86
Strengthening Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Share of total government spending (%)
Figure 4.4 Public Spending on Education as a Share of Total Government Spending, 2010 24 Fujian
22
Guangxi Yunnan Guizhou Hebei Beijing Hainan Gansu Xinjiang Shanxi Chongqing Anhui Shaanxi Hunan Tianjin Jiangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Liaoning Jilin Hubei
20 18 16 14
Qinghai 12
Heilongjiang
Zhejiang Henan Shandong Jiangsu
Guangdong
Sichuan
Shanghai
Tibet
10 0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Budgetary allocation on education (including education surcharges) (million yuan) Source: Ministry of Education 2010a. Note: The lighter-colored symbol indicates Yunnan.
Although the high share of government spending demonstrates Yunnan’s commitment to education, the amount of public spending per student appears inadequate. Yunnan’s budgetary recurrent expenditure per student is lower than the national average at every level of education (table B.5). The gaps are particularly pronounced at the compulsory level: for 2010, the per student recurrent expenditure is approximately 18 percent lower than the national average. At the tertiary level, including Bachelor’s and associate degree programs, the recurrent expenditure reached Y8,526 per student (figure 4.6). At the secondary level, per student recurrent expenditure is Y4,728 for secondary TVET, slightly higher than that for general secondary schools. Recurrent expenditure can be further divided into personnel expenditure (including wages, allowances, bonuses, social security benefits, and financial aid) and public expenditure (operating expenses, administrative and office expenses, purchasing of equipment and facilities, and maintenance expenses). At the tertiary level, over half of the recurrent expenditure is public, whereas at the lower levels of schooling the majority of the expenditure is devoted to personnel expenses (figure 4.6). In particular, at the compulsory level and in general high schools, approximately three-quarters of the total recurrent expenditure is devoted to personnel. For secondary TVET, over 61 percent of recurrent expenditure was spent on personnel. As education finance is largely decentralized in China, the level of public spending on education varies greatly by city and prefecture within Yunnan. The variance is most pronounced for secondary TVET schools and ranges from Y10,788 recurrent expenditure per student in Pu’er to Y2,600 per student in Chuxiong (figure 4.7). More than half of the cities and prefectures spend less than the provincial average of Y4,265. Developing Skills for Economic Transformation and Social Harmony in China • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0079-5