URC 1998 00 Law by UR Scholarship Repository

University of Richmond Bulletin

VolumeC

February 1999, Number 1

USPS 652-160

Periodical postage paid by University of Richmond, Virginia 23173. Published by the Univers ity of Richmond four times a year: once in February, once in April , once in June and once in August.

Non-Discrimination Policy

The University of Richmond do es not discriminate on the basis of sex, religion, age, disability, race , colo r or national origin. Any inquiries re garding the University's policies in the se areas should be directed to the Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs , University of Richmond, Virginia 23173.

Telephone : (804) 289-8032.

Disclaimer

The contents of this bulletin rep resent the most current information available at the time of publication. How ever, during the period of time cov ere d by this bulletin, it is reasonable to expect changes to be made with resp ec t to this information without prior n otice. Thus, the provisions of this bu lletin are not to be regarded as an irrev oca ble contract between the University (or any of its colleges or schools) an d the student.

UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND SCHOOLOF LAW

Admissions Office

University of Richmond School of Law

University of Richmond , Virginia 23173 (804)289 -8189

http :/ / law.richmond.edu

ACADEMIC CALENDARS

4 • Academic Calendars

ACADEMICCALENDAR,1998-99

SUMMER SESSION 1998

Apr. 14-Apr. 24 ...................... Touchtone Registration period

Apr. 27-May 19, Mon.-Tues .... Late registration, Registrar's Office

May 18, Mon. ..... ... ... .... .. Three- and eight-week classes begin

June 5, Fri. ... .... ... ........ Three-week session last day of classes

Jun e 6, Sat. ... ... .. ............. ....... Three-week session examinati ons

June 6, Sat. .................... Three-week session ends

July 3 Fri.................... . Eight-week session last day of classes

July 6-10, Mon.-Fri ..... . Eight-week session examinati ons

July 10, Fri ... ... ..... .............. Eight-week session ends

Aug. 19, Wed ......................... Summer Diploma Date SUMMER PROGRAM ABROAD

July 6-Aug 9 .... .... ..... ....... Cambridge Un iversity, Englan d (Course offerings are taught by University of Richmond law facultyand Cambridge University law faculty.)

FALL SEMESTER 1998

Mar. 23-27 Mon.-Fri .... .. .... ... ... Registration

Aug. 19, Wed .. ... .... .... ......... Orientation (new students)

Aug . 24, Mon .............. ........... Classes begin, 8:30 a.m.

Aug. 30, Sun ............. ............. No-fee add / drop period ends

Aug. 31, Mon ................... ....... Fee add / drop period begins

Sept. 4, Fri. ... ... ..... ... ... Add period and audit option ends

Sept. 7, Mon .. .... .. .... Labor Day (classes meet)

Sept. 11, Fri. ............. ...... No-record drop period e nds , 5:00p.m.

Sept. 11, Fri. .... Last day for third-year student s to filefor degree

Oct. 9 , Fri........ ... Last day to withdraw from class

Oct. 9, Fri. ... ... ... ..... .. Fall Break begins after last classyears 1 and 3 on ly.

Oct. 14, Wed. Classes resume

Oct. 27-30, Tues.-Fri. ..... ......... Spring term registration for con tinuing students

Nov. 24, Tues ............. ... ......... Thanksgiving holiday begins after classes

Nov. 30, Mon ..... .. ......... ... Classes resume

Dec 4, Fri. .... ... Last day of classes

Dec. 5-6, Sat.-Sun ..... ..... ......... Study period

Dec. 7-18, Mon.-Fri ................ Fall term examinations

Dec . 18, Fri.................... ......... Fall term ends

SPRING SEMESTER 1999

Jan. 11, Mon .............. .. ....... Registration for new and re-ent ering students

Jan. 11, Mon ........................ .. Classes begin

Jan. 15, Fri. ........ .. No-fee add / drop period ends

Jan. 16, Sat. ... ....... ..... . ... Fee add / drop period begins

Jan 18, Mon . .. .......... .......... Fall Diploma Date

Jan . 22, Fri ............................. Add period and audit option en ds

Jan. 29, Fri ..... .... .... ... No-record drop period ends, 5:00 p.m

Feb. 26, Fri. ..... .. ..... Last day to withdraw from class

Mar. 5, Fri. ......... .... ........... Spring vacat ion begins after last class

Mar. 15, Mon ................ Classes resume

Apr.23, Fri. Last day of classes

Apr.24-25, Sat.-Sun ...... ... ....... Study period

Apr.26-May 7, Mon.-Fri. Spring term examinations

May7, Fri. .. Spring term ends

May8, Sat. ..... ......... ..... ...... ... Law School Spring Commencement

May9, Sun University Baccalaureate Service

ACADEMICCALENDAR,1999-00

SUMMER SESSION 1999

TheSummer School Calendar for 1999 will be announced during the fall 1998term

FALLSEME STER 1999

Mar.22-26, Mon.-Fri. .... .. .... .... Registration

Aug.17, Tues ... Orientation (new students)

Aug.23, Mon Classes begin

Aug.29, Sun . .......... .............. .. No-fee add/drop period ends

Aug.30, Mon Fee add/drop period begins

Sept.3, Fri. .........

....... Add period and audit option ends

Sept.6, Mon .. . Labor Day (classes meet)

Sept.10, Fri. .....

. No-record drop period ends, 5:00 p .m .

Sept.10, Fri. ....... . .... ... Last day for third-year students to file for degree

Oct.8, Fri. ........... ........... ..... ... Last day to withdraw from class

Oct.8, Fri. ......... Fall Break begins after last classyears 1 and 3 only.

Oct.13, Wed. . Classes resume

Oct.26-29,Tues. -Fri Spring term registration for continuing students

Nov 23, Tues Thanksg iving holiday begins after classes

Nov.29, Mon . ....... .... .. .. Classes resume

Dec.3, Fri. Last day of classes

Dec.4-5, Sat.-Sun ............ ....... Study period

Dec 6-17,Mon.-Fri. ......... Fall term examinations

Dec.17, Fri. Fall term ends SPRING SEME STER 2000

Jan.10,Mon . .. Registration for new and re-entering students

Jan.10 Mon Cl b ·

Jan 14'.Fri..:. :::::::::::::::::::.:::::: N;~:e:S alJ;~rop period e nds

Jan.15, Sat. Fee add/drop period begins

Jan.21, Fri Add period and audit option ends

Jan . 28, Fri. ....... ...................... No-record drop period ends , 5:00 p.m.

Feb.25, Fri. ..... Last day to withdraw from class

Mar.3, Fri. ........... .... ......... ...... Spr ing vacat ion begins after last class

Mar.13, Mon Class es resume

Apr. 21, Fri. Last day of classes

1pr 22-23, Sat.-Sun ................ Study period

pr. 24-May5 M F · S · . t° s M , on. - n. .... .... pnng term examma 10n

May5, Fri. ...... ........................ Spring term ends

ay 6, Sat. ..... ....... .............. .. .. Law School Spring Commenc e ment

ay 7, Sun University Baccalaureate Service

*Each term the Registrar publishes a detailed academic calendar to inform the University community of time schedules and deadlines. Dates shown here are subject to change.

UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND SCHOOLOF LAW

His tory

. The Unive rsity of Richmond originated in l 830 an d a decade later was chartered as Richmond College , an institution of liberal arts and scie nces. The Law School was es:~blished w ithin the college in 1870. In 1890 b e familyo f the late T. C. Williams who had ~ n d ' a evo ted and valued trustee, donated

$25,000 as the nucleus of an endowment for the Law School. In recognition of this gift, the school was named The T.C. Williams School of Law. At various times the school has received fu1ther generous gifts from members of Mr. Williams' family . A substantial gift came through a bequest

from T.C. Williams, Jr.who , like his father, was long a trustee of Richmond College, and for 20 years was the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees The largest of these gifts was received in 1952 by bequest from A. D. Williams, another son ofT.C. Williams.

In 1976, George E. Allen, Jr., Ashby B. Allen, and Wilbur C. Allen provided the initial endowment for the school 's first chair the George E. Allen Chair. For a number of years , this endowment brought to the Law School outstanding scholars, lawyers, and judges in a variety of fields , as visiting professors teaching in the annual Allen Chair Seminar. As a result of recent additions to the endowment by members of the Allen family , the Allen Chair becomes a full-time position on the Law School faculty in 1998. Professor Rodney A. Smolla is the first fulltime occupant of the Allen Chair.

In 1997, the University created the Tyler Haynes Interdisciplinary Chair of Global Law and Business The chairholder will be a full-time member of the Law School faculty , and will also offer courses in other schools and departments of the University. In addition , the holder will serve as Director of the Center for Global Law and Business . The Center will support colloquia and present an annual conference drawing scholars , judges , and lawyers from the international community. The Haynes Chair will be filled with a Visiting Professor for the 1998-99 academic year , and will be filled permanently for the 1999-2000 academic year.

The University of Richmond School of Law is an integral part of the University of Richmond. The University Senate, on which sit representatives of all the faculties provides for intercollegiate cooperation'. Ultimate authority is vested in the Board of Trustees and the president of the University. The degrees in law are conferred by the corporation of the University of Rich-

mond. While possessing a prou d tradition the Law School continues t o k eep pac~ with tl1e changing methods of legal education in order to prepare its gradu ates for the practice of law in today 's soci ety.

Accreditation

The Law School is fully a ccr edited by the recognized standardi zin g agencies in the United States. It is a m emb er of the Association of American Law Schools; it is on the approved lists of the AmericanBar Association and th e Virginia State Board of Bar Examin e r s; a nd its Juris Doctor degree is fully accr edite d by the Regents of the Universit y of the State of New York. Although eac h sta te has its own requirements for admi ssion to the bar , a law degree from th e Law School qualifies the holder to se ek adm ission to the bar of any state in th e nation

The University of Richmon d is accredited by the Commission on Co lleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, GA 30033-4097; Telephone: 404/67 9-4501) to award the associate , baccalaur eate, master , and juris doctorate degr e es. Th e several c olleges and schools of th e University award no degrees individuall y. All degrees for work done in any on e of th e schools are conferred by the University o f Richmond.

Location

The University of Richmon d campus consists of 350 acres located ab out six miles west of the center of the city o f Richmond, Virginia. The Law School buildi n g, of Collegiate Gothic architecture , w as originally opened in 1954; it was e nlar ged in 1972 and 1981. In 1991 the buildin g w as significantly expanded, renovated , an d refurbished. The Law School buildin g provides modern and technically equip p ed class

rooms, se minar rooms , a law library, a courtroom, faculty offices and study, administrative offices, student lounges, and office s for the Law Review and numerous otherstudent organizations.

Richmond, the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia , is where the Virginia General Assembly holds its annual sessions andthe Supreme Court of Virginia sits. The Federal District Court for the Eastern Districtof Virginia and the United States Court ofAppeals for the Fourth Circuit also hold regular terms here. In addition, the State Corporatio n Commission, the Workers ' Compensation Commission, and many federal administrat ive agencies hold hearings in the city. Washington , D.C. , where the UnitedStates Supreme Court sits, is only about a two -hour drive away. Thus , students find, in add ition to the formal law schoolprogram, unsurpassed opportunities forobservat ion of the legal process at work in various leg islative, judicial, and administrative de pa 1tments of the local, state, and federa l govern ments.

Stateme nt of Purpose

The University of Richmond is an independent, pr ivately-endowed institution of higher educa tion that provides a comprehensive ac adem ic program for men and women. It offers the intimacy of a small university and the diverse educational opportunities that derive from undergraduate degree pro gra ms in the liberal arts and sciences , bus iness, and leadership studies, as Wellas graduate and professional programs 10 law, bu siness, and selected areas of the ans and sciences. The University also provides a va riety of c redit and continuing education programs as well as cultural events to the larger community. Historically related to the Baptist General Association of.Virginia, the University affirms its commitment to serve individuals of all faiths andpersuasions.

The educational objectives of the University are:

- to cultivate in students the interest, capacity, and skills necessary for independent intellectual inquiry and life-long learning ;

- to convey to students a representative portion of that body of knowledge that ha s accumulated and endured through the history of world cultures;

- to e ncourage and aid students in the development of basic beliefs, values, and attitudes, including those of cooperation and tolerance ;

- to ass ist students in selecting and preparing for careers and for study in graduate and professional schools;

- to foster in students personal habits that co ntribute to health and physical fitness. In order to achieve these objectives, the University is committed to:

- an educational environment conducive to the development of the whole person - intellectually , socially, spiritually, physically, and morally ;

- an academic setting that guarantees and encourages freedom of thought, expression, and association;

- an undergraduate curriculum that requires mastery of essential intellectual tools, awareness of the diversity of human cultural expe riences, extensive knowledge of at least one area of study, and opportunities for interdisciplinary and integrative inquiry ;

- a faculty dedicated to excellent teaching and dialogue with students, an active engagement in scholarship, scientific inquiry , and artistic creativity;

- a diverse , largely full-time and residential student body that participates in a broad range of University activities including oppoitunities for research, leadership, and the development of civic responsibility;

~ the essential resources for learning , such as libraries, laboratories, studios , information and communications technology , and media resources;

~ opportunities for internships, social commitment and public service, and other domestic and international learning experiences;

~ a program of varied social , spiritual, and physical activities that provide occasions for growth , fun , and fellowship

~ an administration and staff that preserve and enhance the University's environment and resources , and that represent the institution to the broader community it se rves.

Method of Instruction

The educational program of the Law School is designed to equip its graduates to render the highest quality of legal services, while instilling a sense of professional responsibility. Students are trained in the analysis and solution of legal problems by the application of logical reasoning. The co urs e of study is not designed to teach legal rules , but rather to provide a foundation for the application and analysis of the law and the developm e nt of professional skills. Th e traditional case method of instruction is used in many courses However , clinical e du ca tion and courses devoted to various professional skills are increasingly prominent. The full-time faculty is augmented by a number of adjunct faculty members, lawyers and judges , who offer courses in their are as of expertise. An excellent faculty offers a curriculum that is well balanced in th e oretical and practical courses and carefully selected to prepare the graduate for th e successful practice of law.

Students

The Law School is rather small. Each ye ar 's entering class consists of about 160 students, and the entire student body is ap-

proximately 460 This size fosters close personal contact between faculty an d students and a welcome air of collegiali ty among all members of the law school co mmunity. The student-faculty ratio is ap p roximately 19 to 1.

The law students come fro m a wide range of undergraduate instit ut ions, academic majors and backgroun ds. A sizable number of students have b ee n involved in other endeavors between grad u ating from college and entering law sch ool. They bring to the student body , th e classroom, and ultimately the prof e ssion , p erspectives different from those of re cen t college graduates. In recent years, 50 p ercent of the entering students have b een wo men andabout 20 percent are m e mb ers of minority groups. This diversity e n h ances the environment in which the le arn ing experie nce takes place .

The first-year class is divid ed into two sections of about 80 students each , and the students have their first-ye a r su bstantive classes with the same section The Lawyering Skills course is taught in small sections of 16 students. Class sizes in th e second and third year vary according to cour se selection. Many upper-level class es are quite small.

Library

The William Taylor Muse Law Library , named for a former Law School d ean, provides students, faculty, attorney s, and other users with access to a substanti al collection of Anglo-American and intern ational legal materials. The Library , greatl y expan ded through the construction of a n ew wing and extensive renovations , holds over 260,000 bound volumes and microform equivalents and subscribes to over 3,900 legal pe riodicals. Each student has an individual carrel during his/ her three years at the Law Scho ol, and all carrels are wired for students to use thelf laptop computers for access to the Law

School's co mputer network , including online library databases.

The Lib rary also houses a small computer lab with ten computers, which also are conn ec ted to the Law School's computer network. The Library collection contains all p u blished decisions of the federal and appe llate-level state courts, the federal codes, and other Congressional materials, the codes o f all 50 states, Virginia and federa l rules and regulations, and the decisions ofselected agencies and of principal British and Canadian courts. The briefs and records of cases decided by the Virginia Supreme Court and the U.S. Fourth Circuit Courtof Appeals are available in the Law Library. A g rowing treatise collection, including in terdisciplinary materials, is housed in the Library. The Law Library's international collection is growing quickly and includes basic documents and research materials. Users can access library materials throug h the Library 's on-line catalog, which offers author, title, subject, reserve lists, and keyword searching. The on-line catalog also provides access to the collections at the other University of Richmond libraries.

The Library 's periodical collection includes all major law reviews and legal research jou rnals, bar association journals, institute p roceedings, and newsletters, as wellas the necessary indices. The Library is a selective depository for U.S government docu ments and maintains extensive holdings of the Federal Register, the Congressional Record, Congressional committeematerials, and other government publications. The Library offers access to two computer-assisted legal research systems, LEXIS and WESTLAW. All students receive software for home access to WESTLAW and LEXIS. Stude nts can access the Law School computer network at home as well. The Library's co llection of CD-ROM resources in mere · asmg and currently includes access to Virginia Law on Disc , Virginia Lawyer 's

Weekly , and selected federal materials. An important feature of any law library is the accessibility of materials and services. The Library is open 106 hours per week. The Library staff is an expert source for students and faculty pursuing research projects and questions. The staff includes six professional librarians and 12 other staff members who assist students and other users in the use of the Law Library and its collection . Law librarians teach legal research in the Lawyering Skills course and offer an Advanced Legal Research course for upperlevel students. Librarians provide WESTLAWand LEXIStraining for first-year students during the Lawyering Skills course. Advanced WESTLAW and LEXIS training throughout the three years further develops effective searching skills of all students.

The Library 's home page (http:/ / law .richmond .edu) provides additional information about the Library and its services, as well as links to many resources available through the Internet.

Law School Computer Program

The University of Richmond established an innovative computer requirement program in 1994 to provide students with the technological expertise necessary to practice law in today 's society. The Law School was the first law school in the U.S. to require all entering students to own a laptop computer as a condition of enrollment, beginning with the 1994 entering class. By choosing the University of Richmond as the place to study law, students are introduced to computers in the way that they are being used by lawyers-as a personal, portable tool that is used to gather, organize, produce , and store the kind of information that is the lifeblood of the modern legal practitioner.

Students entering law school at the University of Richmond have two computer

options. The first option is to take advantage of a University arrangement to purchase the computer through a Richmondbased computer vendor. Under this option students take delivery of a computer package, fully configured for immediate computing and network use , during the Law School 's orientation session. The second option is to provide an a lready - owned computer , printer, and software that fully complies with the technical specifications and requirements of the first option computers . Students who indicate plans to enter the University of Richmond Law School receive details regarding these two options during the Spring semester prior to enrollment.

Students use laptop computers at the University of Richmond in the classroom and in the Library. Three classrooms in the Law School are wired to allow a student to ta ke his or her computer to class for note taking and classroom participation All carrels in the Library are wired to provide access to the Law School computer network for students. Students use laptop computers for WESTLAW and LEXISaccess , electronic mail , noticeboard discussions with professors and fellow classmates , searching the Internet, as well as many other uses. Students can also access the Law School network from home.

The Library staff provides extensive training about connectivity and other computer issues during first-year orientation . Computer training professionals offer beginning and review sessions about word processing, electronic mail, Internet searching , and other topics throughout the year for students and facu lty.

Career Services

The Career Services Office of the Law School assists all students seeking permanent , summer, or part-time emp loyment. Staffed by a director and career advisor, the

office provides a wide range of setvices,including general emp loyment information and career counse ling. It also sch edules oncampus interviews for recruite rs from private firms; federal , state, and lo cal governments; judicial clerkships; corp o rate legal departments; accounting firms; p u blic interest organizations; and the military. Since not a ll employers are able to intetview students on campus , the Career Setvices Office aids students in applying for these positions by forwarding their resu mes to the employers.

Private practice attracts app roximately 60 percent of the students in each graduating class. Those not entering p rivate practice are employed in judici a l clerkships, corporate legal departments , fed eral, state, and local governments (includ ing prosecutorial positions) , public inter est organizations, and the military.

Programs

Clinical Programs

The Law School provides a comprehensive, integrated clinical education program, combining simulation , clinical pl acements, and Law School operated ( "in-h ouse") live client representation clinics.

Simulation Based Courses

All students are required to take the unique , two-year Lawyering Skills course. The Lawyering Skills requiremen t is unique in several respects. Traditi on ally law schools require a first-year cour se on legal research, writing , and analysis . The traditional course's focus is on the skills ofw nting , research, and appellate a dvoca cy. While these are important skills, they by no means represent the only, or ev en the mo5t often used, lawyering skills. By expand m~ to a two -year Lawyering Skills course, th Law School is able to teach a wi d er range of lawyering skills including interviewing, counseling, negotiation, pretri al mo_uo n practice, pretria l discovery (e.g. , deposition

skills), trial practice , and appellate practice. Moreover, this new course strengthens students' resea rch and writing abilities, since each of the additional skill areas has a writing compo nent.

In add ition to Lawyering Skills, the Law School offers a rich variety of upper-level elective simulation-based courses, including advance d courses in interviewing and counseling, negotiation , and trial practice. Other spe cialized simulation-based clinical courses include Alternate Dispute Resolution , Labor Arbitration , Environmental Dispute Reso lution, and Contract Drafting. Lener grade s are awarded for work in the simulation-based clinical courses.

In-hous e Clinics

The Law School houses two law Clinics in which students , under the supervision of LawSchoo l faculty, represent real clients. The Clinics have their own facilities within the Law School that include videotape capability, stud ent carrels an interview room and a class/ conference ' room. '

The Me ntal Disabilities Law Clinic focuses on re presentation of youths with mental disab ilities. A majority of cases involv~ repre senting children and parents seeking ap propriate special education and commun ity-based services as mandated by both federal and state law. Students also represent y outh with mental disabilities in criminal matters as well as civil matters such as acting as guardian-ad-litem for foster carereview matters. In the Youth Advocacy Clinic, stu d e nts handle various types of cases, all representing the interests of ~~ung pe op le. In ?1e m~jority of cases, stum s re pre sent JUvernles charged with ~runes or serve as guardian-ad-litem in the isposition of criminal matters. Students also repre h se nt yout m school expulsion cases.

d th e in-house Clinics enrich the aca. emic life of their participants by allowing them to represent clients from initial

client interview through resolution of the client 's problem , whether that be drafting a document, settling a dispute or litigating a law suit. As part of the Law School's integrated skills program, the Clinics build upon and reinforce work done in the simulation-based courses as well as traditional coursework. In addition to advanced skills training, the clinical setting provides students with an opportunity to apply these skills in real life situations. The Clinics also allow the student to question some of the assumptions and deficiencies in the practice of law generally, as well as in the specific context of the Clinic's work. Finally , the Clinics focus on issues of professionalism and professional responsibility in preparing students to become members of the bar.

Students enroll in the in-house Clinics for six credit hours. Credit hours earned in these Clinics are not included within the six-hour limitation on non-classroom work. Letter grades are awarded for work in the in-house Clinics. Preference may be given to students who are eligible for their thirdyear practice certificate.

Clinical Placement Program

The Clinical Placement Program places selected students with judges and public service attorneys in both the civil and criminal areas. Third-year practice certification is required for all criminal placements and selected civil and judicial placements. Students work in placements under the supervision of experienced attorneys and the Director of the Clinical Placement Program.

Successful completion of any of these placements requires meeting the requirements of the placement, including four hours of field work for each hour of credit; active participation in a weekly two-hour seminar , daily journal entries reflecting on the Clinical experience , and bi-weekly meetings between the student and Clinical

professor. Students can participate in all of these programs and can enroll in any for four, five, or six credits. Grades in the Clinical Externship Program are awarded on a Pass/Fail basis. The credit hours earned are not included in the six hours of non-law work which can be counted toward meeting the 86 hours required for graduation. However, no more than a total of twelve credit hours in the Clinical Placement Program and the in-house Clinics (see above) may be applied toward the JD. degree requirements. (See page 29 .)

The programs are more completely described in the Directory of Clinical Programs which can be obtained from the Director , Clinical Placement Program.

Moot Court

The Law School provides an extensive moot court program through which students develop their research , brief-writing, and appellate advocacy skills. Students participate in the voluntaty Carrico Competition and Barnett Competition, through which teams of three students each are selected to represent the school in the National Moot Court Competition and other interschool competitions. Students also may participate in various specialized competitions such as labor, patent, and international law. The moot court program is administered by the Moot Court Board which is composed of second-and third-year students selected on the basis of their performance in the various competitions.

Client Counseling and Negotiation

In addition to possessing advocacy skills, an attorney ought to be able to counsel clients successfully and to negotiate on their behalf. The Law School's curriculum offers courses designed to develop both of these skills. To complement these courses, the Client Counseling Board administers voluntary intramural and interschool client counseling and negotiation competitions

through which the students ar e able to practice these essential skills . Among these is the Law School 's own invitat ional , interschool competition, the Robe rt R. Merhige, Jr. National Environmen tal Negotiation Competition.

Cooperative Program with MCV/V CU Department of Health Adminis tration

A cooperative program offer ed by the Law School and the Department of Health Administration at Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University (MCV/ VCU) enables law student s to take selected graduate courses offer ed by the Department of Health Administ ration. By so doing, law students can enha nce their knowledge of the health care indu stry. Alist of approved courses is maintain ed by the Dean 's Office and should be consulted before registering at MCV/VCU. These courses are graded at MCV/VCU, but creditfor them is accepted at the Law School on a pass/fail basi s The hours are subject to the discretion of tl1 e Associate Dean (Academic Affairs ) Dual Degree -Law/Health Adm inistration

The delive1y of health care services pose s some of the most critical social, economic, and moral issues of our tin1e. Lawyers representing individuals or health care providers confront myriad regulatory systems and issues fairly unique to this area; h ealth care policy makers and administrators are likewise concerned with the effective operation ofentities within these regulatory conf ines and with the utility of these systems.

The dual degree program le ads to the award of the Juris Doctor and Master of Health Administration degrees. The program integrates these two professional curricula Participants are thus provided with the necessary expertise either to represent clientseffectively within the health care indu stryorto function as policy makers or administrator s who appreciate fully the legal environment

witlun which their programs operate. Applicants for this program are required to meet the admission standards of both the Law School and the Department of Health Administration.

For information regarding admission to the Department of Health Administration, contact:

M.H.A Program Director

Departm ent of Health Administration

Virginia Commonwealth University MCV Ca mpus , P. 0. Box 203 Richm ond , VA 23298

When this four-year program is successfull y comp leted, the Master of Health Administration degree is awarded by Virginia Commonwealth University and the JD. by the Universityof Richmond.

Cooper ative Program with the MCV/

VCU Sch ool of Social

Work

The coo perative program offered by the Law Schoo l and the School of Social Work of Virgin ia Commonwealth University (VCU) is designed to prepare students for profession al practice in areas that can benefit from the knowledge and skills drawn from.bo th fields. Recent legislation, expanding p ublic concerns and continual alterations and extensions of the concept of the public welfare, have given social workers' ff · e orts m social planning and programs for so · 1 h . . eta c ange a new importance and pnonty. Knowledge of the law gives focus to th · f 'c etr e 1orts. At the same time lawyers seek b ' mg etter ways to deal with human aspects of legal disputes and minimize social coSt5are turning to the social worker for ~~~~ance an? assis:ance: These conditions b mad e mterd1sc1plmary cooperation etween lawyers and social workers normal procedure in many instances, and the twoprofessions are giving increased attention to the interests they share.

The cooperative program allows law students t . f th O register or courses offered by e School of Social Work at VCU which are

approved by the Law School faculty. A list of these courses is maintained by the Dean's Office and should be consulted before registering at VCU. These courses are graded at VCU, but credit for them is accepted at the Law School on a pass / fail basis. The hours are subject to the discretion of the Associate Dean (Academic Affairs).

Dual Degree -Law/Social Work

The dual degree program is designed to provide its graduates with two degreesJuris Doctor and Master of Social Workattesting to competency in both law and social work. This competency is applicable to areas of practice drawing upon knowledge and skills from each of these fields. It is expected that this program will bring together persons sensitive to both the legal and human elements in social and personal dysfunctions. Also , this program will bring together two fields that call for certain similar as well as different kinds of knowledge and skills directed toward resolving human problems. This effort to integrate education in law and social work will draw on the contributions each can make to a professional base for practice in both fields.

A student who is accepted into the dual degree program will be permitted to count one semester's work in the Law School toward meeting the graduation requirements in the School of Social Work at VCU, and one semester 's work in the VCU School of Social Work will be counted toward meeting the graduation requirements of the Law School. This will enable participants in the dual degree program to complete the requirements for the JD. and the M.S.W. in four years. Applicants for this program are required to meet admission standards of both the Law School and the VCU School of Social Work. For information on admission to the School of Social Work, contact:

Director of Admissions

School of Social Work

Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 23284

Cooperative Program with the VCU Department of Urban Studies and Planning

A cooperative program offered by the Law School and the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) offers law students the opportunity to take selected graduate courses offered by the Department of Urban Studies a nd Planning in order to enhance their understanding of that discipline and its interaction with the law. A list of approved courses is maintained by the Dean 's Office and should be consulted before registe ring at VCU. These courses are graded at VCU, but credit for them is accepted at the Law School on a pass / fail basis . The hours are subject to the discretion of the Associate Dean (Academic Affairs).

Dual Degree -Law/Urban Studies and Planning

The professions of planning and law address the concerns of social and economic equity through the institutions which help shape the direction of urban change. While lawyers often are concerned with the impact of legislation and judicial decisions on groups and individuals , planners concentrate on social, economic , and political impacts of land use with the aid of legal strategies to guide community growth and development.

The Master of Urban and Regional Planning and Juris Doctor dual degree program integrates these two prof e ssional curricula to provide the n e cessary expertise to apply legal and planning analysis to the resolution of urban and regional policy issues and problems. Some a reas of cooperation includ e th e development and enforcement of land us e and growth management controls, e nvironmental protection strategies, housing and community development , and numerous h e alth and welfare programs. The dua l degree is a four-year program of study designed to equip graduates for a variety

of professional positions includ ing staffor legislative committees , govern m ent agencies and commissions , private consulting, neighborhood advocacy , dire cto rships of planning and related agencies , an d executive or legal aids to elected officials. Applicants for this program are requi re d to meet the admission standards of b o th the Law School and the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at VCU. For in formation on admission to the Departm en t of Urban Studies and Planning, contact:

Chair, Department of Urban Studies and Planning

Virginia Commonwealth University 812 West Franklin Street Richmond , VA 23284

When th e four -year program is successfully completed , the Master of Urban Studies and Regional Planning d egre e is awarded by Virginia Common w ealth University , and the JD. by the Un iversity of Richmond.

Cooperative Program with th e University of Richmond Scho o l of Business

A cooperative program with The Richard S. Reynolds Graduate Scho o l of The E Claiborne Robins School of Business enables students to enroll in select e d courses offered in that school , on a spa ce available basis. Admission to these cour se s requires the approval of the graduate p ro gram director. Students are thereby abl e to broaden their backgrounds in areas of bu siness and finance . A list of approved cour se s is maintained by the Dean 's Office an d should be consulted before registration. Credit for these courses will be included in the maximum number of semester hour s w hich may be taken each semester without pa yment of additional tuition.

These courses are graded at th e business school, but credit for them is accepted at the Law School on a pass / fail b asis. The

hours are subject to the discretion of the Associate Dean (Academic Affairs).

Dual Degree -Law/Business Administration

The University offers a dual degree programdesigned to provide its graduat~s with two degree s-JD . and M.B.A. This programreflects the interrelationships between lawand bus iness management. Its graduatesare pro vided complementa1y facility in bothof these fields. They will be better able to function as managers because of their familiarity with the legal framework within whichbu sines s must operate. Alternatively, as attorn eys, they can better serve the needs of bus iness clients because of their appreciation of the business milieu.

Studen ts accepted into this program will bepermitted to count 12 semester hours of workin the Law School toward satisfaction of the degree requirements of the M.B.A. program, and 12 semester hours of work in the M.B.A.program toward satisfaction of the degree requirements of the Law School. Accordingly, successfu l participants will be ableto complete the requirements for both degrees in four years Applicants for this program must meet the admission standards of the LawSchool and the Graduate Business Schoo l. For information on the M.B.A. prog ram, contact:

Director, M.B.A. Program

7be Richard S. Reynolds Grad uate School

7be E. Claiborne Robins School of Business University of Richmond , VA 23173

Individual Dual Degree Programs

In addition to the dual degree programs described here, individually tailored programscan be created to meet special need s and interests of particular students. For example, in the past programs have been approved in bio logy and in history . Interested

students should contact the Law School Dean's Office.

Advising for Dual Degree Programs

Upon admission to dual degree programs, every student will be assigned an advisor in both schools to help plan courses of study that will include all requirements, plus elective courses that will best serve individual student interests.

Graduate Courses

Law students are permitted to register for selected courses offered by the University of Richmond Graduate School that are identified on the Law School's list of courses approved for transfer credit to the Law School. In addition to the list of courses maintained in the Dean 's Office, students may seek approval from the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs for the transfer of credit for graduate coursework completed, while enrolled in Law School, that is shown to provide comparab le oppo1tunities to enhance the law school educational program of the specific student. Approval must be sought prior to enrollment in the particular course. These hours are likewise subject to the discretion of the Associate Dean (Academic Affairs).

These courses are graded at the Graduate School but credit for them is accepted at the Law School on a pass / fail basis.

summer Session

The summer session consists of an eightweek term and a three-week short term on campus at the University of Richmond, and a five-week term at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, England. The course f . truction in the summer session abroad oms fRih is offered jointly by the University o cmond law faculty as well as Cambndge University law faculty.

Attendance at two eight-week summer sessions, during which at least 10 semester hours are completed successfully, counts as one full residence semester and enables a student to complete the degree requirements at the end of the fall term of the third year. Attendance at the three-week term alone results in the accrual of hours only, and not of residence credit. Attendance at the three-week term and the Cambridge program is the equivalent of one eightweek session.

Information relating to these courses, tuition , and other details may be obtained upon request from:

Dean 's Office

University of Richmond School of Law University of Richmond , VA 23173

Special Program

Robert R. Merhige,Jr.

Center fo r Environmental Studies

This Center , established in 1985, honors one of the Law School's promin en t alumni, United States District Judg e Robe rt R. Merhige , Jr. The Center sponso rs research, lectures, and discussions regar ding major environmental law issues.

ADMISSION

Pre-Law Education

While no particular subjects are prerequisite for a dmission to the University of Richmon d School of Law, prospective students are u rged to pursue a course of study covering va rious phases of human experience.The law student must be able to draw froma b roa d base of knowledge. The following are recommended as desirable prelaw conce n trations: English, history , political scien ce, philosophy , sociology, psychology, e conomics , accounting , and mathematics.

Admis si on Process

The Law School generally accepts applications o nly for full-time study However, on a very selective basis, students may be allowed to study part-time. While the majority of e n te ring students begin their studies in the fall, a small number of first-year students ma triculate in the preceding summerterm.

Based u pon past experience , the Law School ex pe cts to consider numerous applicants for every position available in the entering cl ass. A substantia l majority of these ap plic ants will clearly demonstrate theability to complete our Law School programand w ould qualify for admission by any absolute standard . However , because ofthe rela tively few positions available , the selection pro cess involves a comparison of qualificatio ns. Admission is based on the LawSchoo l Admission Committee 's evaluationof the individual 's relative promise of success in the study of law at this school, and its asse ssment of the applicant's fitness to become a member of the legal profession.

. The two most important considerations in making this evaluation are undergradu-

ate academic work and the Law School Admission Test score (LSAD. The committee also considers an applicant's leadership potential , extracurricular activities, recommendations, employment experience, maturity, motivation and character.

Application

Applicants for admission as Juris Doctor (J.D ) candidates must complete the application form and must be at least 18 years of age by the date of matriculation. In addition , they must have an official transcript sent directly from the registrar of an approved college or university showing the date of graduation .

Application materials can be obtained on request from the Admissions Office or by accessingthe Law School 's website at: law.richmond.edu. These materials contain an explanation of the admission process and instructions for completion of the application materials. The address is:

The Admissions Office University of Richmond School of Law University of Richmond , VA 23173 (804)289-8189

Summer Entry Program

Under this program, law school is begun in the summer pr e ceding the usual fall entry. Normally scheduled coursework in the following five se mesters plus another eightweek summer session allows the comp letion of degree requirements in December of the third year. The bar examination may then be taken the following February. Applicants who wish to be considered for this program should state their interest on the admission application.

Law Honors Program

Students admitted to the arts and sciences undergraduate program of the University of Richmond and who have an S.A.T. score of 1300 or above with placement in the top 10% of their high school graduating class are considered for admission simultaneously to the Law School. They must begin law school studies upon completion of their undergraduate work. Th e ir admission to the Law School is conditioned on the completion of their undergraduate work with a cumulative grade point average of at least 3.4 and their meeting the character standards applicable to all applicants to the Law School.

Admission by Performance Program

This program is designed for selected Law School applicants who do not meet the Law School's standards for regular admission Students admitted into the program take two Law School courses during the summer session Participants ' performance

in these courses is evaluated according to the same grading standards as are ap plied to first-year law students. Tho se performing at the prescribed level will b e admitted into the first-year class. For furth er information regarding this program , con tact:

The Admissions Office

University of Richmond Sch ool of Law University of Richmond , VA 23 173 (804)289-8189

Advanced Standing

The Law School generally adm its with advanced standing a few tran sfer students from other law schools. Such studen ts must have completed the first year o f law school with a strong record at a scho o l on the approved list of the American Bar Association No advanced standing credit will b e given for work completed in another law school unless it was completed with at least the grade of C, or its equivalent , and is compatible with the curriculum of this Law School.

ACADEMICREGULATIONS

Gradin g System and Reports

The following grades with grade point values are in effect in the University:

tNotused in the University of Richmond School of Law.

Othe r gra des which may be given are: Pwhich shows credit has been earned in a pass/fail co urse S and U indicate satisfactory or unsa tisfactory performance in a pass/no -cre dit course. W indicates that the student w ithdrew from a course without academ ic penalty Marks indicating failure, and cou nte d as such in the grade point average, a re F, M ( withdrew from a course with a failing average) and V (failure because of ex cessive absences). The X indicates tha t the grade has not been received fromthe inst ructor

Z shows that the course was audited. A student a uditing a course is expected to meet all re quirements for the course except the fina l examination or papers ' No grade o r ho ur credit is earned for audited courses.

I and Y grades mean that coursework has not bee n completed by the end of the term. The I grade provisionally counts as a failing g ra d I · · h e. t 1s given w en the reasons forthe · 1 bili mco mp ete involve student culpaty, b ut the instructor and Associate Dean determine that an F is not warranted. The Work1·s to be made up by the student's graduation date or at such earlier time as 6ecif ied by the instructor and Associate thean. If the work is not made up during is grace period, the I will be converted to an F. th e Y grade, which does not count asaf ail mg grade, is given when the instruc-

tor and Associate Dean determine that the reasons for the incomplete do not warrant an I grade In any case, it is the student's responsibility to complete the coursework for a course in which an / or Y has been assigned.

Performance in the Clinical Placement Program is evaluated on a pass/fail basis. Performance in the In-house Clinics (Mental Disabilities Law Clinic and the Youth Advocacy Clinic) is evaluated using the letter-grade scale above.

Grades for courses taken under the various cooperative programs are recorded by the Law School as a pass if, based on the above grading scale, a grade of C (2.0) or better is earned; otherwise they will be recorded as a failure.

The grade point average is determined by dividing the total number of grade points earned by the total number of academic hours attempted in Law School courses that have grades to which grade point values are assigned . Each of these totals is accumulated term by term.

If a failed course is repeated, the grade earned in the repeat and the failure are both included in the grade point average. When the final grade for a course in which an I was given is recorded , the occurrence will be shown on the permanent record, and the grade point average will be recomputed to remove the effect of the I and to include the final grade . For purposes of computing grade point averages , the credit hours earned for work recorded on a pass / fail basis are not included in the hours attempted , if a pass is received. The credit hours for any such work recorded as a failure are included in the hours attempted. Consequently the credit hours for work recorded as a pass have no effect on the grade point average, but a failure in such

work would adversely affect the grade point average.

Note: A cumulative grade point average of at least 2 .00 is required for graduation.

Students admitted with advanced standing must consult the Associate Dean to determine the manner by which their cumulative grade point average will be calculated for class standing purposes.

Students may review their status and progress with the Associate Dean or in the Office of the University Registrar. Grades are available after the close of each term via Spiderweb and BannerWeb.

Registration and Attendance

Students shall register according to the instructions which are provided for each term. A student will not be permitted to attend class until his or her name has been entered on the official roster of that class by the University Registrar and arrangements satisfactory to the University have been made for that term 's fees.

A student may register late, add courses, or opt for audit status in a course through the tenth class day of the semester provided that the specified approvals are obtained and fees , if any, are paid.

A student may withdraw from courses without academic record through the fifteenth class day of the semester. Withdrawals after this time will be shown on the academic record, and the student must present an adequate reason , receive the approval of the Associate Dean, and follow any specified administrative procedures including the payment of fees , if any.

Second-or third-year students may not register for more than 18 semester hours in any semester without special permission of the Associate Dean.

Regular class attendance is expected and required . Enforcement of this policy is the responsibility of each faculty member.

Sanctions may be imposed , in cluding imposition of a failing grade , in a case where violation is noted.

Auditing Courses

With the approval of the stu de nt's academic advisor , dean, and the instructor of the course, a student ma y r eg ister for a course on an audit basis. The regu lar rate of tuition is charged , and th e au dit course is counted as a part of the stud e n t's semester load. A permission form m ust be obtained from and returned with app ropriate signatures to the Office of th e University Registrar by the end of the tenth day of classes. Once the form is submi tted to the University Registrar , the decisi on may not be reversed An audited course cann ot subsequently be taken for credit unl ess approved by the appropriate d e an .

Scholarship

At the end of the second s e m ester (one year) of law study:

- A student who fails to attain a cumulative grade point average of at least 1.50 shall be required to withdraw fro m the Law School.

- A student whose cumulative grad e point average is at least 1.50 but les s th an 1.70 shall be required to withdraw from the Law School for one year.

At the end of the fourth and ea ch subsequent semester of law study :

- A student who fails to attain a cumultive grade point average of at least 1.85 shall be required to withdraw from the Law School.

Conditions

Any student who has failed to attain the requisite cumulative grade point average will be required to withdraw immediately from the Law School , even thou gh he or she has enrolled in the next s em ester's

courses (including summer session courses).

Grades e arned in courses taken during summer se ssion are not included in calculatin g the necessa1y grade point average for the year o r semester immediately precedingthe summer session.

The po int at which a part-time student must attain the requisite grade point average shall be the time at which he or she has completed the substantial equivalent of the second semester of study and the substantial equivale nt of the fourth and succeedingsemesters of study. Such students will be notified in advance by the Associate Dean of the times at which the stated cumulative grade point averages must be met.

A stud e nt who has been required to withdraw under the 1.50 or 1.85 criteria stated abo ve will not be readmitted to the I.aw School with advanced standing. In the rare event o f readmission , it is as an enteringfirst-year student with no credit for prior work. Neve rtheless, the prior work will continue to be shown on the permanent academic re cord , but the grade point averagewill include only the coursework attempted afte r readmission.

Note: A faile d first-year course must be retaken in the semester in which the course is next offere d.

Examin ations

Unless announced otherwise by the instructor, the length of an examination will be one ho ur for each semester hour of creditcarrie d by the course. A student who finds that he or she will be unavoidably prevented from taking an examination at the time scheduled may receive permission to take the examination at a later date , if such fact is communicated to the Dean or Associate Dean (Academic Affairs) before t~e time at which the examination is schedu.ed. Unless excused by th e Dean or Associate Dean (Academic Affairs), a student

who fails to take an examination in a course for which he or she has registered will receive a grade of Fin that course.

Honor System

All students, upon matriculation, become members of the Student Bar Association and agree to abide by and support the Law School Honor System. The Honor System is administered by the students throuh a Grievance Committee and an Honor Court in accordance with procedures set forth in the Honor Court Constitution. The Canons of Student Ethics provide that lying, cheating, or stealing under any circumstance relating to one 's status as a law student are offenses against the Honor System. An individual 's status as a member of the Student Bar Association is conditioned upon his or her adherence to the Honor System. The resulting atmosphere of personal integrity and trust is highly appropriate to a school preparing individuals for the honorable profession of law.

Standards of Conduct

The University of Richmond considers cultivation of self-discipline and resolution of issues through processes of reason to be of primary importance in the educational process and essential to the development of responsible citizens. All members of the University community are expected to conduct themselves, both within the University and elsewhere, in such a manner as to be a credit to themselves and to the University of Richmond. Moreover, they have a responsibility for complying with local, state, and federal laws, and with all published University policies and regulations. In a community of learning , individual or group conduct that is unlawful, that disrupts or interferes with the educational processes, that causes destruction of property, or otherwise infringes upon the rights of others or of the University itself, cannot be tolerated.

The Trustees of the University of Richmond have authorized a Policy Statement on Standards of Conduct, Penalties , and Disciplinary Procedures to guide the conduct of students and their guests. This statement sets forth those standards of conduct which the University of Richmond deems essential for fulfilling its educational mission . Any person who violates the standards of conduct and regulations of the University of Richmond shall be subject to disciplinary action and, if need be , legal action. Disciplinary action may range from reprimand / disciplinary warning up to and including dismissal or expulsion from the University. Penalties will be imposed after proper determination has been made in accordance with established disciplinary procedures of the University, with fair procedures observed and with appropriate appeal procedures available , as outlined in the Policy Statement and any approved revisions thereof.

A copy of this Policy Statement and / or any officially approved revisions thereof are readily available to each student who matriculates. All members of the University community should familiarize themselves with this Policy Statement and revisions, and with any other official publications, handbooks, or announcements issued from time to time by the University of Richmond or by individual colleges and schools of the University.

Academic Requirements

The Juris Doctor degree requires the successful completion of a t least 86 semester hours of acceptable work and a cumulative grade point average of at least 2.00. In addition, students must complete at least six full residence semesters over at least 90 calendar weeks. A full residence semester is defined as a 15-week period in which a student is enrolled for at least 10 semester hours and passes at least 9 of those hours. This residence requirement is

based on American Bar Asso ciation accreditation standards.

Students intending to atten d summer sessions in order to complete their degree requirements at the end of the fall term of their third year , should consult the Associate Dean to determine if they will have the necessary credit hours and resi d ence semesters by that time.

All academic requirements for the Juris Doctor degree must be compl eted within five calendar years.

Curriculum Requiremen ts

The 86 semester hours ne ces sary for graduation must include the su ccessful completion of the following co urses and requirements.

Required Courses

36 semester hours: Civil Procedure Constitutional Law Contracts

Criminal Law

Environmental Law

Lawyering Skills I , II, III , and IV

Professional Responsibility

Property

Torts

Note: The required course , Professional Responsibility , and the elective cou rse, Evidence, must be satisfactorily com pleted by the end of the second year if th e student wishes to qualify under the Third-year Practice Rule. Students may obtain a Third-year Practice certificate after they h ave completed four semesters and cour ses in Procedure Evidence and Profes sio na l Responsibility. This c~ttificate allow s a student to appear in some courts under th e supervision of a licensed attorney.

Writing Requirement

During the third year of law school, the f ·1 a sub- student must complete satis acton Y stantial paper which requires in-depth r search and rigorous analysis of a spec IC

CONFIDENTIAUIY

University o f Richmond procedures and Family Educalional Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (P .L. 93-380) as amended, prohibit th e unauthorized release of confidentia l inform at ion about individual students. However, directory information is not considered to be confidential and may be published or otheiw ise released. A full list of information considere d directory information is availab le on the Office of the Un iversity Reg istrar's web page at <http ://www.richmond.edu/-registr/ferpa.html> or by contacting the Office of the Un iversity Reg istra r. Stude nts may op t to have their directory information with hel d To exercise this option, the ap propr iate form must be obtained from the Office the University Registrar, comp leted and returned to that office. Once filed th is form remains in e ffec t until withdrJw n in writing by the student to the Office of the University Registrar. Fo r further information, contact the Office of the University Registrar.

RIGHTSWITH RESPECT TO EDUCATION RECORDS

The Family Rights and Priva cy Act (FERPA) affords students certain rights with respect to their education records. They are:

1) The right to inspect and review their records within 45 days of the date the University receives a request for access.

Students shou ld submit co the University Registrar a written reques t that identifie s the record(s) they wish to inspect. The Registrar will make aIT',1,ngementsfor access and notify the student of the time and place the records may be inspected.

2) The right to request the amendment of the s tud en t 's education re cor d s that the stu d e nt believes are inaccurate o r misleading.

Stude nts may ask the Un iversity of Richmond to amend a recor d that they believe is inaccurate or misleading. They shou ld wr ite th e Un ivers ity Registrar, clearly ident ify the part o f the record they want changed, and specify why it is inaccurate or misleading.

If the University of Richmond decides not to amend the record as req ueste d by the stu dent , the University will notify the student of the decision and advise them of their right to a hearing regardi ng the request for amendment. Additional information regarding the hearing procedures will be provided to the student when notified of the right to a hearing.

3) The right to conse nt to disclosures of personally identifiable information co ntained in the student's e du cation records, except to the extent that FERPA author ize s disclosure without conse nt.

Exceptions which permit disclosure without consent are disclosure to the following:

To schoo l officials w ith legitimate education interests. A school official is:

A person emp loyed by the University in an administrative, supervisory, academic or research , or support staff position.

A person elected to th e Board of Trustees.

A person employed by or und er co ntra ct to the Unive rsity to perform a special task, such as t he atto rn ey or auditor.

A person serving on an institutional governing body of the Univers ity (such as Hono r Councils, Student Govern ment Assoc iations, etc.).

A schoo l official has a legitimate educational interest if t he offic ial is:

Performing a task that is specified in his or her position description or by a contract agreement.

Performing a task related to a student's educat ion.

Performing a task related to the disc iplin e of a student.

b. To certain officials of the U.S. Department of Educa tion , the Comptroller General, and state and local educa tional authorities, in connection with certain state or federally supported education programs.

c. In connection w ith a student's request for or receipt of financial aid, as necessary to determine the e ligibility , amou nt or conditions of the financial aid, or to e nfor ce the terms a nd conditions of the aid.

d. If required by a state law requiring disclosure that was adopted before November 19, 1974.

e. To organizations conducting certain studies for or on behalf of the University.

To accrediting organizations to carry out their functions.

g. To parents of an eligible student who claim the studen t as a dependent for income tax purposes, provided dependency is substantiated by copies of income tax returns.

h. To comply with a judicial order or a lawfully issued subpoena.

To appropriate parties in a health or safety eme rgency.

To an alleged victim of any crime of vio lence of the results of any institutional disciplinary proceeding against the alleged perpetrator of that crime with respect to tha t crime.

The University of Richmond will maintain a record of all requests for and / or disclosur e of information from a student's education records. The record will indicate the name of the party making the request, any additional party to whom it may be redisclosed, and the legitimate interest the party had in requesting or obtaining the infonnation. The record may be reviewed by the stude nt or el igible parents.

4) The right to file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Educat io n co ncern ing alleged failures by the Univers ity of Richmond to comply with the requirements of FERPA. The name and address of the Office that adminis ters FERPAare: Family Policy Compliance Office, U.S. Department of Education, 600 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20202-4605

The University of Richmond 's complete FERPAPolicy Statement is available as part of the Office of the University Registrar's web page at <http:/ / www.richmond.edu / -registr / ferpa.html> or by contacting the Office of the University Registrar.

area of law, and evidences a sophisticated knowledge of the law including larger issues concerning the impact of the law on various parts of society, and future directions the law may take. This requirement may be fulfilled by an independent research paper meeting these goals, a paper prepared for a seminar course designated as approved for this requirement , or by publication of an article in the journal of an American Bar Association accredited law school. The Law School's schedule of classes , which is published each year , will note the seminar courses through which this requirement can be satisfied.

Elective Coursework

Sufficient elective courses must be taken to bring the total credit earned to at least 86 semester hours.

A student is permitted to count a maximum of 6 semester hours of specific nonlaw school classroom credit toward the elective hours. Included in this 6-hour limit are moot court, client counseling and negotiation competitions , and Law Review (each of these programs and competitions have a credit hour limitation of one hour per year and no more than 2 hours total).

Transfer Work

Transfer students or students visiting out may apply no more than 30 hours of coursework done at another law school toward satisfaction of the 86 semester hour re quirement. In order for work to transfer , courses must be taken at an institution accredited as degree-granting by a recognized regional accrediting body for higher education and accredited by the American Bar Association , at the time the coursework is completed. The coursework must be taken for a grade and, in order for the work to be transferred, a student must receive a C (2 .0) or better in each course.

Graduation Policies

Graduation with Honors

At the end of law school study, students who attain in the range of the following cumulative grade point averages are eligible to 3

graduate with the designated h on ors: 3.75 and above , summa cum laude; 3.50 to 3.74, magna cum laude ; 3.25 to 3.49 , cu m laude.

Filing of Application

To graduate, a student must file a degree application and comply with th e graduation attendance policy. Degree app lications must be filed in the Office of the University Registrar by the second Friday in September for an anticipated com pl etion by the coming mid-year, spring , or summer graduation

Attendance at Commencem en t

Diplomas are awarded in p e rson except by the decision of the Universi ty not to do so. An individual who expect s to receivea diploma in the spring comm e n cem ent may request absentia status by e xpl aining in writing th e very unusual cir cu mstance which prevents participation in the ceremony . This request must be rec eived by the University Registrar no later th an eight working days before the ce r emo ny. The Registrar will notify the indivi dua l of the status granted by the University . Unless approved as absentia, an individu al w ho does not participate in the ceremon y will not receiv e the diploma Also oth e r sanct ions may be invoked , including the with holding of the degree itself or its certification. The diploma may be received and an y sanctions removed provided th e candi date refiles the degree application for a subsequent graduation and follows app ropriate graduation policy.

Summer and mid-year degr ees are conferred as of the date specifi e d in the University calendar. Summer dip lo mas are mailed to those qualifi e d ; mid- ye ar diplomas are given in the spring co mme ncement ceremony.

Encumbrances

The degree will not be conf erred unless the student 's obligations to th e University are satisfactorily resolved Th ese obligations include financial and ad min istrauve matters such as but not limited to , delinquent payment;, parking fines , or overdue library books.

FINANCIALAFFAIRS

Fees fo r the 1998-99 academic year

Gene ral Fee 9-19 se m es t e r hours inclu s ive - (s ummer s excepted) ....... $ 19, 195

Laptop Computer Package r e quired first year purchase (deta ils on page 17) $3,226

Hous ing (in Law res iden ce hall) Sing le

Telec om Fee Semes t er

Basic telephone serv ice and b as ic cable te levisi o n .................... $100 (doe s not includ e m o nthl y toll c h a rges or premium cab le c hanne ls)

Meal Plans Meals a re se rved Monday through Friday , thr ee meals a day; Saturda y a nd Sunday, brun c h and dinn e r. $ 1,960 Year $200

19 Mea l Plan - All 19 m ea ls a wee k . ....... ... $2,22 0

14 Mea l Plan - Any 14 m ea ls a week $2, 180

10 Meal Plan - Any 10 meals a week $2, 140

5 Meal Plan - Any 5 m ea ls a week . ...... .............. . $1,070

All mea l plans a re based, budg e ted , and serve d within the time frame of the undergraduate cale ndar sche dul e.

Other Fees

Hour s over 19 or less th a n 9 in a semes ter

Per semes te r h o ur

Campus ve hicl e permit

Gradua tio n Fee / Academic Rega lia (at tim e of degree application)

Registrat io n , c h a n ge: p e r tra nsa ction .............. .

Registrat io n , lat e (paya bl e before m a tric ul at io n ), per term ....

Ge n e ra l Fee P aymen t , lat e fee w ill be assessed up to ...

Mail Box

Option al Fees

Cable Te lev is io n

Cable Ch a nnel 1

Cable Ch a nn e l 2

Stud e nt Health Service

Single Semester Co ntra ct Full Year Cont ra ct

$42

$84

$150

Single stude nt s n o t living o n ca mpu s may pay thi s fee, for w hi ch they w ill receive medical atte ntion and Student Health Center privileges. Students n ot und e r a meal plan w ith th e Univ ersity dinin g b a ll will be c harg e d for meal s w hil e in the Studen t Health Center. The serv ices of th e U ni vers ity physician a r e ava ilabl e o nl y in the Student Health Center.

Information a b ou t a s tud ent accide nt and s ickness insuran ce p o licy is ava ilab le from the Contro ller, 202 Maryland Hall, (804)289-8 150.

~ Regardless of the University school in which a co urse is taken, th e student pays the tuition and fees of the school to which he or she has been ad mitted and which is co nsidered the sc hool of record. Any special fee associated with a particular co urs e, such as a laboratory fee , is charged based on reg istration in th e course.

~ The Univers ity reserve s the right to incr ease the fees listed herein a nd the charges for room and board if conditions should mak e such changes necessary or advisable. The changes w ill be announced as far in advance as feas ible.

~ Fees and cha rges will increase for the 1999-00 school year an d will b e announced as soon as poss ible.

Payments

Fees are payable at the Office of Student Accounts, one-half on the first Monday in August and one-half on the first Monday in December. Students entering for the second semester pay one -half of the regular charges.

No diploma is granted or credit given for the session 's work until all charges have been satisfactorily settled.

Students who fail to complete registration for the fall semester by the close of business on the day before the first day of fall classes will be charged a late registration fee of up to $60. Students who fail to make satisfactory arrangements for their fall semester fees by the close of business on the first day of fall classes will be charged a late payment fee of up to $60. A late registration fee of $60 will be charged currently enrolled students who fail to complete registration for the spring semester by the close of business on the registration day specified for students continuing in the spring. A $60 late fee also is payable by new and readmitted students who fail to complete registration for the spring semester by the close of business on the first day of spring classes. Students who fail to make satisfactory arrangements for their spring semester fees by the close of business on the first day of spring classes will be charged a late payment fee of up to $60.

Deferred Payments

The University does not offer a deferred payment plan , and all accounts must be paid in full each semester as indicated earlier in this section.

However, in recognition of the substantial i~terest in deferred payments, the University has arranged to make available the services of Tuition Management Systems and Academic Management Systems. These two firms represent one of several sound alternatives for financing a student's educa-

tion. Information is mailed to stude nts from these companies in April.

Many students may prefer to arrange financing through their local bank s or other sources ; but if there is interest in Tuition Management Systems or Acad em ic Management Services, further infor mation is available upon request from the University 's Office of Student Accounts.

Students are urged to compl ete whatever arrangements they choo se early, so that their accounts with the University may be settled in a timely manner.

Advance Payments

Two hundred fifty dollars ($250) of the General Fee must be paid in advance by all new students. This advance payment must be made upon acceptance of admissionand will be credited on the first seme ster account of the student, but is not refun dable if the student fails to matriculate After that point , all refunds shall be made in accordance with the University's refund policy.

General Fee, Room and Board Refund

Students are matriculated by semester.If a student withdraws from clas ses or is dropped from the University for whatever cause, a refund of fees for a fall or spring semester shall be made in accor da nce with the University's refund policy, b ased on the following schedule. This sch edu le is adapted for summer terms. Refu nds are made first to any financial progr am the student may be receiving, then to any University unsettled account, and then to the stu· dent. A $100.00 administrative fee will be retained from all refunds. Sample refund calculations are available upon request in the Financial Aid Office.

Any special fee associated wit h a particular course is non-refu nd able after the first day of class .

Enterin g and Transfer Students

Asrequi red by Public Law (668.22)

Tuition, fees, room and board refund

Withdrawal before classes begin ..................... . ....... .

Withdrawal during first week of classes ................. ..

Withdrawal during second week of classes ............. .

Withdrawal during third week of classes

Withdrawal during fourth week of classes .............. .

Withdrawal during fifth week of classes ...........

Withdrawal during sixth week of classes ................ .

Withdrawal during seventh week of classes ............ .

Withdrawal during eighth week of classes ......... .. ... .

Withdrawal during ninth week of classes ...... . ... ...... .

Withdrawal during tenth week of classes ................ .

Withdrawal after tenth week of classes

Contin uing and Readmitted Students

Asrequir ed by the Federal Refund Policy

Tuition, fees, room and board refund

Withdrawa l on or before first day of class ............... .

Withd 1 d · f" k f 1 raw a urmg 1rst wee o c asses ................ .. .

Withdrawa l during second week of classes .... ......... .

Withd 1 d · h. d k f 1 ra w a urmg t 1r wee o c asses ................. .

Withdrawa l during fourth week of classes

Withdrawal during fifth week of classes ................. .

Withdrawa l during sixth week of classes

Withdrawa l during seventh week of classes ............ .

Withdrawa l during eighth week of classes ............. . .

Withdrawa l after eighth week of classes ................

Appeals Process

. The Unive rsity of Richmond has an appeal process for students and parents who believeindividual circumstances warrant exceptions from published policy. All appeals must bein Writing and directed to Annemarie Hellman, Bursar, Box R, University of Richmond , VA23173 .

Room and Board

Rooms in the Law residence hall are available to single stud e nts upon application to the Director of Admissions of the Law School , accompanied by check payable to University of Richmond in the amount of $250 Returning students must apply for a room on or before the pre ceding May 1; new students must apply for a room upon acceptanc e by the school. Availability of rooms is limited . Prefer e nce is given to entering students not from the area.

Th e deposit will be a credit toward other fees if written notice releasing the room is received by July 1. If a student occupies the room, th e $250 room deposit will be credited to his or her account.

The rooms are furnished . Each student provides his or her own pillow , bed line ns , towels, and blankets.

The charge for room covers medical care by the University Student Health Center , but does not cover the cost of medicines, expenses at a hospital , or the services of any additional physician or nurse.

Law students are not required to participate in the board plan. However , if you would like to participate in a board plan , pleas e contact the Office of Food & Auxiliary Services, Room 330 of the Tyler Haynes Commons for assistance. The board plans available are :

- 19 Meal Plan - All meals se rved weekly under the 19 meal plan sche dule

- 14 Meal Plan - Any 14 meal s per week und e r 19 meal plan schedul e

- 10 Me al Plan -Any 10 meal s per week under 19 meal plan schedul e

- 5 Me al Plan - Any 5 meals p er week under 19 meal plan schedule

Meals under all meal plan s are served during the days and times stated in the calendar for the School of Arts an d Sciences, the J e pson School of Le ader sh ip Studies and the undergraduate scho o l of The E. Claiborne Robins School of Business. The ID/ meal card is nontransferabl e

Books

The books , supplies , and necessary study aids for the first year , if pu rchased new, will cost about $900 per year. Secondhand books are available at lower cost. Al l books may be secured at reaso nab le prices through the University Bookst ore .

1998 Summer Session

General Fee .......... .. .................

$4,540

Part-time students matriculat ing for less than 5 semester hours per term: Tuition fee, per semester hour . • $9l O

FINANCIALAID

Several forms of financial aid are availableto law students at the University of Richmond. The Law School merit scholarship program is administered through the LawSchool; need-based grants and loans areadministered by the University's FinancialAid Office . Scholarships and grants are awarded to incoming students. Students receiving the m for the first year may receive themagain for the second a nd third year. Itisunlikely that other students will receive themfor th e second or third year.

Need-Based Financial Aid

Applicants for n ee d-bas e d financial aid mustcomple te both the Free Application forFedera l Student Aid (FAFSA) and the University of Richmond's Financial Aid Supplementa l Application. Prospective students(includ ing transfers) should mail the FAFSAby mid-Fe bruary to ensure receipt atthe app lication processor no later than theFebruary 25 deadline date. (* The deadlinefor financ ial aid applications for returningstudents is May 1.)

Specific information regarding programs, eligib ility , and application procedurescan be obtained from:

Financ ial Aid Office

Bnmet Me morial Hall

University ofRichmond, VA 23173 (B04)289-8438

Grants

The U · nive rsity of Richmond awards grants , Within available resources to law Sludentsw ho can demonstrate substantial need In dd· I G. · a 1t1on, t 1e Virginia Tuition t tant(TAG) program provides aid to full- tmeVir s h g m ia residents attending private c 00 1s m Virginia.

Loans

Loan programs are available through a variety of sources to help students finance their law school education. Private sources include the Law Access Loans and Law Student Loans . Loan programs from federal sources includ e the Perkins Loan and the Federal Direct Loan. Applications for these loans typically requir e the completion of the FAFSAplus separate loan applications.

Generally, to be considered for needbased aid , an applicant must be a U.S. citizen, must b e enro lled or accepted for enrollment on a full-time basis in a degree or ce rtificate program, and must demonstrate financial need. Eligibility for need-based fin a ncial aid is re-evaluated annually based upon completion of the financial aid application. In addition , to receive assistance from a ny of the need-based financial aid programs at th e University of Richmond, or from th e Direct Uns ubsidized Loan , students must maint ain satisfactory academic progress towards th e completion of degree requirements. An evaluation of progress is made at th e end of each academic year, including an analysis of earned credit hours and grade point average. Students not making satisfactory academic progress will be ineligible for further financial assistance until the deficit is made up. Waivers of these requirements may be granted for special circumstances upon appeal to the Director of Financial Aid.

The standards of academic progress outlined here are solely for the purpose of evaluating eligibility to continue recei ving need-based financial aid. They do not replace or modify academic standards required for continued enrollment at the University of Richmond.

Law students must meet the following minimum standards:

Law students are not eligible for financial aid after six semesters of enrollment (including enrollment at law schools other than the University of Richmond).

Veterans Benefits

Students eligible to receive educational benefits under Veterans Readjustment Acts, or other laws for veterans , active service persons , children , wives or widows of deceased or dis a bl e d veterans , must submit applications to the Veterans Administration (VA) prior to registration. Certificates of eligibility received from the VA must be presented to the Veterans Administration Coordinator in the Office of the University Registrar.

Scholarships

Scholarships awarded by the University of Richmond include the following:

Law School Merit Scholarships

The Law School awards a limited number of scholarship grants on the basis of character , leadership, scholastic attainment and capacity for law study. Applicatio~ forms may be obtained from:

Director of Admissions

Un~vers~tyof Richmond School of Law University of Richmond , VA 23173

John Marshall Scholars Program

Established as a result of a generous bequest by Joseph Dickerson, a member of

the Class of 1932, the John Marshall Scholars Program will become effective in the 1998-99 academic year. Merit scholarships of $10,000 each are awarded to a number of incoming students each y e ar. The scholarship is renewed automaticall y each year provided the recipient ranks in the top third of his or her class. John Marsh all Scholars are chosen by a blue-ribbon p anel of Virginia Supreme Court justi ces an d prominent alumni, and are invited to p articipate in a specially designed semin ar during the course of the academic year.

Endowed Law Scholars hip s

The E. Ballard Baker Scholar s hip

Established by alumni and friends in memory of Judge E. Ball a rd Baker, an alumnus of Richmond College and the Law School who was a widely res p ected jurist and the first Chief Judge of th e Court of Appeals of Virginia

The Mary Russell and James H. Barnett, Jr. Memorial Schola rshi p Alumni and friends of Mary Russell and James H. Barnett, Jr. have fu n ded this scholarship in their memory. Mr. Barnett was a distinguished teacher and scholar who served the Law School for n early half a century.

The W. Richard Broaddus, Jr. Scholarship

Established as a result of a g ene rous bequest by W. Richard Broaddus, Jr ., a member of the Class of 1921.

The Thomas P. Bryan,Jr. Memorial Scholarship

Established by the Windsor Foundation in memory of Thomas p Bryan , one of its trustees , and a member of the Class of 1947.

The Cantor and Cantor Scho l arshiP Endowed by the Richmond firm of Cantor and Cantor.

TheFred A. Crowder Memorial Scholars hip

Estab lished by Mrs. Fred A. Crowder and daughters. Mr. Crowder was a member of theClass o f 1949 .

TheWilliam S. Cudlipp, Jr.

Scho l ars hip

Establ is hed in 1996 by William S. Cudlip p, J r. , a 1931 graduate of the Law School and a member of its adjunct faculty formany yea rs.

TheJo hn N. Dalton Memorial Scholars hip

Estab lished by the University's Board of Trustees in memory of their former colleague, J o hn N. Dalton, who served as the Governor o f Virginia .

TheCarle E. Davis Scholarship

Establi sh e d by his friends in honor of Carle E. Dav is , a long-time member of the LawScho o l fa culty , Secretary of the UniversityBoard o f Trustees , alumnus , and prominent attorne y.

TheJean G. and Joseph B. Dickerson Scholars hip

Establish e d in 1997 through the estate of JosephB. D ickerson, a 1932 graduate of the LawScho o l. Mr. Dickerson had a long career with the F .B.I.

TheM. Ray Doubles Scholarship

Established in honor of M. Ray Doubles , former de an and faculty member of the University of Richmond School of Law, who faithfully se rved the Law School as an able administra tor and prominent scholar, and spent ma ny years as a respected jurist.

TheTho mas A. Edmonds

Scholars hip

Estab lished by members of the Alumni Association and others in honor of Thomas A. Edmo n ds , a former Dean of the Law School.

TheWilliam Meade Fletcher Metn.orial Scholarship

Establis hed by James W. Fletcher in memory o f his father, William Meade

Fletcher , author of the highly respected treatise on corporate law , Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations.

The Barry N. Frank Scholarship

Established by Mrs. Honey H. Frank in honor of her son Barry, a member of the Class of 1977.

The Warren B. "Chip" French m Scholarship

Established by the Student Bar Association in memory of Warren B. "Chip " French III , a member of the Class of 1981.

The Ralph M. Goldstein Law Scholarship

Established in 1995 by Ralph M. Goldstein , a 1964 graduate of the Law School and his son , Irving B. (Chip) Goldstein , a 1994 graduate of the Law School , both of whom practice law in a firm in Newport News , Va .

The Virgil R. Goode and Mildred E. Goode Scholarship

Established in 1993 through the estate of Mildred E. Goode, for students demonstrating financial need .

The Charles T. Gray Scholarship

Established by the Hon. Frederick T. Gray in memory of his brother.

The Edward W. Hudgins Memorial Scholarship

Established in 1976 by Edward M Hudgins in memory of his father , an alumnus of the Law School and a trustee of the University of Richmond , who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia, 1947-58.

The Nina R. Kestin Scholarship

Established by her family , colleagues , and friends in memory of Nina R. "Ricki " Kestin, a respected member of the Law School faculty, 1976-89.

The Harry L. Lantz Scholarship

Established by Harry L. Lantz , a member of the Class of 1943.

The Law School Class of 1958 Scholarship

Established by members of the Class of 1958.

Life Insurance Company of Virginia Scholarship

Established in 1972, this scholarship is provided through the benevolence of the Life Insurance Company of Virginia.

The Mary Coding McCrea Scholarship

Established by the McCrea Foundation in memory of its benefactor, Mary Coding McCrea.

The McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe Scholarship

An annual scholarship award is made possible through an endowment given by the Richmond law firm of McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe .

The William T. Muse Memorial Scholarship

Established in memory of William T. Muse, a distinguished member of the law faculty and dean for 24 years .

The Elis Olsson Memorial Foundation Scholarship

Established to assist worthy students to obtain their legal education.

The Thomas P. Parsley Memorial Scholarship

Established by his wife in memory of Thomas P. Parsley, a member of the Class of 1929.

The E.R. Patterson Scholarship

Established by E.R. Patterson, founder and former president of Richmond Tire & Rubber Co.

The Carl R. Pigeon Scholarship

Established in 1997 by Mrs. Gail Pigeon in memory of her husband , Carl, a 1965 graduate of the Law School and a former attorney in Hopewell , Va.

The Theodora A. Randolph Scholarship

Established by Mrs. Randolp h to assist worthy students in the pursuit of their legal education.

The James D. Rowe Memori al Scholarship

Established by his friends in memory of James D. Rowe, a member of the Class of 1955.

The Charles E. Schelin Scho la rship

Established by Mrs. Charles E. Schelinin memory of her husb and, a mem ber of the Class of 1972.

The Sheppard Endowment Scholarship

Established by an anonymou s alumnus and the Lawrence B. Sheppard Foundation.

The J. Westwood Smithers Scholarship

Established by his family and friends in memory of]. Westwood Smithers, a longtime member of the Law School faculty

The Harold F. Snead Memo rial Scholarship

Established in memory of Harold F. Snead, the former Chief Justice o f the Supreme Court of Virginia and a member of the Class of 1929.

The Beecher E. Stallard Sch ola rship

Established to honor Beecher E. Stallard , a 1931 graduate of the University of Richmond Schoo l of Law and form er member of the Virginia House of Deleg ates.

The Sturgill & Sturgill Schola rship

Endowed by the firm of Sturgill & Sturgill Norton Virginia to assist students ' ' ' from southwest Virginia.

Jean Morris Tarpley Scholar shi p

Established by the Class of 1957 as a twenty-fifth reunion gift in hon or of Jean Morris Tarpley, the Law School 's Director of Admissions.

TheEliz abeth N. Tompkins

Memori al Scholarship

Estab lished by Westhampton College alumnae in memory of Elizabeth N. Tompkins to be awarded to an entering law student w h o is a graduate of Westhampton College .

TheVirginia District Court Judges' Scho l ars hip

Establish e d by the Law School's alumni whoare Virginia District Court judges .

TheA.D . Williams Law Scholarships

Award e d to entering or returning students of u nusual ability.

TheWill ard I. Walker Scholarship

Establi s h e d by students , alumni , and friend s in memory of Judge Willard I. Walker, a p rominent member of the Richmond be nc h , and an instructor of trial advocac y at th e Law Sc hool.

Young Lawyers Section of the Richmo n d Bar Association Scholarship

Establish e d by the Young Lawyers Section of the Richmond Bar Association to aid students fro m Richmond and the surroundingcount ies.

Annually Funded Scholarships

Scholarship awards are made from funds annually p rovided by the following law firms , corpo rations , groups , and individuals

Edward D Barnes , Chesterfie ld , Va.

Barnes & Barnes , Chatham , NJ.

Christian, Barton, Epps , Brent & Chappell , Richmon d , Va.

Davis , Dav is Davis & Rice Rocky Mo~nt, va'. '

Florance, Gordon & Brown Richmo nd, Va '

Gentry, Locke , Rakes & Moore, Roano ke, Va.

Gillespie , Hart , Altizer & Whitesell, Tazewell , Va

Melineze V . Godbee Memorial Scholarship

Hirschler , Fleischer, Weinberg, Cox & Allen, Richmond , Va.

Hunton & Williams , Richmond , Va.

Law School Association , Richmond, Va

Mezzullo & Mccandlish, Richmond, Va.

Moody , Strople & Kloeppel , Ltd., Portsmouth, Va.

Morris & Morris , Richmond, Va.

Parker , Pollard & Brown , Richmond, Va .

Pretlow , Eason & Pretlow , Suffolk, Va.

Tuck , Peterson , Porfiri & Allen, Richmond , Va

Virginia Circuit Court Judg es Williams, Mullen , Christian & Dobbins, Richmond , Va.

Ebb H. Williams III, Martinsville, Va

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

The Law Review

The University of Richmond Law Review is a legal periodical published four times a year by a student staff under general supervision of a board and a faculty advisor. The Law Review presents the results of scholarly analysis of legal issues. Articles are written by law professors , judges , and practicing lawyers. Notes and comments on recent decisions and statutes are prepared by students. Membership on the Law Review is one of the highest honors attainab le by a student. This work affords students valuable training in research , analysis, and writing. In the opinion of many , this experience provides some of the best training the school has to offer.

McNeill Law Society

The McNeil! Law Society is named in memory of Walter Scott McNeil!, beloved professor in the school from 1905 to 1930. Membership is limited to students who rank in the top ten percent of their class.

Student Bar Association

The Student Bar Association is the Law School 's student government. The Student Bar Association president, vice president, secretary, and tre asurer are elected by the entire student body. The Student Council , the decision-making body of the Student Bar Association , is composed of these officers and two circuit representatives from each class in the Law School. The Student Bar Association is designed to assist law students in a variety of ways. It sponsors various activities and projects, including first-year orientation , a speaker 's program, and other social events throughout the year.

Other Student Organiza ti on s

There are numerous other stud ent organizations. The Moot Court Board and Client Counseling and Negotiation Board administer the competitions des cribe d on page 19.

Two professional legal fratern ities, Phi Alpha Delta and Delta Theta Phi, sponsor a variety of programs on subjects of professional interest. The legal fratern ities occasion a lly host certain socia l event s. In addition , at the Law School there is a chapter of The Black Law Student Association (BALSA);a Women 's Law Students A5sociation ; the Jewish Law Students Association; a Multi-Ethnic Law Students Association (MLSA); chapters of the National Lawyers Guild and the Federalist Society; a Health Care Law Forum; Environment al LawSociety; the Virginia Trial Lawyers Association; Christian Legal Society; a Publi c Interest Law Association (PILA);a Criminal Lawand Justice Society ; a Law and Tech n ology Association; a Rutherford Institu te; and a Sports Law Society. Students h ave the opportunity to participate in Moot Court and Clien t Counseling and Negotiation competitions. They may also particip ate in the Journal of Law and Technolo gy and the Richmond Journal of Law and Pu blicInterest.

Awards

The Charles T. Norman Medal is given annua lly to the best all-around Jaw graduate as determined by the law faculty.

The J. Westwood Smith ers Medal was established in honor of Professo; Emeritus]. Westwood Smithers wh o retire in 1979 after more than 40 year s of servic~ to the University of Richmond Law Schoo·

TheSmithers Medal honors the member of thegradua ting class who has the highest cumulative grade point average.

The Williams. Cudlipp,Jr. Medal , established in honor of Professor Emeritus Willia m S. Cudlipp , Jr., is awarded to the student w ho has the highest cumulative gradepoint average at the end of the secondyear of law school.

The Ce nter for Computer-Assisted LegalIns truction (CALI) awards certificatesto the students in each class whom thefaculty deem to have made the most significant contribution to legal scholarship.

The Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Com pa ny, Bancroft-Whitney Companyawards credit vouchers and certifi-

cates of such awards to the students earning the highest grades in specified law school courses.

The International Academy of Trial Lawyers Student Advocacy Award is awarded annually to the senior law student who has distinguished himself or herself in the field of trial advocacy

The Virginia Trial Lawyers Association Advocacy Award is a cash prize which is given to a student who has distinguished himself or herself in courses having a significant litigation orientation.

The National Association of Women Lawyers Award is given by the faculty for academic potential and ac hievement in the advancement of women in society.

CURRICULUM

First-Year Courses

The following courses totaling 30 semesterhours are prescribed:

CivilProcedure. (515) Introduction , with emphasis onfederal law, to rules governing jurisdiction , venue, serviceof process, pleadings, joinder, discovery, summaryadjudicatio n , trial , judgments , direct and collateralattack o n judgments, appellate procedure , and choiceof law in civil litigation. 4 sem. hrs.

Constitution al Law. (503) Introduction to constitutionalprob le ms, including problems relating to the definin g and raising of constitutiona l questions; the federalsystem; and an introduction to judicial protectionof individua l liberti es Emphasis on parts of the Constitution most frequently involved in litigation. 4 sem.hrs.

Contracts . (5 13) Basic elements of contract law. Stresson the ag ree m e nt process, i.e , offer and acceptance , considerat ion , and s ubstitutes for consideration. Avoidance of con tra ct ual obligations, conditions, performance an d breach of contracts are examined as are discharge of con tractual duties and remedies. Thirdpartybeneficiaries, ass ignments, and illegal contracts maybe exa min e d. The Uniform Commercial Code andthe Restate ment are emphasized throughout. 4 sem.hrs.

Criminal Law. (506) Sources of crimina l law ; constitutional limitatio ns on power to create and define crimes; elements of c rimes; conduct, mental state, causation ; specific offenses, including homicide s, sex offenses , larceny, a nd other property offenses; def e nses ofmistakes, infancy, compulsion, intoxication , insa nity;attempt; so licitation ; conspiracy; accessoryship. 3 sem.hrs.

Enviro nm en tal Law. (520) Us ing environmenta l lawas the ve hicle, an introduction to the dynamics of regulatory and statutory law. Cons id ers the ways in Whichvarious lega l institutions - legislatures, admin1strativ e age ncies, and the courts - respond to e nvironmental issues. 3 sem. hrs.

Liwyering Skills 1-11.(517-518) Innovativ e program introducing first- and seco nd-year law students to essentiallawyering s kills including legal analysis, writing,research , interv iewing , counseling, negotiation , draft• rng, and trial a nd appellate advocacy. 2-2 sem. hrs.

Property (51 6) Introduction to property laws, with emphasi s o n the concepts of title and possession of Personala nd rea l property; finders and bailments;

rights and remedies of the possessor; donative transact ions; rights of the bona fide purchaser; historical background of real property law; estates in land; concurrent ownership; conveyancing and future interests after the Statute of Uses; Statute of Frauds; cont racts , deeds and mortgages in the sale of land; recordation and title examination; covenants, easements, and licenses in the use of land. 4 sem. hrs.

Torts. (514) Liability for personal injuries and injuries to property. Includes analysis of vario u s intentional tort theories, the concepts of negligence and strict liability, and the privileges and defenses which may apply to actions brought in tort. May include treatment of one or more special or eme rging areas such as products liability, misrepr ese ntation , privacy, defamation , misuse of legal procedures, or interfere nce with advantageous relationships. 4 sem. hrs.

Required Upper-Level Courses

The following upper-level courses totaling 6 semester hours are prescribed:

Lawyering Skills ill-IV. (598-599) Continuation of the innovative program begun in the first yea r , introducing students to essential lawyering skills including legal ana lysis, writing, research , interviewing , counseling, negotiation , drafting , and trial and appe lla te advocacy. Lawyering Skills III-IV must be taken during the second year. 2-2 sem. hrs.

Professional Responsibility. (605) Ethica l standards of the legal prof ess ion , including judicial ethics and unauthorized practice. 2 sem. hrs.

In addition to these courses, students must successfully complete a writing requirement as stated on page 30. The courses through which this requirement can be satisfied are included in the following list. The notation Meets third-year writing requirement appears after the description of some of these courses. Other courses will occasionally be structured in a format so as to meet the requirement. The list of courses offered, published each year by the Law School, indicates all the courses offered that year through which this requirement can be satisfied.

Second-or Third-Year Elective Courses

Administrative Law. (607) Survey of the nature, purpose and functions of federal and state admin istrative agencies. Coverage includes an analysis of procedures and practices before such agenc ies, enforcement of agency decisions, judici a l review and con tro l of agency use of governmental power. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Admiralty. (608) Law of maritime commerce, of ships, seamen , and cargo. An introduction to the special federal system of admiralty practice , followed by examination of the laws governing marine transportation, ocean pollution, and indu stria l accidents to crew members and harbor workers. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Advanced Constitutional Law. (609) Individual rights, particulary issues in the First,Thirteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments not covered in the basic course. Topics include reapportionment , religion , obscenity , government investigation, the right to know , commercial speech , libel, and inadequacies in the Supreme Court to protect rights. 3 sem. hrs.

Advanced Family Law Seminar. (703) Through the medium of hypothetical clients, se lected fami ly law issues, from courtship through divorce, will be analyzed in detail. Role playing and guest lecturers will be utilized. Subm ission of a substantial research paper and oral presentation are required. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Advanced Real Estate Transactions. (611) Surveys modern real es tate transactions, such as condomin iums , cooperatives, sales and leasebacks, leasehold mortgages , FHA and VA financing, tax consequences , title insurance, construction loan agreements, and shopping center leases. 3 sem. hrs.

Advanced Torts. (659) Covers one or more spec ialized topics that cannot be covered in the basic Torts course. The topics include injuries to trade relations, like tortious interference with contractual rights, misappropriat ion of trade secrets, and unfair competition or interference with dignitary interests such as defamation , privacy, or publicity rights. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Advanced Trial Practice. (632) Refines and builds on the skills covered in Trial Practice o r Lawyering Skills by using more complex civ il and cr imin a l problems, and files developed by the National Institute for Trial Advocacy for training the more experienced trial advocate. Special emp ha sis on the development of a case theory and the choosing of an appropriate case theme for the more complex case. Covers use of demonstrative evidence, including photographs, charts, white boards , overheads, videos , and computer simula tion s Enrollment limited. Prerequisite: Lawye ring Skills Ill (598). 3 sem. hrs.

Agency and Partnership. (612) Agen cy relationships; contractual liability of principals (disclosed and undisclosed), agents and third parties ; authorityand ratification; termination of agency; tort liab ilityin master-servant relationships; partnership: creation, rights and duties of partners, dissolution of p artnerships;fi duciary duties of agents. 2 sem. hrs.

Alternate Dispute Resolution. (610) Development of sk ills in certain dispute resolution tech niques, including negotiation, arbitration, mediati on , and minitrials. Enro llment limited 2-3 sem. hrs.

American Judicial Biography. (638) Examinesthe lives of prominent jurists to see how th e ir p ersonal experiences informed their careers as jurists and their judicial philosophies. Among the individu als studiedare Holmes , Black , Frankfurter , Brandei s, Traynor, and Learned Hand. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third- ye ar wri ting requirement.

American Legal History. (620) Topi cs central tothe development of American law, from the seventeenth through the twentieth century , includin g receptionof Eng lish law , evo luti on of the legal prof ession and lega l education, schoo ls of historical scholarship, and origins of selected legal doctrines. 2 sem. hrs.

Antitrust. (613) Control of private econ omic power in the United States, focusing on the law regarding monopolies , mergers, and restrictive b usiness practices as regulated by theSherman and Clayton acts. Some attention to other federal antitru st legislation such as the Federal Trade Commission Act and state antitrust enforcement. 3 sem. hrs.

Bankruptcy. (704) Liquidation and reo rganization proceedings under the federal Bankru ptcy Code.3 sem. hrs.

Bioethics. (717) Seminar with primary focus on bioethical legal issues that confront soci ety today Among topics to be considered: distinctions , if any, between ethica l and legal issues; philosophical mod els for ana· lyzing bioethical issues, including deont ological mod· els (ru les and rights), theological mod e ls (utilitanan, economic), and models of care; inform ed consent and autonomy versus utility debate; geneti c enginenng; shortages of organ supply; termination of life support; quality of life issues; beginning care an d infants; co5I issues including how much to treat , an d the coS t of techn~logy versus other societal valu es. 2 sem hrs.

Meets third-year writing requiremen t.

Business Planning. (668) Transaction a l course ana~ lyzing corpora te , tax, secur ities, financ e, antitruS t , an accounting aspects o f s ignifi cant corp ora te even_ 15 · Transactions in wh ich th ese issues are examined in· . . d" tnbU· elude corporate organizations, fmancm gs, is_. ns tions and recapitulations, liquidations , acqwsrtro • "t Basic and mergers. Enrollment limited. Prerequ isi e. Tax, Corporations (602). 2-3 sem. hrs.

Capital Murde r litigation. (736) Important issues arising in th e trial of death penalty cases, including constitutional and statutory challenges , punishable offenses, mitigation, and juty selection. 2 sem. hrs.

Children and the Law. (616) Developments in handling juve n ile problems. Emphasis on procedural ramifications of recent court and legislative attempts toreform the juvenile justice system , and emerging issuesin legal e nforcement of children 's rights. 3 sem. hrs.

CivilPlacementP rogram. (750) Placements made ina variety o f legal offices dealing with civil matters such as lega l aid organizations and environmenta l foundations. Two hour classroom component required. Gra ded pass-fail. See Director of Clinical Placement Program for more details. 4-6 sem. hrs.

Commerc ial Paper and Payment Systems. (618) Lawrelating to negotiable instruments, bank deposits andcollectio ns , and electronic money transfers , with emphasis o n Articles 3 , 4 , and 4A of the Uniform CommercialCode, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, andRegulatio n CC. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Comparative Constitutional Law. (727) Conside rs various constitutional models. Students in teams will draftcomplete constitutions and sets of commentary. 2semhrs. Meets third-year writing requirement

Comparative Law. (714) Overview of procedural andsubstantive principles of civil, Islamic and social1st legal trad itions. Attention to historical underpinnmgs of traditions and to law making and judicial inst1tut1ons w ithin legal systems as well as to the principle s of law. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Compute r Law. (759) This course deals with issues inthe age o f cyberspace concerning int e llectua l propertynghts, pr ivacy in e lectron ic commun icat ions, digital defamatio n , and freedom of speech in electronic transmissions . 2 sem. hrs.

~omparative Public Law of the U.S. and U.K. ( 94)(Offere d on ly m the Cambridge University Program.) Examines and compares underlying principles ofconstitutional and administrative law in the U.S. a nd the U.K.2 se m. hrs.

Conflict o f Laws. (621) Law relating to acts and transactions in which any operative fact occurs outsidethe state where legal proceedings are instituted orwh· h · ' Th ic involve other significant extrastate e lements. d e theoret ical bases of conflict of laws including tra1t1onala d d ' n mo em approaches to choice of law are covered3 se m. hrs. '

~ns truction Law. (617) Issues peculiar to construc/°n projects from the perspective of the various paricipants, including developer contractor architect andJ ' ' tech ende r a nd on dispute avoidance and resolution niques . Includes negotiation and drafting of consttuction-related contracts. 2 sem. hrs.

Consumer Protection. (622) Survey of private and public law protection afforded consumers, beginning with an analysis of the common law tort of deception and extending through most areas of public regulation, including those policed by the Federal Trade Commission. Emphasis on application of federal statutes such as the Consumer Credit Protection Act and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act. Excludes product liability concepts. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Contract Drafting Seminar. (721) Course engages students in transaction ana lysis, including identifying client (and third party) objectives, parties' areas of agreement or disagreement, and providing contingency planning in the event of disputes regarding the parties ' rights and duties. Students structure agreements , plan for possibl e disputes, predict how parties behave, and seek appropriate clarity of language. Enro llment limited. 2 sem. hrs.

Contract Theory. (711) Analysis of leading traditional and modern theories of contractual relationship s . Exploration of effect of these theories on major contract rules such as those regarding contract formation, construction of contract terms, and remedies. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Corporate Finance. (689) Advanced corporate course designed to develop awareness of the range of legal issues involved in public and private funding of activities of a corporation. Prerequisite: Corporations (602). 3 sem. hrs.

Corporate Reorganization. (705) Study of corporate mergers , acquisitions, and recapitalization of insolvent corporations , including issues related to taxation , securities regulation , accounting , and creditor 's rights. Prerequisite: Corporations (602). 2-3 sem. hrs.

Corporate Taxation. (623) Income taxation of corporations and their shareholders under the Internal Revenue Code. Topics include classification of the business entity , formation of a corporation and transfer of property to an exis ting corporation, distributions , redemptions , stock dividends, and liquidations. Prerequisite: Federal Income Taxation (601). 3 sem hrs.

Corporations. (602) Organization and promotion of corporations , distribution of power between managers and shareholders , fiduc iary obligations of managers to corporation andshareholders, and of shareho lders among themselves; control of insider trading and profit taking, mergers , means of protecting shareholder rights through derivative suits and appra isal remedies , capital structure, dividends and other corporat e distributions ; special problems of close corporations. 4 sem. hrs.

Creditor's Rights. (624) Problems and remedies in debtor-creditor relationship, w ith emphas is on remedies available under state law. Topics include en-

forcem e nt of judgments , garnishment , attachment , exemptions, fraudulent conveyances, compositions, and assignments for the benefit of cred itors. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Criminal Placement Program. (751) Plac e me nts made in variety of legal offices dealing with criminal matters such as the Commonw ea lth Attorney and the Public Def e nder. Two-hour clas s room component required. Graded pass-fail. See Director of Clinical Placement Program for more d e ta ils. 4-6 sem hrs.

Criminal Procedure. (603) Important problems and cases in area of due process of law in criminal prosecutions, including the topic s of arrest , search an d seizure, electronic eavesdropping , rig ht to counsel , police interrogations and confessions, and fair trial/fr ee press. 3 sem. hrs.

Criminal Process. (625) Fe d e ral and Virginia procedures at various stages o f a c riminal pro sec uti o n , including bail, preliminary h ea ring s, indictm e nts, di scovery, speedy trial, doubl e jeo p a rdy, plea bargaining , jury se lect ion , ve nu e , and jurisdiction. 2 sem. hrs.

Education Law. (627) Lega l iss u es s urrounding ed ucation in grades K through 12 , including compu lsory schooling, u se of tax credits a nd other m ea n s of financing educa tion, religio n in th e sc hool s, tex tb ook rev iew, freedom of expression issues, due process a nd discipline, a nd com peten cy role in ed u ca tio n. 2 sem. hrs.

Elder Law. (619) Legal iss u es in advising e lderly clients, including powers of attorney, living wills, adva nce med ica l directives , inter v ivos tru sts, Uniform Custodial Trust Act, Social Secu rity , Medicare a nd other h ea lth-re lated matt ers , Sup pl e m e nt a l Security Incom e, Medicaid, plannin g to avoid lo ss of assets in the eve nt of lo ng-term illness, a nd problem s o f lega l incompetency. Prerequisit e: Wills and Tru sts I (606) 2sem. hrs.

Employee Benefits and Deferred Compensation. (630) (Offered irregularly.) Intr o du ction to federal tax and labor laws relat ing to te design, operation , termination , and distr ibution of benefits from qu a lifie d a nd non-qualified e mploye e welfare and ben e fit plans, such as profit-sharing, mon ey purchase, d e fined b e nefit, e mpl oyee s tock bonus a nd s tock ownership plan s; a nd federa l tax laws re lating to stock opt ion an d deferred compensa tion plans. 2 sem. hrs.

Employment Discrimination Law. (628) Analysis of theori es und e rlying e mployment discrimination law. Exa min a tion of the va rio us sta tute s pr o hibiting disc rimin at ion in e mplo yment , including Title VII o f the Civil Rights Act o f 1964, Age Discrimination in Empl oy m e nt Act, Americans w ith Di sa biliti es Act Civil Rights Act of 1866 , and the judicial inte rpr e ta tio ~ of tho se statut es . 3 sem. h rs.

The Employment Relation. (629) Analys is of s tatutrny and co mmon law reg ulation of the e mplo ym e nt

relation s hip , including e mpl oye r testing and information gathering, wag e and h o ur regul ati on, OSHA , workers co mpensation , wrongful dischar ge and other common law actions c hall e nging di sch arge, unemploym e nt co mpensation , and ERlSA.Considerationof what role th e law shou ld p lay in va riou s aspects of the e mploym e nt rel a tion s hip. 3 sem. hrs.

Energy Law. (666) (Offered irreg ularly.) This course exa min es th e s tatutory sc he m es for d evel opment and contro l of fossil and non -foss il fuel altern atives (including renewable pow e r , e n e rgy efficiency and energy co nserva tion) , regulat ory reform and competition in th e e lectr ic utility indu stry , and the imp act of environmental, sa fety and eco n om ic regu lation on the ene rgy indu stry. 2 sem. hrs.

Entertainment Law. (700) Iss u es of law and policy affecting the enterta inm e nt indu stry. 2 sem hrs.

EnvironmentaL Law: Coastal Zone Management Seminar. (673) Examines the co nflicts in resourceallocati o n w ithin the coas ta l zo n e Enrollment limited. 2sem. hrs.

Environmental Law: Control of Water Resou rces. (601) Thi s class addresses the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)-its stru ctur e, regulations, amendments , and economic implication s. 2 sem.hrs. Environmental Dispute Resolution . ( 724) This course focuses on th e u se of a lte rnati ve d ispute resolution (ADR) tec hniqu es , s u c h as m ediation, negotiated rule m aking, and arbitration, in re so lving environm e nt a l disputes. Rev iew o f perspective s on dispute resolution. Emphasis is o n ADR ex p e rienc e with proble m s a rising under state a nd federal statutes governing th e disposal of so lid a nd h aza rd ou s waste, such as recy clin g and siting of was te disposal facilities . Enro llment limite d. 2 sem. hrs.

Environmental Law: Implementi n g Public Policy. (715) Students familiarize th em se lves witha major federal e nv ironm e nt a l s tatu te at various stages: per ce ived public n ee d , ea rly leg islative proposals, drafting , e n ac tm e nt , reg ulation , impl emen tation,judic ial int e rpr e tation , and reauthor izat ion. 2-3 sem. hrs

Environmental Law: Environment al Jurisprudence. (697) Contempora1y e n vironm en tal problems and lega l, political, legis lat ive , and admin istrativeres pon ses to them, including the lawy er's role as poli cym a ke r as opposed to advocate or counselor. Theory a nd underlying poli cy of the systems for environmental risk ass ess m e nt a nd balan cing are cons ide red Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs. Me ets tbi rdyear writing requirement.

Environmental Law: Litigation an d Practice. (671) Iss u es treated includ e co un se ling o f clients 10 permittin g and regulatory re quirement s, p reparation for form a l and informal agency proceedin gs, achntnistrative h ea ring practi ce a nd building a record, ap-

pealsof age ncy decisions , problems of compliance andenforceme nt by administrative and judicial action. 2sem . hrs.

Environme ntal Law : Solid Waste and Toxic Material . (69 9) Focus primarily on two federal statutes-t he Resource Conservation and Reco very Act (RCRA ) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compe nsation and Liability Act (CERCLA),as wellas leading judicial interpr eta tions of th e acts. In addition, comp lementary state law examined. 2 sem. hrs.

Estateand Gift Taxation. (633) Taxes imposed on testamentary and inter vivos transfers, intricac ies of the grossestate, the marital eduction, probl ems of joint ownership,gra nter tru sts und e r subpart E of the InternalRevenue Code, problems in valuation. 2 sem. hrs.

EstatePlanning (634) Analysis of a sse ts for dispositionin estate planning, es tat e plan by operation of law , revocable inter vivos trusts as an instrument in theestate p lan, irrevo ca ble inte r vivos tru s ts as an instrumentin the estate plan , non-trust gifts, disposition oflife insurance, employee and soc ia l security benefits,the w ill as an instrum e nt in the estate plan , maritaldeduction, use of pow e rs of appointment, charitabledispositions, methods of minimizing income and estatetaxes w hile accomplishing desired res ults for objectsof bo u nty , pr e par a tion of instruments involved inestate plann ing. Prerequisite: Estate and G ift Taxation(633).2 sem. hrs.

Evidence. ( 599) Rules of admissibility of evidence, including conce pts of rel eva ncy, hear say, direct examination, cros s-examination, impea c hment, and privileges.4 sem. hrs.

FamilyLaw (707) Legal prob lems involved in the fonmationand dissolution of marriage, and welfare of children,includi ng nonmarital and premarital agreements,illegitimacy and paternity, marriage , divorce andannulment, marital support and prop e rty rights , abortion, co ntraception and artificia l conception, intrafamily torts and domestic violence, adopt ion, spousaland child support, ch ild custody, divis ions of maritalprope rty, and separation agreements. 3 sem. hrs

FederalInco me Taxation . ( 600) Basic provisions of th e Internal Revenue Code , including problems concerning determination of gross income, the allowance ofdeductions and credits , methods of accounting , deferraland the time value of money , debt-financed propertytransac tions , and concepts of capital gains andlosses. 4 sem. hrs.

FederalJurisdiction. ( 636) Jurisdiction of the federalcourtsove r cases and controvers ies within limitalionsof the "federa l question"; divers ity of citizenship, amountin co ntroversy , and removal statutes; federal

judi c ial control over state administrative and judicia l proceedings , including direct federal review , inju nctions a nd abstention, and habeas corpus; and choice of law in federal courts . 3 sem. hrs.

Fiduciary Administration. (663) (Offered irregularly ) Covers probate administration and the drafting and administration of trusts. 2 sem. hrs.

First Amendment Law. ( 676) Focuses on the scope of freedoms of speech, press, religion , and assemb ly and the protection they offer from government in terference. Views of these liberties contemporaneous with ratification of the First Amendment are examined, as are th eo ries contributing to subsequent deve lopment of re lated Constitutional doctrine. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Franchising and Distribution Law. (734) Applies principl es derived from contract and tort law, ant itrust, securities regulation, administrative law, trademark and lice n s ing law , to study methods and regulation of franchi s ing and distribution. 2 sem hrs.

Government Contracts. (639) Survey of governm e nt pro curement law , with emphasis on unique features of government contracts, rules and practices re lative to contracts betw ee ngovemment and pr ivate parties , me thods available to obtain legal relief in contract award dispute s, lega l problems that most frequently a rise during performance of gov e rnment contracts. 2 sem. hrs.

Health Care Law. {680) Selected issues in the hea lth care d e livery system, including health care p lanning, certificate of need proc ed ures , Medicare-Medicaid reimbur se ment , and malpra ct ice. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Human Rights Seminar. (667) A general introduction to international human rights. Issues covered include nature of concept of human rights, origin and dev e lopment of th e Internationa l Bill of Rights, thematic procedures available for protection of human rights in th e United Nations, standards and methods for inte rnational fact finding on human rights, cultural relativity in human rights law , implementation of the International Covenants on Social, Economic and Cultura l Rights in the United States, the Inter-Amercan Human Rights Proce ss, and the ability of the United States to impact human rights in third world countries. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Immigration Law. (758) Explores the philosophical foundations of immigration law, admission and exclusion, depottation and relief from deportation , refugees and asylum law. 2 sem. hrs.

Insurance Law. (640) Meaning of insurance and its historical development ; framework of insurance industry within the scope of government regulation ; insurance contract interpretation; warranties, representat ions, concealment and exceptions as applied to selection and contro l of insurab le risks; waiver, estop-

pel , a nd refor mat io n ; indemnity and subrogati o n ; selecte d problems with ins ur ab le inte re st in prop erty, liability, and life ins uran ce 3 sem hrs.

Intellectual Property. (641) Introduction to th e law governing th e sec uring and ex ploitation of prop e 1ty and other rig ht s in id eas, as th ey m ay b e prot ec ted by patents, copy righ ts, trademarks, a nd th e co mm o n law. 2-3 sem. hrs.

International Business Practice. (756) Students, under s upervi s ion of faculty, work in teams with MBA students from vario u s grad u a te business sc h oo ls , to counsel actual business clients rega rding th e feasibility of prospective plans to expa nd the produ cts and serv ices o f th e clie nt int o int e rn a tion a l mark e ts. The program is offe red in co njun c tio n with th e Virginia Department of Economi c Deve lopment, and gives students firs t-hand ex p e rie n ce in d ea ling with typical intern a tional lega l problems and c hallenge s fac ing bu sine sses. See Director o f Clinica l Placement Program for more details. 4 sem. hrs.

International Business Transactions. (642) Problems in internationa l trade a nd in vestme nt ; regu la tion of international trade by n a tio n a l governments and intern at ional agencies. Emphasis on lawye r 's role in counseling firms e ngaged in international ac tiv ities. 3 sem. hrs.

International Law. (643) Basic principle s, includin g sources of int e rnati o nal law , settlement of int e rn ational dis put es, respo n sibilities and immuniti es o f sovereign states , hum a n right s, a nd the machinery of inte rnation a l law and ju stice. 3 sem . hrs.

International Taxation. (685) (O ffered irreg ul ar ly.)

Un ite d States tax law relating to foreign inco m e a nd foreign taxpayers , includin g tax aspects of U.S. corporati o ns and individuals doing bu s ine ss abroad, taxation of nonresident a lie n s a nd foreign cor por a tio n s , foreign tax cred its, a nd U.S. tax trea ties . Emph as is on interpret at ion and a pplic a tio n of U.S. income tax rules with tax planning of tran s national transaction s a lso considered. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Interviewing and Counseling. (670) In-d e pth analysis of pr e- trial lawy e ring s kills using int e rdis c iplinary mat er ials Explores interp e rso nal relation ship s, focusing on roie of at to rney in re lation to client , th e lega l system (including ot h e r a ttorn eys), and soc iety. Classroom discussion , an d de ve lopm e nt of own sk ills through weekly audio- a nd v ideota ped s imulati o ns. Enrollment limited. 2 sem hrs.

Islam, Law and Society. (653) Focus on basi c e lements of Islamic jurisp rud e nc e as articulated b y ba s ic Islamic texts. In pr ese nting and discussing the se elements , attention drawn to th e rich diver s ity of int e rpretations of th ese e lements and their corollaries that have been generated throughout the ages. Some interpretations as embodied in pr ese nt-day legal system s

w ill be critica lly eva luat ed in light of cert ain concepts w ith w hi c h s tud e nts a re familia r. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Judicial Placement Program. (752) Placements m ade in a variety of judge s' offices, includi ng stateand federa l co urt s.Two- hour classroom com ponen t required Graded pass-fail See Directo r of ClinicalPlacement Program for m o re details. 4-6 sem. hrs.

Jurisprudence. (590) Intensive stud y of selected schoo ls of lega l philo sophy , includin g attention to ana lytical jurisprudence and positive law, theoriesof jus tice, and soc io log ica l jurisprudence 2 sem. hrs

Labor Arbitration. (709) Examination of enforcement of co llec tive bargaining agrem ents through g rieva n ce a nd ar bitr a tion p rocess , including arbitratio n pro ce dur es, a rbitr a tio n decisions an d judicial enforcement o f ar bitration ag reeme nts. Concentration on development o f a rbitr a tio n sk ills. Pa rt icipation in mock a rbit ratio n s as both advocates an d arbitrators, includin g preparing for h ear in gs, pr esenting cases, wr itin g post-hearing briefs , and writin g arbitration awards. Enro llme nt limited. Prerequisit e: Labor Law (644) or Public Sector Labor Law (698) 2 sem. hrs.

Labor Law. (644) Analysis of origin an d scope of Natio n a l Labor Re latio n s Act, an d ro le of the National Labor Relations Board and the courts in interpreting th e s ta tut e. Focus o n right of e mpl oye es to organize union s, choic e of bar gai nin g rep resent ative, strikes and picketing, and n ego tiat io n a nd enfo rcement of co llec tive bargaining a gr ee me nt. 3 sem h rs.

Land Use Planning. (645) Governm e nt control of u se of land a nd e minent d oma in . Zoning , subdivision con trol , and urban r edeve lopment and planning. 3 sem. hrs.

Law and Medicine . ( 646) ( Offered irreg ularly.)Topics includ e tort liability o f th e physician ; problemsof abo rtio n , a rtificia l inse mination , vo lunta1ysterilization, a nd e uth a nasia. 2 sem. hrs.

Law Politics and Selected Topics in ConstitlJ · tional Law. (604) Examination o fselect ed topicsm co n s titutional law, us ing a se min ar form at. Precis e top ics co ve red vary from year to year. 2 sem hrs. Meets third-year writing requirem ent.

Law and Psychiatry. (647) (Offered irregularly.)

Seminar exa mining lega l iss u es int erfa cing mental h ea lth an d psychiatry. Topi cs inclu de criteria forovil com mitm e nt , testa mentary capacity , co mpetency_to sta nd trial a nd the in sa nity defense , confidentiality, t and right sex u a l psychopath law s, nght to treatm en .. to re fuse treatment, traumatic n e ur osis, and predicuon o f dangerousness. Enrollm e nt limited. 2 sem. hrs

• hp ofre·

Law and Religion. (730) Explores re lations 1 w ligion to law , including historical d eve lop ment ofl_a d M · attenuon provid e d by early relig ious co es . aJor

given to conflicts cre ated when religious codes and practices co n flict with legal authority. 2 sem. hrs. Meetsthird -year writing requirement.

Lawof the European Union . (693) Surveys institutions of the EC, and examines substantive principles ofEC law and their integration into the legal systems ofmember countries . 2 sem hrs.

LegalAccou nting_ (649) Accounting techniques, including analys is of the income statement , balance sheet,cash flow and related financial reports, including the prepara tion of notes to financial statements; alsotax accou nting , reports to stockholders , and reportsto manage ment. 2 sem. hrs.

LegalDrafting Seminar_ (650) Ana lysis and methodologyof so und le gal drafting techniques Emphasismay vary from se m e ster to semester. Assignments includedrafting of contracts , separation agreements , aniclesof incorporation , leases , wills and trusts , and somelitigation do c um e nts. Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs

LegalHistory. (592) Development of legal institutions using histo rical perspective to help understand reasons for ap parent anomalies in our lega l system, suchas distinc tions between law and equity , crime andtort, and to aid decisions of law reform. 2-3 sem. hrs.

LegalHisto ry Seminar. (712) Various topics of modernlaw are explor e d in historical perspective in orderto unders tand nature of the deve lopment of law ingeneral and of some specific area in particular. 2 sem.hrs Mee ts third-year writing requirement.

Legislation . ( 728) Overview of statutory interpretallonand creatio n of public policy through legislation. Topics include proc e dures of statute creation, role of interest groups, various competing mode ls or theories ofthe legislative process. In addition , c onsideration ofdoctrines a nd theories of interpreting statutes, including rules, presumptions, and canons of interpretallon.2-3 sem hrs.

localGovernment Law. (652) (Offered irreularly.)

Legal implications of the formation and conduct of variousUnitso f local government , addressing subjects such as anne xa tion and incorporation, municipal powers,governmental immunity Section 1983 and taxationand finance 2-3 sem. hrs'. '

Medical Malpractice. (762) Liability of physician for m1unesar" · f sh· 1smg out o the physician-patient re lat ionip.Includes coverage of standard of care causation info ' ' d rmed consent, intentional torts and recoverable amages.2 sem . hrs. '

MentalDis bill lini.

pe . a ty C c. (755) Students , under suivision of full-time member of the facu lty represent :ou l th s Withme ntal disabilit ies. Majority ;f cases ino ve rep · resenting children and parents seeking ap-

propriate special education and community based services as mandated by both federal and state law. Students also represent youth with mental disabilities in criminal matters as well as civil matters s uch as acting as guardian-ad-litem for foster care review matters. 6 sem. hrs.

Military Law. (683) Military criminal and administrative law with emphasis on the Uniform Code of Military Justice and sp e cia l procedures of courts martial. 2sem. hrs.

National Security Law. (735) Critical and descriptive study of interplay between law and national sec urity, both on domestic and international fronts. Coverage includes quest ions of internationa l and constitutuional law concerning war, peacekeeping, use of force, intelligence collection , and environmental policy. 2 sem. hrs.

Negotiation. (672) In-depth analysis of theories and tactics of n e gotiations. Fosters student 's negotiating skills through classroom discussions and simulations. 2sem. hrs.

Partnership Taxation. (635) Nature and formation of a pa1tnership; taxation of partnership income; transactions b e tween related parties; termination of partnership; sale of partnership interest ; distribution by partnership; special basis adjustment; distribution to retiring or deceased partners. Also includes treatment of pass-through entities. Prerequisite: Federal Income Taxat ion (600). 2-3 sem. hrs.

Political and Civil Rights. ( 686) Examines personal , non-constitutional federal rights , including tho se related to voting, housing, and handicapped persons. Also considers litigation process for re dressing civil rights violations by damage award or court order, a nd systems for public reimbursement. 2 sem hrs.

Prisoner Litigation. (684) (Offered irregularly.) Considers prisoner challenges in s tate and fe deral courts to conviction , sentences, and terms of confinement. 2 sem. hrs.

Products Liability Law. (654) Law of de fective products under theories of neglig e nce, strict liability, misrepresentation and breach of warranty under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Covers defective manufacture, design and marketing, limitations on product defectiveness , causation issues , affirmative defenses, damages , and transactions in chain of product distribution. 3 sem. hrs.

Public Sector Labor Law. (698) Ex amination of statutory and constitutional employment rights of public emp loyees in fe deral, state, and local government. Concentration on legal framework for union organization and collective bargaining rights of public employees. Comparative analysis of various approaches to government employee rights , including ana lysis of relevant public poli cy issues. 3 sem. hrs.

Regulated Industries. (732) Includes government regulation and deregulation of such industri es as electric, gas, transportation, and telephone industri es, with emphasis on legal and eco nomic concepts of reg ulation, re lationship between fe dera l and state regulatory requirements , setting o f public utility rates, and interface between regulation and antitrust laws. 2 sem. hrs.

Regulation of Financial Institutions. (678) ( Offered irregularly.) State and federal regulation of commercial banks, savings and loan associations (stock and mutual) , credit unions , and other financial institutions. Study of regulating agencies, including the Federal Reserve, Contro ller of the Currency , Federal Deposit Insuran ce Corporation, Federal Savings and Loan nsurance Corporat ion, state banking commissions, and how they regulate formation, operation (services and inves tm en ts) , reorganization , and dissolution of financial instituti ons. 2 sem. hrs.

Remedies. (656) Court-d ispensed legal and equ itable relief awarded to protect and compensate for invasions, or threatened invasions , of variety of assets such as real property, tangible personal property, contract rights and other intangible property , and to prote c t and compensate for personal harms. 3 sem hrs.

Research. (796) Independent research on approved selected topics. Topic must be approved in writing prior to registration by the Associate Dean and by the instructor under whose s up ervis ion the research is conducted. 1-3 sem hrs. Limit of 3 semester hour s total for indep endent res earc h projects. Meets thirdyear writing requirement, at least 2 hours.

Sales and Leases. (675) Sales and leases of personal property under Articles 2 and 2A of the Uniform Commercial Code , including contract formation and terms , warranties , and remedies. Students who have taken Sales, Leases and Secured Transactions (722) may not enroll in this course. 3 sem. hrs.

Scientific Evidence. (657) Technical and legal aspects of scientific aids in the trial of civil and criminal cases. Scientific experts participate as guest le cturers. 2sem. hrs.

Secured Transactions (677) Commercial transa ctions involving personal property under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, with focus on financing transactions. 3 sem. hrs.

Securities Regulation. (658) Legislation and regulation affecting issuance and trading of corporate securities, especially Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , and other federal legislation 3 sem. hrs.

Selected Issues in Evidence. (731) Advanced study of various issues in the law of Evidence May cover various topics , including privilege , impeachment, expert testimony, hearsay and its exceptions. Prerequi-

site: Evidence (599). 2 sem. hrs. Meet s third-year writing requirement.

Selected Prob l ems in Private Intern ation al Law. (681) Examines various approaches to the resolution o f disputes which arise out of internati onal commercial transactions. 2 sem. hrs.

Selected Issues in Public International Law (719) (Offered on ly in Cambridge.) Considera tion of various discrete issues of public internation al law, including statehood, boundaries , the law of w ar, jurisdiction and state responsibility, and their relation to municipal law. 2 sem. hrs.

Selected Topics. (699) The Law School generally offers at least one course that may be offered onlyone time. These courses are in an a rea of special interest to a faculty member. Often this course is in conjunction with the Allen Chair which provid es for bringing four or five distinguished vis itors to the campus fora week at a time to co-teach the course. Details are provided in registration materials. Dependin g on particular offering, this course may meet the third-y ear writing requirement. 2-3 sem hrs.

Sexual Orientation and the Law. (7 40) Seminar examines legal rights of lesbians and gay men. Explores concept of sexua l orientation , and legal system 's regulation of life experiences of lesbians a_nd gay men , including sexua lity, expression s of idenuty , public and private emp loym ent, same-s ex relanonship s, and parenting. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-y ear writing requirement.

Sport and Law. (690) Survey of law relating to profess ional co llege and amateur sports. Includes pro, ' bl fessional player contracts and their enforcea 1tty through arbitration and litigation , role of player agents in professional sports , application of antitrust lawsw 1 · ts player dis- professional leagues and p ayer restrain , · t"onsas la· cip line mechanisms, role of player asso cia 1 . b · · nd federal bor organizatio ns in co llective argainin g, a . • · · Also covered 1s income taxation of sports act1v1t1es. regulation of amateur athletics , includin g TitleIX,role of NCM, as we ll as tort and criminal law issues 2 sem. hrs.

State and Local Tax. (661) Major issues arising un· · · corpo- der principal forms of state and local raxauon. rate franchise and income taxation , sales, use, gross 1· nd death raxes. receipts , property , persona income , a . d Federal constitutiona l limitations on state raxauonan fc · rate taxation on congressiona l legisl at ion a ,ecting s interstate commerce. 3 sem hrs.

Taxation of Exempt Organization s. (Gl 5) (Of1 · · J de velopment , fered irregularly.) Examines 11stonca _ . · and gov nature formation, class1f1cat1on,operatton , h re e rnan ~e of nonprofit organizations und er bot st a . . • to state cor and federal law. Particu lar emphasis given

porate law and federa l tax exe mpti on issues including status of the Mode l Nonprofit Corporation Act ; responsibilities a nd liabilities of directors , officers, and volunteers; financia l management; difference between federal income tax treatment of various charities and public and private foundations; pub lic policy issues involving co mmercial , lobbying and other political activities; and co nstitutional issues involving nonprofit organizations. 2-3 sem. hrs.

TaxPolicy Semina r. (674) Examination of economic,political, and socia l goals of well-designed tax system.Analysis of selected topics in design of an income tax and cons ideration of a lternative tax systems, including co nsumption-based tax. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

TaxProced ure. (702) (Offered irregularly.) Exp lores role of the Inte rnal Revenue Serv ice (IRS) in civ il tax collectionproces s. Subjects to be covered include applicationof suc h a dministrative law principles as de legation, discre tion, ru le-making , inspections, confidentiality / disclo sure , due process, and judicial review. Role of tax p rac titione r and his or her relationship to taxpayerand the IRS will also be explored. 2 sem. hrs.

Theory of th e Modern Corporation. ( 605) Focuses on legal and ec onomic issues confronted by the corporation in mo dern society. Topics examined vary from year to yea r , but may include an examination of theoretical rat io nale of the corporate model; a reevaluationof conceptual foundation of the corporation as mode l for business organ ization; ana lys is of currentcorpo ra te governance issues , including duties and responsibilitie s of officers and directors , role of institutional inve stors, and executive compensation; shareholder proposa ls; examination of consequences of the divorce o f corporate cont ro l from ownership; responsibilitieso f corporation to its shareholders, labor, consumers, general public , and government; role of the corporate lawyer, w ith focus on ethica l iss u es; and respective roles of state and federal law. Prereqzusue:Corporations (602). 2 sem. hrs. Meets thirdyear Writing requirement.

UrbanEnvironmental Law. (757) This course examines how state and federal env ironmenta l laws attempt to protec t the urban environment. Topics include "brownfie lds " (redeve lopment of abandoned contaminated sites in cities) , the co ntrol of stormwater a nd combin ed sewer ove rflow pollution the relation- sh· . ' 1P of transpo rtation and air pollution and "urban : vironmental justice. " Enrol lment limited 3 sem. hrs. eets thi rd-year writing requirement. Vir · · glllia Procedure. (664) All aspects of Virg ini a c1v1!p d roce ure and practice including out-of-cowt settlements b' . , , ar 1trat1on court system 1·urisdiction process ' ' ' 'appea ra nces, ve nu e, parties, pleading, discovery,

juries, motions and incidents of trial, verdicts, judgments , motions after judgment, appea ls, enforceme nt of judgments , etc. Builds on first-year civil procedure course by giving specific Virginia solutions to ge n eral problems of procedure; can in turn be used as foundation for third-year courses in trial tact ics and clinical courses involving litigation in court. 3 sem. hrs.

White Collar Crime Seminar. (687) Examination of substantive federal criminal statutes invo lving fraud (mail , wire , bank, or tax), racketeering , obstructio n of justice , money laundering , or environmental crime. Other topics like con spiracy, corporate criminal liability and Federal Sente ncig Guidelines are discussed. Also considers substantive and procedural issues related to the grand jury. 2 sem. hrs.

Wills and Trusts I. (606) Intestate succession; protection of decedent 's fami ly; community property; components, execution , revocation, republication and revival of wills; will contracts ; will substitutes; nature, use , cre a tion , elements , alienability , and termination of private trusts; introduction to charitable resulting, and constructive trusts. 4 sem. hrs.

Wills and Trusts II. (637) Probate and contest of wills; granting administration in intestate estates; anc illary admin istration; probate avoidance; qualification, se lection, appointment and removal of exec utors , administrators and trustees; rights, duties and liab ilities of fiduciaries ; rights of beneficiaries ; assets of estates; management of estates; claims against estates; interpretation and construction of dispos itive prov isions in wills and trusts; powers of appointment; distribution of deced e nts ' estates; termination of trusts; and The Rule Against Perpetuities. Pre-or corequisite: W ills and Trusts I (606). 4 sem. hrs.

Womanist Theory and the Institution of Law. (701) Explores underpinnings of traditional legal ana lysis by constructing alternative approaches for framing and exam inin g legal problems. Language, principles , and techniques of traditional legal analysis examined tosee if they are universal , objective , and neutral. Considers whether traditional legal analysis takes into acco un t real lives of vast array of women, including those with disabil ities, women of color , lesbians , the poo r , and the illiterate. Enrollment limited. 3 sem hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement. Youth Advocacy Clinic. (753) Students, under supervision of full-time member of the facu lty, handle various types of cases, all representing interests of young people. In majority of cas es, students re present juveniles charged with crimes or serve as guardiana d-litem in disposition of crimina l matters. Students also represent youth in school expulsion cases. 6 sem. hrs.

Curriculum • 53

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