Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

Prevalence, Trends, and Consequences of Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

REFERENCES Al-Agha, A. E., and A. O. Mahjoub. 2018. “Impact of Body Mass Index on High Blood Pressure among Obese Children in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia.” Saudi Medical Journal 39 (1): 45–51. doi:10.15537/smj.2018.1.20942. Alazzeh, A. Y., E. M. AlShammari, M. M. Smadi, F. S. Azzeh, B. T. AlShammari, S. Epuru, S. Banu, R. Bano, S. Sulaiman, J. C. Alcantara, S. A. Ashraf, and S. Qiblawi. 2018. “Some Socioeconomic Factors and Lifestyle Habits Influencing the Prevalence of Obesity among Adolescent Male Students in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia.” Children 5: 39. doi:10.3390/children5030039. Aldiab, A., M. M. Shubair, J. M. Al-Zahrani, K. K. Aldossari, S. Al-Ghamdi, M. Househ, H. A. Razzak, A. El-Metwally, and H. Jradi. 2018. “Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension and Its Associated Cardioembolic Risk Factors; A Population Based Cross-Sectional Study in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.” BMC Public Health 18: 1327. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6216-9. Aldossari, K. K., A. Aldiab, J. M. Al-Zahrani, S. H. Al-Ghamdi, M. Abdelrazik, M. A. Batais, S. Javad, S. Nooruddin, H. A. Razak, and A. El-Metwally. 2018. “Prevalence of Prediabetes, Diabetes, and Its Associated Risk Factors among Males in Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Survey.” Journal of Diabetes Research 2018: 2194604. doi:10.1155/2018/2194604. Al-Hamdan, N., A. Saeed, A. Kutbi, A. J. Choudhry, and R. Nooh. 2010. “Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Treatment Practices of Known Adult Hypertensive Patients in Saudi Arabia.” International Journal of Hypertension 2010: 168739. doi:10.4061/2010/168739. Alhazmi, R. S., A. A. B. Ahmed, M. H. Alshalan, Z. D. Alfuhigi, S. F. Alhazm, A. N. Aldughmi, N. N. Alshammari, A. E. Alruwaili, G. S. Alenezi, T. S. Alanazi, and S. A. Almadani. 2017. “Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Relation with Obesity in Turaif (Saudi Arabia) in 2017.” Electronic Physician 9 (10): 5531–35. doi:10.19082/5531. Al-Hazzaa, H. M., and N. M. Albawardi. 2019. “Activity Energy Expenditure, Screen Time and Dietary Habits Relative to Sex among Saudi Youth: Interactions of Sex with Obesity Status and Selected Lifestyle Behaviours.” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28 (2): 389–400. doi:10.6133/apjcn.201906_28(2).0022. Al-Hazzaa, H. M., A. M. Alhowikan, M. H. Alhussain, and O. A. Obeid. 2020. “Breakfast Consumption among Saudi Primary-School Children Relative to Sex and SocioDemographic Factors.” BMC Public Health 20: 448. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8418-1. Al-Hussaini, A., M. S. Bashir, M. Khormi, M. AlTuraiki, W. Alkhamis, M. Alrajhi, and T. Halal. 2019. “Overweight and Obesity among Saudi Children and Adolescents: Where Do We Stand Today?” Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology 25 (4): 229–35. doi:10.4103/sjg.SJG_617_18. Alissa, E. M., R. H. Sutaih, H. Z. Kamfar, A. E. Alagha, and Z. M. Marzouki. 2020. “Relationship between Pediatric Adiposity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Saudi Children and Adolescents.” Archives de Pediatrie 27 (3): 135–9. doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2019.12.007. Al Mansour, M. A. 2019. “The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) in a Semi-Urban Saudi Population.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 7. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010007. Alneami, Y. M., and C. L. Coleman. 2016. “Risk Factors for and Barriers to Control Type-2 Diabetes among Saudi Population.” Global Journal of Health Science 8 (9): 10–19. doi:10.5539 /gjhs.v8n9p10. AlQuaiz, A. M., A. R. Siddiqui, A. Kazi, M. A. Batais, and A. M. Al-Hamzi. 2019. “Sedentary Lifestyle and Framingham Risk Scores: A Population-Based Study in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.” BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 19: 88. doi:10.1186/s12872-019-1048-9. Al-Zahrani, J. M., A. Aldiab, K. K. Aldossari, A. Al-Ghamdi, M. A. Batais, S. Javad, S. Nooruddin, N. Zahid, H. A. Razzak, and A. El-Metwally. 2019. “Prevalence of Prediabetes, Diabetes and Its Predictors among Females in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Annals of Global Health 85 (1): 109. doi:10.5334/aogh.246. Ashwell, M., and S. Gibson. 2016. “Waist-to-Height Ratio as an Indicator of ‘Early Health Risk’: Simpler and More Predictive than Using a ‘Matrix’ Based on BMI and Waist Circumference.” BMJ Open 6: e010159. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010159. Bandy, A., M. M. Qarmush, A. R. Alrwilly, A. A. Albadi, A. T. Alshammari, and M. M. Aldawasri. 2019. “Hypertension and Its Risk Factors among Male Adolescents in Intermediate and

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Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

Published on Jul 27, 2022

World Bank Publications

Overweight and obesity constitute a major global epidemic that has grown substantially. They are particularly alarming in Saudi Arabia, where more than half of the adult population is overweight and one out of five people are obese. Additionally, the prevalence of all noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)--such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers--has increased substantially in recent decades, and today they are the leading cause of disability and death in the country. While the causes of overweight and obesity are complex and numerous, several innovative and multisectoral evidence-based interventions are emerging globally. Saudi Arabia has already embarked on the design and implementation of several such interventions and is committed to further expanding and scaling up such efforts in order to meet national goals and achieve results. This book builds on this work by laying out the remaining challenges while highlighting the opportunities lying ahead. The book provides new evidence and analysis on ob

Articles inside

Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

Articles inside

8A.5 Example of UK multiple traffic light front-of-package labeling

Annex 8A: Case studies of countries with integrated and systems-based strategies Annex 8B: Examples of applied or recommended nutrient

8.7 Stage 2: Increase the intake of healthy foods in Saudi Arabia 8A.2 Complete set of black seal labels that might be applied on front-of-package

8A.3 Example of campaign among public health advocates in support of Mexico’s front-of-package labeling regulation 8A.4 Example of cereal before (left) and after (right) Chile’s food labeling and

labeling for Mexico based on product characteristics

marketing law

8A.1 Example of campaign material by advocates for the sugar-sweetened beverages tax to fund drinking fountains in schools

Applying a Saudi-specific NPM for transforming the food system

8.6 Stage 1: Reduce the intake of unhealthy foods in Saudi Arabia

approaches

in Saudi Arabia and Chile

References

healthy diets

per capita per day), 2010–19

products

Conclusions

reformulation in Saudi Arabia

7.5 Saudi Arabia’s voluntary traffic light label, 2018

7A.2 Examples of different tax designs and evidence on their effectiveness

Key lessons learned from global experiences

7.3 Trends in carbonated drink volume per capita sales (liters), 2010–18

Obesity-prevention policies and their effectiveness evidence

References

of COVID-19

Conclusions

Summary and conclusions

The impact of obesity on COVID-19

References

Estimating the economic burden using the economic growth approach method

Estimating the economic burden using the value-of-a-statistical-life method

obesity

method

Annex 4B: Supplementary details for intervention assumptions

5.2 Direct medical costs attributable to overweight

Key messages

Results

risk factors

Methods

References

and obesity

References

Socioeconomic and cultural influences

Dietary behaviors contributing to overweight and obesity Physical inactivity as a risk factor in the development of overweight

ages 5–9 years, by sex, 1975–2016

2 Engagement of men and women in sufficient physical activity in