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Background
community drawing up an action plan for improving the operation of the pilot in subsequent rounds. Results from the CSC exercise are detailed in chapter 5. Phase 2: Between July and September 2011, a series of focus group interviews were carried out in six of the treatment communities. Focus group interview methods are well suited for understanding how people think or feel about a program, and evaluating how well programs or projects are working and how they might be improved. The focus group communities were selected from the same sample frame as the household survey treatment communities, with purposeful selection of communities by general characteristics (for example, population, ethnic group, geographical location, successful/less successful at program implementation), looking for variety of experience rather than statistical representativeness. Rather than have one communitywide focus group, where power and incentive differences among participants might preclude effectively eliciting in-depth information, there were several separate focus group interviews carried out in each focus group community representing groups of stakeholders: health care providers, Village Councils, CMCs, service providers, beneficiaries, and nonbeneficiaries. The beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries were divided into male and female groups due to sensitive topics in these focus group discussions. This also allowed for triangulation of viewpoints between the groups. Lessons from these focus groups are detailed in chapter 6. Phase 3: Between July and August 2013 (approximately 1 year after the endline survey), we carried out nine focus group discussions in three communities in Bagamoyo, 20 in-depth interviews in three communities of Kibaha, and 19 indepth interviews in three communities of Chamwino. We selected communities by employing a typical and deviant case selection method. We selected one typical treatment community in each district by minimizing the sum of deviations from the mean on 12 dimensions: (a) the baseline values of the following six variables; and (b) the change from baseline to endline on the following six variables: 1. Average food consumption in last week in community 2. Average non-food consumption in last year in community 3. Average literacy rate in community 4. Average attendance rate at school among school-age children in last week in community 5. Average number of health clinic visits per person in community 6. Average share sick in last 4 weeks in community We then selected a deviant treatment community in each district by maximizing the sum of deviations from the mean on the same six dimensions. Finally, we selected one control community in each district by selecting the control community nearest to either of the two treatment communities selected in the district. Community-Based Conditional Cash Transfers in Tanzania • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0141-9