Kozolec
Kozolec
Kozolec je stalna, vertikalna, pretežno lesena, pokrita, odprta naprava za sušenje in za spravilo (Juvanec 2007:11). Nekdaj je bil kozolec le ‘žitni kozolec’ (Pirkovič omenja le tega), preživel pa je, ko so ga začeli uporabljati za sušenje in za spravilo sena, krme za živino. Kašče, na primer, so zaradi spremembe tehnologij spravljanja žitnega zrnja praktično izumrle. Tiste, ki so danes še žive, ne delujejo več. Kozolec živi: več, še nove postavljajo. Elementi kozolca so čelo, vzdolžno zavetrovalno jedro, letve in streha. Streha je vedno v naklonu ena proti ena (45 stopinj), konstruira jo čelo, ki kaže razmerje ena proti kvadratnemu korenu iz dve (Juvanec 2007:67). To je diagonala kvadrata, če ga merimo nad ‘babami’, kakor pravijo temelju, ki nosi steber in gleda iz zemlje. Ta proporcijski princip zagotavlja poenostavljanje konstrukcije, izključuje možnost napak in zagotavlja skladnost. Prav skladnost kompozicije je največja odlika kozolca. Skladnost pomeni lepoto. Kozolec je pretežno lesen, a uporablja dosegljive in ustrezne lokalne materiale. Zahodni del osrednjega pasu pozna kamnite strehe, sestavljene iz skrilavca, imenujejo ga ‘škrilce’. Najzahodnejši del slovenskega etničnega ozemlja, danes v Italiji, ima kozolce z blagim naklonom streh in krite s korci. Ves osrednji del pozna ob povsem lesenem kozolcu tudi takega z zidanimi stebri. Ti so sestavljeni iz kamna, lahko tudi iz opeke. Tipi kozolca so od najpreprostejšega stegnjenega do dvojnega, takega na kozla ali na psa, nizkega, dvojnega vezanega, ki ima lahko še ‘repe’ (Juvanec 2007:45). Najbolj pogosten je dvojni vezan, ki je tudi najlepši in najuporabnejši. Najuporabnejši za uporabo samo, ne pa tudi za konstrukcijo. Ta tip je namreč predimenzoniran, uporablja preveč materiala. Vedeti je namreč treba, da je imel nekdaj gospodar gozdove in delovne roke, ne pa tudi denarja. Temu je prilagojena konstrukcija kozolca. Medtem ko ima lahko stegnjeni kozolec vse do 24 oken (Sorško polje na primer), je najobičajnejša izvedba dvojnega vezanega z dvema ali s tremi polji. Streha stegnjenega je le na enem samem oknu, ker je namenjeno zaščiti voza ob nenadni plohi in spravilu voza ter orodij. Kozolec na kozla ali na psa je najpogostejši v vzhodnem delu Slovenije in na Dolenjskem. Ta ima navadno po dve okni. Bistvo postavitve kozolca je vzdolžnost na veter in prečnost na sončne žarke. Pri tem je najpomembnejša streha. Streha kozolca je vedno simetrična, vedno v naklonu ena proti ena ali 45 stopinj, skoraj povsod - razen pri novih, malih kozolcih - ima čopa. Čop izhaja iz slamnate strehe, kjer je reševal problem vetra v zatrep. Slamnatih streh žal že dolgo ni več najti. Nekaj žalostnih ostankov vendarle priča o pomenu tega materiala. Osrednji pas Slovenije združuje vse tipe kozolca. Na zahodu ima zidane stebre, na mehkih tleh Ljubljanskega barja se po dva držita skupaj, manjši so postavljeni ‘na psa’, vzhodni del pa uvaja nov, nizki tip. Ta je kot nekaka lopa, včasih povsem odprt, včasih v čelih zaprt. Štajerski in haloški del pa uporablja elemente kozolca pri gospodarskih poslopjih, ko ima hlev na eni, včasih na dveh straneh letve za obdevanje sena. Kozolec kot edina slovenska arhitektura, kot edina etnična arhitektura kar jih poznam, predstavlja našo kulturo, ki se je razvijala stoletja in stoletja. Naši dedje so kozolec postavljali skrbno, a vedno v redu, ki so ga dobili z dediščino. Ne z recepti, vsak mojster je dodal kaj svojega, a v okviru pravil, ki so se izoblikovala po naravi, po materialu, po potrebah. Kozolec je spomenik kulture našega naroda.
A kozolec (plural kozolci) is a permanent, vertical, predominantly wooden, covered, open device for drying and storage (Juvanec 2007:11). A kozolec was formerly only a ‘cereal kozolec’ (Pirkovič only mentions this), but it survived when they began to use it for drying and storing hay, animal fodder. Granaries, for example, have practically died out because of the change in the technology of storing cereal grains. Those that still survive no longer function. The kozolec is alive: new ones are even still being erected. The elements of a kozolec are the gable, braces, slats and roof. The roof is always at an inclination of one to one (45 degrees), forming gable with a ratio of one to the square root of two (Juvanec 2007:67). This is the diagonal of a square, which is measured above the ‘baba’ as the foundations are called, which carry the pillars and protrude from the earth. The proportional principle ensures a simplification of construction, excludes the possibility of mistakes and ensures harmony. Precisely harmony of composition is the major distinction of a kozolec. Harmony means beauty. A kozolec is usually wooden, but available suitable local materials are also used. Roofs in the western part of the central belt are from slate. The most westerly part of Slovene ethnic territory, today in Italy, has kozolci with a gently inclined roof, covered with barrel tiles. Throughout the central part, in addition to completely wooden kozolci there are also those with masonry pillars, usually stone but they can also be brick. Types of kozolec range from the simplest extended kozolec to a double kozolec, with an extended overhanging roof, or a low, double kozolec, which can also have an extended roof, a ‘tail’ (Juvanec 2007:45). The commonest is a double kozolec, which is also the most attractive and most functional; most functional in terms of use, not construction. This type is actually over-dimensioned, it uses too much material. Former masters, though, had their own forests and working hands, but not also money. The construction of a kozolec was adapted to this. While an elongated kozolec can have up to 24 windows, or bays (Sorško polje, for example), the commonest execution is double, with two or three bays. The extended roof of an elongated one is only over one bay – because it is intended to protect a wagon during sudden downpours and for storing the wagon and tools. A kozolec with such a roof extension is most common in the eastern part of Slovenia and in Dolenjska. It normally has two bays. The essence of the erection of a kozolec is to be longitudinal to the wind and transverse to the sun’s rays. The roof is most important in this. The roof of a kozolec is always symmetrical, always at an inclination of one to one or 45 degrees, and almost everywhere – except with new, small kozolci – it has a hip. The hip derives from a thatched roof, whereby the problem of wind in the gable is solved. Unfortunately, thatched roofs can no longer be found: some sad remains nevertheless testify to the importance of this material. The central belt of Slovenia combines all types of kozolec: in the west there are masonry pillars, on the soft ground of Ljubljansko barje, two ‘cling’ together, smaller ones are erected with a roof extension, and in the eastern part a new type is introduced: a low kozolec. This is a kind of shed, sometimes completely open, sometimes closed at the gable ends. In Štajerska and Haložen, elements of a kozolec are used in auxiliary buildings, when the stable has slats for airing hay on one, sometimes two sides. The kozolec, as the only Slovene architecture, the only ethnic architecture known here, represents our culture, which has developed over the centuries. Not to prescription, each master added something of his own, but within the framework of rules that had been formed by nature, by the materials, by needs. The kozolec is a monument to the culture of our nation.
92
AS3_1del.indd 92
29.10.2010 22:12:09