5.2 Direct medical costs attributable to overweight

TABLE 5.2 Direct medical costs attributable to overweight

DISEASE RELATIVE RISKa POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTIONb,c,d

MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES

TOTAL COST OF DISEASE (2018 INTERNATIONAL $)e SEX-SPECIFIC COST OF DISEASE (2018 INTERNATIONAL $)e

COST ATTRIBUTABLE TO OVERWEIGHT (PAF × TOTAL COST OF DISEASE)

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE COST ATTRIBUTABLE TO OVERWEIGHT (2018 INTERNATIONAL $)

Coronary heart disease 1.29 1.80 0.10 0.16 656,071,600 395,556,706 260,514,894 39,101,008 40,840,815 79,941,822 Stroke 1.23 1.15 0.08 0.04 35,243,400 16,773,139 18,470,261 1,387,242 796,756 2,183,998

Type 2 diabetesf 2.40 3.92 0.22 0.23 15,973,711,980 8,764,619,537 7,209,092,441 1,959,556,177 1,636,207,244 3,595,763,421

Breast cancer, postmenopausal n.a. 1.08 n.a. 0.03 13,029,500 n.a. 13,029,500 n.a. 326,852

Colorectal cancer 1.51 1.45 0.16 0.12 16,993,600 10,111,733 6,881,867 1,584,157 798,092 326,852

2,382,249

Asthma 1.20 1.25 0.07 0.07 429,906,240 202,366,442 227,539,796 14,904,097 30,061,169 30,061,169

Total cost attributable to overweight (2018 international $) $3,710,659,511

Data sources: a. Relative risks of comorbidities were obtained from Guh et al. 2009. b. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for overweight and obesity are calculated using the formula PAF1 (%) = [p1(RR1 − 1)]/[1 + p1(RR1 − 1) + p2(RR2 − 1)] and PAF2 (%) = [p2(RR2 − 1)]/[1 + p1(RR1 − 1) + p2(RR2 − 1)], respectively, where 1 and 2 represent the overweight and obesity groups, respectively; p = prevalence rate; RR = relative risk. c. Prevalence estimates for overweight (male, 43 percent; female, 33 percent) and obesity (male, 19 percent; female, 20 percent) are obtained from preliminary findings for the 2019 Saudi Arabia World Health Survey (MOH 2020). d. The 2017 estimates for sex-specific prevalence rates are obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Results Tool, http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool. e. Total cost of disease is obtained from the table 5A.1 in annex 5A. Sex-specific cost of disease is obtained by multiplying the ratio of sex-specific disease prevalence rates to prevalence rates for both sexes, times the total cost of disease. f. Total cost estimates account for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as prevalence figures for each type were not available. Note: n.a. = not applicable.