ASSIGNMENT 2
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND COGNITION
ALWAYS REMEMBER, IF YOU HAVE BEEN DIAGNOSED WITH PTSD, IT IS NOT A SIGN OF WEAKNESS; RATHER, IT IS PROOF OF YOUR STRENGTH, BECAUSE YOU HAVE SURVIVED!
“DELUSIONAL PAIN HURTS JUST AS MUCH AS PAIN FROM ACTUAL TRAUMA. SO WHAT IF IT’S ALL IN YOUR HEAD?”
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS GROUP MEMBER ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TO PTSD WHY PTSD OCCURS THE PREVALANCE OF PTSD HOW PTSD AFFECTS THE PERSON THE AVAILABLE TREATMENT FOR PTSD CONCLUSION
PTSD
01
GROUP MEMBER
85984
86094
YII ZIHUI
85889
86107
VANISSA KUEH HUI CHEN
YONG LE XUAN
83226
TAN YEW LU
ANDY RAYMOND
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ABSTRACT The objectives of the present study were to learn more information about PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress disease (PTSD) is a psychiatric disease that some people suffer from. PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that some people develop after being involved in, seeing, or experiencing a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, an accident, combat, or sexual violence. PTSD affects everyone, regardless of age or gender. The finding in our research are occurrence, prevalence, effect and treatment for PTSD. People suffering from PTSD experience intense, disturbing thoughts and sensations about the traumatic event long after it has passed. The prevalence of PTSD was 9.2% in males and 10.9% in females. Females are more prevalent than males. In terms of neuroscience, PTSD can have deleterious effects on cognition, emotion, and arousal. Prolenged exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing are all available treatments for PTSD. In conclusion, we must show the better understand to them to help them out of illness.
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INTRODUCTION A PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER Always experience or recall the horrible events experienced and feel depressed or afraid even if they are not in danger
D S PT
PTSDsymptoms Recurring nightmares. Avoiding thinking about the traumatic event. Easily surprised or afraid.
children war veterans
sexual assault
Changes in thoughts and feelings.
WHO WILL SUFFER PTSD?
physical abuse
serious accident
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WHY POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) OCCUR?
Experienced a highly stressful, terrifying, and disturbing incident in their life
Decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex.
Increased activity in amygdala subnuclei.
Stress alters neurochemical systems, resulting in long-term changes in brain "circuits" involved in the stress response. Stress (Long-term storage of memories)
Norepinephrine increased
Long-term cortisol decreased
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THE PREVALENCE OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
PTSD case rise due to COVID-19 and flood
Females are more likely to have PTSD due to flood.
Females
10.9%
Males
Females are more likely to have PTSD due to COVID-19. Males
Females
34.9%
65.1%
9.2%
Statistics based on 2021
Stastistics based on 2020
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HOW PTSD AFFECTS THE PERSON
PTSD patients often have/feel... nightmare
flashback
insomnia
headaches chest pain
despair emotion change
difficulities concentrating
unpleasant thoughts
dread PTSD
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THE AVAILABLE TREATMENT FOR PTSD
PE
Prolonged exposure
To assist the individual in confronting their fear, anxiety, and to reduce avoidance behaviors that may contribute to PTSD symptoms. 8-to-15 sessions with sessions of 90-minutes
CPT
Cognitive Processing Therapy
To assist individuals in developing new ways of thinking about the trauma and reducing the distressing symptoms of PTSD. 12-session manualized treatment with sessions of 60 minutes
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Using guided eye movements, auditory or tactile stimulation, and a safe and controlled environment to assist individuals in processing traumatic memories and emotions. Weekly appointments of up to 90 minutes over three months
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CONCLUSION In this flipbook, we have provided an overview of PTSD and its impact on cognition. PTSD occurs in individuals who have experienced traumatic events. It can significantly alter brain function and structure, such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, leading to inappropriate responses when exposed to traumatic triggers. The Prevalence of PTSD during floods and COVID-19 shown that females are more likely to have PTSD. This may be attributed to a variety of factors, between genders.
PTSD is a treatable disorder, and there are several available treatments with vary in duration and approach. Some of these treatments include PE, CPT, and EMDR. It is crucial not to ignore the problem of PTSD and its impact on individuals and society as a whole. By enhancing our awareness and understanding of the disorder, we can provide support and assistance to those who may be living with PTSD.
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REFERENCES Allana, G. (2020, June 28). 4 Times “It’s Okay To Not Be Okay” Explained The Cause and Effect of Mental Health and Disorder in Episode 3. ASIAN ENTERTAINMENT, EVENTS, AND LIFESTYLE. https://giaallana.com/2020/06/28/4-times-itsokay-to-not-be-okay-explained-the-cause-andeffect-of-mental-health-and-disorder-in-episode3/#:~:text=Moon%20Sang%20Tae%20(portrayed% 20by,whenever%20Sang%20Tae's%20trauma%20 manifests Bremner J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/jbremner Chew, N. W., Ngiam, J. N., Tan, B. Y. Q., Tham, S. M., Tan, C. Y. S., Jing, M., ... & Sharma,V. K. (2020). Asian-Pacific perspective on the psychological well-being of healthcare workers during the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych open, 6(6), e116. Desir, M. T. (2022, November). What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? American Psychiatric. https://www.psychiatry.org/patientsfamilies/ptsd/what-is-ptsd Krouse, L. (2022, June 27). What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-ptsd5084527
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REFERENCES Mahsinah, A. S. (2021). Kelantan hit by fresh wave of flood, 953 people evacuated. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/12/7 59063/kelantan-hitfresh-wave-flood-953people-evacuated Malaysiakini (2020). Battling the beast within: The psychological trauma of Covid-19. Between The Lines. https://www.malaysiakini.com/en/author/Betwe en%20The%20Lines Merians, A. N., Spiller,T., Rotem, I. H., Krystal,J. H., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023,May 5). Post- traumatic Stress Disorder. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.003 National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/po st-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd Patel, R., Spreng, R. N., Shin, L. M., & Girard, T. A. (2012). Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(9), 2130-2142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.003
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REFERENCES Victoria State Government. (n.d.). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Better Health Channel Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditi onsandtreatments/post-traumatic-stress-disorderptsd
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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND COGNITION COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE