Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

68 |

Direct medical costs attributable to overweight

RELATIVE RISK

a

DISEASE

POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTIONb,c,d

COST ATTRIBUTABLE TO OVERWEIGHT (PAF × TOTAL COST OF DISEASE)

FEMALES

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

COST ATTRIBUTABLE TO OVERWEIGHT (2018 INTERNATIONAL $)

MALES

FEMALES

Coronary heart disease

1.29

1.80

0.10

0.16

656,071,600

395,556,706

260,514,894

39,101,008

40,840,815

79,941,822

Stroke

1.23

1.15

0.08

0.04

35,243,400

16,773,139

18,470,261

1,387,242

796,756

2,183,998

Type 2 diabetes

2.40

3.92

0.22

0.23

15,973,711,980

8,764,619,537

7,209,092,441

1,959,556,177

1,636,207,244

3,595,763,421

Breast cancer, postmenopausal

n.a.

1.08

n.a.

0.03

13,029,500

n.a.

13,029,500

n.a.

326,852

Colorectal cancer

1.51

1.45

0.16

0.12

16,993,600

10,111,733

6,881,867

1,584,157

798,092

2,382,249

Asthma

1.20

1.25

0.07

429,906,240

202,366,442

227,539,796

14,904,097

30,061,169

f

MALES

SEX-SPECIFIC COST OF DISEASE (2018 INTERNATIONAL $)e

TOTAL COST OF DISEASE (2018 INTERNATIONAL $)e

Total cost attributable to overweight (2018 international $)

$3,710,659,511

Data sources: a. Relative risks of comorbidities were obtained from Guh et al. 2009. b. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for overweight and obesity are calculated using the formula PAF1 (%) = [p1(RR1 − 1)]/[1 + p1(RR1 − 1) + p2(RR2 − 1)] and PAF2 (%) = [p2(RR2 − 1)]/[1 + p1(RR1 − 1) + p2(RR2 − 1)], respectively, where 1 and 2 represent the overweight and obesity groups, respectively; p = prevalence rate; RR = relative risk. c. Prevalence estimates for overweight (male, 43 percent; female, 33 percent) and obesity (male, 19 percent; female, 20 percent) are obtained from preliminary findings for the 2019 Saudi Arabia World Health Survey (MOH 2020). d. The 2017 estimates for sex-specific prevalence rates are obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Results Tool, http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. e. Total cost of disease is obtained from the table 5A.1 in annex 5A. Sex-specific cost of disease is obtained by multiplying the ratio of sex-specific disease prevalence rates to prevalence rates for both sexes, times the total cost of disease. f. Total cost estimates account for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as prevalence figures for each type were not available. Note: n.a. = not applicable.

Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

TABLE 5.2

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook

Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

Published on Jul 27, 2022

World Bank Publications

Overweight and obesity constitute a major global epidemic that has grown substantially. They are particularly alarming in Saudi Arabia, where more than half of the adult population is overweight and one out of five people are obese. Additionally, the prevalence of all noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)--such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers--has increased substantially in recent decades, and today they are the leading cause of disability and death in the country. While the causes of overweight and obesity are complex and numerous, several innovative and multisectoral evidence-based interventions are emerging globally. Saudi Arabia has already embarked on the design and implementation of several such interventions and is committed to further expanding and scaling up such efforts in order to meet national goals and achieve results. This book builds on this work by laying out the remaining challenges while highlighting the opportunities lying ahead. The book provides new evidence and analysis on ob

Articles inside

Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

Articles inside

8A.5 Example of UK multiple traffic light front-of-package labeling

Annex 8A: Case studies of countries with integrated and systems-based strategies Annex 8B: Examples of applied or recommended nutrient

8.7 Stage 2: Increase the intake of healthy foods in Saudi Arabia 8A.2 Complete set of black seal labels that might be applied on front-of-package

8A.3 Example of campaign among public health advocates in support of Mexico’s front-of-package labeling regulation 8A.4 Example of cereal before (left) and after (right) Chile’s food labeling and

labeling for Mexico based on product characteristics

marketing law

8A.1 Example of campaign material by advocates for the sugar-sweetened beverages tax to fund drinking fountains in schools

Applying a Saudi-specific NPM for transforming the food system

8.6 Stage 1: Reduce the intake of unhealthy foods in Saudi Arabia

approaches

in Saudi Arabia and Chile

References

healthy diets

per capita per day), 2010–19

products

Conclusions

reformulation in Saudi Arabia

7.5 Saudi Arabia’s voluntary traffic light label, 2018

7A.2 Examples of different tax designs and evidence on their effectiveness

Key lessons learned from global experiences

7.3 Trends in carbonated drink volume per capita sales (liters), 2010–18

Obesity-prevention policies and their effectiveness evidence

References

of COVID-19

Conclusions

Summary and conclusions

The impact of obesity on COVID-19

References

Estimating the economic burden using the economic growth approach method

Estimating the economic burden using the value-of-a-statistical-life method

obesity

method

Annex 4B: Supplementary details for intervention assumptions

5.2 Direct medical costs attributable to overweight

Key messages

Results

risk factors

Methods

References

and obesity

References

Socioeconomic and cultural influences

Dietary behaviors contributing to overweight and obesity Physical inactivity as a risk factor in the development of overweight

ages 5–9 years, by sex, 1975–2016

2 Engagement of men and women in sufficient physical activity in