Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

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Overweight and Obesity in Saudi Arabia

And for longer-term strategies, the reduction of obesity should be central to government efforts to reduce the impact of current and future pandemics. Obesity is already a priority area for governments to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases. High BMI is currently the second-highest risk factor for morbidity in Saudi Arabia. This chapter further emphasizes the importance of addressing obesity beyond noncommunicable disease prevention to reducing the impact of COVID-19 and other potential infectious diseases. Reducing overweight and obesity requires implementing comprehensive multicomponent national strategies, as described in chapters 7 and 8. The effort includes using fiscal policies to reduce ultraprocessed food consumption, employ front-of-package food labeling, and implement marketing regulations, especially in school settings.

REFERENCES Bello-Chavolla, O. Y., J. P. Bahena-Lopez, N. E. Antonio-Villa, A. Vargas-Vázquez, A. GonzálezDíaz, A. Márquez-Salinas, C. A. Fermín-Martínez, J. J. Naveja, and C. A. Aguilar-Salinas. 2020. “Predicting Mortality due to SARS-CoV-2: A Mechanistic Score Relating Obesity and Diabetes to COVID-19 Outcomes in Mexico.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 105 (8): 2752–61. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa346. Bhatraju, P. K., B. J. Ghassemieh, M. Nichols, R. Kim, K. R. Jerome, A. K. Nalla, A. L. Greninger, S. Pipavath, M. M. Wurfel, L. Evans, P. A. Kritek, T. E. West, A. Luks, A. Gerbino, C. R. Dale, J. D. Goldman, S. O’Mahony, and C. Mikacenic. 2020. “COVID-19 in Critically Ill Patients in the Seattle Region—Case Series.” New England Journal of Medicine 382: 2012–22. Borobia, A. M., A. J. Carcas, F. Arnalich, R. Alvarez-Sala, J. Montserrat, M. Quintana, J. C. Figueira, R. M. Torres Santos-Olmo, J. Garcia-Rodriguez, A. Martin-Vega, E. Ramirez, A. Buno, G. Martinez-Ales, N. Garcia-Arenzana, C. Nunez Lopez, M. Marti de Gracia, F. Moreno, F. Reinoso-Barbero, A. Martin-Quiros, A. Rivera, J. Mingorance, C. C. Carpio, D. Prieto Arribas, E. Rey Cuevas, M. C. Prados, J. J. Rios, M. Hernan, J. Frias, and J. R. Arribas. 2020. “A Cohort of Patients with COVID-19 in a Major Teaching Hospital in Europe.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (6): 1733. doi:0.3390/jcm9061733. Cai, Q., F. Chen, T. Want, F. Luo, X. Liu, Q. Wu, Q. He, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Chen, and L. Xu. 2020. “Obesity and COVID-19 Severity in a Designated Hospital in Shenzhen, China.” Diabetes Care 43 (7): 1392–98. doi:10.2337/dc20-0576. Calder, P. C. 2006a. “n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Inflammation, and Inflammatory Diseases.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (6 suppl): 1505S–19S. Calder, P. C. 2006b. “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammation.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 75 (3): 197–202. Caussy, C., F. Wallet, M. Laville, and E. Disse. 2020. “Obesity Is Associated with Severe Forms of COVID-19.” Obesity 28 (7): 1175. doi:10.1002/oby.22842. Chen, Q., Z. Zheng, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Wu, J. Wang, S. Wang, and C. Zheng. 2020. “Clinical Characteristics of 145 Patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.” Infection 48 (4): 543–51. doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01432-5. Cohen, P. G. 2008. “Obesity in Men: The Hypogonadal–Estrogen Receptor Relationship and Its Effect on Glucose Homeostasis.” Medical Hypotheses 70 (2): 358–60. Crouch, M., A. Al-Shaer, and S. R. Shaikh. 2020. “Hormonal Dysregulation and Unbalanced Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator Biosynthesis Contribute toward Impaired B Cell Outcomes in Obesity.” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 65 (1): e1900924. Cure, E. and M. C. Cure. 2020. “Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers May Be Harmful in Patients with Diabetes during COVID-19 Pandemic.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 14 (4): 349–50. doi:10.1016​ /j.dsx.2020.04.019.


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8A.5 Example of UK multiple traffic light front-of-package labeling

5min
pages 177-178

Annex 8A: Case studies of countries with integrated and systems-based strategies Annex 8B: Examples of applied or recommended nutrient

2min
page 172

8.7 Stage 2: Increase the intake of healthy foods in Saudi Arabia 8A.2 Complete set of black seal labels that might be applied on front-of-package

7min
pages 168-170

8A.3 Example of campaign among public health advocates in support of Mexico’s front-of-package labeling regulation 8A.4 Example of cereal before (left) and after (right) Chile’s food labeling and

1min
page 175

labeling for Mexico based on product characteristics

1min
page 174

marketing law

1min
page 176

8A.1 Example of campaign material by advocates for the sugar-sweetened beverages tax to fund drinking fountains in schools

1min
page 173

Applying a Saudi-specific NPM for transforming the food system

2min
page 166

8.6 Stage 1: Reduce the intake of unhealthy foods in Saudi Arabia

2min
page 167

approaches

4min
pages 161-162

in Saudi Arabia and Chile

5min
pages 159-160

References

22min
pages 142-150

healthy diets

2min
page 152

per capita per day), 2010–19

1min
page 154

products

2min
page 153

Conclusions

2min
page 139

reformulation in Saudi Arabia

7min
pages 134-136

7.5 Saudi Arabia’s voluntary traffic light label, 2018

4min
pages 132-133

7A.2 Examples of different tax designs and evidence on their effectiveness

2min
page 141

Key lessons learned from global experiences

2min
page 138

7.3 Trends in carbonated drink volume per capita sales (liters), 2010–18

4min
pages 127-128

Obesity-prevention policies and their effectiveness evidence

2min
page 124

References

17min
pages 114-120

of COVID-19

9min
pages 109-112

Conclusions

2min
page 113

Summary and conclusions

3min
pages 95-96

The impact of obesity on COVID-19

2min
page 102

References

5min
pages 98-100

Estimating the economic burden using the economic growth approach method

2min
page 94

Estimating the economic burden using the value-of-a-statistical-life method

5min
pages 92-93

obesity

5min
pages 90-91

method

2min
page 87

Annex 4B: Supplementary details for intervention assumptions

2min
page 78

5.2 Direct medical costs attributable to overweight

1min
page 88

Key messages

1min
page 85

Results

2min
page 60

risk factors

5min
pages 57-58

Methods

2min
page 55

References

7min
pages 50-52

and obesity

2min
page 44

References

5min
pages 37-38

Socioeconomic and cultural influences

4min
pages 47-48

Dietary behaviors contributing to overweight and obesity Physical inactivity as a risk factor in the development of overweight

8min
pages 41-43

ages 5–9 years, by sex, 1975–2016

1min
page 30

2 Engagement of men and women in sufficient physical activity in

2min
page 23
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