkshire, 2020).

After the initial provision of temporary housing, the focus should be on long-term accommodation and meaningful inclusion in terms of the cultural and regional aspects (Housing Europe Observatory, 2019).

A lack of good quality housing

Besides these general structural problems in the housing market, some groups of people encounter various other obstacles and face difficulties in housing. Several reports have highlighted the challenges that refugees face in acquiring affordable housing in the UK (Housing Europe Observatory, 2019).

[Figure 1-1] Asylum applications in the UK

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"We don't have refugee crisis. We have a housing crisis" (Anonymous, 2016:online).

"I just want to feel safe.

I want to have a healthy baby who can grow happily, but I feel like nobody cares. Nobody wants to help" (Omeimah, 2020:online).

1.2. VISION AND CONCEPT Mindmap : Strategy for the Refugees

VISION: 'We Philadelphia' is designed to devleop a long-standing relationship with multi-generational refugees and ensure their inclusion in our society.

Based on the co-housing scheme and references to Soft City (2019), the three key principles for livable and sustainable housing are as follows:

1. Connecting to the community •Introducing a 'local buddy' system in a co-housing setting (UIA, 2019) •Introducing a 'self-management' system to promote residents' participation (Startblok, 2022) •Designing walk-up-height buildings to ecreate a connection between the ground and upper floors (Sim, 2019)

2. Diversity of housing and open spaces •Providing different sizes and typologies of buildings to support various activities •Providing adaptable spaces to support a bottom-up approach •Providing different gradients of outdoor spaces for social interaction •Connecting the outdoor space to the indoor space

3. Climate resilience •Improving the River Don area with redeveloped social spaces •Generating spaces to accommodate soft landscaping and apply SuDS scheme •Providing a sustainable transport network (cycle lane/street) to reduce car use

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1.3. SITE INTRODUCTION a. Context

b. Key Characteristics : Kelham Riverside

River Don 1 2 3 5

4

Peninstone Rd

[Figure 1-3&4] Philadelphia Site (above) and Kelham Riverside(below)

The former industrial site of Kelham Island has been approved for a number of residential developments in recent years (Sheffield City Council, 2008). These new developments respect the existing history and distinctive character of the area. In a wider context, in addition to the site, the riverside location offers picturesque tranquillity combined with vibrant industrial and urban culture containing offices, apartments and pubs.

Rutland Rd

[Figure 1-2] Philadelphia, Sheffield 1

Manufacturer

2

Motor vehicle dealer and catering supplier Clothing, tatoo shops and a restaurant Tile shop, bathroom supply shop and building materials supplier Currently not in use

3 4 5

•Distinctive red brick buildings.

•Buildings that represent the history (ex. Green Lane Work, Kelham Island Brewery and Kelham Island Museum) •There are not only lots of manufacturers but also local pubs and restaurants.

•Street arts •A mixed-use area, dominated by a growing residential community (ex. Little Kelham) with some commercial uses (Sheffield City Council, 2008).

•Location : Philadelphia, Rutland Way, Sheffield, S3 8DG •Context : The site is located at the edge of the city centre, Kelham Riverside, and surrounded by Peninstone Rd, Rutland Rd and the River Don. Currently, the site itself is an empty brownfield site with industrial remnants and unmanaged vegetation.

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1.4. SITE ANALYSIS a. Points of Interests (within 1km radius)

b. Transportation

School

Bus stop

Nursery

Tram stop

Grocery

Bus route

Attraction

Tram route

GOOD POINT

IMPROVEMENT

GOOD POINT

IMPROVEMENT

•The nursery is located near the site, which can be good for future family residents.

•The River Don has the potential to be a green attraction point.

•Local resources can be used as destinations in layouts in order to promote social interaction (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, 2021).

•There are not enough grocery stores.

•The facilities are still far from the site even though they are within 1km (most of them are located around the edge).

•The site is well connected to public transportation.

•The bus stops are located near the site entrances.

•There is a direct bus route to the city centre.

•The existing bus stops are poorly managed.

•The site can be busy.

S •The new masterplan for the riverside walk is under development, which will create a safe pedestrian route (Sheffield City Council, 2008).

•The environmental quality of the River Don.

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•A lack of open space for residents.

•Poor pedestrian and vehicle connections to the city centre.

•Traffic and parking problems, including concerns over accessibility and on-street commuter parking (Sheffield City Council, 2008).

•A balance of the commercial, business and residential uses.

•Distinctive character of the Kelham area.

•Potential for connecting new residential areas to the existing ones.

•Unmannaged River Don and the litter problem.

•High speed of cars and traffic on the main road.

•Anti-social behaviour and criminal activity (Sheffield City Council, 2008).

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*Source: DigiMap

c. Vehicle Access

d. Pedestrian Routes and Cycle Lane Main roads Secondary roads

On-road (requires improvement) On-road (poor quality) National cycle route Local cycle route Pedestrian walkway

GOOD POINT

IMPROVEMENT

GOOD POINT

IMPROVEMENT

•The site is accessible.

•Car sharing and car pooling can work well.

•A noise from the main road.

•Traffic •Speed limits can be set for safety.

•An extra pedestrian crossing can be installed.

•The site can be developed as a cycling and pedestrian friendly residential property.

•A bridge connection on the River Don can be installed in the future, if desired.

•The cycling lane and road overlap.

•The cycling lane is poorly managed and some are disconnected.

•The layout of the cycling lane, vehicle lanes and pedestrian walkways can be re-organised to improve pedestrian experiences.

Site ~ City Hall (weekday morning) •The site is well-connect-

25 min

10 min

20 min

17 min

5 min

ed to other parts of the city via public transport.

A good location is key to facilitate accesss to social networks that are expected to help refugees to form social links with the wider society and to prevent isolation (Czischke, 2018) [Figure 1.5] Bus stops and cycle lane near the site

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•The bus stops and cycling lanes on the main road which directly connected to the site are poorly managed.

Improvements such as benches and vegetation are required.

1.5. LITERATURE REVIEW a. Co-housing

b. CURANT Project and Self-management Strategy

[Figure 1-8] CURANT project Many actors of the issue "refugee and migrant inclusion and integration in welcoming societies" [Figure 1-6&7] Illustrations of co-housing community: Startblok (left) and Marmalade Lane (right)

believe that co-housing scheme would be an ideal way of living together in our cities (UIA, 2019). To deliver socially sustainable housing, Based on the co-housing scheme, "We Philadelphia" project was

"The original Cohousing was designed for two main purposes: to increase the quality of cohousers' life and to lessen the burden of everyday life, while increasing freetime at home" (Lietaert, 2009, p.578).

inspired by two refugee integration strategies: CURANT and Self management.

CURANT

-Key principles (Pan et al., 2018) Physical Design

Social Design

•Each household has their front doors.

•Homes are grouped around and overlook common spaces (casual surveillance).

•The common house

•Four fundamental characteristics: 1) weekly shared meals; 2) regular membership meetings; 3) resources sharing; 4) diverse membership (e.g. age, religion and household type).

-Design considerations (Pan et al., 2018) •The site plan and community layout •Car-free living space •A child-friendly environment •The transitional space between private and common space •Location of the common house

•Transitions between community and surrounding neighbourhood •The design of privated units •Choices of housing models •Accommodating future changes (Flexible architecture and Lifetime Homes)

Self-management

- Aims and objectives To support young refugees the ages of 17 and 22 years by providing a support programme that prepares them for independent living and encourage their participation in Belgian society.

- Aims and objectives To create a community by letting residents (young refugees and local residents from 18-27 years of age) organise and manage the project themselves.

- Innovative aspects •Decent & affordable housing

- Innovative aspects •Both refugees and Dutch tenants share a sense

•Cohabitation with a local flatmate ("buddy")

of direct ownership of the project

(UIA, 2019)

•Active inclusion in organisational roles (Czischke, 2018)

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d. Bottom-up Process

c. Refugee Integration through Co-housing

[Figure 1-10&11] Deisgn worskhop and idealised bottom-up process [Figure 1-9] Organisation of the Startblok self-management

Recently, a more sustainable approach in urban living has been adopted by a variety of communitybased initiatives (Deffner et al., 2021). The bottom-up approach allows community involvement in decision making, enabling communities to decide what they need in terms of shaping their homes and living environments (Sylva, 2017). This process can be achieved through user-led design of their own units, which takes place early in the design and building phase. In addition, having control over the design also promotes a sense of responsibility, leading to a higher level of user buy-in (Groeneveld, 2018).

In the UK, the enforced extended period of stay for asylum seekers in their designated accommodation and the insecurity they experience while waiting the outcome of their application is a negative starting point. Moreover, as new arrivals, they may lack cultural knowledge, skills and language to help them intagrate. However, UK refugee policies focus mainly on tangible outcomes such as housing, work and education (Housing Europe Observatory, 2019). In this regard, Czischke (2018) points out that integration can be promoted through social connections as outcomes follwing from the co-housing: social bonds, social bridges and social links.

This method can also be applied to mobility sharing schemes in a co-housing setting. Mobility sharing, such as neigbourhood-based car sharing, cargo bike sharing or public transport ticket sharing, can be both easier and more flexible. The key drivers for adopting mobility sharing are reducing the amount of parking space needed on the property and for environmental sustainability (Deffner et al., 2021).

•age-relate/intergenerational bonding Social Bonds

•mixing people from the same and other cultural backgrounds, which can be achieved by leveraging the 50/50 principle

"It was great to be involved with the whole journey of design and development" (Wright, resident in Marmalade Lane, 2021:online).

•the 50/50 principle serves to prevent the drift over time towards hoSocial Bridges

mogenisation •sharing a sense of direct ownership - requiring the involvement of both refugees and local residents in organisational roles

Social Links

•the connection between the individuals and local public sector services •the location of the housing project

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1.6. CASE STUDIES a. Startblok Riekerhaven, Amsterdam, Netherlands

b. Marmalade Lane, Cambridge, UK

[Figure 1-11] Startblok courtyard (left) and the masterplan (right)

[Figure 1-12] Marmalade Lane courtyard (left) and the aerial view (right)

•Units : 565 modular units •Residents : 50% of young refugees between 18 and 27 years old and 50% of young Dutch citizens •Strategy : co-housing scheme with self-organisation and self-management •Ownership : social housing corporation •Spatial form : semi-closed structure - linear apartments laid out on three sides

•Units : 42 homes •Residents : multi-generational living •Strategy : car-free co-housing scheme •Ownership : apartments owned by residents •Spatial form : semi-closed structure - perforated rows of housing units create courtyards

- Aims and Objectives To focus on social integration combined with affordable housing. With a 50/50 mix of local residents and refugees, Startblok provides an environment for cultural exchange and integration between young individuals from different backgrounds (Startblok, 2022).

- Aims and Objectives To establish sustainable community-led housing across all generations and environmental performance (Marmalade Lane, 2022).

-Designer and Participants •Top-down co-housing •The Hosing Association (De Key) in partnership with an organisation that is specialised in self-management projects (Socious Wonen) (Groeneveld, 2018)

-Designer and Participants •Bottom-up approach •Developer Town, timber manufacturer Trivselhus and architecture practice Mole •20 households who are members of the cohousing group

-Success and Improvement

-Success and Improvement

SUCCESS •Self-organisation : residents involve at the organisational level (social/maintenance/ communication) •Integration of refugees •Social bond, links and bridges (Czischke, 2018)

IMPROVEMENT •Top-down approach in intial design stage (Groeneveld, 2018) •A lack of a range of outdoor spaces and housing types

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SUCCESS

IMPROVEMENT

•Custom-build approach with a range of workshops (Grylls, 2019) •Maximising outdoor spaces with car-free streets (Marmalade Lane, 2022) •A range of outdoor spaces from private to communal

•So many shared spaces with terraced houses may have disadvantages in terms of the privacy (Grylls, 2019)

"Residents together form one group through a common goal: to offer each other a springboard to a brighter future!" (Fleur, resident in Startblok, 2022:online).

c. Lange Eng Cohousing Community, Albertslund, Denmark

[Figure 1-13] Lange Eng courtyard (left) and the masterplan (right)

"It makes it much easier to parent, frankly. It means you aren't constantly trying to entertain your children yourself" (Brill, resident in Marmalade Lane, 2019:online).

•Units : 54 homes •Residents : multi-generational living •Strategy : almost car-free cohousing (electric car share pool and guest car park are outside the courtyard and faclities) •Ownership : apartments owned by residents •Spatial form : continuous closed structure - peripheral row of housing units creates inner courtyard - Aims and Objectives To establish a socially-oriented living accommodating a range of age groups, cultural backgrounds, and ways of living (Dorte Mandrup, 2022) -Designer and Participants •Bottom-up approach •The architect Dorte Mandrup and four families (future residents) -Success and Improvement SUCCESS

IMPROVEMENT

•High level of privacy with opportunities to socialise •Open thresholds which allow public to use the garden as a public park (Krstic et al., 2020) •Every housing unit has access to the shared garden space (Dorte Mandrup, 2022)

•All the residents have to agree on a common

"It's like a big family here. We live together for better and for worse" (Brill, resident in Lange Eng, 2020 :online).

thing for the process (Krstic et al., 2020).

•Residents have semi-private terraces, but no private outdoor spaces (Jorgenson and Mikkelsen, 2020)

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02.

Stage 2 : Strategic Masterplan

With the vision and concept, Stage 2 shows the design process step by step with various options of model layouts. The masterplan anatomy details each design feature. The axonometric visualisations illustrate the impressions of the proposed site, as well as the residents’ experiences.

2.1. HOUSING TYPES *Different colours represent differnt units.

RIVER HOUSE

BIG HOUSE

Unique outside staircase and rooftop design. Located near the riverside with easy access to the river social space.

Ideal for people who want to have nature at their doorstep.

Ideal for a big family or shared house Inspired by Little Kelham, each house with friends. Iconic inner terraces and is connected with a box-shaped shared balcony. Located in the middle located near the main communal of the site where each community building and the plaza. block meets.

2.5

BOX HOUSE

3

I live on my own. I don't need a large space, so this studio is perfect for me!

ARCH HOUSE

Inspired by the architect Peter BarBer's The highest building in the property unique arch design, the arch added

with a nice view. Designed with large

a degree of privacy. Connected with

shuttered windows and recessed

shared balconies and a lift. Located on balconies. Located on each corner of the edge of the site.

3.5

We're a big family! My kids also need enough space to play around.

SKY HOUSE

the site. Lift access is available.

3.5 + 4

I decided to move into the shared house! So excited to live with my local buddy.

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5

I was looking for short-term let property. I'm glad to find my place!

I need an accessible place! This place makes it a lot easier to go out.

2.2. DESIGN PROCESS [Design principle] Edges and Spaces : Degree of Enclosure

a. Enclosure on Three + Semi-enclosure

The built form can define spaces (Sim, 2019). Considering enclosure with focus, edges and movement, the following are the building block options: Building blocks

b. Enclosure on Three + Outbuilding The outbuilding divides the space into smaller fractals.

Making houses layout spread will increase access to river, creating little street activities.

Spaces

Building lines

1. Enclosure on two

1) Open courtyard with a view to the outside 2) Accessible 3 Easy movement (courtyard ~ street) 4) Loose thresholds can be added

The entrances near the bus stops will make the site more accissible.

2. Enclosure on three

1) Focus 2) More restricted views 3) Permeable edges can be added

3. Enclosure on four

1) Privacy 2) The use of corridors for access 3) Building height matters

4. Semi-enclosure

1) Movement focused 2) Potential of secondary street activities

5. Outbuilding

1) Double courtyard (private and semi-public) 2) Space variation

DESIGN APPROACH

DESIGN APPROACH •Using the 'focus' point to create a courtyard.

•To maximise the access to the riverside, movement focused semi-enclosure layout was designed, creating little alleys.

STRENGTHS •Access points are near the bus stops.

•A direct journey from Rutland Rd to River Don. •Variations in 'enclosure' can meet different uses of space.

•Taller buildings on the edge help screen overbearing adjacent building (Heise, 2021).

WEAKNESSES •The plaza is not acting as a main communal space.

•Little connection between outdoors and indoors.

•The location of the communal building is not reasonable to attract residents.

•Semi-enclosure layout seems disconnected compared to other residential blocks.

•Although there's a link between Rutland Rd and the riverside, the feelings are different (semi-public and semi-private) which is inefficient to increase the riverside usage.

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•Connecting existing building (communal building) and the plaza.

•Using building heights to create a sense of cohesion and stabaility in layout.

STRENGTHS •A positioning of the outbuilding visually divides the courtyard into smaller spaces (double-courtyard), creating edges and bringing intimacy to the spaces (Sim, 2019).

•Ancillary spaces are useful in accommodating change, including densification (Sim, 2019).

•Secure edges in terms of the wider context.

WEAKNESSES •Residents may feel being treated discriminatingly because only a few communities have outbuilding layout.

•The purpose of the outbuilding in this scheme is ambiguous. Is it a communal building or a shop?

•The boundary of the each community is unclear •Communities cannot be organised well.

•Residential building as an outbuilding is not reasonable as the residents might feel like they are being watched.

*Numbers represent the height of the builidings.

c. Enclosure on Four + Semi-enclosure

d. Enclosure on Three + Landmarks

The layout will encourage street activities.

A communal building in the middle will act well as a main hub.

b. Outbuilding

The courtyard can have two different atmospheres.

DESIGN APPROACH

•Devleoping movement focused layout to activate the streets.

•Activating the plaza area with the efficient layout WEAKNESSES •Unclear boudaires •Too much movement •The variety of layout may hinder the community from gathering •The open edge of the whole site may not be secure for residents •Only one residential block has a courtyard •What's the purpose of keeping two existing buildings? Are they for the whole community?

•Using building edges to create smaller spaces.

•To create more vibrant outdoor spaces, density was increased while keeping the ideal human scale, which is no higher than six stories (Sim, 2019).

•Plaza as a focal point in the wider context.

STRENGTHS •Variations in height for the buiding at the site edge can maximise solar potential to the courtyard.

•A wider connection of spaces with a communal building and the plaza.

•A good use of different housing typoligies with its cohesive layout.

•The plaza can be used as a place of movement (Sim, 2019).

a. Semi-enclosure and the riverside

Low-rise terraced houses provide a glimpse to the river through little streets.

Site edge increased by sub-dividing original site into smaller blocks (Sim, 2019).

DESIGN APPROACH

STRENGTHS •Communal building in the centre is more accessible and potential to engage people.

•The location of the plaza is reasonable to gather people •Variation of the layout and housing types will meet the residents' different needs.

•Active streets

Cohesive building forms can create a sense of identity in the community.

[Key Features depending on the layout]

WEAKNESSES •Considering the gradient across public to private, different treatments of the thresholds are required •Additional bin collections in accessible spot might be needed.

•Careful selection of vegetation strategy in different spaces might be needed.

c. Courtyard

The building edge provides secure boundaries and enclosed space.

d. Landmark

The tallest buildings around the corner of the edge can act as a 'landmark'.

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2.3. MASTERPLAN

KEY 11

6

11

4

4

1

We Plaza and a fountain

7

Private garden

2

Community hub

8

Social garden

3

Shops

9

Timber deck

4

Communal building

10

Rain garden

5

Bin storage

11

Arch

6

The Riverside walk

12

Bouleveard planting

13

Entrance point

9 5

Total new homes : 472

3 8

Storey range : 2.5-5

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3

7

Units in each block : 95, 86, 81, 71, 71 and 68 (from top left, clockwise)

1

3 13

3

2

10 12

4 4

4 9

4

3 13

3

1 : 1000 20

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2.4. MASTERPLAN ANATOMY a. Housing Typologies

b. Space Typologies

To achieve sustainable and resilient living, the property provides different types, dimensions and sizes of buildings. From studios to apartments, the proposal strategy can accommodate multi-generations and meet their needs. The buildings are also subdivided in different way to vary the density as well as have the potential to create spatial difference within itself (Sim, 2019).

From general to specific, different typologies of space that respond to different needs and activities can connect people to their surroundings and each other (Sim, 2019). To achieve diversity of outdoor spaces, the property provides a wide spectrum of needs for public and private life.

Common houses - for the residents in each block, including meeting space, guest room, community kitchen, playroom and laundry facilities. Located in each corner where the residential blocks intersect to allow residents to share their culture and feel connected.

Number of stories 2.5 3

Townhouses with inner terraces and privated gardens (Big House)

3.5

Residential apartments with communal terrace access (Box House)

3.5 + 4 alternatively

5

Community hub - for the whole community, including workshop spaces, gym and event space. Located in the middle to act as a main hub.

Studios with a private deck and rooftop attic (River House)

Residential shops - cafe, grocery store, restaurant and pharmacy. Located around the edge of the plaza, acting as significant corners with easy access and vitality.

Plaza - for temporal events (markets, music venue, etc.), meeting and relaxing

Loft apartments with a rooftop garden (Arch House)

Courtyards - open designed green space for playing and socialising

Residential apartments with balconies (Sky House)

Residential outdoor space - the riverside space for viewing and jogging Bin storage - located near the common houses and has access points for collection 21

c. Gradient : Public ~ Private

d. Circulation and Thresholds 2

2' 1

2' 1 2' 3

Considering the aspects of movement, intimacy, privacy and flexibility, the outdoor spaces are divided into sub-categories. The spaces are defined with thresholds, such as physical barriers, loose edges and different materials.

Based on the spatial interface strategy, the access points are treated differently. The proposed design also accommodates the flexible change of space depending on the needs and the time of the day.

Car access - speed limit (20 mph) is set to improve pedestrian experiences (Department of Transport, 2010).

Public - the roads, cycling lanes and pedestrian pathways on the edge of the site Semi-public - the plaza and riverside outdoor space where whole community can enjoy together. It can act as a place for mobility (Sim, 2019).

Shared surface - a timed pedestrianised shared space between sidewalks. Pedestrians and cycles only between 8am and 6pm. Can be adapted as a car-free area if desired.

Semi-private - the courtyards mainly used by each community

Pedestrian route

Shared private - the shared gardens/shared terraces shared by 2-3 households

Improved existing cycle route - a cycling lane can improve walking experience by protecting the pedestrians from motorised traffic (Sim, 2019)

Private - the private gardens (deck, front/back gardens) used by one household

Access points and thresholds 1 Main open entrance [public ~ semi-public (plaza)] 2 Arch thresholds [public ~ semi-public (between residential buildings)] 2' Arch thresholds (arch house with open ground floor as the entrance point) 3 Gate [public ~ semi-private (courtyards)] 22

e. Vegetation Strategy

f. Rent Options

Vegetation strategy is used as thresholds and for defining space. Taking into consideration the adapt-

The ‘Local Buddy’ program sees to it that 50% of the residents are local people and the other 50% refugees. Residents, especially the refugees, can choose short or long-term rent. This is because of their circumstances and urgent need to have a place to stay before their support applications are fully assessed (Great Britain. Home Office, 2019).

able and designed areas, the property provides different types of green spaces. Trees are carefully selected for their uses in each space such as shelter, direction, movement and atmosphere.

Land uses Courtyard - meadow/lawn for comfortable seating. designed area Plaza planting - perennials/meadow for aesthetic and welcoming purpose Green roof - lawn for basic option, can be adaptable

Tree uses Rent term for tenants

Sense of place

Initial - short-term rent (3-4 weeks)

Screening

Social garden - adaptable gardening area (ex. vegetable planting)

Focal point

Private garden - adaptable gardening area

Slow traffic

SuDS - designed rain gardens, placed between different areas as thresholds

Wayfinding

Dispersal - longer-term temporary rent (minimum 6 months) Permanent - minimum 1 year

Boulevard - shrubbery planting 23

Mmm, yum.. I just made a pizza with my housemate. I’m going to share my home recipe next week!

I’m a single mom, but I feel safe here with my kid. My neighbour takes care of my kid when I’m at work.

So thankful!

S RE 5.

Mommy, I’ve made lots of friends here!

2.

Our local grocery store in the centre of the area has fresh products for our residents. It is easy to access and the products are available at affordable prices! Why don’t you come shopping here with your neighbours and cook dinner together?

’ TS EN ID

You can check our events and newsletters on this app.

Meet our self-managers!

E RI PE EX S CE N

3 pm is my favourite time of the day.

Me and my neighbour always have a nice cuppa in my backyard!

I’m ready for tea time! Just got back from the pop-up market in the plaza!

Too busy to make your coffee in the morning? We got you! Our cafe delivers fresh coffee to your doorstep.

Come, chat with our friendly resident staff and have a good time with your neighbours!

I’m so grateful that I can be a part of this community! It helped me a lot settle down.

I like that everything is managed by residents. I feel a strong connection with this community!

Hehe, a playground is everywhere! I like the fountain in the plaza the most.

Want a unique experience? We offer various workshops every week. Get to know your neighbours and share your hobbies with us and them!

I enjoy going to paper cut workshop every Saturday. A great chance to relieve the stress from the

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weekday!

1

Me and my buddy are great partners! We do a language exchange meeting every week.

Our plaza is the perfect place to hold events.

Keep an eye on our app and your email box.

Don’t miss the food markets, pop-up stores, vin-

I like this ‘local buddy’ system! I live in a shared flat with my local friend and he always helps me a lot.

tage shops and other events organised for you!

03.

Stage 3 : Public/private Interface Design Based on a selected area, Stage 3 will explore the gradient across the public and private relating indoor and outdoor spaces. Focusing on the vision, the co-housing scheme, the design will be explored at a human scale with the visualisations of sections and isometric drawings.

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3.1. INTERFACES BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES a. Selected Area

b. Gradient : Public to Private Spaces

A'

The selected area, where the location is between the riverside and the plaza, is expected to have the most activities. It also includes the biggest community.

02

Public

01

Semi-public Semi-private

A

Shared private Private

c. Section (1/100) : Gradient of Public to Private Spaces The Big House Private (outside) Semi-Public

Private (Inside)

The River House

Residential Courtyard

Shared Private

Shared Private

Semi-Private

Private (outside) Private (Inside)

Riverside

Shared Private

Semi-Public

INTERFACE

SPACES

Plaza Side

A A' 27

3.2. SECTION 01 (1/50) : THE BIG HOUSE Private (Outside)

Plaza

Shared Space

Inner Street

Private (Outside)

Private (Inside)

Front Inner Garden Terrace

Indoor

Back Garden

Shared Private

Gabion Seating

Social Garden

A

B’

Materiality

A

Inspiration

Semi-Private

Residential Courtyard

SPACES

INTERFACE

Semi-Public

1

ROOM 3 & LOUNGE

ROOM 1, 2

KITCHEN & LIVING ROOM

1 The flexible use of space enables this shared space, near the communal building and plaza, to receive deliveries in the mornings, provide a lively food market at lunch-time, and pleasant space for visiting shops and bars in the afternoons and evenings.

2

1

3 A

1

B

B

B’

Inspired by the layout of the Urban Splash Town House, the shared private gardens are placed between the courtyard and the private gardens.

Unlike the designed courtyard in the middle, they are managed by its residents. Two households share a single social garden.

Inspired by Marmalade Lane, gabion benches are placed as thresholds, creating opportunities to meet people and linger between different spaces.

Figure 3-2. Town House, Manchester

Figure 3-1. Marmalade Lane, Cambridge

Planters act as the thresholds. These are raised planters with trees between the shared space and the residential area, affording seating and a degree of safety and privacy.

1

Setts are placed as boundaries in different spaces. They control the movement of people and define the space with their texture when they act Granite Setts as thresholds.

2

Limestone 28

Using different materials from the shared space, their materiality will provide people with a different experience between spaces. The smoother finish allows the people to walk comfortably.

3

They are designed as thresholds (with gabions at The Big House) between the private back garden and shared social garden.

Gravel

Semi-Private

Shared Private

Private (Outside)

Courtyard

Social Garden

Front Deck

1

Shared Privarte

Private (Inside)

Indoor

Materiality

A

Inspiration

Semi-Public

Social Garden

SPACES

INTERFACE

3.3. SECTION 02 (1/50) : THE RIVER HOUSE

Arch Space

Riverside

STUDIO 2 -ROOFTOP

STUDIO2 -ATTIC

STUDIO 2

C B

STUDIO 1

B’

3 By creating different fractals of spaces (private, shared private, and common), the property creates a strong sense of identity and nurture community.

D C

4

3

The raised wooden deck for the ground floor residents affords a degree of privacy from the social garden. A slight ramp is designed to be accessible for all people.

The social garden is placed between two different houses. It is shared by the households who live next to each other and allow the residents to meet their neighbours.

C

D Inspired by Lange Eng, access to the

4

Timber decks are provided as private outdoor spaces for the residents who live on the ground floor.

Timber

first floor will be arranged from the staircase outside. It allows people to adapt the space under the staircase.

Figure 3-4. Kelham Island

Figure 3-3. Lange Eng Cohousing Community, Copenhagen 29

2 The riverside outdoor space gives residents opportunities to socialise.

1

1

Inspired by Kelham Island, the arch threshold is designed to separate the residential areas from the semipublic areas. It acts functionally and aesthetically along with the characteristics of Philadelphia.

3.4. ISOMETRIC 01 : THE BIG HOUSE (FRONT, STREET SIDE) 7. A timed pedestrianised shared space can be adapted as a car-free area in the future if desired. It is 100% pedestrianised between 8 am and 6 pm.

1. Cantilevered balconies give access to better views and capture the sun for a longer period of time (Blonder, 2017).

The upper terraces on the first floor are adjacent to one another for those houses in which the inner terraces are separate.

LOCATION

THE BIG HOUSE Housing Type : 3 storey house, 1 unit Room Type : 3 Bedrooms with a kitchen, living room and lounge Size (m) : 5x10 Located near the communal building and plaza.

Designed with a range of different types of personal space. A private backyard is perfect for people who wish to enjoy their own outdoor space. Designed for a family/shared house.

Permanent rent is available.

FLOOR PLAN

2. The inner terraces on the ground floor are located adjacent to one another with permeable timber screening in between them which still allows for privacy. By designing inner terraces as an extension of the front garden, there is also the option for residents to adapt them for alternative uses, 1 such as a small shelter or bike storage.

3. A private front garden can be designed by the residents. A gentle and flat site ensures that it is wheelchair accessible.

2 3 4

Back Garden

5 Balcony

Inner Terrace Kitchen

Bath

Bath

Living Room Inner Terrace

6

Room 3

Room 1

Bath Room 2

Front Garden

Balcony

GF

1F

Lounge

2F

4. Streets are both pedestrian and bike friendly. To achieve a design accessible for all, materials are designed effectively, rather than needing to focus on the topography or kerbs.

7

30

5. A rain garden runs along the boundaries as a means of sofetening the edges, while gently directly people away people from the residential buildings.

6. Low railings (approx. 1m) promote interactions between neighbours while demarcating semi-public and private spaces.

While still retaining the benefits of low height, it is a semi-permeable structure (e.g. railings on top of the wall) to provide privacy for groundfloor residents (Blonder, 2017).

3.5. ISOMETRIC 02 : THE BIG HOUSE (BACK, COURTYARD SIDE) 3. An inner courtyardfacing terrace could serve as a storage area for outdoor hobbies/activities, such as gardening or cleaning equipment.

4. The SuDS scheme acts as a natural boundary between two houses, and it is both ecological and aesthetic.

Rainwater collected from the roofs is stored and can be used in the shared garden.

1

5. Private back gardens will help the ground-floor residents by acting as a buffer against any noise from activity in the courtyard. (Sim, 2019).

2

3

7. The edge zone is designed with a gabion bench which can both keep people at a distance from the property or be used to create a small social space.

8. The private shared garden is used by two households who live next door to each other. The sizes vary (min. 2m).

Figure 3-5&6. De Deeltuin, Utrecht

COURTYARD FUNCTIONS De Deeltuin created three atmospheres (a sunbathing area, a vegetable garden and a playground) in the courtyard which can meet the residents' different needs (Landezine, 2022).

4 9

5 1. Solar panels have been installed for efficient energy use, as the house is located in a sunny area.

6. The entrance to each home is designed with different materials to create two different zones: the social life in the courtyard and privacy in the inside and the garden.

6

7

8 10

2. A balcony designed to foster street-level interaction. To avoid such a long and narrow space simply becoming a storage area, it can comfortably seat two people (Blonder, 2017). A transparent glass railing allows people to see outside while they are sitting down. It can also be decorated with some climbing plants.

9. A bike and pet friendly environment. People can actively participate in the street and be connected to their surroundings.

10. The courtyard has three key roles. The picnic area is a mown grass lawn in the sun. The richly blooming garden provides an iconic view from their kitchens. The play area has a large specimen tree which the children will love climbing up.

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3.6. ISOMETRIC 03 : THE RIVER HOUSE (FRONT, RIVERSIDE) 3. Loose thresholds between houses maximise interaction between neighbours.

LOCATION

4. Shared private gardens are for neighbours who live next door. Unlike the courtyard side, residents have a shared garden to encourage neighbourhood activities.

5. Arches are designed to keep people away from the residential area and to divide the spaces that have different functions: private property and residents' social area.

6. Waterfront location offers spectacular views and direct access to the water, creating a pleasant and comfortable outdoor experience with seating and a linear walkway.

1 4

2

3

5

THE RIVER HOUSE Housing Type : 2.5 storey house, 2 units Room Type : Studio 1, Studio 2 + Rooftop Attic Size (m) : 4x12, 3x4.5 (Rooftop attic) Located near the riverside and being open on both ends, it can have a view to the courtyard and the river. Designed with a terrace and upper green space, the rooftop attic is a perfect space for people who want extra room for hobbies or storage. Designed for young people or couples who want to have their own individual space.

Temporary rent (min. 6 months) is available.

FLOOR PLAN Deck

1. Common balcony connects three different houses. Corridors are approximately 1-1.5m where residents can put pot plants or bikes in front of their house (Sim, 2019). As it is shared, it is accessible from the living room or the kitchen rather than bedroom to feel more welcoming (Blonder, 2017). Decorating one's own balcony area is available, such as a trellis, canopy and fairy lights.

6

Access Balcony Balcony

Bedroom

Bedroom

Attic Living Room + Kitchen

Living Room + Kitchen

Rooftop Garden

Bath

2. One shared staircase connects three houses unlike the courtyard side to ensure their privacy and to avoid hustle and bustle.

Common Balconies

GF

32

1F

2F

3.7. ISOMETRIC 04 : THE RIVER HOUSE (BACK, COURTYARD SIDE) 1. Rooftop is divided into three key spaces: green garden roof, attic and balcony. The attic can be accessed from the first floor (studio 2) which has a split-level layout.

Figure 3-7. Big Yard, Berlin

ROOFTOP & ATTIC The Big Yard project shows the efficient use of the rooftop by using an extra room and the stair.

1

2. Shuttered windows are flexible that can respond to the climate, offering easy and endless permutations inside (Sim, 2019).

Windows are open from floor to ceiling, which can make the entire room into a virtual balcony without taking up space.

3. Access to the first floor is arranged by outside stairs with a small balcony (70cm deep). It can also be used as a small pot plant space.

2

3 4. Raised timber deck as a private edge zone is for expressing identity, allowing the resident to use the space as they need while adding to the feeling of privacy.

4

5 7. Benches are considered as a functional element that make a space more inviting and encourage people to congregate there (Superior Amenities, 2022). They are not facing the residential buildings to provide a degree of privacy, creating an ambiguous edge.

6

Figure 3-8&9. Traditional Barcelona's window (above) and modern shuttered window (below)

SHUTTERED WINDOWS Inspired by traditional Barcelona's shuttered windows, the windows in the proposed design show the combination of glass windows and shutters which can maintain privacy while also bringing in light and ventilation (Sim, 2019).

7 5. The private shared garden is used by two households who live next door to each other. The sizes vary (min. 2m).

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6. The pathway is designed with smooth-finished hard materials to ensure safety and easy access for strollers and wheelchairs.

3.8. ADAPTABILITY 01

THE BIG HOUSE

Iconic inner terraces and a back garden. Close to the plaza and community hub, which also means the property can be a place to interact and meet new neighbours.

1

2

3

INNER TERRACE

FRONT GARDEN

BACK GARDEN

•Permeable screen (ex. trellis door) can be installed for people who want privacy.

•Front terrace can be used as small shelter.

•Back terrace can be used as storage (ex. bins/ cleaning/gardening supplies)

•Ideal for having a small vegetable garden at the door.

•Residents can have a gate, bench or cafe table.

•Personalisation of the door paint colour is available.

•The provided natural thresholds can be personalised to hedges for more privacy.

•Soft grass area is ideal for picnics and children's play area (ex. sprinkler water play/mini pool).

•Fence can be added between provided gabion bench and rain garden threshold.

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3.9 ADAPTABILITY 02

THE RIVER HOUSE

Unique outside staircases and the rooftop. Located near the riverside with magnificent views and nature at the doorstep.

1

2

3

TIMBER DECK

STAIRCASE

ROOFTOP & ATTIC

•Timber deck can be used as a small social space with movable canopy, chairs and tables.

•Residents can choose whether to keep the deck if they want to maximise soft planting area.

•Space under the stairs is flexible to meet the residents' needs. (ex. a dog house/bike storage/mini play area) •Decorating with hanging plants and small plant pots is ideal for greenery.

•Ancillary spaces are useful in accommodating change (Sim, 2019).

•Attic offers the potential for different types of spaces with natural light (ex. hobby room or extra bedroom) •The ceiling of the attic can be adpated as a green roof.

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CONCLUSION

"We Philadelphia", a bottom-up approach sustainable co-housing scheme, aims to support the inclusion of refugees in our society. In particular, the project will provide new 472 homes in addition to residential shops and other facilities. The strategy includes five housing types and a variety of outdoor spaces, ranging from private to communal. Along with the concept as a response to the current issues in the housing market, three key visions and strategies were formulated: connecting the community, providing a diversity of housing and open spaces, and supporting climate resilience. In addition, two community centric strategies, namely self-organisation and the local buddy system, will help to connect the residents.

REFERENCES READING MATERIALS Blonder, N., (2017) '8 tips for designing balconies that people will actually use', Livabl, 8th November. Available at: https://www.livabl.com/2017/11/8-tips-designing-balconies-people-will-actually-use.html (Accessed: 22 Jan 2022) Crisis UK (2022). Available at: https://www.crisis.org.uk/ending-homelessness/housing/ (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Czischke, D.. and Huisman, C.. (2018) ‘Integration through Collaborative Housing?: Dutch Starters and Refugees Forming Self-Managing Communities in Amsterdam’, Urban planning, 3(4), pp. 156– 165. doi:10.17645/up.v3i4.1727.

Deffner, J., et al., (2021). 'Bottom-Up Strategies for Shared Mobility and Practices in Urban Housing to Improve Sustainable Planning', Sustainability, 13 (2897). Available at: https://www.mdpi. com/2071-1050/13/5/2897 (Accessed: 27 Jan 2022) Department of Transport (2010). The highway code, road safety and vehicle rules. London: Department of Transport.

Dorte Mandrup (2022). Lange Eng cohousing community. Available at: https://www.dortemandrup.dk/ work/lange-eng-cohousing-community (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Great Britain. Home Office (2019). Living in asylum accommodation. London: UK Visas & immigration.

Grylls, G. (2019) 'Marmalade Lane is a co-housing exemplar that could spread', The RIBA Journal, 16 August 2019 [Blog]. Available at: https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/co-housing-marmalade-lanecambridge-mole-architects-george-grylls (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022) Groeneveld, N. (2018). Co-housing in Amsterdam: analysis of practice and performance of architect-led collective private commissioning from a resident perspective. Master thesis. Radboud Universit Nijmegen. Available at: https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/6388/Groeneveld%2C_ Niels_1.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022) Heise, J. (2021) 'Urban design' [PowerPoint presentation]. LSC330. Available at: https://vle.shef.ac.uk/ webapps/blackboard/execute/content/blankPage?cmd=view&content_id=_5352474_1&course_ id=_98027_1&fromMobile=true (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Housing Europe Observatory (2020). Housing & migration. vol. 2. Available at: https://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-1179/pathways-to-social-inclusion (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022) ICMC (2012) Welcome to Sheffield. Available at: https://www.resettlement.eu/sites/icmc.tttp.eu/files/ ICMC_WelcomeToSheffield.pdf (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Jorgensen, P., and Mikkelsen, S. (2020). Circular economy in future housing. Denmark: Aalborh university. Unpublished.

Kerley, P., & Grissell, L. (2021). 'The UK's housing crisis close up', BBC News. 1 October. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58747051 (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Krstic. H. et al., (2020) 'Sharing in caring: co-housing as a model of student housing in Serbia', International conference on urban planning. Serbia, 13 November 2020. Sebia: University of Nis, pp.81-90.

Landezine (2022). De Deeltuin. Available at: https://landezine.com/deeltuin/ (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Lietaert, M. (2010). Cohousing's relevance to degrowth theories. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(6), pp.576-580.

Marmalade Lane (2022). Marmalade Lane. Available at: https://ml.qwirx.com/#cohousing (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022) Migration Yorkshire (2020) Sheffield local migration profile 2020. Available at: https://www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/userfiles/attachments/pages/664/sheffieldlmp-2020.pdf (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022)

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Governemnt (2021). National Design Guide. Available at: https:// www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-design-guide (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Pan, J., Wang, J. and Hadjri, K. (2018). 'Creative housing design: promoting sustainable living in Cohousing community in the UK', Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 3(8). doi: 10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1358 Sim, D. and Gehl, Jan (2019) Soft city : building density for everyday life. Washington ; Covelo ; London: Island Press.

Sheffield City Council (2008). Kelham Neepsend action plan. Available at: https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/ home/planning-development/master-action-plans/kelham-island-and-neepsend-action-plan- (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Startblok (2022). Available at: https://startblokriekerhaven.nl (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) Superiar Amenities (2022) Park benches: what to consider, Available at: https://webcoat.com/park-benches-what-consider (Accessed: 22 Jan 2022) Sylva, S., (2017) 'Taking back control: issues and benefits of bottom-up redevelopment', Procedia Engineering, 212 (2018), pp. 348-355. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1877705818300584 (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) UIA (2019) Cohousing and case management for unaccompanied young adult refugees in Antwerp. Available at: https://uia-initiative.eu/sites/default/files/2019-07/finale_brochure.pdf (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022)

FIGURES [Figure 1-1] Sturge, G. (2021) Asylum applicaitons in the UK. London: House of Commons, p.10, graph.

[Figure 1-2] GoogleMap (2022). [Philadelphia]. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Philadelphia,+Sheffield/@53.3925807,-1.487124,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48797888a58fdd99:0xd0f5e266841c16f7!8m2!3d53.392897!4d-1.4826425 (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 1-8] UIA (2019). [CURANT]. Available at: https://uia-initiative.eu/sites/default/files/2019-07/finale_brochure.pdf (Accessed: 27 Jan 2022) [Figure 1-9] Startblok (2022). [Self-management]. Available at: https://startblokriekerhaven.nl (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 1-10&11] Deffener, J., (2021). [Bottom-up approach] Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/20711050/13/5/2897 (Accessed: 27 Jan 2022) [Figure 1-11] Startblok (2022). [Residents]. Available at: https://startblokriekerhaven.nl (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 1-12] Marmalade Lane (2022). [Courtyard]. Available at: https://ml.qwirx.com/#cohousing (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022) [Figure 1-13] Dorte Mandrup (2022). [Lange Eng cohousing community]. Available at: https://www.dortemandrup.dk/work/lange-eng-cohousing-community (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 3-1] Marmalade Lane (2022). [Courtyard]. Available at: https://ml.qwirx.com/#cohousing (Accessed: 25 Jan 2022) [Figure 3-2] Urban Splash (2022). [Townhouses]. Available at: https://www.urbansplash.co.uk (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 3-3] Dorte Mandrup (2022). [Lange Eng cohousing community]. Available at: https://www.dortemandrup.dk/work/lange-eng-cohousing-community (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 3-5&6] Landezine (2022). [De Deeltuin]. Available at: https://landezine.com/deeltuin/ (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 3-7] Feser, M. (2016). Big Yard. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/793287/bigyard-zanderroth-architekten (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022) [Figure 3-8&9] Pinterest (2018). [Shuttered windows]. Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.kr (Accessed: 26 Jan 2022)

"We Philadelphia" is a sustainable housing project that has been developed since October 2021. Throughout the design process, the housing scheme for the targeted group was well established and supported. In addition, explorations with the physical models and 3D scale visualisations were well processed. However, in terms of the density, each community block for the proposed site consists of around 80 homes, which might be overwhelming in terms of uniting the residents. Options for flexibility and adaptation were limited and could be developed further in the aspect of the built form (e.g., backs with a room for growth). Based on these improvements, the future housing scheme can be processed with better developed strategy and careful consideration.

38

We create our place.

We share our stories.

We design our future.

We, Philadelphia.

*philadelphia /ˌfɪl.əˈdel.fi.ə/ verb work together to achieve a sustainable means of living in harmony. noun an authentic and supportive community in which the quality of living is sustainable.

39

WE PHILADELPHIA

Younwoo Kim Email ykim80@sheffield.ac.uk Portfolio issuu.com/yeonwookim4575 Instagram @yw12_art The University of Sheffield Arts Tower Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK January 2022