76
TABLE 3.3 Ratio of Female-to-Male Employment in Select Industries and Occupations, Sample Middle-Income Countries, Mid-2010s
l
Egypt, Arab Rep. 2015
Pakistan 2015
Bangladesh 2016
1–3
7–8/5
1–3
7–8/5
1–3
7–8/5
1–3
7–8/5
1–3
7–8/5
1–3
7–8/5
1–3
7–8/5
10/15
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.3
1.0
n.a.
1.0
1.0
1.2
Sri Lanka 2015
Cambodia 2014
Vietnam 2015
b
13/17
0.4
0.9
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.8
2.9
n.a.
6.7
1.3
1.5
Apparel
14/18
0.2
0.9
0.1
0.6
0.0
1.0
0.1
1.1
1.0
3.8
2.0
3.3
1.9
4.6
Leather
15/19
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.3
0.0
2.9
2.5
3.1
Retail services
47/52
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.9
2.5
1.1
2.2
Food and beverage services
56/55
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.4
1.2
2.0
1.1
2.2
Educationb
85/80
1.1
n.a.
1.1
n.a.
0.7
n.a.
0.7
n.a.
2.9
n.a.
0.7
n.a.
2.8
n.a.
Human health servicesb
86/85
1.7
n.a.
1.8
n.a.
0.4
n.a.
0.7
n.a.
2.0
n.a.
1.1
n.a.
1.6
n.a.
All
0.4
n.a.
0.3
n.a.
0.2
n.a.
0.3
n.a.
0.7
n.a.
0.5
n.a.
1.0
n.a.
Textiles
All industriesb
Source: Labor force survey data. Notes: Columns headed with “1–3” represent International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) codes 1, 2, and 3 (managers, professionals, and technicians). Columns headed with “7–8/5” represent ISCO codes 7 and 8 (craft workers and plant operators) and in the retail and food/beverage rows, ISCO code 5. Ratios are between the number of women and men in each occupation. Ratios of 1.0 or higher (shaded in green) designate equal or larger proportions of women. Ratios of less than 1.0 (shaded in orange) designate a larger proportion of men. Low ratios in industries that traditionally employ more women may suggest there are underlying social, cultural, or legal barriers to female labor force participation. a. ISIC4/ISIC3.1 numbers designate economic activities classified in the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Rev. 4 and Rev. 3.1, respectively. b. n.a. = not applicable, meaning that no occupations under the designated ISCO code (column heading) are relevant to the industry in this row.
FROM JOBS TO CAREERS
Industry Foodb
ISIC4/ ISIC3.1a
Turkey 2013
