Standardization Landscape

Standardization landscape Master's Thesis Hochschule Anhalt Standardization landscape Yazan M.alJahmi

HS Anhalt/Bernburg Master's of Landscape architecture Supervisor: Prof.Alexander Kader Prof. Wolfram Kircher Student: Arch.Yazan M.AlJahmi Immatriculation nummer: 4067211

STANDARDIZATION LANDSCAPE: FIGHTING GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH STANDARDS

STUDENT NAME:ARCH.YAZAN M.ALJAHMI REG.NO. 4067211 DATE OF BIRTH. 07.MAY.1992 DATE:25.SEP.2019 CITY: BERNBURG, GERMANY MASTER THESIS

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HOCHSCHULE ANHALT, BERNBURG GERMANY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ECTROPHOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT SUPERVISORS: FIRST ADVISOR. PROF.ALEXANDER KADER SECOND ADVISOR. PROF.WOLFRAM KIRCHER

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

All rights reserved. 2020

Yazan.M. Jahmi ABSTRACT Since the industrial revolution, and the world has been facing many changes occurring with the fast pace of velocity. Engine cars invented, big industrial factories, fast transportation systems, and many more. With the industrial revolution, a new fuel started to show and used, fossil fuels, the plants and species buried underneath Earth's layers for million of years, reformed to liquid. This liquid as well as helps people do their things with the new technologies, it produced gases that were saved under earth, but when burnt, got emitted to air again. The high use of this fuel helped to have what is now know, Global warming and climate change,.

In a different sector, but was influenced by the industrial revolution, architecture had a new style, modernity. A style that

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believed to be breaking every other style, and to be accepted and applied world-wide. Modernity had rules, and these rules were influenced to the architect in a way or another. In the other hand, landscape architecture is a new term, and since it is meant to deal with planetary and greenery, we will try to see if we implement it in a higher basis world wide, would reduce the Green house gases emitted by the burning of the fossil fuels.

And how to apply it globally and in a more basis? We will see how modernity in architecture was able to be a success and try to implement these rules to landscape architecture. Le Corbusier, a very famous modern architect has written 5 rules to implement in his architecture. And we will try to do the same , but with landscape architecture.

In implementing more landscape architecture world wide, to be accepted by the public with architecture, and to be implemented in higher ratio.

Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

All rights reserved. 2020

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Declaration of Authorship

> Declaration of Authorship >

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>I certify that the material contained in this Master Thesis is my own work and does not contain unacknowledged work of others. >

>1.Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. >2.Where I have quoted from the work of others, this is clearly attributed.

>3.This Master Thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other institution. > >Signature: ____________________ >Date:_________________________ > 4

Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Bibliography Books and printed documents

10.The International style Henry -russel Hitchcock

18. Glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800,000 years _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader

23. An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Temperature Database Thomas C. Peterson* and Russell S. Vose+

Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, and the Costs of War Neta C. Crawford1 Boston University

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3.Bauhaus 1918 – 1928 written by Walter Gropius

4.Living in a changing climate. European environment agency

5.Learning from LasVegas by Robert Venturi.

6.Social construction of technological systems

8.The social construction of technological systems by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch

The Rise and Fall of Modernist Architecture By Hayley A. Rowe 19. MANAGEMENT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER TO REDUCE NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) EMISSIONS FROM FIELD CROPS Neville Millar1, Julie E. Doll1 and G. Philip Robertson

Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Bibliography Websites

11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus

1.http://archeyes.com/yona-friedman/

(Chicago school of architecture) on linkedin.

2.https://franklloydwright.org/the-taliesin-fellowship/

12.https://www.slideshare.net/vikashsaini78/chicago-

17. Roman roads https://schoolhistory.co.uk/ancient/

30129417

romans/roman-roads/?signup=basic

Image courtesy of Historic American Buildings Survey—

https://schoolhistory.co.uk/download/24014/

HABS

9.Modern architecture in 20th century linkedin presentation

13.https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-baroque-

https://www.slideshare.net/CarlaFaner/nov-2012-modern-

garden.htm#

architecture

14.https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/spaces/

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7.Villa Savoye: The five points of architecture https://

gothic-garden-design.htm

vimeo.com/74918994 (Video)

Trees and Climate Change By: Megan Dettenmaier,

20. https://va.news-republic.com/a/

Michael Kuhns, Bethany Unger, Darren McAvoy)

6688220628668908038?fbclid=IwAR1lXSbrvZNFqqcT2W3rRv

15.https://forestry.usu.edu/files/utah-forest-facts/trees-

DlK9C3ssCeQpsTrHzh7czjFwHimmF3g07swE

and-climate-change.pdf

21. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-

Archigram Architecture without architecture By Simon

gas-emissions-data

Sadler

22. The Gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman Times

16. http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1687/the-

Maureen Carrol

rise-and-fall-of-modernist-architecture

24. https://www.aboutcivil.org/palm-island-dubai-

IPCC http://apps.ipcc-data.org/maps/

megastructure.html

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Acknowledgements To my family, who has helped through the years. My Father, who will always be my inspiration, my Mother who covered fullfilled me and my brothers with love and care, my brother Tariq for standing with me through the hard times, and showing me routes that I was unable to sustain, my brother Khaled, for being my friend and the head constructor .

I would also like to thank my grandparents, my grand mother may her soul rest in peace, my grandfather for being my history teacher, my other grandfather for being my poetry teacher. Also I would like to thank each family member, who stood up with me and been my friends.

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My professors, from the German Jordanian University, and from Hochschule Anhalt , a big thank to you as well. My supervisors Prof. Kader and Prof.Kircher, for giving me the chance to work on this work.

Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Preface to the Book Standardization Landscape This is not your usual book. While writing it, I put some aims to it, that it itself will act as a tool of change. It meant to go through many subjects to reach to a single truth. History can be written differently, but any one can an investigator and look by himself, tracing the marks to reach to reality. A man selling nuts in the streets is effected by his country’s decisions and strategies, and his country is effected by the World’s order. For that the truth is not far, it can be found in the eyes of a truthful man, it can be found in the streets, and it can be found by human reactions.

Change. The industrial revolution was not by itself the colomn of these phenomenas, even the things that have been influenced by the industrial revolution were also a huge part of GHG emission and the rapid change in our world’s climate. Transportation systems, covering land with Asphalt, having big machineries that could cut huge amount of trees , even the bigger consumerism behavior by the individuals all have played a big role GW and CC. I will in this book show some cases of direct change of the industrial revolution compared to Global warming and climate change, and will also show the indirect impact by things that have been influenced by the industrial revolution, and try to link them with GW and CC to see if they really are the main reasons for them.

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This book is a work of a Mater’s thesis. I have written to be published as a book, as you will see in the Chapters ( Strategies ). At first, I wanted to standardize landscape in terms of technicalities, but with time the idea have been steered towards the idea of standardizing Landscape in terms of concept. And why to standardize Landscape in the first place?

You will see in the chapter (global Warming and climate change) that global warming Issue has been raised with the raise of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution started by the (Finding of ways to extract steel and use it in a fast manner). This itself raised the emission of Green house gases, which led to Global warming and Climate

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

Global warming and climate change will be described, and will be analyzed. They both are under debate discussion by some scientists, as some think these phenomenas don’t exist. I will with my humble tools try to find whether Global warming and Climate change are real or not.

Lastly, I will try to find solutions, and the solution which is my thesis, to see whether raising the Green Surface area of the world will help in reducing green house gases, in which will help decreasing the effects of both, Global warming and Climate change.

A very important tool I’ll be using is Modernity in architecture. As an architect, I am very much influenced by modernity, the era that appeared during the industrial revolution, and has been influenced by the industrial revolution. I will try to find the success items in this era, will link it directly to the industrial revolution and show how it is directly impacted by the industrial revolution, try to see whether the movement is actually applied worldwide and that it has been (Standardized) by architects.

We will also see If we standardize Landscape, will it be applied more often by architect, and this is the whole reason behind (Standardization Landscape), is to make it more understandable by the public, architects, and decision makers, to apply the (Void) more often as it the (Solid) has been applied more often after standardizing construction materials, elements and methods by the Modernity movement.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Thesis’s Preface

In this thesis, I will speak about :

The topic of this thesis"Standardization landscape" Means to put

1.modernity and international style, and how it was recognized

standards for landscape architecture. This has been influenced

and accepted as a style to be applied globally,

by the international style of architecture, Modernity. Modernity

connection to the industrial age.

was a period in architecture, where the architects have put 'Standards' to architecture, to be applied across the globe. The rules and standards were constraining of the local hand works, and can limit the local identity of the place, but in the other hand, of modernity can be applied to have an international style for architecture,

2. The success factors of this style,(and the opposite point of view), and how to apply the same factors to introduce an international landscape architecture style.

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the style was easy to be applied internationally. The success rules landscape

and the

or

to

standardize

landscape

3.Climate change and global warming , and their connection to "landscaping" , untreated landscape increase the crisis, treated landscape decrease the crisis.

architecture world wide. The reason is not to weaken the landscape identity,

4.The points and rules obtained to be applied as standards for an international landscape architecture style.

rather than:

[Making landscape architecture more recognizable world-wide by putting standards, and making it more interesting, to be applied more often, to increase the green surface in the world].

And the reason to do that is to: [Fight modern environmental problems, climate change and global warming]

Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Chapter 2. Industrial revolution , standardization and how they

Index Chapter 1. Introduction

3

1.0. Introduction to the chapter

effected the landscape

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2.1.Industrial revolution the possibilities it opened.

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2.2.Mega Structures: Planting the desert

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1.1.Terms meanings.

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2.3.Urban design: Standardization cityscape, Grid system

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1.2.History of Modernity

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2.4.Mega Structures: Planting the desert

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1.3.The Term Standardization landscape

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2.5.Mega Structures: Artificial Islands

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1.4Globalization

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2.6.Superstructures: Asphalt streets

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2.7.Super structures: Railway systems

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1.5.Industrial and technological revolutions and their influence in

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artifact making and architecture

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2.8.Super structures: Bridges

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1.6.The Origins of standardization architecture

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2.9.World-Standards artifacts: Printing machines

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2.10.Modern techniques: Agriculture, planting and harvesting

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2.11.Modern techniques: Tree cutting machines

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2.12. Modern techniques, Construction methods.

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2.14. Modern techniques: Shipping

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1.7.Industrial and technological revolutions and their influence in artifact making and architecture

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1.8. Modernity in architecture and its connection to architectural standards.

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1.9.Industrial revolution and shaping modern cities

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1.10.Modernity and how can it help.

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Chapter 3. Literature review and how

1.11.Educational system as a solution

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can they assist this thesis

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1.12.Industrial revolution and standardization

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3.1.General terms

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3.2.The work of Yona Friedman and constant

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1.13.Problems that can be solved by using standard landscape architecture

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3.3.Hill side school, Taliesen fellowship later

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1.14.Modern architecture as standards

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3.4.Bauhaus 1918 – 1928

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1.15.Standardization landscape, WH questions.

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3.5.Five points of architecture

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1.16.How can it be applied?

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3.6.Living in a changing climate. European environment agency

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3.7.Learning from LasVegas.

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3.8.Social construction of technological systems

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3.9.The Bauhaus and modernity

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1.17.Ancient standards, Large empires: Ancient Rome

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1.18..Ancient standards,Large empires: The Umayyad caliphate

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

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3.10.The Chicago school of architecture

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Chapter 4. Global warming , climate change, desertification

Chapter 6. Methodologies.

Of applying

and deforestation

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Part 1. Global warming

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6.1. Educational system

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4.1 What is Global warming

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6.2.Mass awareness

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4.2 The causes of Global warming

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6.3.Individual inspiration

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4.3.What are the impacts of Global warming?

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6.4. More studies on newer technologies.

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4.4. Most countries producing GHG

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6.5.Respecting climate regions

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4.5.Why Some countries are higher than others in producing GHG? 4.6.Is Global warming real?

6.6.Learn from the past 52

4.7.1.CO2 (Carbon dioxide),

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4.8.Is the dependency on Fossil fuels the problems?

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4.7.2. Methane CH4

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4.7.3.N2O (Nitrous oxide) 4.8.Other related topics for producing more GHG

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Chapter 7. Methodology1.Learning from History

4.7.Greenhouse gases, sectors related and industrial revolution.

Of Obtaining keys

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Part2. Climate change

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4.9.Conclusion

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Chapter 5. Threats on agricultural lands in Jordan.

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5.1.Threats on different parts of the world, caused by Global warming

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5.2.Suggestions for the Mediterranean region of Europe

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5.3.Using new technologies: Microsoft modern technological methods of saving the environment Standardization Landscape, the book.

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7.1.Obtaining key points of landscape architecture through history check and modernity as a case study

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7.2.Ancient Greece

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7.3.Romanesque

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7.4.Gothic

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7.5.Renaissance garden

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7.6.Baroque garden

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7.7.Persian garden

112

7.8.Modern gardens comparison

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7.9.Wild gardens

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7.10.Alhambra

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7.11.Large Gardens,Central park, Newyork

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7.12.Parks in Amman

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7.18.Unexpected situations can be good.

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7.19.Key points in epochs and architectural styles.

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Chapter 8. Application, and standards

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Chapter 9. points of Landscape architecture

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Chapter 1.

Introduction

Copy An Aerial picture of Amman, Jordan. Picture taken with: Google Earth, By Author

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 1.0. Introduction to the chapter

climate change, or an area with higher rain concentration.

During the last of the 19th century, and after the use of coal,

2.This thesis is directly influenced by modern architecture, and

people started using Fuel-consuming machines. These machines

especially the schools related to that era. This thesis will try to

helped humans to build fast, produce fast and live fast.

analyze the modern architectural era, and try to give opinions on

Agricultural fields got bigger, using machines, and cities started

how to use one of the strongest architectural schools(in my

growing into mega cities. The industrial revolution, is the era

opinion), also, to solve the problems mentioned. It will also speak

where human beings reached a high level of dependence on

about standardization in general.It will also speak about the

machines. And as artifacts and cities started growing rapidly ,

industrial revolution and how it effected the ideology on

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effects and impacts started showing.The consumption of fossil

architecture, and how it influenced all professions and industries

fuels, the over building on agricultural lands, the high-rise

related to architecture.

buildings with lots of glass, and many other factors have all

helped in having their impact on the environment. Thus stressing

world-wide problems as global warming. In this part of the thesis, you will be introduced to the terms related to this thesis, Standards, Landscape, Modernity,

Industrial era. BauHaus,

International style, climate change and global warming. I will show the relationship between the international style of

architecture, the industrial age, and the different architectural modernity schools.

3.As well as giving solutions to problems, this thesis will try to be a guide for designing parks by analyzing Landscape architectural periods design methods, and to use the results in either solving the mentioned situations, or to use the results merely in designing new park in fast and efficient way.

4.This thesis will also try to go through the deeper meanings of the park, garden and landscape, by differentiating the term related to the field, and by going through the deep belief layer of

This thesis will try to give hypothetical situation of solving some global problems with standardization. The problems and

the people ,and try to go through the religious contexts as the Quran and the Bible to show the meaning of landscape. It will also go through some anthropological books to show the relation

situations this thesis will try to speak about are:

ship between design, technology and its effects on human 1. Using standardization Landscape architecture to adapt to

beings, and the current used artifacts.

climatic change in the world, whether to constrain an area facing Desertification, an area facing higher temperatures due to Standardization Landscape, the book.

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1.1.Terms meanings.

5.BauHaus:

1.Standardization:

a. a German school of architecture and applied arts founded in

n.

the process of making something conform to a standard:

1919

by

Walter

Gropius

on

experimental

principles

of

"training ensured standardization of procedures at all sites"

functionalism and truth to materials. After being closed by the Nazis in 1933, its ideas were widely disseminated by its students

2.Landscape: n.

and staff, including Kandinsky, Klee, Feininger, Moholy-Nagy, and

An area of country. (OXFORD WORD POWER, fifth impression 2000).

Mies van der Rohe.

3.Modernity(architecture):

German, literally: building house

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The period of architecture to be brought in the late 1800's to mid

Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 ©)

6.International style:

1900's.

(Collins English Dictionary – Complete and

n.

ones that took place in England in the late 1700s, that are brought

An influential modernist style in architecture that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized chiefly by regular, unadorned geometric forms, open interiors, and the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.)

about when extensive mechanization of production systems

7.Climate change:

4.Industrial era:

The complex of radical socioeconomic changes, such as the

results in a shift from home-based hand manufacturing to largescale factory production.

(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English

Language, Fifth Edition.)

Noun 1.

climate change - a change in the world's climate

8.global climate change: temperature change - a process whereby the degree of hotness of a body (or medium) changes (Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection.)

9.Global warming

n.

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained increase sufficient to cause climatic change. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.)

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 1.2.History of Modernity

1.3.The Term Standardization landscape

Modernity came with principles, one is to break free from the

At first, the term should have meant to be standardization the

architectural style, to use new construction methods, and to

methods of design of Landscape architecture.

follow the function of the building. Architects that followed this

research, the term started going to a path of solving mass global

principle. also contributed by putting their own rules and

problems using Landscape architecture. The term is best related

principles.

to the architectural period Modernity, which came to solve mass

After some

problems of poverty. The first problem to be faced is global

Adolf Loos “Ornament is a Crime”

warming, and it is a miss stabilization happened by mass burn of

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fossil fuels, so the solution of that should take opposite

Louis Sullivan “Form follows Function”

direction, but same methods can be used. The method is, the

Le Corbusier “Machines for Living“

washing machine, which is a machine been built by certain

Modernism in Architecture The defining feature of modern architecture is the modern aesthetic which may be summarized

standards to reach a point where it can clean pile of clothes in one time, using the least electrical power needed and water.

as “plain geometric forms”.Modern Architecture takes its roots

from the Industrial Age when architects are exploring new

materials such as steel and reinforced concrete. The design of

buildings are not anymore influenced by religion nor classicism, but rather architecture is inspired by the machine.(1)

Picture courtsy :www.ucs.usa.org A picture showing factories and cooling towers producing smoke which can contain CO2 which is a direct factor of global warming, since the gas can be trapped in earth's atmosphere and resist sunlight to leave earth, thus 1.Modern architecture in 20th century linkedin presentation

increasing the temperatures.

https://www.slideshare.net/CarlaFaner/nov-2012-modern-architecture

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1.4. Globalization

1.5.Industrial and technological revolutions and their influence in artifact making and architecture

At first, I thought that architectural standards and alike-cities and globalization are new to human history, that have been

The appearance of technology helped some cultures to force

brought by technology and are the result of high-standards

their aspects on other cultures. Since The USA appeared and

production during the industrial age. But after research, it turn

many cities have been shaped according to what has been seen

out that it was not new, and cities before also had many influence

on TV. For that, countries taking up the market of the movies

on each other for different reasons. First, let us talk about the

industry, has influenced other countries to look as they look.

Ancient Greek and Roman empires. Together with the Persian,

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they wanted to control. The Roman empire expanded from

Europe to our lands in the Levant areas. Their traces are still found today, the Roman theaters that are made of rocks, and

shaped in a way for good acoustic and good vision. Their shapes, through the different countries, Jordan, Syria, or even in Greece they look alike. So this is an important point, and it is, the

immigration of the people, whether it is upon conquest or normal mass immigration. Second, the Islamic empires. We can

relate some of the cities in the Islamic periods together, as Syria and some relation to Cordoba, where both had Ummayads. But the different is, unlike the Roman and Greek empire, the Islamic empire didn't force its cultural aspects explicitly, because they had a stronger thing to influence, which is religion. For that, we can see difference in the Islamic cities, because they dealt with

1.6.The Origins of standardization architecture The light and airy systems of construction of the Gothic cathedrals, the freedom and slenderness of their supporting skeleton, afford, as it were, a presage of a style that began to develop in the nineteenth century, that of metallic architecture.

With the use of metal, and of concrete reinforced by metal bars, modern builders could equal the most daring feats of Gothic architects without endangering the solidity of the structure. In the conflict that obtains between the two elements of construction, solidity and open space, everything seems to show that the principle of free spaces will prevail, that the palaces and houses of the future will be flooded with air and light. (1).

what ever found in the area, accepted the others language and cultural aspects that didn't conflict with the massage and the teachings of Islam.

1.The International style. (page 33. The introduction) Henry -russel Hitchcock

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 1.7.Industrial and technological revolutions and their

1.8. Modernity in architecture and its connection to

influence in artifact making and architecture

architectural standards.

The appearance of technology helped some cultures to force

Since the production of high end steel in the industrial age, and

their aspects on other cultures. Since The USA appeared and

the machines to produce steel efficiently and in big amounts, the

many cities had been shaped according to the American image.

availability in the cities got bigger. Each city started to have

Europe has also influenced this but the bigger share was to the

either imported steel and then they brought their own machines

United States of America. Appearance of technology may have

of making this steel. Followed by other machines as stone cutting

shapes our every day life. For example, the carpenter can no

machines and concrete making. Now cities has the hardware, a

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longer follow the vast openness in the use of the traditional, old

software had to be invented. The international style of

manual and simple tools, yet, they now are forced to work with

architecture which has been brought by cumulative ages of

what the machine can take. This will put standards not just at the

international-wanna be-styles, and then been produced by

carpentry store, but also in the wood manufacture and suppliers.

architect and architectural schools. Maybe the architects back

A country may work with specific dimensions of wood, which

then weren't thinking of the international style making, but the

another country doesn't. Another example is, if we take

given technologies helped. Many cities started to shape alike,

architecture, when the concrete used to be cast in site, were 40

mega cities had been developed and new words as globalization

workers would start working at that day to finish let's a slab.Today

were known. Modern transporting systems as buses, cars and

with the ready mixed concrete, three workers can do the Job.

trains shaped the city, each needed many different things to be

Stone making men used to work and hammer the stones to give

followed, cars needed asphalt streets, parking lots and gas

it the desired shape and texture, now it's all done my computers

stations. Trains needed big cities, steel tracks, and stopping

and machinery, which makes stones all with the same

points. This had weaken the identity not just for the followed-

specification. So, technology hasn't influenced only the industry

cities, but also to the source cities. Also, the problems either

as shapes, also the personnel view point, were as much manual as

sociological or technical problems have been brought by these

it gets the more workers you'll need, the more automated you'd

ideas.

want the more technology you'd need.

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1.9.Industrial revolution and shaping modern cities

1.11.Educational system as a solution

The industrial revolution have brought many things that shaped

Modernity couldn't have bene a success without high end,

our way of living, as humans. This shaped the cities. The invention

focused schools teaching the essence of modernity, its

of vehicles, the development of trains, and the people

philosophies. Education in architectural schools should focus on

acceptance world-wide

landscaping, and to give good and quality teaching of landscape and garden design for architectural schools, so that students can

1.10.Modernity and how can it help.

know the effects and impacts of new architecture, and so they

By looking at the success points of modernity, we can apply for

would deal in wisdom with the client, of introducing more

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having an international style of landscape architecture. And why

is that? For the contrast of having more building made of

landscape in their architecture, or so the students can steer their entire major to landscape.

concrete, we can encourage for landscape improvement, and to

raise the interest in landscaping , for that, we can rise the green

surface of the world. Climate change and global warming are problems that have been brought by mass production and usage of artifacts ,of machines that use fossil fuel.For that period it was

Okay until the impacts started to show and grow rapidly. By rising the green surface in the world, more CO2 will be stored in the

plants, the respiration system of the plants will help reducing the degrees down.

The Rise and Fall of Modernist Architecture

By Hayley A. Rowe

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 1.12.Industrial revolution and standardization

1.13.Problems that can be solved by using standard landscape architecture

To understand what standardization means, let's go through history of the period of high efficiency, fast and quality factories.

From ancient times, the use of standards can be traced in many

The modern architectural era that

cultures and civilizations. Roman empire used standards to in building their roads, which has reached 400,00 Km in total length,

started in the early 20th century, was no coincidence to with the

Chinese used them in ancient printing techniques, Egyptians

start of an industrial era. Materials, ways of transportation, ways

used standards dimensions of stones, otherwise the building of

of

the pyramid would be a failure. The use of standards insures

management

and

quality

insurance

have

all

been

revolutionized through the industrial period, thus building

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quality of work if desired, same shape and techniques methods,

construction methods, techniques, materials and the logistic for all these have been effected. Of course the era has had its impacts on the environment beside the high speed factories. All

comes with price. Standardization means to put specifications

into the product, and it can be obtained by project management, quality insurance departments, molds, and factories. Factories

are the result of cumulative years of experience in product making, for that, they need to sustain their end product by using

standards. But in high paced very fast production environment, you need energy to deal with. Fossil fuel came to help sustain high energy production, but it had some environmental

impacts.But this chapter is not about introducing the problems, more than informing what is standardization, how was it applied in architecture, what are critiques on using standards, and how can it help in this thesis.

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19

1.14.Modern architecture as standards Modern architecture came to solve mass poverty problems. It was also to break down the last of the styles and to use new technologies. Minimalism and form follows function were slogans in this period.The case here is, how did this style emerged to be called the international style? This can have many

Roman roads,

aspects and reasons. It has cultural, technical and social reasons.

As mentioned before, the acceptance of the new construction

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methods, the availability of the materials by mass transportation systems,

even

mass

immigration,

and

the

peel

of

the

architecture from its religious and local identity. The form is now following the function and the extra concepts that can come

from religious thinking is now at its minimum. For that, other

Roads in the Roman times, 211 AD. Roads map done by Sardis Verlag,

cultures accepted these terms, it's not an identity to a specific

lines thickened by Yazan Jahmi.

area or religion, it's nice and the construction methods are easy

to be studied, and the availability of materials. These points have been made by early modernists, and these points started to be

shaped as standards for the era of modernism. Le Corbusier then came to put his own contribution on the points he sees the best to be applied on architecture. All these points have been set as rules for modernity, and have been studied by whatever was available at that time from magazines, schools of thought like the Bauhaus, word of mouth and merchant routes by bringing the newest construction materials.

A style from the Roman Roads section, showing construction details.

Road is tilted for the purpose of rain water drainage. Image source: https://www.crystalinks.com/romeroads.html

20

Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 1.15.Standardization landscape, WH questions.

What is standardization landscape?

Mass produced ideas and ideologies, to help prevent or fight mass produced environmental problems, or help in design process of normal parks and gardens.

1.16.How can it be applied?

It can be either by technical terms as fixing soil conditions by planting trees, design methods to keep to save rain water and to use it properly, designing patterns to apply at changed climatic areas, or can be applied by individuals by applying small terms such as saving energy, or by their proper selection of plants for

When to apply?

their garden, depending on the weather they face in their area.

The ideologies can be applied either in fast track problem

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solving, such the decrease of bee population, or in long term, as maintaining the climate or try to fix these problems.

Where to apply?

It can be applied in many sectors. In case of using the

educational system, it can be applied world wide If the use of landscape patterns, it can be applied to defrosted areas, or changed climate areas around the world.

Who can apply?

The theories depends on the big of it. If, for example applying for designing a park, it can be used by landscape architectural firms, it can also be used in specialized environmental problems solving institutes and organizations.

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1.17.Ancient standards, Large empires: Ancient Rome

Théâtre antique de Vienne, in France

Copy Ancient theatre of Fourvière.

Image work of: Vincent.bloch

Roman Theatre general plan. Source: https:// www.crystalinks.com/rometheaters.html

In these two illustrated maps, we will that having standards world-wide is

actual not a modern phenomena. This

Roman theatre of Guelma, Algeria.

Image

work:

Mahieddine Boumendjel

case study,Roman theater, is from the ancient times, but due to the cultural influence

it

was

spread

globally.

Ancient Romans also used roads and techniques found today.

Theatre Image

at work

Cuicul, Algeria. of:

M.GASMI,

Wikipedia

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

A map done Sardis Verlag for showing the Roman empire's the b places the Ancient Roman theaters.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi

Ancient theatre of Fourvière.

Image work of: Vincent.bloch

Copy Ancient theatre in Turkey 2AD

Ancient theatre of Bosra, Syria

borders map, showing Ancient Rome roads. Used here to show Ancient Standardization Landscape, the book.

Roman

Amman, Jordan

Yazan M.alJahmi

theatre

of All rights reserved. 2020

23

1.18..Ancient standards,Large empires: The Ummayad caliphate

The Ummayyad dynasty however,

was

influence

of

not

an

cultural-

theater behavior, rather than

religious.

The

mosque with a court yard

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can be found in many cities around the world.

Great mosque of Cordoba, Spain

Great mosque of Kairouan,

A map showing the borders of the Ummayad caliphate, used here to show the places of some of the mosques built or rebuilt during that period

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Yazan.M. Jahmi

Copy Great mosque Damascus, Syria

Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, Palestine

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Chapter 2. Industrial revolution , standardization and how they effected the landscape

Some inventions that I think had direct impact to industrialization : -Printing machine

3500 BCE

The industrial revolution started with the steel production

-The wheels

4500–3300 BCE

factories in the early 20th century. It opened many doors for

-Nails The history of the nail is divided roughly into three distinct periods:Hand-wrought (forged) nail (pre-history until

industrial inventions and management. The assembly line by ford, the high tech trailing systems, automobiles started to become more and more available to the public, lighting power lines reached most houses, and many more. All these things have

19th century) -Pipes

43 AD (2)

-Cars in later times

1886 (3)

-Transportation systems (Trains)

1756–1836

-Good metal and steel production

17th century

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happened by having the industrial revolution, and by the mass

production techniques it brought with. These ideas started to be accepted world-wide, and not just in some European or British

-Regulation, rules, Magna Carta

1215

-Trains

cities, where the industrial revolution started. Even small citizen

Jordan needed to have lighting fixtures to be reached.

Automobiles got accepted by theses countries, and for that they

needed to take the foot steps of the more knowledgable cities in this kind, for paving the ground, and for taking the techniques of

streets making. TV helped showing the image of the developed countries like America

and Europe, for that other countries

How these subjects were part of standardization.

Printing machines. Printing machines made it easier for people to make the same teaching to be taught throughout the world.

Wheels made countries and cities start look the same, for having the vehicles, which is built through some countries. And

copied their techniques. It has been already PAVED the ground for such a thing as the Architectural international style. Cities

that followed of course by paths to be driven on, streets.

started to become more and more alike, globalization started to

Nails. By building the standard sized nails, people will be constrained by its sizes.

occur. Artifacts where the starting point,

vehicles needed

streets, then needed parking lots, then needed parking lots in the building, the Le Corbusier had the point of (Lifting the building for having place for the vehicles to be parked beneath the building).

26

Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi When Le Corbusier put his 5 points of architecture, they were

has lived normally in this land. Not only tangible aspects have

much influenced by the materials found in that era, the

been key points of the success of the project, but also intangible.

construction techniques, and the artifacts used by the people.

The worlds educational system which has been developed by the

He by his experience gathered these information. Le Corbusier

development of the tools that were used. Also, the buyers who

was not the main pillar of modernity, but he has contributed and

has bought the island within 3 days, were not just from Dubai, or

wrote about it. Modernity came with many principles, like1. No

from the region for matter of fact.this also play role in the

Ornamentation, less colors, 3.straight edges . 4.Using modern

process of developing international standard trade system that

construction methods like glass and concrete. And all these

made the transaction possible.This also play diplomatic rules as

points couldn't have been obtained without the help of the outer

well, the lands are now gathering people from all around the

folks works and needs.

world. Dubai can be considered a multi cultural city, which has

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2.1.Industrial revolution the possibilities it opened.

been built by the cities local management, with international people. This shows how standards world-wide have development

To break this, let's follow the index of the thesis. By using the

machinery that has been invented by using fuels to produce energy ,the development to build these islands has been

just the tools or architecture to be similar, but also people, and cultural aspects. People, unlike plants has been able to work in different climate regions by the help of cooling systems.

reached. By using powerful sea carrying chips, and to extract the

sand from the sea, and to spray in the ocean with aggregates. The

satellite, which is a thing modern science always pride itself with, the lines of the palm islands has been drawn into the ocean, and

using telecommunication systems the contact was possible. workers, which in 10 years before couldn't have come to not just by climate difference, but also by cultural difference. Standards and using the same tools worldwide made it possible for people to at-least think alike in some circumstances. Working migration in very high numbers needed, or existing non local workers, who has been developed into the cities rules, cultural behaviors, and some what ethical behaviors, citizens, from local and non locals Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Copy

Figure 1. Barcelona, district of Eixample. Google Earth image

Figure 2. An image taken from Google Earth showing the globe.

Illustrated using Affinity designer, done by: Yazan M.alJahmi

A picture taken from Google maps, and illustrated for the purpose of this thesis, showing the globe. Maps and what we use today as printed maps, 2D maps, are taken using projection methods. The globe is round, and to make it two dimensional, they tend to assume to have a light in the middle, and each line on the globe is projected on a plain outside. The most common projection system is using a sphere shaped plain around the globe. As seen from the cut squares, they still have curves in them, and to make them plain, you have to stretch and pull some parts, which ends up giving some distortions to the map.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 2.3.Urban design: Standardization cityscape, Grid system Using a grid system The reason to show this case study are two, one is the effect, the impact and the importance of using technological advancement, which lead to standardization, and the second point is, the use of a grid system in big open areas for easier watering and management. Compared to an ancient city plan of New York, Grid system here is much more vivid than different countries with traditional methods.The use of technological advancement

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nowadays has given any person to look at the earth from above, and to see site and city plans. The thing for it is, using of computers open can widen the range for the architect, where an architect was able to draw a small villa and the construction

Figure 1.Michigan city,United stated,Google earth image

methods helped to do so, now a single architect can plan to dig 20 meters in the ground, trim or subtract a part of a mountain, and build a huge mall. And also, construction methods found these days can help. This thesis is not to see the impact of such actions, but to show the facts, and try to deal with them, and obtain the standards we can use in any traditional landscape architectural design

A closer view to a Michigan's land to show the effect of using a grid in Urban design on land's division. Picture taken by Google Earth, by Yazan M.alJahmiLandscape, the book.

Standardization

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Urban design: Standardization cityscape, Grid system Grid system in history The use of a grid system in Urban design and city planning was not new, as some resources point the start of using a grid system was in theAncient Rome period,but as can be seen in the Greek city of Rhodes, a grid can be seen. In modern times, grid system is obtained automatically due to the installation of the modern transportation systems, as streets and rail roads, since they divide the land and

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normally they take a straight line.

An earlier map of the city of Washington, USA, to show grid

An earlier map of the city of

Figure 2.Historical imagery of the city

system in Urban design.

Newyork, USA

plan of the U.S city,New York.

30

Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 2.4.Mega Structures: Planting the desert AlJouf is a northern part of Saudi Arabia, that has been famous for agriculture for a long time, some say it goes back to the iron age by some roots findings in the area. As seen in the satellite picture, the general context in the area is hot arid, desert area.

The watering comes from ground wells, and the land contains good and fertile soil. In around of 1976, the country has given the right for the people to plant and vegetate their lands. Most of the

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lands are used by big national companies, that consume a lot of water. The smaller part of the land goes to mid-sized and

A view to the city of AlJouf, in KSA, taken with Google earth, from the date of 1992. Showing the city's situation back then.

small farmers. The area produces plant and animal wealth. It produces Olives, date palms, seeds, and other fruits and vegetables. The use of Modern technologies is an important point for assuring quality and efficiency. This part of KSA is a high productive area, which produces high quality fruits vegetables, seeds and animals. The reason to put this example is to show how an arid area like the Saudi Arabia, can in fact have some agricultural resources. The land as seen in the upper picture, dating 1992 had very small area, compared to the second picture dating 2018, the area expanded. The use of good technologies to pump the under ground water, the good irrigation systems implemented, the fertilizers used, and the well to work made a desert a planting and fruitful area.

A view to the city of AlJouf, in KSA, taken with Google earth, from the date of 2018. Showing the city's situation at the mentioned time.

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2.5.Mega Structures:Artificial Islands The access to efficient, powerful machines made people success in building facilities that are very imaginative to think about. Artificial islands building has been a phenomena in rich countries. Dubai, a city which wears the newest of technologies and the latest of inventions acquired these ideas to build some good examples, as the world islands, the palm islands, and much before, the Arab tower has also been built on an artificial island.

The island was constructed not only using the latest machines on

Copy

earth, but also, projectile system has been used using a private satellite located 676 Km from earth. Worlds most efficient engineers were hired, who some had been the engineers for expanding Hollands land by 35%, to give the indication of where to pump the sand. 40,000 workers has worked on this project,.

The building process has started before the research phase ended. The lands(Palm lands), were built using sand and

A view to the city of Dubai in United Arab Emirates, taken with Google

aggregate, as the data resource describes, it could have been

earth, Showing the palm islands..

built by using concrete, but to save the identity of the place, sand has been chosen. Sand from the desert was too fine to be used, so they used sand from the sea. The project it self was to raise the number of visitor of Dubai, from 5Millions to 15Millions.

This article has been rephrased , from the website of (https://www.aboutcivil.org/palm-island-dubaimegastructure.html)

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 2.6.Superstructures:Asphalt streets The Asphalt was chosen to be a materials for streets for its flexibility and durability. Asphalt is not the only material possible to do the pavings and streets, as it can be done with gravel, asphalt, and can be paved directly in the sand. What ever the material

is,

it

all

go

for

the

same

function,

vehicles

transportation. Since the invention of the personal vehicle as cars, car roads have crossed the globe. It changed the landscape, and shaped modern day world. We are not taking streets just as a

Copy

mixture of asphalt and gravels, but as roads covering land through the world. The total distance of roads is 36.4 million kilometers, according to GIS maps.

multiple lane highway crossing villages and forest hills, Source:

https://depositphotos.com/209425104/stock-video-aerial-flyingmultiple-lane-highway.html

World Roads

This layer combines the gROADS v1 (1980-2010) data with Esri's World Roads data to present a generalized picture of the global road network.

Esri, USGS | Esri, FAO, NOAA | gROADS v1: Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University, and Information Technology Outreach Services - ITOS - University of Georgia. 2013. Global Roads Open Access Data Set, Version 1 (gROADSv1). Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4VD6WCT. Esri World Roads: Esri, Garmin International, Inc. (formerly DeLorme Publishing Company, Inc.)

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2.7.Super structures: Railway systems

The rail ways started as wood in the 1515. the metail rail way system was introduced in the 1760's, and James Watt invented the steam locomotive. The electric trains were introduced in 1873, Diesel powered was first introduced in 1888, and the successful high-speed rail was in Tokyo in 1964. The reasons to write this are, 1. To show how new technologies made mass immigration and openness in the world faster. 2. TO show the effect of the trail way system on the environment.

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This is an artifact, an invention by humans in early life by cumulative work, the acceptance of other cultures to such invention doesn't just prove an acceptance for an artifact, or an invention, it is an acceptance of other cultural behavior, thus you get world-wide common mindset, and world-wide mechanical standards, if it was accepted. Of course, some regions will not be able to take for example the speed engine railing for functional reasons, or for its impacts on the environment, but the acceptance itself means the acceptance of others. Once, the printer was forbidden in the Ottoman empire, for 300 years. Even the water line system was a shock to some persons in Egypt, that

Mass immigration doesn't just mean the people going to a place and

refused it. And al Hanafi, a big Islamic scholar, has accepted the

work, also, it is a transportation system for cultural aspects, ways of

idea and made it as a standard of acceptance in his teachings.

work, religious views and foods. Tangible and intangible cultural subjects.That means the acceptance of the people to these cults and norms, and both sides adjust their behaviors to live.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 2.8.Super structures: Bridges

From the previous case studies of architectural schools, whether physical or metaphorical, we can know that spreading a style in architecture would happen by education. Most universities offer architecture as a major, but not a lot with landscape architecture.

Offering a major would make the students need to proceed and to contribute in the community with their field, and when an area has a good architecture or medical school, the area will be known for it. For that, focusing on landscape architecture even as a subject in the major of architecture, would influence students to

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work in the field or to proceed with higher studies in it.

A 3D picture showing the Broklyn bridge in NewYork. Picture taken with Google Earth.

a picture showing "Akashi bridge". This can show strength of the steel structure.

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2.9.World-Standards artifacts: Printing machines

As for printing, the system has been used much before the industrial age. 3500BC in the Mesopotamian region. Modern printing systems have been developed in Europe in the 1300's, and got widespread with the easy-finding paper in the 1400's. The purpose of printing was religious. This can show two points why the Islamic states didn't want to accept the machine, 1. For its purpose, as for earlier periods of time, muslims were skeptical of using anything interfering their religious believes. 2. The Calligraphy practice in the Muslim world, especially in the

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Ottoman empire was admired a lot. There could be found a great amount of calligraphers doing official papers and documents, and art works. For that, it was banned for 300 years, until they accepted it. Printing itself is a technological and mechanical (in first periods)standardization methods. Calligraphy as well had its standards in putting rules in different styles of writing, but printing would unite all to the standards the manufacturer back then used to have. most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design, and architectural education.[2] The Bauhaus movement had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.

https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history/1900-1949 1.2.Teaching gardens: The sociology of plants. By Jennifer Gray.

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2.10.Modern techniques:Agriculture, planting and harvesting

Copy

A picture showing a modern harvesting technique using new technologies.

2.11.Modern techniques:Tree cutting machines

Yazan.M. Jahmi

Map source: http://expeditieaarde.blogspot.com/2015_05_01_archive.html

Modern technologies played an important role of shaping the

As long as its impact on the agricultural sector, modernity also

new methodologies of agricultural act, as planting, irrigating, and

helped tree cutting techniques. Deforestation, as can be seen in

harvesting. According to chapter 4, the farmer can harvest his

chapter 4, increased highly in Brazil, a country with a high rain

land three times of what he was able to do before. The use of new

forests area. Modern cutting machines can finish work of many

technologies helped higher mass production.Agriculture takes a

men working together on the earlier time, with a higher amount

high percentage of GHG emission, since it goes to the emission

of trees cut. For that, the forest can have no enough time to

of CO2 by vehicles, and also, the production of Methane and

recover, and can result in desertification of the land, since trees

Nitrous oxide due to natural processes, and the use of pesticides

are cut away.

and fertilizers. Modern technology also played a role in the production of more fertilizers and pesticides, but we will not go through this point in detail.

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2.12. Modern techniques, Construction methods.

2.13. Modern techniques: Shipping

Copy

A picture showing a construction site, technologies used, with steel and concrete.

modern

construction

A picture showing a construction site, technologies used, with steel and concrete.

modern

construction

As well as shaping the landscape and the agricultural fields ,new

Modern technologies also helped more advanced way of

technologies helped into finding a new construction methods

shipping, and made it easier for goods to be shipped faster, and

using materials that were not as found in the past, like concrete

safer. This all can shape the modern way of living, since goods are

and steel. New architecture and construction methods has

produced in some parts of the world, and exported all around the

helped reaching a different level of approaches, as tall building

world.

and skyscrapers

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Chapter 3. Literature review and how can they assist this thesis

3.0Chapter introduction For the literature review, I will try to mention not only related topics to the problems intended to solve (Climate Change and Global Warming), but also I will focus on the literature that can

Copy

help finding success factors of some architectural eras, Landscape architecture as a master program is a master of arts discipline, for that, I will even go to some artistic context.We will

go through some works intended to put standards, whether technical or hypothetical. We will also go through some

representative works, art works to show how to present the work

to the public in artistic, appealing way. Our target group , as well as

having materials and statistics to professional architects, landscape architects and environmentalists, also the public vote(the other professions people) is also important. The main

case study, the Bauhaus and the international architectural style, will also have good part in the literature review, I will try to go through materials related to the history of the Bauhaus and modernity.

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3.1.General terms Landscape urbanism as a term suggests that towns should be built upon the design of the landscape of the city, rather than on the architecture of the city. It was first suggested as a term according to the master thesis with the name, by a student of Urban design master student. The term can be seen as a postmodern concept, and not as an international style.

Charles Jencks

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An architect, landscape architect, designer, architectural critic and author, has explained that modernity as an era took architecture with right angle forms, office building work. Post modernism however, takes the form of nature, of human beings and as what the work of Charles Jencks presents, he escorts the

modern scientific researches as the black holes and cosmic speculations applied in his park: Garden of Cosmic Speculation in Dumfriesshire, Scotland.

The Booklet also speaks about the importance, and the future vision of "Landscape architecture". It speaks about how Landscape as a term was more known in the first of the twenty first century. Landscape, is a contrast to the modern city, The congestion, buildings, transportation systems is contrasted with landscape as gardens, parks, street trees, and esplanades.

Jens Jenson, a Chicago school landscape architect and a friend of Frank Lloyd Wright, said: Cities built for a whole some life, not for profit or speculation, with the living green as an important part of their complex, will be the first interest of future town planners. *I think he has said this being aware of the rise of the inhabitants world-wide. The 16 cities with one million inhabitants in the first of the 19th century are now 500, with many Mega cities with over 10M inhabitants.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3.2.The work of Yona Friedman and constant are similar to the work of the architectural magazine Archigram. They show the deal of the user and the city, the idea of the utopian city, and more of individual user oriented concepts. Yona Friedman is an architect born in the 1923 in Budapest. On the gallery entrance he once wrote: "It is the exhibit that makes the museum". His works as the mobile architecture which has been displayed 60 years ago, has influenced the Archigram. 'Mobile architecture' is a theory by Yona Friedman, which he has displayed on a hanging city. The theory, and he displays his

Copy

works, to show how a city can be build without destroying the existing city.. He displays his works in exhibits, and he has 3 preconditions to his works:

Mobile architecture.work by Yona Friedman.

1. It has to be an assembly of inexpensive technical component, and easy to dis -assemble and re-assemble into different patterns.

2."I see architecture as a process, we all can participate in that process. Anybody can do an architectural act". Yona Friedman

3."When I think of architecture as an art, I think of it as sculpting the void. The prime material of architecture is emptiness". Yona Friedman

Sources:Yona Friedman.MobileArchitecture,People’sArchitecture .By the PhD Sofia Nannini.

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41

3.3.Hill side school, Taliesen fellowship later The Bauhaus was not the only School of thought from the modernity period that focused on the practical aspects as much as the theoretical, even more than the theory. Frank Lloyd Wright, a pioneer modernist architect also had this mindset.

He has been raised on the principles of Friedrich Froebel,a pioneer of hands-on learning and the inventor of the kindergarten(1). The kindergarten means literally the children of the garden, and it meant to teach children on shapes, and studying animals, grass and trees. (When children directly engaged with rocks, birds, plants,

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and so forth, they were laying the foundations for future study of formal disciplines, such as zoology, agriculture, geology, and botany.(2).We can obtain

from this quote, that we can standardize the importance of the landscape in

minds of the people from young ages, and it doesn't need to be hard-forced

principles on the communities that has been raised differently. If the

environmental problems have been caused by cumulative years of over

consumption, the way of fixing it not by going through some very hardcore solutions like hiding the sun by gases, but by patience and long time work. Frank Lloyd wright also used to spend his summer times in the farm his uncle James

A picture showing an aerial view, with the

worked in, and he considered it more of a home than his own in Wisconsin. In that

Taliesen center shown. Image taken with

time, he learned to pay attention to nature's patterns ,rhythms, and wild life. This

Google earth.

stage and these experiences effected him through later stages of his life, and it could be seen in his work as an architect. Frank Lloyd wright himself started the multi disciplinary fellowship ,Taliesen , which is the home, studio, and school. It was based on the principles Frank Lloyd wright grew up on, which are the involvement with nature.

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Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3.4.Bauhaus 1919 – 1928 This book is written by Walter Gropius himself, the founder of the Bauhaus. It speaks about the history of the Bauhaus through the first years of development through the years of moving to Dessau, until closing and Walter moving himself to America.The book also show case studies of how the idea of the Bauhaus has been carried out after the closing by the students and the teachers.Walter Gropius spoke in his book about idea and how it started, and the curriculum and the syllabus the students used to study. It was at first a combination of the former arts

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and crafts school in Weimar, with the new methodologies brought by Walter

Gropius. He explains how these different mentality of older and newer staff often made some conflicts between older and newer students, and older and newer staff members. The important thing about the book are, how the idea started on spreading, and what are the courses that has been held in The Bauhaus to make it

an iconic school of thought. Walter Gropius explains, that two parallel teachings

have been held. The Practical courses which has been held by the arts and crafts teachers, including wood workshops, metal workshops, textile workshop and

photography, and the Theoretical courses held by mix of old and new teachers,

A picture of The book cover, BAUHAUS 1919-1928

and it contained theory of design, theory of color, study of nature, analysis of materials

and

construction

details. And

the Apply

courses

as

for

my

understanding, and they are the main design course and building experiments.

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43

3.5.Five points of architecture Are rules that the famous modernity age architect Le Corbusier put to standardize architecture in that modern era. He put them on the base of his experience in architecture.The most suitable case study of his that summed up all his rules is his project in France, Poissy, Villa Savoye If we looked at his rules ,we will see that it was influenced by the materials used by that age, the trending artifacts, the cultural look on nature, and the flexibility of the material that couldn’t have been done in the ages before.

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1.Pilotis(French words means stilts) 2.Roof garden 3.Free facade 4.Free plan

5.Horizontal windows

Pilotis were inspired by the ancient Rome and Greek architecture. In this case, it was also for a functional reason to rise the building on them, and is to make a

space for the cars to park. Here we can see his architectural adjustment and maybe more of adoring to the trending technology, personal vehicles. Roof garden. In this point, Le Corbusier was inspired by the steam-liners, which has

been lifted high and gave nice view to the green areas around. In this point, we see that Corbusier didn’t base his point on a technical difficulty he found on practice, rather than a personal enjoyment. In the book of Social construction of technological systems, we see that if we have a problem or a suggestion, we need to consider many factors. Cultural, aesthetically, functional. For this, maybe that’s

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Yazan.M. Jahmi why Le Corbusier himself didn’t apply his rules strictly to his more recent work, thus it is an aesthetic point, and it can by itself create containment if it was takes too strictly.

Free façade This point shows that Le Corbusier has adapted to the new technologies of construction in that age. The walls, have been deprived from their role as a construction element, for that implementing them in a more freeway is now more possible.The free Façade means to have to façade in a more horizontal apply. In the

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case of Villa Savoye, we see that the upper façade is held on the ground floor’s

pilotis. A thing in former architectural method wouldn’t be accepted, since the stones of the façade themselves are the structural element.

Free plan

Also the same point. Construction elements are more free to be implemented.

Horizontal windows

Also this point can be considered to be derived from the previous two points. The free façade and the free plan will let the windows be more flexible. Also, these points show that although has been more flexible as what modernity says, it also not as flexible as the more recent organic forms, or the old Segrada Familie in a matter of fact.

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Green roof to compensate the ground under

Building raised on piloties Free Facade with long

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horizontal windows Open space for

vehicles to park

In my opinion, Le Corbusier has implemented some rules, either based aesthetic reasons or adapting the new worlds technologies of construction. Some rules

might have been produced from an extravagance kind of life, some of these rules conflict with purpose modernity advertise to be for, and is to kill poverty. The

rules produced by Le Corbusier can be applied to a high end Villa like Villa Savoye, but not on a big mass, old slum replacement residential buildings.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3.6.Living in a changing climate. European environment agency Living in a changing climate is a booklet distributed by the European environment agency. It assist the issue of the changing climatic condition through the world and how to deal with it. The booklet speaks about the European condition of nowadays climatic change conditions. And it speaks about the importance of either decreasing the problem, prevention and adapting. Climatic change is a real thing and it has its impacts and danger on nature. Desertification, fires from dry conditions, asthma conditions get higher and more dangerous, and even death.

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The predict that at the year 2100, there will be 200,000 deaths per year in Europe,

due to the climatic change. We are interested to see how climate change happens,

what are the regions that are more expected to have the effect of climate change, what are the procedures to either prevent, protect, or adapt with the situation. We can obtain also some of the ways of how to protect and apply in this thesis in

either in the design concept and pattern-ization, or through the educational system.

A picture of The booklet cover, Living in a changing climate.

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Europe′s climate is changing A changing climate will affect almost every aspect of our lives. Increased intensity and frequency of rainfall in many parts of Europe will mean frequent and serious flooding events. Elsewhere in Europe, including in southern Europe, higher temperatures and reduced rainfall will mean that many areas might face droughts.

Arctic

Northern Europe

Temperature rise much larger than globalaverage Decrease in Arctic sea-ice coverage Decrease in Greenland ice sheet Decrease in permafrost areas Increasing risk of biodiversity loss Intensified shipping and exploitation of oil and gas resources

Temperature rise much larger than global average Decrease in snow, lake and river ice cover Increase in river flows Northward movement of species Increase in crop yields Decrease in energy demand for heating Increase in hydropower potential Increasing damage risk from winter storms Increase in summer tourism

North-western Europe

Central and eastern Europe

Increase in winter precipitation Increase in river flow Northward movement of species Decrease in energy demand for heating Increasing risk of river and coastal flooding

Coastal zones and regional seas

Many economic sectors depend on healthy and stable ecosystems to provide a variety of products and services to humans. Changes to the balance of species and habitats in ecosystems could have wide-reaching effects. A reduction in rainfall in southern Europe could make it impossible to grow certain crops,while higher temperatures might allow alien invasive species and species that carry diseases to migrate northwards.

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Sea-level rise Increase in sea surface temperatures Increase in ocean acidity Northward expansion of fish and plankton species Changes in phytoplankton communities Increasing risk for fish stocks

Increase in warm temperature extremes Decrease in summer precipitation Increase in water temperature Increasing risk of forest fire Decrease in economic value of forests

Mountain areas

Temperature rise larger than European average Decrease in glacier extent and volume Decrease in mountain permafrost areas Upward shift of plant and animal species High riskof species extinction in Alpine regions Increasing risk of soil erosion Decrease in ski tourism

€

Mediterranean region Temperature rise larger than European average Decrease in annual precipitation Decrease in annual river flow Increasing risk of biodiversity loss Increasing risk of desertification Increasing water demand for agriculture Decrease in crop yields Increasing risk of forest fire Increase in mortality from heatwaves Expansion of habitats for disease-carrying insects Decrease in hydropower potential Decrease in summer tourism and potential increase in other seasons

Source: EEAReport No 12/2012. Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012.

16

48

© EEA

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3.7.Learning from LasVegas.

The book speaks about a study about the Las Vegas strip, at that time, 1974. It critics modernity and its architects , by their revolutionary way of work, of not being permissive with the existing architecture at the time, rather than taking the concepts of industry. It speaks about how the study(Learning from Las Vegas) is a study of method not content, and it means, just the architectural study of an old Cathedral doesn't go through the beliefs of the people inside, the study will not go through the morality Las Vegas. The Billboards and the gambling. The study criticize modernity,

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"Because orthodox modern architecture is progressive, if not revolutionary, utopian and puristic, it is dissatisfied with existing conditions."

"Modern architecture has not been permissive, architects have preferred to change the existing environment, rather than enhance what is there".

"Fine art often follows folk art, Romantic architects of the eighteenth century

A picture taken from the book "Learning

discovered an existing and conventional rustic architecture".

from LasVegas".

"Early modern architects appropriated an existing and conventional industrial vocabulary without much adaptation."

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3.8.The social construction of technological systems

This book speaks about the impact of technology on the culture and the development of the culture on technology. It speaks about the old machineries until the modern AI systems. The reason to pick this read is, as the industrial revolution made a huge impact on the process of manufacturing and the standardization of products and the standardization of the processes, then the technological advancement and revolution will also play a big role in standardization. And since that, architectural design, landscape architecture design, and these fields will also be effected upon the study of technology. The book also represents of how artifacts are made. Through social development, cultural acceptance, and technical difficulties. It represents a case study of the bicycle has been developed over the years, and how the social and cultural backgrounds of the areas has effected the look of the Tri/Bi cycle, and how it developed till it started as an artifact, easy to be used by females, after been represented and designed to be a man use machine.

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The book cover of "The Social Construction of Technological Systems" book.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3.9.The Bauhaus and modernity By analyzing the principles of the modern architecture period, we can be able to see the success reasons for having this movement be accepted as an international style, at least for a brief period of time. And then we can apply these success principles on this thesis. This thesis as said before is meant to be for than an aspect, one is to try to solve mass global problems like climatic change or to adapt with it ,to have it hypothetically applied automatically to areas to increase earth's green layer, or to apply the rules on

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ordinary park and garden designs.

Pictures showing some of the illustrations done for the BAUHAUS.

The BAUHAUS in Dessau, Germany. Picture taken by Yazan M.alJahmi. The logo of the BAUHAUS was designed by a student at the school.

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Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus, has made the school to teach architecture. The style of the Bauhaus can be recognized any place in the world, and the work of his students are distinguished . To reach this discipline, Walter Gropius has put the curriculum to be worked with both, practical the theoretical parts. In his book, Bauhaus 1919-1928, has described the curriculum and shows it in charts. The curriculum is divided into theoretical and practical courses. To see how he standardized his students, to make them as troops of a distinguished architectural school, we must see what used to be taught, how students lived. The multi disciplinary course can give us the inspiration of how to make a strong built

A graph showing some practical and theoretical courses given in the BauHaus. Graph taken from the

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up school. Walter Gropius with his wisdom was able to combine the old art and

book (BAUHAUS) 1919-1928

crafts school, with new curriculum and new courses. The result is, students who

are aware of the folks crafts and techniques of the crafts, and also the deep architectural courses like design and theory.

A graph showing some practical and theoretical courses given in the BauHaus. Graph taken from the book (BAUHAUS) 1919-1928

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3.10.The Chicago school of architecture The Chicago school of architecture doesn't represent an actual school, but rather the style of buildings that have been developed in the city between the 1880's and the 1890's. The term has been mentioned in some of the scholars books and papers. The Chicago school came actually in the era modernity, and took turn into the first phase and the second phase(high) of modernity. After the 1879 fire in downtown Chicago, most of it has been elapsed. Building the down town was a necessity.Architects back then depended on the economic and importance value

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of the city, and with the use of new constructional and technological method, turned Chicago into one of the first skyscraper cities in the world. New structural system has been developed by the structural engineer Fazlur Khan.In this, we can obtain the style which can be applied on a large scale. The city of Chicago was

constrained with many factors, economically, politically and socially. The land was

expensive and they were forced to find a solution and they did, by going vertically.

Although the rents can be high, but this what the city is.

Wainwright Building designed by Adler & Sullivan, and it exemplifies the first modern tall buildings(Skyscraper)

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1

Upper part of the building is covered with exterior metalTerra Cotta,and its function from the inside is to hold the mechanical lifts machines

The middle part of the buildings are used for offices

The lower part of the building is used for big,open spaces for

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banks and expensive shops.(These are large,open spaces ―liberal,expansive and sumptuous‖ that will flow up into the second storey.(1))

The first Chicago school started to build on the modernity style, going vertical and using

new constructional methods as steel. From this, we can obtain that the architect, constrained by the the exterior factors,can have some flexibility in the design.The design itself can also give influence of what kind of business to be opened, the richness of the place,and can go beyond this and through the ethical behavior that is aspired.

1.From the presentation( Chicago school of architecture) on linkedin. https://www.slideshare.net/vikashsaini78/chicago-30129417 Image courtesy of HistoricAmerican Buildings Survey—HABS

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Chapter 4 :Global warming , climate change, desertification and deforestation Chapter introduction This chapter will speak about two major global environmental problems, Global warming and climate change. The problems, which have been observed starting after of the industrial revolution, have been a big concern to the governments, as well as the public. We will try to analyze these problems, to see at the end, how can we contribute in solving them, by landscape architecture. This chapter will also try to prove whether the problems are real, and if yes whether man-made or not, and to find out the core cause of the problems.

In my own theory, and after studying and writing about the topic, I think many aspects have played in the contribution of the problems.

First, we have the industrial revolution, which contributed in the rise of the Green-House gases in the air, second, we have the rise in

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population of the earth. Third, we have the uprising consumerism behavior, and consumption rate, all over the world. To be more specific of the industrial revolution, not only the production of CO2 has played a role in the problem, rather that many other aspects which the new machineries has offered, more paved roads means less soil, and more traveling, bigger and taller building and less green areas, higher living expenses which put the farmer and land in danger of competition with residential, and industrial lands. These are my own theories, I will try to prove whether they are true or false.

This thesis will emphasize on global warming, and climatic change, global warming will be talked in a more deep point of view than climate change, since climate change can go specifically to each region, and the time scope for this thesis cannot cover all of it. Please take note, that the person writing this thesis(Yazan M. alJahmi), had no knowledge over the subjects before this thesis started. All data and maps have taken many research hours, till the authorized, trusted and certified websites were found. For that, as a writer, I cannot assure all these data are 100% true. They were taken from the most trusted resources I could have found online, and from the very direct official and international websites dealing with these crisis. I encourage each person to visit the sources and to have their own point of view. Sincerely. Yazan alJahmi.

Aims of this chapter: -Explain the meaning of the crisis.

-Prove that the rise of the greenery levels would help in reducing the impact, if not the crises themselves.

-Look for the main causes of the crisis, and try to prove whether the crisis are happening or not. Since there is a conflict between scientists, on the viability of the crises.

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World GHG Emissions Flow Chart

Part 1. Global warming

Sector

4.1 What is Global warming

Transportation

End Use/Activity

in earth's layers rather than infiltration. It is similar to the green houses for planting nurseries. The factors can relate

E N E R G Y

reasons. Global warming means the retention of the heat

Electricity & Heat

Road

9.9%

Air Rail, Ship, & Other Transport

1.6% 2.3%

Residential Buildings

9.9%

Commercial Buildings

5.4%

13.5%

Global warming and climate change are both modern environmental issues that have occurred for many

24.6%

Unallocated Fuel Combustion 3.5% Iron & Steel

3.2%

Aluminum/Non-Ferrous Metals Machinery Pulp, Paper& Printing

Food & Tobacco

Other Fuel Combustion

9.0%

to the burning of fossil fuel, the emitted gases trap heat Industry

10.4%

4.8%

Cement

3.8%

Other Industry

5.0%

T&D Losses

1.9%

Coal Mining

many bad effects on the environment, 1st, the ice in the

Fugitive Emissions 3.9%

Deforestation Afforestation

Land Use Change 18.2%

islands. 2nd, the excessive heat can affect the wild life and

the natural habitat, the rise of temperatures can result in

Oil/Gas Extraction, Refining & Processing

Agriculture

-1.5% -0.5% -0.6%

beings,

especially

in

the

poor

areas.

3rd.

Desertification, draughts . Global warming also effect on

2.5%

HFCs, PFCs, SF6 1%

1.4%

Agriculture Soils

6.0%

Livestock & Manure

5.1%

Methane (CH4) 14%

13.5%

Rice Cultivation

Waste

18.3%

Harvest/Management Other

Other Agriculture

human

1.4%

6.3%

Reforestation

Agricultural Energy Use

mass immigration for living organisms to colder areas, and can result in the death for many organisms, including

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 77%

Industrial Processes 3.4%

poles can melt down, thus the ratio of water in oceans and seas rise, and this also can affect the coastal cities and

1.4% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%

Chemicals

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energy and doesn't let it infiltrate. Global warming has

Gas

3.6%

Landfills Wastewater, Other Waste

1.5% 0.9%

2.0% 1.6%

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 8%

Sources & Notes: All data is for 2000. All calculations are based on CO2 equivalents, using 100-year global warming potentials from the IPCC (1996), based on a total global estimate of 41,755 MtCO2 equivalent. Land use change includes both emissions and absorptions; see Chapter 16. See Appendix 2 for detailed description of sector and end use/activity definitions, as well as data sources.

Dotted lines represent flows of less than 0.1% percent of total GHG emissions.

Figure. World GHG emissions and sectors related.

the climate, and can be a factor in climate change.

4.2 The causes of Global warming Global warming is the excessive amount of energy saved in earth, that makes the temperature rise, and above the natural levels. Global warming can have many causes, but the main is, the higher level of Green Houses Trapped in earth. The gases has raised in the last century, due to using fossil fuel, which raised the levels of GHG, the use of modern agricultural methods, using artificial pesticides and fertilizers, which raise the Methane and Nitrous oxide levels, and transportation and residential causes, which raises the mentioned gases as well.The main Greenhouse gases emitted are: Carbon Dioxide CO2, Methane CH4, Nitrous Oxide N2O, and water vapor. The pie charts below shows the most emitted GHG by industries. Global warming is highly effected by land use change. Deforestation, desertification,

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Yazan.M. Jahmi and land degradation. These are three main topic of agricultural problems. Land covered with trees can absorb sun rays, emits O2 with the photosynthesis process during day time, and gives moisture to the air. Cutting these trees doesn’t lead to just one problem of these, but to all. 1st cutting trees means the O2 emitters are cut down. Although trees emits CO2 at night, but the levels of O2 emitted during day time is higher, and the ratio goes for Oxygen, as described earlier. 2nd Cutting trees can lead to land degradation. Since trees hold soil particles, the absence of trees

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can cause land degradation, releasing the Carbon from the soil, and can lead to deforestation. 3rd. The moisture the trees give are now absence. Instead, if a city is built upon the land, Heat island

effect can occur, which raise the temperature in the area for Max of 6o. That’s a lot. Instead of having moist area and shade, building

A graph of Desertification Vulnerability map done by the U.S department of agriculture.

raise the temperature. 5th. The city, which is built upon this land,

will contribute in producing GHG, from all sectors, transport, residential and building, industrial, electricity, and waste. So

replacing tree areas with residential areas create more than a problem, and contributes in Global warming. Land use change is also a big problem, the and it can lead to change in climate patterns, participation rates and global warming.

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57

Deforestation

Annual Countries Countries forest area total forest total area cut (1) / area/Km2 Km2

Percentage of Forest cut trees area/Total annually/total country size forest area

Brazil

34,659.2

4,776,980

8,515,767

0.726%

56.1%

Indonesia

14,478.0

884,950

1,910,931

1.64%

46.3%

5,322.4 Russian federation

8,149,300

17,098,24 6

.065%

47.7%

Mexico

710,000

1,964,375

0.556%

36.1%

Deforestation means: (The action of clearing a wide area of trees.)1 https://www.lexico.com DeforestaĊon is a big environmental problem. The clearing of forests in a raĊo that will take much longer Ċme to recover has its effects on the environment, in the soil, and can contribute in global warming and climate change. Trees uses CO2 during day Ċme, and produces oxygen, for that they

3,949.7

help cleaning the air from a green-house-gas, CO2. Trees help the soil from various problems as soil erosion.

Copy Papua

2,501.9

294,370

462,840

0.85%

63.6%

DeforestaĊon and the act of tree cuF ng tree can be not just for the use of

Peru

2,245.5

687,420

1,285,216

0.33%

53.5%

the Ċmber, but can be an act for construcĊon. Changing land type as can be

United statesof America

2,152.3

3,100,950

9,525,067

0.07%

32.6%

Bolivia

1,352.0

587,400

1,098,581

0.230%

53.5%

Sudan

1,178.4

675,460

1,861,484

0.174%

36.3%

Nigeria

821.0

110,890

923,768

0.740%

12.0%

seen in figure1, has a very high raĊo in the contribuĊon of in GHG emission.

Total

Table1. Showing top countries in annual forest cut, compared by the countries' areas. Done by Yazan alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 4.3.What are the impacts of Global warming?

The raise in the global temperatures can cause many problems.

Starting with the death of plants that wouldn’t take the extra temperatures, the death of wild life, and the immigration of some animals North, where they can find cooler temperatures, the increase of insects and disease carrying insects, and the raise in human health problems especially with respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and can reach to death, especially in the less fortunate areas.

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Climate change, and global warming will also affect regions and

countries, it can also affect the oceans and seas, the largest

Carbon sink, and the second largest as well, soil and land.

Increase of temperatures will cause

A graph of Desertification Vulnerability map done by

more precipitation patterns, more draughts and stronger storms.

the U.S department of agriculture.

“Recent research estimates that without adaptation

actions heat-related deaths could reach about 200 000 per year in Europe by 2100. The cost of river flood damages could be more

than EUR 10 billion a year.” (Living in a changing climate, page 5).

Also, the rise of temperatures affect oceans, and make fish to move towards the North, for colder climates, which puts pressure on the fisheries sector. can be a reason for deforestation and desertification, which vice versa, they both have effect on global warming and climate change. The rise of temperatures can make invasive new plants to be grown. (Living in a changing climate).

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59

4.4. Most countries producing GHG In some reports, they give information, which is not wrong, but blaming

the

developing

countries

as

they

say, for

the

environmental problems. While statistics shows the opposite, as most of the GHG are the emission of the developed and industrialized countries, such as America, Germany, China, Russia. And the emission for big developing countries as they say, which depends 100% on fossil fuels to produce their energy, are not even in the first 20 countries responsible for the most GHG

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production. Countries as Saudi Arabia, and the whole middle east in fact. In the models, they also limit some info

4.5.Why Some countries are higher than others in producing GHG?

Figure 3GHG Emission By Region

This point will be talking extensively in 4.5 , where we examine

each Greenhouse gas individually, its sources, its natural sinks, and the related topics to GHG. But to give a general idea, we point out: -then agriculture, forestry and other land use.

-then comes the industrial sector.

-then transportation.

-then other energies.

-buildings.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi amount, some areas have stay the same, and some has

4.6.Is Global warming real?

decreased. Online authentic, difference temperatures different-

Why this question is being asked.

generators

shows

the

high

difference

in

the

average

[Many resources show the reality of Global warming by numbers

temperature in the past with comparison to the present. In

and graphs, in the opposite, also some researchers and scholars

contrast to the belief in whether global warming is real, or done

went to disbelieve the theory. In this part, I will try to prove

by human kind, we shall introduce the other party, which doesn’t

whether global warming is real or not. Global warming means the

believe in the phenomena. The team, which consist of 3’000

higher levels of the average temperature, the rise as mentioned

scientists as the internet articles speak of, their claim is, Global

is some researches show that the temperature has raised 1.5C

warming has stopped, and temperatures of earth has been flat

o

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than it was before the industrial revolution, globally. For that, for

(In rising) since 1997. As well, the articles speak of, that the

the methodology of proving the theory, I will try to get some

season 25, which we are currently living, will be even colder than

trusted sources of getting either the temperatures for 10 years

the last season, season 24. They also add that the reclaim of

from 1900-1910, and from 2008-2018, and make the calculations

melting poles is also wrong, since in 2013 alone 50% of the

myself. If not found, I will get the difference in results, which can

melted ice in the poles have been reformed. And that, the rise in

also be found in the web, and can be generated in which a person

temperatures in the last period, is a normal rise in the average of

can put their desire base temperatures Vs. The average of the

temperatures, and not a human made thing. To examine both

years, he chooses as well.] Global warming is a two words

proclaims, we will go through the data that can be found. Some

sentence. Global and warming.

institutes

Which means the rise of the

around

the

world

have

been

documenting

temperatures in the average of the world’s temperatures. To

temperatures since a century, and the data is not easy to find

prove this, we should go to documented global temperatures in

online. Other data, which goes back to thousands or millions of

history, take the average of let’s say 10 years, and compare them

years, are even much harder to get. According to National

with the average temperatures of the world now a days. We can

geographic magazine, the data brought for a thousand years, can

do this country by country, and then take the average of the

be seen in old trees , since trees form rings in their trunks. And

globe. The 1.5 degrees rise of the globe doesn’t mean each area

the size can be bigger or smaller, depends on temperatures and

of the globe has risen 1.5 degrees, rather than the different rise in

other factors. For the million years data, they go the air-bubbles

temperatures, and 1.5 degrees is the average of them all. Some

trapped in ice for millions of years, and examine them for GHG

areas as papers present has risen more than 1.5 degrees in large

levels.

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61

1st. Rough estimations of whether global warming is real or not.

By going the application (GISS Surface Temperature Analysis) provided by NASA, we make rough comparison between the beginning of last century, and current days. The application let you chose a base of temperatures, which then it takes the average, in this case, I chose to take the average of 1900 till 1910, ten years period, the average temperature of July, and compared to 2009 till 2019, also average of July. And the graph, shows for example the yellow represents a rise of .2-.5 degrees, in the

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average temperatures levels spoken earlier. The dark red mean a

rise of 4.0-4.1 degrees, and purple means the fall of 4.1 degrees.

Figure 1. Temperature difference in degrees, with a ten years span July, the base temperature of between the 1900 and 1910,

In figure 2. The same periods of times have been chosen, but

compared with modern times, of 2009 and 2019. Map

instead of having the temperatures of July, I chose the months of

generated by: https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/

February, to be taken their averages through the entitled periods

index_v4.html

of time. We can see the maps with a span of ten years, taken from the first map of the Month July, and the second map of the month of January. We can see that the effect is higher in the winter, this can mean, the burn of more fossil fuels in the winter for heat.

Figure 2. Temperature difference in degrees, with a ten years span January, the base temperature of between the 1900 and 1910, compared with modern times, of 2009 and 2019. Map generated by: https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/ index_v4.html

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 2nd. Seeing if they are really has been a flat in temperatures arise since 1997.

In this case, we need to take a much smaller span of time, let’s say start with 4 years of span. 1997 till 2001, compared with the average of the span from 2015 till 2019. If we want some higher ranged maps differences, then we shall chose the land and ocean type of the map. The Annual search gives temperatures averages of the through the whole year, and not specified with a month. For that, we can take the annual averages from 1880 till 1900, and

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compare it to modern times, let’s say from 2013 till 2018. The average temperatures difference as seen, is not as the

documents say of 1.5-2.0 degrees. And that is because, this

website can show from the year 1880. The 1.5degrees difference is the comparison between modern time and the Pre-Industrial

era, which started at the 1750 till the 1880’s. “(the international

community has agreed to limit the global average temperature increase to 2°C above pre-industrial times.)” (Living in a changing climate ,EEA signals 2015, Reducing emissions).

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63

L-OTI( ◦ C) Change 2013-2018

Annual J-D

4.1

4.0

2.0

1.0

0.18

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0.5

0.2 0.2

0.5

1.0

2.0

4.0

4.1

Figure 5. Temperature difference in degrees, with a ten years span annually, the base temperature of between the 1900 and 1910, compared with modern Ċmes, of 2013 and 2018. Map generated by: hÏ ps://data.giss.nasa.gov/ gistemp/maps/index_v4.html The average of temperatures difference can be seen at the right top corner of the graph. And it is 0.18 degrees Celsius.

55

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 3rd Comparing between seasonal temperatures change.

Since the world have difference regions and different climatic areas, July wouldn’t be summer for every country for example., But we can take different seasons according to Europe, and compare the difference in temperatures between the 1900’s1910’s, and between modern days, of let’s say 2005-2015. In this experiment, we will take the average temperature rise of the 4 NH seasons, and see which season can be the highest and lowest in temperature change. In the data, it shows that the temperature

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difference gets higher in the two transition seasons, Autumn and spring.

My own thought on this was wrong, since I’ve thought that the biggest in difference would be in Winter, where people would

Winter season. Temp. Difference: 0.97Co

consume more fuel for keeping their houses warm. Maybe it’s more of a transportation system problem, since these two seasons can have mild temperatures and people would go into

trips more often. For that, we have to examine transportation systems and their contribution in GHG emisison.

Table made by Yazan alJahmi,Information from : http://www.citypopulation.de/Jordan.html Standardization Landscape, the book.

Summer season. Temp. Difference: 0.95 Co

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Spring season Temp. Difference: 1.00 Co

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Autumn season. Temp. Difference: 1.00Co

66

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 4th . Are humans the cause of global warming and climate change.

Since the raise, as the official materials show, that the main average temperatures difference of 1.5 degrees, is between the pre-industrial and modern times, then humans might have influenced on climate and global warming. The reason is not just about emitting Green-house gases, but also, the change in land use has effected the climate heavily. With the check of the data given in 4.5 , we can see that the sectors I chose that can relate to

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GHG emission, are rising in numbers since the first of the last

Figure 4. Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Major Economies, 1990–2020 Source: https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/

decade. And they rise accordingly with the GHG emission and

GHG in air levels. But the point is, if we take a single sector and find that the

4.7.Greenhouse gases, sectors related and industrial revolution.

For comparing and examining if a sector is responsible for rising the levels of a particular gas, we need to see the sector, and take example of countries who has a raise or fall on this particular sector over a long period of time, and compare this data in the

production of the gas involved. For example, agriculture fields and Nitrous oxide emission. We a country or several countries, and see the land in sq.Km. in 1960,1970,1980…, and compare these data to the emission of N2O in the country in the same years. If it raised, or fell down accordingly, both data, we can assume that they relate. And we take multiple countries with different situation of raise and fall, and assure our data and assumptions are right.

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1st. We will focus in the sections architecture, and landscape in general.

related

to

landscape

Transportation Land use change Agriculture sector To examine the effects of some phenomena related to Global warming, I will take countries top in certain things, and compare that the their production of Greenhouse gases.

We will also check:

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Countries with industrial energy to produce the gases.

Agricultural countries using pesticides Countries with major mis-land use.

High public transportation countries Private Vs. Public transportation systems countries. To check which produces more GHG. High rise building and modern building methods Vs. traditional methods of buildings We should also check, world map by population.

Most green surfaced countries Countries with high income, and GDP

Figure 4 World's CO2 emission (kt)/year

hÏ ps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?end=2014&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960

4.7.1.CO2 (Carbon dioxide),

Carbon dioxide is also being emitted by other natural factors.

Respiration by plants produce CO2, but is also consumed by plants as well, in the photosynthesis process. Seas and oceans produce a high amount of CO2 to air, and also, is absorbed by oceans again. As the graph shows, CO2 emission has raised through the last 50 years. There are many factors related to its emission, the over view of the causes has been shown in (Figure

Source: hÏ ps://www.newscienĊst.com/arĊcle/dn11638-climate-myths-human-co2-emissionsare-too-Ċny-to-maÏ er/

1 World GHG Emission Flow Chart).

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 1st. CO2 emission Worldatlas.org, is a website providing statistics and data. A data that can be found in their website is CO2 emission. A table limiting the numbers of countries to the top 10, since the list covers each country, and limiting the years to a number that the reader can digest with all the data within the chapter, will be easier to examine the data and to have the theory, of CO2 emission sources and how to deal with it.

China, with a population of 1.3B inhabitants takes the lead in CO2 emission, followed by USA with a population of 300M, followed by India, with a population of 1B inhabitants.

From the data, we can see that CO2 emission can relate to some subjects, Industrial countries take the lead, high populated countries, although can be less of industrial are also on the list, and high GDP’s countries are on the list as well. The more quality of life a person

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needs, means more CO2 production.

DataSource WorldDevelopment Indicators Last UpdatedD 7/10/19 Rank Country NameCountry Code Indicator Nam1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1 China CHN CO2emissions 780726.302 771617.474 1467192.37 2442431.02 3405179.87 2 UnitedStates USA CO2emissions 2890696.1 4328904.5 4723209.68 4823403.12 5693684.89 3 India IND CO2emissions 120581.961 195143.072 314016.211 619154.615 1031853.46 4 Russian FederaRUS CO2emissions(kt) 1557899.28 5 Japan JPN CO2emissions 232781.16 768823.22 947571.135 1096179.98 1220527.95 6 Germany DEU CO2emissions(kt) 829977.779 7 Iran, Islamic RIRN CO2emissions 37392.399 91873.018 120900.99 210463.798 372237.17 8 Saudi Arabia SAU CO2emissions 2676.91 45291.117 169404.399 185803.223 296935.325 9 Korea, Rep. KOR CO2emissions 12552.141 53783.889 134868.593 246943.114 447561.017 10 Canada CAN CO2emissions 192895.201 341485.708 443233.957 435181.225 534380.909 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?most_recent_value_desc=true

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2010 8776040.42 5395532.13 1719690.99 1670531.19 1171624.84 758859.981 573031.089 518491.798 566716.515 534670.602

2012 10028573.9 5119436.36 2018503.82 1830830.42 1230168.49 739861.254 611758.276 564842.678 583966.083 517457.704

2013 2014 2015-2018 10258007.1 10291926.9 No data 5159160.97 5254279.29 No data 2034752.29 2238377.14 No data 1778561.01 1705345.68 No data 1246515.98 1214048.36 No data 757312.507 719883.438 No data 619778.005 649480.705 No data 541047.515 601046.969 No data 592499.192 587156.373 No data 517160.677 537193.498 No data Tabledoneby: Yazan M.alJahmi

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2nd. GDP From this table, we can notice that CO2 can relate to GDP. But it doesn’t has to relate, since countries like Italy, Brazil, France, and United kingdom are on the top GDP countries, but not on CO2 emission.

DataSource Last UpdatedD Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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World Development Indicators 7/10/19 Top 10countriesin GDP Country NameCountry Code Indicator Nam1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 UnitedStates USA GDP (current U 5.433E+11 1.0733E+12 2.8573E+12 5.9631E+12 1.0252E+13 China CHN GDP (current U 5.9716E+10 9.2603E+10 1.9115E+11 3.6086E+11 1.2113E+12 Japan JPN GDP (current U 4.4307E+10 2.1261E+11 1.1054E+12 3.1328E+12 4.8875E+12 Germany DEU GDP (current UNo data 2.1502E+11 9.467E+11 1.765E+12 1.95E+12 UnitedKingdoGBR GDP (current U 7.2328E+10 1.3067E+11 5.6495E+11 1.0932E+12 1.6483E+12 France FRA GDP (current U 6.2651E+10 1.4846E+11 7.0129E+11 1.2692E+12 1.3622E+12 India IND GDP (current U 3.703E+10 6.2422E+10 1.8633E+11 3.2098E+11 4.6839E+11 Italy ITA GDP (current U 4.0385E+10 1.1302E+11 4.7568E+11 1.1773E+12 1.1418E+12 Brazil BRA GDP (current U 1.5166E+10 4.2328E+10 2.3502E+11 4.6195E+11 6.5542E+11 Canada CAN GDP (current U 4.1093E+10 8.7896E+10 2.7385E+11 5.9393E+11 7.423E+11 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true

Standardization Landscape, the book.

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2010 1.4992E+13 6.0872E+12 5.7001E+12 3.4171E+12 2.4529E+12 2.6426E+12 1.6756E+12 2.1251E+12 2.2089E+12 1.6135E+12

2016 2017 2018 1.8707E+13 1.9485E+13 2.0494E+13 1.1138E+13 1.2143E+13 1.3608E+13 4.9267E+12 4.86E+12 4.9709E+12 3.4952E+12 3.6932E+12 3.9968E+12 2.6592E+12 2.6379E+12 2.8252E+12 2.4713E+12 2.5863E+12 2.7775E+12 2.2904E+12 2.6526E+12 2.7263E+12 1.8692E+12 1.9466E+12 2.0739E+12 1.7963E+12 2.0536E+12 1.8686E+12 1.5267E+12 1.6469E+12 1.7093E+12 Tabledoneby: Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi

Country area

Population

GDP

China

12454.7110 9,596,960

United States

6673.4497

9,833,520 km2

327,167,434

India

2379.1668

3,287,263 km

1,324,171,354 $11.468 trillion

1,403,500,365 $14.2 trillion

Dependency Notes on fossil fuel

93.33%

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Russia

2199.1173

EU (28)

4224.5217

17,098,246 146,793,744

4,475,757 Km

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$20.494 85% trillion

$4.357 trillion

Although USA uses85%, but it is (America accounted for more than 25% of the total fossil fuel consumption of the world.1)

91.07%

513,481,691 $22.0 trillion

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71

3rd. Urban land area.

Urban land area is important to calculate with our equation, since we are dealing with CO2 emission related to the field of this thesis, Landscape architecture. House emit CO2 by the combustion of fossil fuels to warm them, and the Urban, high rise can also be related to the heat island effect, which suggests that the built area can be up to 6Co higher than the forest or the land area. We see in this table the 15 most countries with Urban land area in sq.Km. The table doesn’t show any differ in the built area of the countries through the years, for that we can know that the data can be insufficient , but we can take the general idea of it. The data has been collected through satellites and the lighted area of the earth has been calculated, as the information part of this data, on the website says.

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DataSource World Development Indicators 7/10/19 Last UpdatedD Top 15countiresin Urban landarea Rank Country NameCountry Code Indicator Nam 1960.198 1990 1991-1999 2000 1 UnitedStates USA Urban landarea No data 802053.592 No data 802053.592 2 China CHN Urban landarea No data 380679.3 No data 380679.3 3 India IND Urban landarea No data 222688.234 No data 222688.234 4 Russian FederaRUS Urban landarea No data 187538.145 No data 187538.145 5 Brazil BRA Urban landarea No data 134981.375 No data 134981.375 6 Canada CAN Urban landarea No data 126511.164 No data 126511.164 7 Japan JPN Urban landarea No data 108678.242 No data 108678.242 8 Mexico MEX Urban landarea No data 102418.109 No data 102418.109 9 France FRA Urban landarea No data 86463.0625 No data 86463.0625 10 Italy ITA Urban landarea No data 73540.8828 No data 73540.8828 11 Spain ESP Urban landarea No data 69794.5859 No data 69794.5859 12 Iran, Islamic RIRN Urban landarea No data 69242.7656 No data 69242.7656 13 Germany DEU Urban landarea No data 62374.1992 No data 62374.1992 14 UnitedKingdoGBR Urban landarea No data 58698.75 No data 58698.75 15 Argentina ARG Urban landarea No data 55032.2031 No data 55032.2031 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.UR.K2?most_recent_value_desc=true

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2001-2009 2010 2011-2018 No data 802053.592 No data No data 380679.3 No data No data 222688.234 No data No data 187538.145 No data No data 134981.375 No data No data 126511.164 No data No data 108678.242 No data No data 102418.109 No data No data 86463.0625 No data No data 73540.8828 No data No data 69794.5859 No data No data 69242.7656 No data No data 62374.1992 No data No data 58698.75 No data No data 55032.2031 No data Tabledoneby: Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 4th. Goods exports.

Although the thesis is about landscape, we have to relate to some data from other sectors to prove this chapter. Goods export can show us the industrial part of the country. Although from export to another differ, as the export of electronics as what Japan is famous for, is different than the export of a country which produces organic materials in traditional way, as electronics will need more fuel to be consumed than a cheese factory ran by human energy. In general, we see a rise in the export of the goods for all the countries. That means two things, 1st The populaĊon of the countries are geF ng higher. 2nd the consumerism behavior of the people is rising as well.

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DataSource World Development Indicators 7/10/19 Last UpdatedD Top 10countriesin Goodsexport Rank Country NameCountry Code Indicator Nam1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1 China CHN Exportsofgoo2571289301 2307254854 1.13E+10 4.913E+10 2.5309E+11 2 UnitedStates USA Exportsofgoo 2.7E+10 5.9709E+10 2.8077E+11 5.5187E+11 1.0963E+12 3 Germany DEU Exportsofgoodsandservices 3.2619E+10 1.7677E+11 4.0415E+11 6.0116E+11 4 France FRA Exportsofgoo9019483362 2.3725E+10 1.4715E+11 2.6622E+11 3.8953E+11 5 Japan JPN Exportsofgoo4751050160 2.2027E+10 1.451E+11 3.2017E+11 5.1927E+11 6 UnitedKingdoGBR Exportsofgoo 1.4616E+10 2.7903E+10 1.4724E+11 2.4713E+11 4.1061E+11 7 Netherlands NLD Exportsofgoo6002580391 1.6465E+10 9.8397E+10 1.7322E+11 2.7499E+11 8 Korea, Rep. KOR Exportsofgoo 103762705 1030074704 1.8491E+10 7.0787E+10 1.9662E+11 9 HongKongSARHKG Exportsofgoo 0 3541855148 2.5613E+10 9.0213E+10 2.1636E+11 10 Italy ITA Exportsofgoo5047144628 1.7191E+10 9.6321E+10 2.1564E+11 2.9295E+11 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true

Standardization Landscape, the book.

Yazan M.alJahmi

2010 1.6025E+12 1.8463E+12 1.4437E+12 7.0791E+11 8.5711E+11 6.9082E+11 5.9093E+11 5.409E+11 4.6944E+11 5.3526E+11

2016 2017 2018 2.2E+12 2.4242E+12 2.6556E+12 2.2176E+12 2.3502E+12 1.6042E+12 1.7376E+12 1.877E+12 7.475E+11 7.9709E+11 8.7041E+11 8.0072E+11 8.6382E+11 7.5201E+11 7.9477E+11 8.4589E+11 6.2318E+11 6.8899E+11 7.5757E+11 5.9824E+11 6.5962E+11 7.1271E+11 6.0004E+11 6.4488E+11 6.8255E+11 5.5373E+11 6.0665E+11 6.5859E+11 Tabledoneby: Yazan M.alJahmi

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5th and 6th . Forests areas and agriculture.

As mentioned earlier, trees , oceans and soil are the Carbon dioxide sink of this world. CO2 is soluble in water, for that ocean takes the 2nd largest CO2 sink, after the soil. Trees can take a high number of CO2, but with the rise of CO2 emission through the world, trees will reach to their maximum sink of it. The problem is, as the data will show beneath, that as well as the CO2 emission is rising, the trees are being cut more often, and that there is a decrease in the forest mass worldwide. The reason to put agriculture area with this is, that my own theory says that natural forests are much more beneficial in reducing the amount of CO2, and the GHG in matter of fact than agricultural areas.

For many reasons, 1st forests will grow slowly over a long period of time, which will have the effect of slow buy consistent. 2nd. The mass of the tree compared to any crop is much bigger, for that the CO2 sink in the lignin of the trees will be far more that the crops. 3rd and one most important. The growth of the agricultural areas with our new technologies and modern ways will consume a lot of fertilizers which

Copy Figure 3Natural forests in the globe

produces N2O, will need the power of the machines which emits CO2, and of course, the export of the goods.

Table 4Top countrieswith forestsmass

DataSource WorldDevelopment Indicators Last UpdatedD 7/10/19 Top10 countriesin forestsarea/sqKm Rank Country NameCountry Code Indicator NamIndicator Cod 1960-1989 1 Russian FederaRUS Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 2 Brazil BRA Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 3 Canada CAN Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 4 United States USA Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 5 China CHN Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 6 Congo, Dem. RCOD Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 7 Australia AUS Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 8 Indonesia IDN Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 9 Peru PER Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data 10 India IND Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data World WLD Forest area(sqAG.LND.FRST.KNo data

1990

8089500 5467050 3482730 3024500 1571405.94 1603630 1285410 1185450 779210 639390

41282694.9

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.K2?most_recent_value_desc=true

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Yazan M.alJahmi

2000 2010 2015 8092685 8151356.25 8149305 5212740 4984580 4935380 3478020 3473020 3470690 3035360 3087200 3100950 1770005 2006102.97 2083212.97 1572490 1541350 1525780 1288410 1232110 1247510 994090 944320 910100 761470 748110 739730 653900 697900 706820 40556022.3

40156729.7

2016 8148895 4925540 3470224.06 3103700 2098635 1522665.94 1250590 903256.016 738053.984 708603.984

20172018 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data 39991324.6 39958245.9 No data Tabledoneby: Yazan M.alJahmi

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 7th Agriculture The agricultural field has been given 13.5% of the total GHG emission sector, given by …, although I personally think the number is higher.

The reason is, agricultural fields are too big, using ton of fertilizers and pesticides, and being run and managed by industrial techniques which also produces GHG. Other reason for me to think the number is higher is, 1st. As mentioned by the President of the United states J.F.Kennedy in Food and agriculture organization conference in 1963, “ The farmer is producing three times more than he would in 1945”(2) . Fertilizers and artificial pesticides can produce much more Greenhouse gases like Nitrous oxide, than a lot of other sectors, for its wide ranged fields.

8th Transportation

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The website, adds, that 1/3 of the agricultural GHG emission is due to Livestock. Is that possible? Through the millions of acres being used pesticides and fertilizers with, livestock comes as the problem? In the US, as statistics shows, there are 100million cows in 2018.

DataSource Last UpdatedD Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

WorldDevelopment Indicators Agricultural land(sq. km)

7/10/19

Country NameCountry Code Indicator NamIndicator Cod 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017-2018 China CHN Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 3746000 4276040 5056940 5220030 5145500 5145530 5278330 5277330 No data UnitedStates USA Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 4344000 4281630 4269480 4143990 4084261.88 4078655 4058625 4058625 No data Australia AUS Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 4817870 4829260 4644810 4555000 3985800 4062690 3659130 3710780 No data Brazil BRA Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 1953970 2242780 2416080 2614060 2734630 2835790 2840830 2835460 No data Russian FederaRUS Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 2171620 2139520 2177218.13 2177218.13 2177218.13 No data Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 2153932.97 2171617.97 2169920 2169920 2169920 No data India IND Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 1780520 1802720 1814130 1809750 1795730 1797210 1797210 1797210 No data Saudi Arabia SAU Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 864200 869620 1234810 1737850 1734060 1735752.97 1736354.06 1736190 No data Argentina ARG Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 1292800 1280200 1275650 1285100 1474810 1487000 1487000 1487000 No data Mongolia MNG Agricultural laAG.LND.AGRI. No data 1406840 1245870 1256560 1304700 1135880 1129365 1129035 1110622.03 No data https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.K2?most_recent_value_desc=true Tabledoneby: YazanM.alJahmi Kazakhstan

KAZ

Table showing top 10 countries in military expenditures. Done to be compared with the country's total CO2 emission.

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75

Agricultural fields as corps can also produce high annual GHG,

6th Food production value

for its growth speed and the variety of agricultural production, as some fields can be harvested twice or three times a year, during fertilizers will be used and pesticides. Which can produce more Greenhouse gases, and other related global warming issues, like Ozone hole gases. The use of fertilizers would increase the rate of N2O in air, which can trap Sun’s energy in earth’s atmospheric layers. The consumerism behavior of some world countries, would increase the rate of agricultural harvesting, whether for

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goods manufacturing or in the food industry.

For other countries producing more GHG than others, we have to

Food Production by value 2006

put two categories

http://thebritishgeographer.weebly.com/spatial-patterns-of-food.html

High standards in work and food production.

Lower standards in work and food production.

For group1, as USA, they have high standards, but the high individual consumption, whether food or products, pushes the agricultural sector.

Group2. As the money rate cannot be high as group.1, the

individual is limited with what they can afford, but the lower standards for production, that can be for export, makes them use harmful fertilizers and pesticides. the blame will be on two, the consumption behavior in the exported country, and the low regulations in the producing country.

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Map of average daily dietary energy availability per capita in 2006–2008.[1] no data <1,600 kcal (6,700 kJ) 1,600–1,800 kcal (6,700–7,500 kJ) 1,800–2,000 kcal (7,500–8,400 kJ) 2,000–2,200 kcal (8,400–9,200 kJ) 2,200–2,400 kcal (9,200–10,000 kJ) 2,400–2,600 kcal (10,000–11,000 kJ) 2,600–2,800 kcal (11,000–12,000 kJ) 2,800–3,000 kcal (12,000–13,000 kJ) 3,000–3,200 kcal (13,000–13,000 kJ) 3,200–3,400 kcal (13,000–14,000 kJ) 3,400–3,600 kcal (14,000–15,000 kJ) >3,600 kcal (15,000 kJ)

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 9th Expenditure on military and wars Military expenses can reach a very high level in some countries, powerful and world’s first countries, countries with possible threats, countries with a fighting policies. This is however, comes with high costs, whether economical costs or environmental. Military training usually uses a lot of fuel, vehicles, tank, and jets. Rather than the use of bombs training and firing, which produces as long as Greenhouse gases, many other toxic and hazardous compounds and gases. According to some articles, the US military is the most single consumer of fossil fuels on earth, and emits more GHG than Denmark and Sweden. DOD( US department of Defense).

Conclusion: Military expenses has got much higher in the last 50 years, this resulted in many environmental consequences and gas emission. To help

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saving the environment and to try reduce the emission of the GHG, international agreements should be applied to shrink down the expenditure on military.

DataSource Last Updated D

World Development Indicators

5882387677 2.6427E+10

Top 10 countriesin military expindature

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

7/10/19

Country NameCountry Code Indicator NamIndicator Cod 1960 United States USA Military expenMS.MIL.XPND 4.538E+10 China CHN Military expenMS.MIL.XPND.CD Saudi Arabia SAU Military expenMS.MIL.XPND 140888889 India IND Military expenMS.MIL.XPND 681765682 France FRA Military expenMS.MIL.XPND 3881219690 Russian FederaRUS Military expenMS.MIL.XPND.CD UnitedKingdoGBR Military expenMS.MIL.XPND4587798165 Germany DEU Military expenMS.MIL.XPND2884517772 Japan JPN Military expenMS.MIL.XPND 480555556 Military expenMS.MIL.XPND Korea, Rep.

KOR 275643564 386403740 3980692489 1.0111E+10 1.3801E+10 2.8175E+10 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true

4.259E+10 3.3814E+10 6.1782E+10

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018 7.9846E+10 1.3819E+11 3.0617E+11 3.017E+11 6.9818E+11 6.488E+11 2.5E+11 471555556 2.0724E+10 1.6355E+10 1.9964E+10 4.5245E+10 6.7555E+10 1832966667 5420809519 1.0537E+10 1.4288E+10 4.609E+10 6.651E+10 6.38E+10 9228204144 5.872E+10 6.1388E+10 6074395140 2.5363E+10 3.8944E+10 3.5255E+10 5.8083E+10 4.9997E+10 6167271406 2.6693E+10 4.2319E+10 2.815E+10 4.6256E+10 4.9471E+10 1575347222 9711741591 2.88E+10 4.551E+10 5.4655E+10 4.6618E+10 1.0085E+10

2.293E+10 1.1571E+11

4.307E+10

Tabledoneby: Yazan M.alJahmi Table showing top 10 countries in military expenditures. Done to be compared with the country's total CO2 emission.

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10th. Individual CO2 emission.

As the data has shown earlier, some very less populated nations can produce much higher CO2 and GHG emission. This is shown here, as the emission per capita can be much higher.

4.8.Is the dependency on Fossil fuels the problems?

By checking the data of the dependency of fossil fuels countries and compare them to the most imitators of CO2 , we can know the answer. Figure . Most dependent countries on fossil fuels in percent.

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In a classified document issued in 1990, George W.Bush was

A graph showing the most countries dependent on CO2, done here to

stating the danger of the Iraq-Kuwait war on the oil industry, as

compare with total CO2 emission per country

results of having a war in the Arab gulf can lead to reduction of

fossil fuel, and since the U.S imports half of what it consumes of oil, at that time, the reduction of fuel can lead to other consequences. He stated in that document :

“I will continue to ask the American public to exercise restraint in their own consumption of oil products.” George W.Bush https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd_45.htm

For that, we can realize that governments in fact can push on the public of their use of a specific thing. In this case, the reduction on the use of fossil fuel. Human capacity of adapting is high, and humans have been able to live many years without the discover of fossil fuel, or any energy sources, and a mass forwarding can be easier on the individual to adapt. And here comes our education system and policy making.

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A graph showing total CO2 emission in 2013 of total country's emission compared to emission per person.

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4.7.2. Methane CH4 Methane cycle Methane is the chemical compound of CH4.It is a gas, and highly flammable. Methane can be found in underground reserves, usually with oil, or can be alone. Methane gas can also be produced by organic wastes, natural land processes, agricultural activities, oceans and wetlands. Methane is a much stronger GHG than CO2 , as it can keep energy and emits heat more than

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Carbon dioxide, but the emission of methane directly to air is less than CO2. When Methane burns, we have the chemical reaction of : CH4+2O2> CO2 +2H2O

Figure 5World GHG Emission Flow Cha

hÏ ps://en.actualiĊx.com/country/wld/methane-emissions.php

A graph showing global Methane budget, and showing Standardization Landscape, the book.

Methane sources and sinks, done by BNP.

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Major countries emitting Methane Methane gas is a denser gas than CO2, in factor of 1:20, and can emit energy and saves it in a much higher rate than CO2.

Fortunately, it has many natural sinks, but also the big amount of gas emitted is higher what these natural sinks can handle.

As Methane is a gas produced by the million years decomposed natural elements buried underground, it can also be emitted by the natural process over ground. Peatlands, are the swamps and

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lakes that had many trees and living species buried within its water, and with time, it gave

Methane emission (Kiloton of CO2 equivalent) per country. Done by Actualitix.

Data Source World Development Indicators Last Updated D 7/10/19 Rank2012 Country NameCountry Code Indicator Nam1960-1969 1980 1990 2000 2010 1970 1 China CHN MethaneemissNo data 781088 869136 1016910 1043400 1642260 2 India IND MethaneemissNo data 398212 444528 513704 561733 621480 3 Russian FederaRUS MethaneemissNo data 338496 460809 624883 465970 533546 4 UnitedStates USA MethaneemissNo data 594255 607555 637636 556609 524709 5 Brazil BRA MethaneemissNo data 207737 275469 319678 343027 443289 6 Indonesia IDN MethaneemissNo data 126665 182595 211531 170032 218937 7 Pakistan PAK MethaneemissNo data 56503 69857.1 90807.8 117125 155232 8 Australia AUS MethaneemissNo data 94290.8 109630 115150 128133 122574 9 Iran, Islamic RIRN MethaneemissNo data 52012.9 36464.7 56749 79768.5 115302 10 Mexico MEX MethaneemissNo data 60999.1 87935.4 98920 103267 115869 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.METH.KT.CE?most_recent_value_desc=true

2011 1697274.47 628938.064 539682.791 514948.823 469456.497 221126.37 156784.32 124100.342 118300.252

2012 1752290.14 636395.827 545818.581 499809.345 477076.795 223315.74 158336.64 125588.194 121298.114

116298.957 116704.583 No data Table done by:Yazan M. alJahmi

Table showing top 10 countries emitting Methane gas. Meant to be compared with countries agricultural production.

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2013-2018 No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data

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4.7.3.N2O (Nitrous oxide) Nitrous oxide is what is known for some, laughing gas. It has many uses in our modern day lives. N2O is a natural gas, and it is produced by the environment naturally. 62% of N2O is emitted by natural sources, 38% is by human related activities. Agriculture takes the biggest share in the emission by humans. N2O has many natural sinks in nature, but the over emission by humans made it harder for natural sinks to process it all.

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(Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a well-mixed trace gas in the atmosphere

that contributes substantially to the greenhouse effect. Its atmospheric concentration increased from a preindustrial value of

about265 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) (Flückiger et al., 2002)toa present-day value of 319 ppbv (Forster et al., 2007) due

to anthropogenic emissions from agriculture, burning of fossil

Figure 5World GHG Emission Flow Chart (N2O)

hÏ ps://en.actualiĊx.com/country/wld/methane-emissions.php

fuel sand biomass, as well as industrial processes.) (Schilt et al., 2010)

A graph showing the existence of peatlands globally. Peat lands are old lakes with high acidity, and high fertility. Peat lands are some of the natural Methane gas emitters.

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A graph showing Reactive Nitrogen's cycle.

A table showing top 10 countries in Nitrous oxide emission over the last 50 years.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Trees use CO2 in the process of Photosynthesis. The process

4.8.Other related topics for producing more GHG

which they use Carbon Dioxide, and water with the sunlight

The rise of populations.

energy, to produce sugar. Since sugar has an excess Oxygen than

Higher CO2 levels causes higher temperatures, more ocean

the molecules of CO2 and H2O to make one molecule of sugar,

evaporating, more water vapor in air, which is also a greenhouse

this Oxygen particle is released to the air. This means, plants

gas.

convert Carbon dioxide with water to Sugar. The process

The production of GHG per capita is very important, USA has

switched in night. The sugar in now being broken down for

much less inhabitants than India, they still produce higher levels

producing energy for the plant, which produces CO2. CO2 is not

of GHG, due to several factors, we should cross on them.

produced as much as it was consumed, as trees build Biomass,

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which is the tree wood ‘lignin’. So for a long term, Carbon Dioxide

4.9.Can the increase of the green surface, work as a CO2

is preserved in Trees lignin, fruits, roots and leaves. Once they are

sink and decrease its levels?

broken down by human use, CO2 is once again produced in the

Do trees, and can the increase in landscape as Trees biomass,

air.

reduce the CO2 levels in the world?

Are tropical forests the only CO2 store?

To understand this question, we should break it down. How would

No. In fact, the first meter of the globe’s soil contain more stores

a tree reduce CO2 ?How does a tree use Carbon dioxide, and will

more Carbon than the whole tree mass. Peat lands, preserve high

it last forever?

amount of Carbon dioxide as well, since leaves and tree barks are

These question have been answered by a paper “Trees and Carbon Dioxide: What Is the True Connection?”, written by R. Philip Bouchard with the link

dropped in the swamp, and be kept for hundreds of years. And this is the main idea of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are trees dropped in lakes and swamps, and being built upon them with earth’s layers, and kept for hundreds millions of years, until they turned

“hÏ ps://medium.com/the-philipendium/trees-and-carbon-dioxide-what-is-the-

into fossil fuels, which then extracted from earth, and used to

truth-c7f8c9d12602

produce the CO2 back to the atmosphere. Oceans play a very big role in storing Carbon dioxide. The molecule is soluble in water, and for that Oceans and water bodies, has higher Carbon dioxide storage than all other stores combined.

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What does this means?

Preserving forests is not the only way to limit the emission of CO2 to air. Also, the misuse of land, the decomposition of CO2 preserving soils, the use of peat lands, all produce high amount of CO2. Every act that can reach to the abnormal level of use, can increase the levels of GHG in the air, and Based on figure 4. GHG emission by public sectors, we see that the emission is not only based on industry, Electricity and heat production comes on first with 25% of Worldwide CO2 emission, then agriculture, forestry

Total populaĊon of the world in 1900 AD. Was .1,700,000,000 inhabitants.

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and other land use, then comes the industrial sector, then

transportation, then other energies then buildings. Electricity and heat production has raised in my opinion for several reasons,The higher population means more use of energy.

The Vertical building methods, and big in base. Which would need more effort to sustain a good temperatures inside, whether summer or winter. And for that, The behavior of consumerism which has raised in the last century, which would need more

The total populaĊon of the world in 2015 was 7,340,000,000 inhabitants.

industry to produce, more electricity, and more materials to be used.

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Part2. Climate change Climate change general overview

Desertification, deforestation also play a role in climate change.

Mainly, all causes of Global warming are the causes of climate

Is climate change real

change as well. The rise of the GHG in air makes it hotter, which

Causes of climate change

is a main point in climate change, the change in temperatures.

Climate change means the

Impacts of Climate change.

“Climate change is a change in the usual weather found in a

Climate change has many effects on the environment, and on

place. This could be a change in how much rain a place usually

the living species, including humans. And different regions of the

gets in a year. Or it could be a change in a place's usual

world would be effected differently, so some impacts will be on

temperature for a month or season.” (Nasa.gov) This means, that 2nd

1st

regions and other regions not. The general main impact is global

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weather and temperatures can be effected,

warming itself, and it is the raise of the average temperatures of

Rain patterns could differ, as long as the precipitation rates

across the world,

3rd

earth.

the impacts, which originally plays a role in

the causes of climate change, such as desertification and the increase of the seas levels, would also can differ.

Causes of climate change:

Global warming. Global warming is a phenomena by itself,

with its own causes as mentioned earlier in this chapter.

But, as the world’s temperatures increase, this is a part of climate change. With the rise of temperatures, ice in the poles can melt, which raise the sea and oceans levels, which can play a role in the sink of some islands under the sea, and would play a role in the change of rain patterns.

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Climate change proof

The average

Examining climate change

To examine whether climate change has high impacts, I’ve sat up some tests. The tests have been built up on the data found in trusted websites. All data are not my responsibility, I just gathered them in sheets and pictures.

1st. Rain patterns.

To check if there has been difference in rain patterns, I used the website: Worldatlas.org, and the IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate change). website’s extension. (http://apps.ipcc-data.org/maps/).

Test 1. Did precipitation rate change in the last 100 years (Since the data provided by the mentioned websites are limited with a 100 years back or less).

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World Development Indicators DataSource 7/10/19 Last UpdatedD p 10countriesinAverageprecipitation indepth(mmper yea Rank Country NameCountry Code Indicator NamIndicator Cod 1960 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1 Colombia COL AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 3240 3240 3240 3240 3240 2 Sao Tomeand STP AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 3200 3200 3200 3200 3200 3 PapuaNew GuPNG AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 3142 3142 3142 3142 3142 4 Solomon Island SLB AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 3028 3028 3028 3028 3028 5 Panama PAN AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 2928 2928 2928 2928 2928 6 CostaRica CRI AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 2926 2926 2926 2926 2926 7 Malaysia MYS AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 2875 2875 2875 2875 2875 8 Brunei Daruss BRN AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 2722 2722 2722 2722 2722 9 Indonesia IDN AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 2702 2702 2702 2702 2702 10 AverageprecipAG.LND.PRCP No data 2666 2666 2666 2666 2666 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.PRCP.MM?most_recent_value_desc=true Bangladesh

BGD

1992

3240 3200 3142 3028 2928 2926 2875 2722 2702 2666

1997

3240 3200 3142 3028 2928 2926 2875 2722 2702 2666

2002

3240 3200 3142 3028 2928 2926 2875 2722 2702 2666

2007

3240 3200 3142 3028 2928 2926 2875 2722 2702 2666

2012 3240 3200 3142 3028 2928 2926 2875 2722 2702 2666

2014 2015-2018 3240 3240 No data 3200 3200 No data 3142 3142 No data 3028 3028 No data 2928 2928 No data 2926 2926 No data 2875 2875 No data 2722 2722 No data 2702 2702 No data 2666 2666 No data Tabledoneby: YazanM.alJahmi

This table shows top 10 countries in precipitation rate over the last 50years. As the table shows, there has been no change in the average precipitation depth in any country of these 10, or as the other world’s countries for a matter of fact. A link to the data’s excel sheet will be provided to see other countries and regions of the world.

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Climate change examination

Yazan.M. Jahmi

The average

2nd. IPCC data.

In this test, I’ve used the visualized data of the IPCC. The app provided for the website can give the average precipitation rates visualized in a map, and color coded for the reader to see. The averages can be taken over 10 years, or 30 years pace of time, and it is divided into the 12 months of the year, so it can show January’s precipitation rates over 10 or 30 years of time.

For this experiment, I chose to take a 30 years pace of time, and

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to take four different months, representing the 4 seasons, January for Winter, April for Spring, August for Summer, and October for Autumn. The results came as shown: http://apps.ipcc-data.org/maps/ For January:

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April As can be seen from the pictures, there are no big seen difference. Precipitation in April can differ from region to region.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi July

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October

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 4.9.Conclusion

In the other hand, planting trees would actually help in

This chapter has tried to figure whether Global warming and climate change are real. And turned out they are real, except not as the what most of the people think of, getting information from social media. Global warming, which is a big part of climate change, has happened over the last 200 years, and our weather has accommodated the gases we produced during the high industrial revolution, till the days we started thinking and applying other resources of

reducing CO2 levels, as they are the natural sink of this gas.

Forests are our scope more than agricultural fields, since agriculture uses industrial techniques to be grown, harvested, distributed and stored, where natural forests grow naturally. Restrictions on cutting trees from the forests must be applied, and to have a calculation on the trees cut and the trees must be planted in favor to not lose the forest, and to insure not to have defrosting and to make

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energy techniques than the fossil fuel burning methods. To

soil stable.

clean the air and to start recover the climate and the

Climate change however, is a big scope, and if the issues of

balanced levels of Greenhouse gases, we need to work on a

global warming are dealt with, it will reduce the chance of a

long term with consistency and stability, with the effort of

having a severe climate change. As ( Living in climate

all nations. As the results showed, some countries produce

change written by the European agency) suggests, climate

more gases than others, for that a tailored solutions to

change adaptation must be applied, and also, is tailored to

each region must be applied. Planting trees would help, but

each region.

not in an aggressive and unbalanced ways, where this can

lead to other problems as the spread of aggressive species.

And the data has shown that some of the high greenery countries are the ones which produces more CO2, and planting more trees wouldn’t be helpful without cutting down CO2 emitters, otherwise it will be like saving money in a cut pocket.

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Chapter 5. Threats on agricultural lands in Jordan.

The division of big lands into smaller for selling. Big lands usually are for old families, and after inheritance, brothers tend to sell their land for : 1.no confrontation with siblings.

2.For its money.

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The increase of values of the lands for political, social and economic reasons.

The increase of number of residents, due to immigrants .

Farmers leaving family work(as farming) to the big cities finding jobs.

Fragmentation of big families and the need for every small family to have a house, mostly in the big city.

The need for good atmospheric area to live. Usually in Jordan better climate lands are the agricultural.

The decrease of the rain fall through the past years made encouraged the owners of selling their lands to be used in different usage.( From an interview with a local, from AlRai newspaper 4/7/2019 first part Page 7).

According the statistics that has been shared by officials in the local newspaper, the planting lands have been reduced from 2892100000 m2 to 1533796000m2, between the years of 1997 to 2017. And the reason is the unmanaged and chaotic building in the agricultural areas through Jordan.

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Copy Table showing Population rise over time Vs. land area/ City

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District name

Population in 1994

Population in 2015

Amman

1,576,238

4,007,526

Population (Percent) 154

increase Total land area (Km2)

Alkarak

169,770

316,629(1)

87

3,495

Irbid

751,634

,1770,158

136

1,572

Ajloun

94,458

99,890

77

74.8

Jerash

123,190

237,959

93

410

As Salt

56,458

99,890

77

74.8

Za’atari camp

-

113,119

Al Mafraq

178,914

549,948

207

26,551

Jordan*

4,139,458

9,531,712

130

88,794

7,579

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Table showing Population rise over time Vs. land area/ City

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Irbid ,2004 and 2012

InThe city of Irbid,there has been raised in building and construction.As the people move away from the city due to air , sight and noise pollutions, the e agricultural lands also struggle with the concrete invasion.Also, the agricultural lands are being abandoned for the move to the city, and apathy. The lands are being constructed chaotically as the paper says, but the cities has been designed to contain agricultural lands that cannot change in usage.The people, also prefer to go of the city, for the high expenses in the city, while the outer of the city is cheaper. But this has an impacts. The lands which used to not have

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pollution as much as the city, started to have more. The people tend to build on planting lands,which are constrained to build with a very small areas, the owners tend to build without permission, and get fined after

An aerial picture of a part of Irbid in 2004 taken with Google Earth.

that without strict punishment,as the fines as the paper described,are for collection not for deterrence.The paper also described the valley of Houran,to be one of the most fertile lands in the Levant area, It used to produce wheat, barely,and greens.

An aerial picture of a part of Irbid in 2012 taken with Google Earth.

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Ajloun 2004,and 2017

Ajloun is a city far North west of Jordan.It is one of the most fertile lands of Jordan.The city is terrained and can be mountainous,and it is known for the production of olives and vines. As well as having the problem of immigration of people,stone quarry business also played a big role in disturbing the planting areas of Ajloun. The head of the green association in Ajloun made it clear that the unorganized permissions for building or making stone quarries over the woodland areas of the city made it take over it, and she affirmed the importance of saving the greenery area ofAjloun.

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An aerial picture of a part of Ajloun(City in Jordan) in 2004 taken with Google Earth.

An aerial picture of a part of Ajloun(City in Jordan) in 2017 taken with Google Earth.

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Irbid ,2004 and 2012

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An aerial picture of a part of Irbid in 2004 taken with Google Earth.

An aerial picture of a part of Irbid in 2018 taken with Google Earth.

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As Salt

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An aerial picture of a part of As Salt(City in Jordan) in 2004 taken with Google Earth.

An aerial picture of a part of Ajloun(City in Jordan) in 2018 taken with Google Earth.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi 5.1.Threats on different parts of the world, caused by Global warming

Decrease in crop yields

Arctic

Increase in mortality from heatwaves

Temperature rise much larger than global average Decrease in

Expansion of habitats for disease-carrying insects Decrease in

Arctic sea-ice coverage

hydropower potential

Decrease in Greenland ice sheet

Decrease in summer tourism and potential increase in other

Decrease in permafrost areas

seasons

Increasing risk of forest fire

Increasing risk of biodiversity loss Intensified shipping and exploitation of oil and gas resources

Northern Europe Temperature rise much larger than global average Decrease in

North-western Europe

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snow, lake and river ice cover Increase in river flows

Increase in winter precipitation

Northward movement of species

Increase in river flow

Increase in crop yields

Northward movement of species

Decrease in energy demand for heating Increase in hydropower

Decrease in energy demand for heating Increasing risk of river

potential Increasing damage risk from winter storms Increase in

and coastal flooding

summer tourism

Coastal zones and regional seas Sea-level rise

Central and eastern Europe

Increase in sea surface temperatures

Increase in warm temperature extremes Decrease in summer

Increase in ocean acidity

precipitation Increase in water temperature Increasing risk of

Northward expansion of fish and plankton species Changes in

forest fire

phytoplankton communities Increasing risk for fish stocks

Decrease in economic value of forests

Mediterranean region

Mountain areas

Temperature rise larger than European average Decrease in

Temperature rise larger than European average Decrease in

annual precipitation

glacier extent and volume Decrease in mountain permafrost

Decrease in annual river flow

areas Upward shift of plant and animal species

Increasing risk of biodiversity loss

High risk of species extinction in Alpine regions Increasing risk

Increasing risk of desertification

of soil erosion

Increasing water demand for agriculture

Decrease in ski tourism

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Source: (3.6.)Living in a changing climate.

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5.2.Suggestions for the Mediterranean region of Europe Temperature rise larger than European average Decrease in annual precipitation Decrease in annual river flow

-Appoint barbecue places and to be banned in irregular and unappointed places.

-Assign forest wranglers in regular bases, with offices and proper fire prevention tools like fire extinguishers.

Increasing risk of biodiversity loss Increasing risk of desertification Increasing water demand for agriculture Decrease in crop yields Increasing risk of forest fire

-Any tree cutting using power tools and saw machines should be accompanied with fire extinguishers.

For areas expected with hotter climates,

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Increase in mortality from heatwaves

-Plant trees, as trees may lead to lowering the temperatures by the process of evapotranspiration.

Expansion of habitats for disease-carrying insects Decrease in hydropower potential

Decrease in summer tourism and potential increase in other seasons 1. We can divide the adaptation and prevention into two categories.

1st, the mass category, were the country and the governments are responsible for implementing the solutions.

-If possible, installation of more parks and artificial water bodies, natural swimming pools, and artificial ponds.

It can sourced with water from the dames.

-For individual citizens contributions, house tanks to save rain water for the use of watering the plants, and other house activities as flushing and bathing.

2nd. Individual work, were families, land and house owners can contribute, as they can help their own and the region.

General solutions for mass apply: -Dykes and dames building.

-Water pipes from dames to expected less-precipitation areas, crops and agricultural areas.

-Forest fires methods to be applied.

-Removing dry plants regularly.

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Yazan.M. Jahmi -Making proper researches ,ESS studies on tourism areas, and efficiency studies on tourism in other season than summer.

-Expected species of increasing illness-carrying insects to be studies, and prevention, anti-insect /animals to be more raised.

-Using media as an educational tool, for mortality prevention, temperature warming awareness.

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Giving proper workshops for locals for dealing with the expected events.

-Plant soil-fixing trees for the prevention of desertification -Make a plan for windmills planting areas, with biodiversity study on immigration of birds or any other specieseffected habitat.

-Depending on solar power rather than hydropower.

-Planting of similar ,new weather conditions plants. If an area will have similar climatic conditions as the levant area for example, which is hotter and dryer, to plant their plants and plants that accept the soil conditions.

-Plant trees in infected areas rather than livestock.

-Not to over irrigate, and use drip irrigation.

-Use wind shields trees around infected areas, to prevent air from degrading the soil.

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5.3.Using new technologies:Microsoft modern technological methods of saving the environment

AI for Earth

AI for Earth

Ag-Analytics

OceanMind

® 3. Microsoft Azure

Ag-Analytics® uses Microsoft cloud tools to aggregate data on farmlands, putting information in the hands of farmers to enable precision conservation and more sustainable agricultural practices.

Data inputsare stored and aggregated in the cloud.

OceanMind increases the sustainability of global fishing by tracking fishing boats in real time and using algorithms to identify suspicious patterns of behavior.

2. Vessel activity

3. AI analysis

Ocean vessel movements are captured via GPS, sonar, and satellite imagery.

2. Sensor inputs

The data sources are layered on top of AI algorithms to identify behavioral markers of illicit fishing.

Copy 4. APIs

Farmers use APIs to access data on soil quality, tillage, yield, and more.

Soil, crop, and land data is collected from satellite imagery and tractor sensors.

4. Improved conservation

1. Ocean area

5. Precision agriculture

1. Farmland

Governmental agencies use the insights to manage patrol boats more effectively.

An area that needsto be patrolled for illegal fishing activity isidentified.

Farmers use the data to improve yields and lower costs on their specific plot.

A plot of farmland that needs to be analyzed.

Challenge

Solution

Challenge

Solution

With a growing world population and finite farmland,sustainable agriculture is an imperative.But it takes huge amounts of data—and user-friendly APIs—to give farmersthe insights they need to maximize yieldsand minimize the environmental cost of agriculture.

Ag-Analytics® collects data from tractor sensors,satellites, and remote sensorsto give farmersan accurate,actionable picture of their land. Hosted on Azure and utilizing Microsoft technologies, Ag-Analytics® is developing APIs to help farmers access these data layers, putting crucial and precise information in the hands of those who can directly manage the land more sustainably.

Illegal and unregulated fishing is one of the greatest threats to marine ecosystems, pushing aquatic species to the brinkof extinction,throttling local food supplies,and undermining efforts to manage fisheries sustainably.

Unfortunately, many governments lack the resourcesand expertise needed for effective monitoring,control, and surveillance of their marine areas to stop illegal fishing operations.

OceanMind works with government agenciesto protect fishing stocks, pulling public data on vessel positioning into the cloud and tracking each boat in real time. AI algorithms analyze ship movements to identify suspiciousbehavior, such as staying still for too long or venturing off established routes. Cloud hosting on Microsoft Azure gives OceanMind ever-increasing scale to monitor our oceans and protect marine biodiversity.

Agriculture

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Biodiversity

Climate change

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Biodiversity

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Chapter 6. Methodologies.

Methodologies of fighting climate change and global warming: Problems faced:

After explaining the crisis which are global warming and climate change, and showing some case studies of deforestation and spread of built environment, we can now try to take action to deal

1-Difference in resolutions based on the advancement of technology.

with these problems. The methodology chapter will be talking about dealing with the crisis in different manners.

2-Older imagery are blurrier, more yellowish and lower in resolution.

We will try to focus on different aspects,

Copy

1. Dealing with the individuals and the public. Which will be

dealing with the people that are not related directly to knowing about these terms.

2.Dealing with parties that can have a direct effect on the term, like landscape architecture offices.

finding the difference between the images.

-Using modern technologies

-Use of local materials and craftsmanship -Local knowledge spreading and participation -Regulations on the consumption of CO2-emitted factories and

3. Dealing with educational institution.

parties

4. Dealing with Action taking parties, governments, and regulation and policies makers.

Difference in imagery taken in different seasons, can mislead in

-Regulating factories

-More studies on green energy, and more studies on the consumption and on the consumer behavior

From the points obtained from chapter 5 and chapter 6, I will try to give solutions to Deforestation and desertification.

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6.1. Educational system

1.Believed in their architecture

Through the check of literature, we have seen that the spread of

2.Used the latest technologies and construction methods

the architectural school of modernity have been done by actual

3.Didn't constrain themselves with just design, but went also with

schools that taught students the principles of the industry, and

education and spreading their thoughts.

the principles of modernity. For that, implementing schools with

4.We can know that architects can influence each other before

strong educational system especially for architectural and urban

influencing others. For that, the first step of fighting the

design schools, would help design better and for that fight the

environmental problems is to spread the anti-dose. Trees and

global problems.

plants help maintaining lower temperatures of the areas, and can

Copy

fight global warming. Second, having more greenery within the

Educational system as a solution

city clean the air from CO2 and toxics in the air. Third, having greenery can inspire for calmness within people, and this as

The global environmental problems we face these are not new-

much hypothetical it may sound, but

born problems that have just occurred through night, but it

for the long run, is good even for the environment.

happened with cumulative problems that have been obtained

through the years.The discovery of the fossil fuel was at one point a great thing, they didn't see the problems that can occur

with over consumption of the substance, but indeed, it appeared after. From the previous case studies of modernity schools and how it went from local to international phenomena, we can see that architects of that era

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Practical

1st. Educational system as a solution

-Visiting parks, and making presentations The first thing for better global awareness of the problem is, to

-Having a site, site analysis, and design

spread knowledge. One way is to support landscape architecture

-Experimenting with different tools, softwares

courses in architectural schools which doesn't teach landscape

-Visiting construction sites, Seeing live work

architecture as an independent course, more than a single course in the syllabus. for insuring the best results to have for

-Meeting with construction companies and landscape architectural firms.

students, we can apply strong aspects and apply them in a book to be applied within schools, for than, students will have similar

-Visiting nurseries, making presentations on plant names.

Copy

knowledge and can compete for better results. The course is

-Geographical center visits.

inspired by the BauHaus curriculum, which will have practical

-Sports, boxing, body stress

and theoretical courses, to give the students a better insight for the whole Landscape architecture, and can give them a push to

pursue their master degrees in it. More acknowledge people

Theoretical

with the global problems can lead to higher level of awareness not just by the students of the school, but also their friends and

-Religious interpretation on Landscape and garden

Design

families. The syllabus is divided into two parallel aspects, and insured for students to finish within one semester.

most

influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design, and architectural education.[2] The Bauhaus movement

had

a

profound

influence

upon

subsequent

developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.

-History of architecture, landscape architecture -Lighting design, theory of light -Environmental law -Theory of design -Theory of color -Plantation design, Botany -Anthropology and sociology -Human interaction with technology -Books reviews

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105

LandBau school of landscape architecture

6.2.Mass awareness

From our case studies of modernity and how it was spread, we

For that, proper teaching methods and awareness methods

can see that modernity wouldn't have taken shape of not just

must be considered. To have the mass understand the situation,

architectural

information must be simple and easy to understand, with

phenomenas

phenomena, without

but

having

economical educational

and

social

institution

emphasizing on the problem and showing the real danger.

implementing the principles and teaching students.

1.Flyers spreading 2.Magazines and newspapers writing.

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3. Physical and interactive seminars to be implemented.

Reasons behind the curriculum

As important as having students with knowledge, factories

regulated, also people should be informed of the crisis, to have

them fight for their rights , and to take individual action, even in not letting electricity running without usage.

4.A book.

We must allocate the desired audience for each method, and to classify the information complexity as such.

This thesis, if not divided, will be as a book, the reason for designing it in such away with color coded chapters, pictures and tables, is that to be appealing to the buyer of the book.

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6.3.Individual inspiration

6.4. More studies on newer technologies.

In this methodology, we will try to inspire the individuals to

Even though we know that sustainable energy is better than

take more care of their environment, their gardens, and

traditional, but it has its impacts on the environment as well. The

even if they would take a part in a city survey of city

wind electric generators when planted in an area, it limit the

development in their cities. This methodology will be

travel of natural habitat as birds,. Also, the more energy in the

connected to the educational methodology,

globe means more consumption, also means more machines that are also producing heat and emitting gases. The thing can be

This will take part in:

more difficult to regulate, when each person has his own

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machines effecting the environment. For that, more studies in

Media

sustainable energy, on the consumption of this energy, the

printed documents, as Newspapers and magazines.

It will talk about: Simple garden design.

generators and its effects on the environment, whether solar panels covering the desert, wave-based electric energy, solar panels covering ocean, and the amount being produced and consumed, and where does this energy go and to what it is being transformed,.

The way they want their city to look like,

As well as having positive impacts on the environment by using

Ways of dealing with the landscape with the different living

sustainable energy,Also sustainable energy can have negative

environment. As living in an apartment or single house.

impacts on the environment as well. As a research done by "Centre of Research UMPEDAC", wind produced energy can have three main negative impacts on the environment. Impact on wild life, noise impact, and visual impacts are the key points of these impacts. (1).

(3.1.1.2. Bats. Bats’ mortality contributes a significant number due

1.Environmental impact of wind energy R. Saidur ∗, N.A. Rahim, M.R. Islam, K.H. Solangi Standardization Landscape, the book.

to wind turbine installation around the world [33]. Regional and overall bats’ fatality rates in United States are shown in Table 6.

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107

6.5.Respecting climate regions

6.6.Learn from the past

This methodology of working should show and clarify the

Learning from the past and history is an important way to deal

difference in climatic zones in the world. Different plants are

with the present. We can learn their methods of dealing with the

constrained in growth with the difference in climatic zones, as

environment, to see how we can deal in our design and urban

some tropical plants cannot grow in the Mediterranean region,

development. New technologies made it possible to deal with

and vise versa. But as this is the case, the aspire to spread the

the environment in a way, that compared to the old times was to

green surface more is the intention of our study, we will try to

a point very hard. New machinery made cutting trees much

show case studies of the different regions and study how can we

faster than using an axe. Although, since the absence of

increase the green surface.

technologies in the past, most people would work in cutting

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trees for example, still, and the comparison of numbers of people back then and now, they cannot cut as much as big companies would cut with their machines, and providing this much bigger inhabitants.

As much important to learn from the past, we should also look in present living situation. To look into new cities, industrial cities, first world ,2nd world and 3rd world countries and to see which are dealing bad and which are dealing good with the environment. To look into modern urban designs of big cities and their effect on the environment, and small undeveloped cities.

Media can show some cities as the most luxurious, the most livable, but are they really dealing better with the environment?

Is their social behavior good that would be copied to other cities?5th.

Practical

fight.

Fighting

desertification

and

deforestation through checking their patterns and dealing in favor.

1.Pentagon Conservation Efforts Protect Rare Species — And Troops' Training Grounds https://www.wunc.org/post/pentagon-conservation-efforts-protect-rare-species-and-troops-training-grounds

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Period

Chapter 7 Methodologies2 This chapter will be about studying the past in multiple directions, trying to obtain the optimum key points for 1. Standards and standardization. 2. Landscape design over centuries with different cultures

Place Date Political Garden Invention type born Ancient Greek Greece Water mill Monarchy, 440/4 Alarmclock Oligraphy 3Cartography Tyranny 9Olympics Democrac BModernphilos y Co phy Ancient Rome 476 Democracy Arches Representation Italy AD - Modern Grid based Emperor 753 science cities Consuls BC Sewer and sanitation Roads and highways Aqueducts Calendars News papers Byzantine Italy 395– Cross in Monarch Concrete y 1453 square Pendentive dome Pointed Romanesqu 800- arch Crusades e 1200 bridge started, Holy lands Gothic 11001450 Renaissanc Italy 1400e 1600 Baroque Italy 16001830

Rococo

France-Italy 1650-1790

Neo classic

French and American artists and architects

Art Neuveu

Britain

1890-1914

Neo Gothic

England

1905 - 1930

Art Deco

Paris/Global

1910- 1930

Modernism

International, started from Europe, Britain, USA

Post modernism Neo Modernism

International

1950 - Present 1997 - Present

1730-1925

1920 - 1960

Religious Polytheist s

Polytheists then Christianit y

Eastern Orthodox Christianit y Christianit y _________ Christian architectur e

Plant types orchards, vineyards and vegetable gardens.

Topiary. acanthus, cornflowers and crocus, cyclamen, hyacinth, iris and ivy, lavender, lilies, myrtle, narcissus, poppy, rosemary, and violet

Chapter 7. Methodology 1.Learning from History 01.Ancient Greek

Islamic garden

02.Ancient Rome

Moghul garden

03.Bzyantine

Japan garden

Learning from the Hellenistic period

04. Romanesque 05.Gothic 06.Renaissance 07.Baroque 08.Rococo 09.Neoclassic 10.Art Neuvau 11.Neogothic 12.Rococo

European historical architectural periods. - Figure.1.

CW.Yazan Jahmi15.7.2019

Yazan.M. Jahmi 7.1.-Obtaining key points of landscape architecture through history check and modernity as a case study

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7.2.Ancient Greece

Copy

Maps source: The gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman times,

Maps source: The gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman times,

Maureen Carroll, Illustrated (Red and descriptions) for the purpose of

Maureen Carroll, Illustrated (Red and descriptions) for the purpose of

this thesis.

this thesis.

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Ancient Greece

Clear, uninterrupted sky

The use of long, evergreen trees The use of vase setting on stone benches for aesthetic

Copy The use of vase setting on stone benches for aesthetic

Maps source: The gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman times, Maureen Standardization Carroll Landscape, the book.

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Ancient Greece

Copy

Maps source: The gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman times,

Maureen Carroll, Illustrated (Red and descriptions) for the purpose of this thesis.

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7.3.Romanesque

7.4.Gothic

The Garden in the Romanesque period was not that emphasized in history books. The reason might be, the period was wars period, for that the luxurious lifestyle was not a priority through the continent, second, the Romanesque was the first period to be crossed Europe after the Roman empire,for that also it was not a priority.Romanesque architecture was known for it thick walls, narrow openings like windows and doors, and groils. The thick walls were done for

It was known for it's long Cathedrals and Churches. Unlike the Romanesque period, the Gothic architecture was knows for the vertical elements in architecture, and also the big openings of windows and doors.The Gothic architecture in Cathedrals used to be planned as a cross, unlike the Romanesque with multiple masses.The gothic gardens also are not very famous as to be introduced in

Copy

protecting from enemies and also the small openings hold the same function.

The gothic period as been an architectural period through all Europe.

historical architectural books. Another reason might be, he lower in population in the world back then. For that, architecture used to be a minority in nature.Also, the architectural emphasis back then used to go to the Church, were it used to be the tallest building and other buildings shouldn't be as tall.And the people's economic wasn't as as rich,as individuals.For that,architecture was limited and not spread as now.

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7.5.Renaissance garden

Copy Renaissance garden was a style that has been used mostly in Italy,Unlike Baroque,architecture is not the center of the garden,and the scale is much smaller. It was known for the 1.

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7.6.Baroque garden

Copy

A graph showing a picture of the Baroque garden, Versailles, illustrated in abstract to show some main features and elements.

The baroque garden was developed to show power and wealth.It has been raised as garden style i n Europe.Baroque garden comes after the renaissance.As can be seen,the scale of the baroque garden is

much larger than the Renaissance.Thus it has been used by kings and regions owners.It has many elements that distinguish it from other architectural periods.

A graph showing the abstract over view of the Baroque garden ,

1.For its large scale showing wealth.

Versailles.

2.The goose foot 3.Architecture is the center of the garden.

4.The sharp edges of design.

5.Topiaries Standardization Landscape, the book.

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7.7.Persian garden

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The entrance would have the evergreen trees for the importance of giving good welcome

Copy The middle would have the flowers

The presence of water is the most important in Persian gardens. Its importance has been valued before and after Islam At the end can have the fruit trees, from apples, peach, apricots and almonds

Figure 16. From the book

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Copy Ever green trees represent immortality.

Walled garden ,with four towers on the corners

120

Mud bricks, probably the material from the surrounding area.

Centrality of the architecture

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Yazan.M. Jahmi Persian garden

Domes,are architectural elements that can be found in different buildings functionality.The picture can show richness in materials,colors,and elements,in the inside.While in contrast,the outside can have singularity in materials and colors.

Copy Picture by:Ali Reza,Flickr showing inside of a Persian garden.

Free open view from the inside, showing the path with the water tunnels.

Water bodies to cool down the heat of the Persian area.

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7.8.Modern gardens comparison The city,as well as having a big urban park,also household has good amount of greenery.

Having individual interference in (greening the city) is also very important.This can also be a a part of having Berlin,as not a vey expensive place to live,for that Individual and governmental sacrifice of lands between houses for greenery is mentioned.

Copy

The opposite is in NewYork, were accommodation is very expensive,and the high rise language of the city can play a role in the reduce of greenery, especially for individuals.

Central park is huge and can have good impact on the environment,moreover it is the fifth largest park in New York city,But living within concrete and steel buildings with lack of greenery in between can have a bad impact on nature.

Aerial view from parkAm Gleisdreieck in Berlin,taken with Google Earth.

Aerial view from the public park (Times square) taken with Google Earth.

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7.9.Wild gardens

Leave the forest un-interrupted.

Copy

The wild garden concept has been developed by landscape

Here the grass is seen as been mow architects who

believed in the wild life my a machine. One of wild gardens of the landscape.

A wildgarden designed by the landscape architect Willy Lange.

concept has been concepts is to use hand work, and The built on leaving the not landscape as

machines.

-Focusing on nature

-Little maintenance space.

-Encouraging wild plants and flowers.

it is,and to make the least interpretation on it,and leave nature fo the rest.Different designers have put their interpretations on what a wild garden is..

-Sustainable construction.

A wildgarden designed by the landscape architect Willy Lange.

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7.10.Alhambra Topiaries

Small water bodies Alhambra palace in Cordoba,Spain.A sharp cut waterbody.

Sharp cut. Regular

Alhambra palace in Cordoba,Spain.The court of the Lions.

Copy shape

Alhambra palace in Cordoba,Spain.Water fountains and topiaries.

Alhambra palace in Cordoba,Spain.Water features.

Alhambra palace in Cordoba,Spain.Sharp cut waterpool in the courtyard,and topiaries.

124 Standardization Landscape, the book.

Alhambra palace in Cordoba,Spain.Topiaries,trees and a water fountain in a courtyard.

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7.11.Large Gardens,Central park, Newyork 800m

4,000m

Cars access point Central park, Newyork

Meadows for playing

Area: 3,400,000 m2

Natural-look pond

Area consideration: Big

Copy

Type:Urban park

Turtle pond

Shape form: Solid Trees: Evergreen.

Solid form, follows city's

grid.un-emerged feeling

Aerial view from the public park (Times square) taken with Google Earth.

Central Park, Newyork Area: 3,400,000 m2. The Central park is the fifth largest park in New york city.

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7.12.Parks in Amman

Football fullsized field King Hussein park Area: 950,000m2

King Hussein Area consideration: Mosque Large Cars and pedestrians paths Type:Urban park

Copy

Football field, and Shape form: Designed, a small wooden organic theatre for events Trees: Evergreen.

Football and basketball fields

Aerial view from the public park King Hussein park in Jordan/Amman taken with Google Earth.

King Hussein park Area: 950,000m2 King Hussein park is located in the west of Amman. The park, as parks in Jordan, would contain facilities for the youths, football field and basketball open courts. The park contains the biggest mosque in Jordan, and holds restaurants and public toilets. The park is also designed to be family use, and picnic goings. Many entrances can be found, but the main is located on east of the park.

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7.13.Large Gardens,Tiergarten, Berlin

Forest

Tiergarten Berlin

Main and minor driving streets Centralized

Area: 2,100,000 m2

Copy Goose foot

Organic form, goes with city shape.

Area consideration: Big Type:Inner city park Shape form: Organic Trees: Evergreen.

Feeling emerging of the city

Aerial view from the public park (Times square) taken with Google Earth.

Tiergarten in Berlin Area: 2,100,000 m2 In opposite to the wild garden concept, the Tiergarten in Berlin looks as a forest. Human interference is done, but not major human finger prints can be seen.Although the garden has been expanded by the command of the city's councilor back then.

The garden is not walled, and the natural form would look more that the city has emerged around it. This form can play. a rule in human interference. The garden was expanded in the 16th century by buying acres of land from the North and the west. Animals were placed in the garden and was fenced to not let them escape. This can show how human activities like the love of hunting, can result in good things. Just like the Army bases. The Tiergarten is the third largest park in Berlin.

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7.14.Small gardens,Zaha park, Amman

Zaha cultural center, Amman Area: 8,000 m2

Copy Football field, and a small wooden theatre for events

Area consideration: Small Type:Residential area cultural center Shape form: Taking the form of the land Trees: Evergreen.

Zaha cultural center Area: 8,000m2 Zaha cultural center is a park located in Khalda, in Amman. The center contains football field, children playgrounds, and cultural center for teaching english, and other activities. AS the other small park, park Khalda, this is a between houses park.

The park was originally a land for a Lady, and she donated the land to make a cultural center on it.

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7.15.Large Gardens,Sanssouci

Sanssouci park Area: 20.64 km2 Area consideration: Big Form:Forest

Copy

Shape form: Organic Trees: Evergreen.

Sanssouci park Area: 20.64km2

In opposite to the wild garden concept, the Tiergarten in Berlin looks as a forest. Human interference is done, but not major human finger prints can be seen.Although the garden has been expanded by the command of the city's councilor back then. The garden is not walled, and the natural form would look more that the city has emerged around it. This form can play. a rule in human interference. The garden was expanded in the 16th century by buying acres of land from the North and the west. Animals were placed in the garden and was fenced to not let them escape. This can show how human activities like the love of hunting, can result in good things. Just like the Army bases. The Tiergarten is the third largest park in Berlin.

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7.16.Parks in Amman 120m

Park main entrance

84m

Artificial grass,

Park Khalda, Amman

fenced football field Centralized

Area: 8,000 m2

Copy Monkey bars, swing seats Glass house for events Parts left undesigned,

Area consideration: Small Type:Residential area park.

Shape form: Taking the form of the land Trees: Evergreen.

Natural form of the land

Park Khalda, Amman Area: 8,000m2 Parks in Amman may differ than Europe. The constrained area of Amman have not allowed the big parks, all over the city to be established. Also, Jordan's hot arid climate in some parts, Mediterranean in others, can limit the growth of what parks in Europe look like, with big grass fields. This park is situated in between a residential area, and holds up playing and picnic opputunitev for families and youngsters to have picnics and to play. The park consist of a football field, with artificial grass, two playing grounds for children, and untreated-areas, with old long growing in site trees.

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7.17.Botanical garden, Berlin

Botanical garden, and Museum, Berlin Area: 440,000m2

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Fenced, land form

Area consideration:Medium Form:Inner Urban park, museumShape Form: Land form Trees:Differ.

The Botanical garden in Berlin Area: 440,000 m2

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7.18.Unexpected situations can be good.

Learning from military bases.Military basis usually contain good amount of flora and fauna, since they are preserved as a time capsule inside of the military campus walls. The un-purposed land for agriculture or leisure, just left as is for military training, preserve much of the biodiversity found there. Military basis like Fort Bragg, contains 650,000km2 of land, and is built around a century ago. That

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means it was established when the population at that time was the third of what it is now a days. The untouched land

for the last 100 years and individual, agricultural, and development

interpretation made the bases as time

capsule, keeping and saving a large amount of flora and fauna, and biodiversity.

A master plan of theAmerican military base:Fort Bragg.

1.Pentagon Conservation Efforts Protect Rare Species — And Troops' Training Grounds https://www.wunc.org/post/pentagon-conservation-efforts-protect-rare-species-and-troops-training-grounds 132

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Yazan.M. Jahmi who were born in the city. They are contributing in blending

7.19.Key points in epochs and architectural styles.

their mindsets and contributing in making an international First. The current style would need to have an access for

style.

information to be applied on the garden. For example,

Also, student exchange programs

renaissance garden is found mostly in Europe, so the

-Key points of using patterns, and quick design

gardens there got influenced by literature, arts and other

In crisis, there will be no specific detailing for

factors, and gardens designers were influenced who were

housing, and camps. The easiest ways ware taken,

living in that area, or has an access, as a merchant passing.

something practical to 1.reach by the government, 2.

Second. Art nouveau is described to be an international

For inner practicality. The use of Grid system.

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style, but why not to be recognized in Jordan as much as

Following this, rapid growing cities, by industrial cities,

modernism? That’s because the access routes were much

The use of new technology make it easy for a single person

easier in the age of modernism. With the advanced

to design an entire area, so normally his capacity of work

infrastructure, high quality and speed trains, air planes.

will not allow him to detail.

Third. Technological advancement made it easier for data

The use of technology as well, may limit the detailing by

access to the whole world. And not just as an influence, also

itself.

as contributors. Anyone in the world would have it easy to

write about modernism, or post modernism, never mind where it was first produced.

Fourth. Each era wasn’t just influenced by the materials found, also by literature, arts political situation, and belief.

Modernism has said they want to be free from the constrains religious thinking on buildings would imply.

Fifth. People’s acceptance of other’s cultures, colors, beliefs is a big point of having an international style. Berlin, London, New York, and many other cities are multi-cultural cities. In the same architectural office there would be architect

from

all

over

the

world

backgrounds.

Also not limited with people Standardization Landscape, the book.

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Chapter 8. Application, and standards Without further introduction, we will go through the 12 points of building international style landscape: 1. B

e a w a r e o f t h e s it e , g iv e it p e r s o n a l v is it s .

2. B

e a g o o d c a l l ig r a p h e r

3. U s in g

d u r a b l e in e x p e n s iv e ma t e r ia l s , f o u n d n a t u r a l l y in t h e s it e a n d t h e u s e o f l o c a l h a n d w o r k s .

4. R e s p e c t

t h e n e e d s o f t h e l o c a l s , n o t t o b e c o n s t r a in e d w it h (Id e n t it y o f t h e p l a c e ), p e o p l e a n d t h e ir n e e d s

w il l ma k e t h e s c e n e

5.C it 6. N o 7.T r

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ie s c a n b e r e g u l a t e d w it h r u l e s t o h a v e a ma x imu m n u mb e r o f in h a b it a n t s . e x a g g e r a t io n , j u s t t h e b a s ic

e e s s h o u l d b e a f o c u s in t h e d e s ig n .

8.N O T

A L L L A N D S C A P E M U S T B E A R C H IT E C T U R E

9. N o t

t o b e mis l e a d b y a p a r k .

10. N o t

a l l l a n d s c a p e s h o u l d b e h u ma n a c c e s s e d

11.L e a r

n f r o m u n -e x p e c t e d s it u a t io n s

12.T h e

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mo r e g r e e n e r y , t h e b e t t e r t h e s c e n e

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1.

2.

B e a w a r e o f t h e s it e , g iv e it p e r s o n a l v is it s .

B e a g o o d c a l l ig r a p h e r

My first point in Landscape architecture would be, that the

This is the other face of the same coin of the first point. While

architect or Landscape architect would be more aware of the

writing by hand, the person is automatically drawing words and

site, and the ideas they are going to implement. The reason for

letters his eyes can see. With using new technology, the designer

that is, the more advanced technology goes can give access to

can zoom into details and be very precise, while going to the

work remotely. For that, the designer can think they would know

actual size, these details can be tiny and not seen. For that the

a specific site because they have seen images and maps on the

designer should be aware of the scale of what they are designing.

internet, but they didn't experience the social, economical and

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the needs of the community, after all we are designing for people usage.

Ways of applying the style.

1. Having the knowledge of the era, literature, art and music. For this the person can be a contributor to the epoch. He himself can be a pillar of that period.

Like Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd wright 2.To study from a master.

Students from a master would take their knowledge, their style.

They can contribute a=or can start a new modified era.

3.Replication.

Although this is the lowest of them in the pyramid, but it can be a fast replication. The builders would not know the philosophy, and would apply what they see.

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3 .U

4 .R

s in g d u r a b l e in e x p e n s iv e ma t e r ia l s , f o u n d

es pec t t h e n eed s o f t h e l o c al s , n o t t o b e

n a t u r a l l y in t h e s it e a n d t h e u s e o f l o c a l h a n d

c o n s t r a in e d w it h (Id e n t it y o f t h e p l a c e ), p e o p l e a n d

wor ks.

t h e ir n e e d s w il l ma k e t h e s c e n e

To make landscape architecture more often implemented on a

People change with time, and with time of new openness to

world's scale, we can take the sayings of Yona Friedman, and see

technology, and the public have access to wide variety of things

what the Bauhaus did. Yona friedman's encouraged of using

to see, they can have a foreign taste. Fighting the idea by the

inexpensive materials, and the Bauhaus has used the materials

designer, and trying to assess the identity of the place is very

offered by the industrial age, which can be found at any place.

nice, since they know what this word mean, but people not every

Using old techniques and genuine materials can give the site

time would accept that. So for new ideas and design thoughts,

authenticity, but it can raise the price. For that, and for a general

just be easy on the client, and add your taste of an identity

scale rise of landscape architecture implementation, using easy

improving ideas.

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found materials, trees, shrubs all can help.

136

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5.

6 .N

C it ie s c a n b e r e g u l a t e d w it h r u l e s t o h a v e a

o e x a g g e r a t io n , j u s t t h e b a s ic

ma x imu m n u mb e r o f in h a b it a n t s .

As seen from modern architecture, and the rules for it, the With the population increase, and the cultural acceptance of the

simplicity of design and the functionality of the area has given

others, the concept of a wall started to differ. As can be seen in

the good impression, and made it easier for people to accept.

chapter 5, ancient cities has been walled to protect from the

Simplicity of design, makes it not just easier for people to

enemies, and this wall has not only constrained the construction,

accept, but easier to use.

but in my point of view, it constrained the population increase.

We see very differ in the population increase through history

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from ancient time to just before modernity, then a very high increase. This shows that people started to have more

accessibility and freedom than any other time before. A single person can have more things attached to his life than a whole

family before, or a neighborhood. That is why, the construction should go on a very strict diet, to constrain construction on arable land.

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7.

8 .N O T A L L L A N D S C A P E

T r e e s s h o u l d b e a f o c u s in t h e d e s ig n .

M U S T B E A R C H IT E C T U R E

This point has been taken according to the findings of chapter 4.

Landscape architecture means the design of an area to be used

Although all greenery can help in the reduction of CO2 levels, but

for. For that, we are constraining nature within what we as

as soon as they produce it again. Trees has lignin as described,

humans can design , and after that maintain.This means again, the

and can store CO2 for longer time, and in a more sustainable

loss of the wall but not the concept. In other word, we are limiting

matter.

landscape with our imaginary boundaries, and spreading built environment all around. So nature should stay nature, without human high end interpretation, no pictures, no surveys, and no

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studies, let nature be nature.And if there are people cutting trees for their use, let them, again, it is nature.

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9.

10.N o t

N o t t o b e mis l e a d b y a p a r k .

a l l l a n d s c a p e s h o u l d b e h u ma n a c c e s s e d

From the case study of New York, we see that the public park(

Landscape architecture, again, would mean to design an area for

Time's square), has been giving a lot of attention, that might have

human use. And with more human footprint around a place , the

made people depend on it as "The" green spot of the city. For that

less tree it can get. For that, either for a small garden design or for

we see much less individual effort in planting the city, that's also

a public park, the designer can consider places which can be

because the high prices of land.

seen by the eye, but hard to reach or unappealing to reach.

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11.Lear n f r o m u n -e x p e c t e d s it u a t io n s

12.T h e mo r e g r e e n e r y , t h e b e t t e r

Learning from military bases.Military basis usually contain good

In this methodology, we will try to inspire the individuals to take

amount of flora and fauna, since they are preserved as a time

more care of their environment, their gardens, and even if they

capsule inside of the military campus walls. The un-purposed

would take a part in a city survey of city development in their

land for agriculture or leisure, just left as is for military training,

cities. This methodology will be connected to the educational

preserve much of the biodiversity found there. Military basis

methodology,

t he sc ene

like Fort Bragg, contains 650,000km2 of land, and is built around This will take part in:

a century ago. That means it was established when the

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population at that time was the third of what it is now a days. The

untouched land for the last 100 years and individual, agricultural, and development interpretation made the bases as time

Media

printed documents, as Newspapers and magazines.

capsule, keeping and saving a large amount of flora and fauna, and biodiversity.

It will talk about:

Simple garden design.

The way they want their city to look like, Ways of dealing with the landscape with the different living environment. As living in an apartment or single house.

140

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