Organoids- A surrogate model for developmental anatomy and clinical application study Preeti Lakhani* and Rajesh Kumar Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India Abstract:Organoid is a three-dimensional self-organized micro-anatomical structure mimicking the target organ used for in-vitro study. Due to its inherent advantages over the cell culture and lab animal models it was designated as ‘Method of the Year 2017’ by Nature Methods (https://www.nature.com/collections/qtwnlymxzh). The term ‘organoid’ was first employed in an oncology study (Kretzschmar and Clevers, 2016, Smith and Cochrane, 1946). T. Howard Green and his colleagues in the year 1970 pioneered the organoid research by demonstrating the co-cultures of primary human keratinocytes and fibroblasts forming stratified squamous epithelial colonies that simulates the human epidermis, with cell proliferation in the basal layers and keratinization in the upper layers. Organoid can thus be visualized as a miniaturized and simplified version of an organ produced in invitro conditions which contain organ-specific cell types and mimic the organ structure, its secretions or the way of expression of various receptors. It is capable to elicit certain specific functions of an organ like neural activity, contraction, endocrine secretion, filtration, excretion, etc.
Applications drug targeting host-parasite interaction toxicity assay Model to Study Diseases efficient replica for developmental biology
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Method:Collection of stem cells from the animal Formation of induced pluripotent stem cells cultured in a serum-free medium containing low levels of growth factors Most organoids are derived starting from a cell population that has been exposed to specific growth factors at defined time points, which results in the activation of desired developmental signal pathways st
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Organoid ladvantages over the conventional approaches mimics the near-physiological organ system by restoring much of the structural and functional characters of the real organ but also bears significant cellular heterogeneity, similar architecture barriers, inter-cellular communication machinery providing an analogous developmental model to extend direct access for target study. Challenges in Organoid model: customization of organoids in a reproducible manner demands extreme precision in standardization even in the presence of engineered matrices, while it is almost impossible using poorly-defined decellularized extracellular matrices. They are generally deficient in several structural and functional components of the respective organ, thus only capable of partly mimicking its in-vivo counterpart
Conclusions :-This is the technique of present which will enhance the rate of study, gives new insight to different methodology and structures,overcome limitation of other old gold techniuqes, and hold potential to contribute in all aspects of study in animal subject as the potential for exploiting organoids to recapitulate in vivo phenomena has already been clearly revealed. Perhaps the most exciting perspective in basic organoid research is the ability to study human development (and disease) without tissue accessibility constraints. As such, they hold great promise for a range of ne biological and biomedical applications