JOB GAINS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, AND THE ROLE OF UPGRADING 125
Figure 5.1 Number of Workers in GVCs, by Sector of Employment, in Sub-Saharan Africa and Benchmark Countries, 2014 100
Share of total GVC employment (%)
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Source: Pahl et al. 2019. Note: Countries are ranked by manufacturing share of global value chain employment. Agriculture includes fishing and forestry. Services are all other sectors of the economy. The coverage of manufacturing differs by country. For Bangladesh and Ethiopia, it covers all establishments with 10 or more employees; for Kenya, data pertain to establishments with 5 or more persons engaged; for Malaysia, Senegal, South Africa, and Vietnam, the scope of the data is all registered establishments. Data for Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia include all manufacturing firms (formal and informal).
(27 percent) in South Africa. The total number of jobs in GVCs in the services sector was about 586,000 (18 percent) in Ethiopia, 395,000 (20 percent) in Kenya, 55,000 (21 percent) in Senegal, and 1.3 million (45.6 percent) in South Africa. Between 2000 and 2014, more GVC jobs were generated in the agricultural sector in Ethiopia and Kenya, adding 691,000 and 471,000, respectively. In contrast, the number of jobs in the sector declined by 78,000 and 318,000 in Senegal and South Africa, respectively. In comparison, during the same period, jobs created in agriculture through GVCs declined by 673,000 whereas the number of jobs in manufacturing increased by 28 million in China. In Bangladesh and India, job creation in GVCs increased in all sectors but was highest in the manufacturing sector (Pahl et al. 2019). Although the emphasis here is on job growth in manufacturing, it is noteworthy that the distinction between services and manufacturing
