“In the business world, the rearview mirror is always clearer than the windshield.” –Warren Buffett
Hard work, determination, and a relentless drive for success are the cornerstones of every remarkable achievement. These qualities form the foundation of personal and professional growth, enabling individuals to rise above challenges and seize opportunities with confidence. They fuel innovation by encouraging creative thinking and inspire growth through continuous learning and adaptation. Hard work transforms ideas into reality, while determination sustains the journey through obstacles and setbacks. Together, they pave the way for transformative leadership, empowering individuals to leave a lasting impact on their fields and communities. Our cover story this month features CA. Sreejith Kuniyil, the Founder of CAPITAIRE and PravasiTax, whose visionary approach exemplifies these qualities. His journey serves as a testament to the power of innovation and resilience in achieving extraordinary milestones.
This month's edition features Mr. V.P. Nandakumar sharing valuable insights on ‘India's GDP Growth Slows: Key Insights from the First Advance Estimate.’
Alongside, it includes our regular sections, highlighting travel adventures, automotive reviews, beauty tips, and reviews of movies and books. Readers can also explore thoughtprovoking articles on business inspiration.
Wish you a joyful reading experience!
"Some books leave us free and some books make us free." – Ralph Waldo Emerson
Indian Mutual Fund Industry Sees Record Growth in 2024
TheIndian mutual fund industry achieved remarkable growth in 2024, with assets under management (AUM) surging by Rs 17 lakh crore, reaching a record-high of Rs 68 lakh crore by November-end. This 33% growth from Rs 50.78 lakh crore in 2023 was driven by strong equity markets, economic expansion, and increasing retail participation through Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs), which alone contributed Rs 2.4 lakh crore. The industry recorded net inflows of Rs 9.14 lakh crore, significantly higher than Rs 2.74 lakh crore in 2023. Equity-oriented schemes saw inflows of Rs 3.53 lakh crore, while sectoral and thematic funds experienced a 79% increase in AUM. Debt schemes and gold investments also performed well. Experts predict continued growth in 2025, supported by financialisation trends, greater investor awareness, and regulatory reforms.
“The only one who can tell you ‘you can’t win’ is you, and you don’t have to listen.”
Jessica Ennis
Mukesh Ambani, Gautam Adani Exit Bloomberg’s
$100 Billion Club
Mukesh
Ambani and Gautam Adani, India’s wealthiest billionaires, have exited Bloomberg’s $100 billion club due to significant financial challenges. Ambani's net worth fell from $120.8 billion in July to $96.7 billion by December 2024, mainly due to underperformance in Reliance Industries' retail and energy sectors. Adani’s fortune dropped from $122.3 billion in June to $82.1 billion amid investigations, fallout from the Hindenburg Research report, and fraud allegations. Despite their setbacks, India’s billionaires collectively added $67.3 billion to their wealth in 2024, with Shiv Nadar and Savitri Jindal seeing the largest gains. Globally, the Walton family remained the richest, while the Ambani family ranked eighth in the richest families list. Adani’s exclusion from this list reflects the challenges facing his conglomerate amid increasing global scrutiny.
Chinese Companies in India Rely on Loans, Reserves Amid Funding Delays
Chineseelectronics and automobile companies in India are increasingly relying on cash reserves and loans to fund their expansion, due to delays in securing government approvals for equity funding from their parent companies. Firms like Haier and Midea are using a combination of internal funds and external borrowings to meet their financial needs. The challenges stem from India’s Press Note 3 notification, which mandates government approval for investments from countries with a land border, including China. This has impacted Chinese investments, although some projects under the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme have received approvals. Haier, for instance, self-financed a Rs 400 crore investment for a plant in Greater Noida, while Midea’s expansion of its air conditioner compressor plant near Pune is funded through local borrowings and profits. The restrictions reflect the broader tension between India and China.
IndiQube Spaces Ltd Files for `850 Crore IPO
“When you change your thoughts, remember to also change your world.”
Norman Vincent Peale
IndiQube Spaces Ltd, a provider of flexible workspaces, has filed for an `850 crore initial public offering (IPO). The offer includes a fresh equity issuance of `750 crore and an Offer for Sale (OFS) of `100 crore by promoters Rishi Das and Meghna Agarwal. Proceeds from the IPO will be used to establish new centres, repay debts, and for general corporate purposes. Founded in 2015 and backed by WestBridge Capital and investor Ashish Gupta, IndiQube offers various workspace solutions through its core offering, IndiQube Grow. It manages 103 centres across 13 cities, covering 7.76 million square feet of space. The company’s clients include major corporates and start-ups like Myntra, Zerodha, and upGrad. With the rise of hybrid work models, flexible workspaces are expected to grow substantially in the coming years.
Adani Group Acquires Air Works for `400 Crore to Expand MRO Capabilities
Adani Defence Systems & Technologies Ltd (ADSTL) has signed a `400-crore deal to acquire an 85.8% stake in Air Works, India's largest private sector aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) company. With operations across 35 cities and over 1,300 employees, Air Works specialises in servicing both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. This acquisition strengthens Adani’s presence in the defence MRO sector and lays the foundation for expansion into civil aviation services. Air Works provides comprehensive MRO services to Indian and global clients and has significant capabilities in defence MRO, serving the Indian Navy and Air Force. Adani Group aims to build an integrated aviation services ecosystem, aligning with India’s growing aviation industry and the government's vision to enhance national connectivity and defense self-reliance.
Zomato Joins BSE Sensex, Replacing JSW Steel
“When we strive to become better than we are, everything around us becomes better, too.”
Paulo Coelho
Zomato Ltd, the Indian food delivery giant, has made its debut on the Bombay Stock Exchange's (BSE) benchmark Sensex index on December 23. This marks the first time a startup or newer company has been included in the top 30 companies on the index. Zomato’s inclusion replaces steel giant JSW Steel, resulting in an estimated inflow of $513 million (`4,362.35 crore) into Zomato and outflows of $252 million (`2,142.91 crore) from JSW Steel. Zomato’s stock has seen a significant rally, rising 43% in the past six months and 126% in the last year. The company's market cap of `2.72 lakh crore now surpasses JSW Steel’s `2.24 lakh crore. Zomato also reported strong financial growth, with a 69% increase in revenue and a fivefold rise in net profit for Q2 FY 2024-25.
France's New Government Faces Immediate Challenges
Prime Minister François Bayrou unveiled a new French government on Monday, appointing former ministers and senior civil servants to key positions. Eric Lombard, head of the Caisse des Dépôts, was appointed finance minister, working alongside Amélie de Montchalin, the budget minister. This reshuffle comes as Bayrou faces the difficult task of passing the contentious 2025 budget, following the ousting of his predecessor, Michel Barnier, over the failure to do so. The national deficit is projected to exceed 6% of GDP by the year-end, heightening investor concerns and adding urgency to fiscal reforms. While Bayrou has made efforts to form a unity government, engaging opposition leaders and unions over pension reforms, his initiatives have garnered little support. Public dissatisfaction with his appointment stands at 64%, complicating his administration’s start. The new government must navigate a divided parliament and avoid no-confidence votes while preparing for elections in July.
UK Faces “Smouldering”
Terror Threat as Youth Radicalisation Rises
The UK is facing a significant terrorism threat, with concerns growing over young people as young as 10 being radicalised online, according to Deputy Assistant Commissioner Vicki Evans, the national coordinator for Counter Terrorism Policing. Since 2017, 43 late-stage terror plots have been thwarted, including three in the past year. Evans cited the alarming access to violent, misogynistic, and racist online material, as well as extreme pornography linked to “incel” culture and school massacres, contributing to radicalisation. While the primary threat remains Islamist extremism, far-right extremism is also on the rise, with three imminent attack plots disrupted in the past year. Evans highlighted the risks posed by global instability, particularly in Syria, and called for a "whole-system approach" to combat radical content online, urging technology companies to help and stressing the importance of monitoring extremist activity to prevent further attacks.
Russian General Killed in Moscow Explosion, Suspect Detained
Senior Russian general Igor Kirillov, head of Radiation, Chemical, and Biological Protection Forces, was killed in a remote-controlled explosion outside his Moscow residence on Tuesday. The explosive, hidden in a scooter, also claimed the life of his assistant and caused significant damage to the building. The Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) arrested a 29-year-old man from Uzbekistan, accused of being recruited by Ukrainian intelligence to execute the attack. The FSB claims the suspect was offered $100,000 and relocation to the EU in exchange for killing Kirillov, who was recently charged by Ukraine in absentia for alleged war crimes involving chemical weapons. Ukrainian authorities confirmed their involvement, calling Kirillov a “legitimate target.” In response, Russia vowed to hold the perpetrators accountable and raise the incident at the UN Security Council. Kirillov is the highest-ranking Russian military official killed on Russian soil since the Ukraine war began.
French Court Convicts Author Charles Onana for
Downplaying Rwandan Genocide
AFrenchcourt has convicted French-Cameroonian author Charles Onana for downplaying the 1994 Rwandan genocide in his 2019 book, Rwanda, the Truth About Operation Turquoise. Onana was fined €8,400, and his publisher, Damien Serieyx, was ordered to pay €5,000, with both required to provide €11,000 in compensation to human rights organisations. The court ruled that Onana's book violated France’s laws against genocide denial, as it described the claims of a planned genocide by the Hutu government as “one of the biggest scams.” The court stated that the book “trivialised” and “contested” the genocide. Onana’s defense argued that the book was an academic investigation, not a denial of the genocide. Prosecutors hailed the verdict as a victory against genocide denial in Europe. Both Onana and Serieyx have appealed the decision.
CA. SREEJITH KUNIYIL: THE CAPITAL EXPERT BUSINESSES ARE TALKING ABOUT
CA. Sreejith Kuniyil is an innovative business leader and founder of CAPITAIRE, Kerala’s leading business and capital consulting firm. With over two decades of experience in Big Four firms, he provides transformative business solutions, specializing in capital readiness, succession planning, and regulatory compliance. His ventures, including PravasiTax for NRIs and True Legacy for wealth protection, address critical challenges faced by entrepreneurs and HNIs. Committed to human capital development, his Special 40 AFM initiative trains commerce graduates to become upskilled finance professionals. Sreejith’s operations span GCC countries, with a strong focus on empowering businesses while keeping his roots in Kerala alive.
Asingle meeting, a firm handshake and the warm smile of CA. Sreejith Kuniyil is enough to soothe all your business woes and pains. A passionate, multi-faceted entrepreneur himself, Sreejith has walked paths trodden by few. His journey towards building one of the most perfectly synced business ecosystems in the country is nothing short of inspiring.
Humble Beginnings
After qualifying as a Chartered Accountant, he went on to complete illustrious stints at EY, KPMG, Deloitte & Grant Thornton where he worked with MNC clients and large Indian groups on assignments involving restructuring of Crossborder Operations, Mergers and Acquisition strategies, Business Restructuring, and Tax Litigation.
The Birth of an Entrepreneur
After garnering more than two decades of consulting and advisory experience across Big Four firms,
Born into a family that earned its livelihood from a small business, Sreejith understood that nothing else on earth could help him scale heights like professional education.
Sreejith founded CAPITAIRE in 2018 with two partners, carrying the goal of providing Integrated Value Delivery to the business world. Flying solo since 2020, Sreejith’s CAPITAIRE has grown to become the most sought-after brand name among business leaders. Being the leading business and capital consulting firm in Kerala, CAPITAIRE holds its ground in providing the most unique and transformative business solutions. It even prides itself on being an entrepreneur’s favourite place to brainstorm! The primary mission of CAPITAIRE is to
While being caught up in the hustle, people often forget to protect their wealth and ensure that it flows into the right hands after their time. Such trouble plaguing people everywhere pushed Sreejith to bring True Legacy to life.
safeguard the entrepreneur and his business.
The Sky is the limit!
Decades of experience in the market had made it clear that capital was one of the foremost challenges for entrepreneurs to take their business to the next level. And capital did not just mean money, it involved building a solid system, process and resources. CAPITAIRE has helped countless businesses to build their readiness to accept the capital, structure the organisation to create the share value for the businesses, develop processes and systems to grow the capital, protect the capital and secure the family of an entrepreneur with a suitable succession planning. While most business consultants host a one-man show, CAPITAIRE works with a core internal team to implement its strategies – a brilliant team of experienced Chartered Accountants and qualified Finance professionals, specialised in tax and regulatory laws relevant to the business.
Pushing Boundaries
In 2020, PravasiTax became a
unique tax advisory platform for NRIs. Having spent years as an NRI himself, Sreejith saw how NRIs were clueless about the impact of tax and regulatory factors on their banking operations, investments in real estate and the share market and income generated from these investments. NRIs require specialised approach and attention from consultants who are specialised in International Taxation, FEMA, Tax Treaty, Inheritance Laws and Income Tax Law. The lack of tailored services was evident in the increasing penalties surfacing from unresolved or incorrectly handled notices and communications from the Income Tax Department. Being an international tax expert himself, Sreejith and his team of Chartered Accountants were able to offer top services to meet all their tax and regulatory planning and compliances in India in a secure and sound manner.
Protecting Leaders and Legacies
Every person, regardless of where they work in the world, strives to provide a better standard of living
for their families. They often sacrifice their own comfort and security in their race to create this wealth. However, while being caught up in the hustle, people often forget to protect their wealth and ensure that it flows into the right hands after their time. Such trouble plaguing people everywhere pushed Sreejith to bring True Legacy to life. True Legacy focused on developing and executing succession planning strategies for business owners and HNIs. Under True Legacy, Sreejith developed unique solutions to structure the Private Trust, Family Office and Will to ensure seamless asset and income flow to their legal heirs in the way they desire. In a mission to empower business leaders and bring down their blind dependence on consultants, he donned the profile of FINTAXMAN, where he trained entrepreneurs gain financial and tax awareness in various aspects of business. His masterclasses are truly eye-opening!
Human Capital
Sreejith believes that people are the most important investment for
CAPITAIRE has helped countless businesses to build their readiness to accept the capital, structure the organisation to create the share value for the businesses, develop processes and systems to grow the capital, protect the capital and secure the family of an entrepreneur with a suitable succession planning.
any organisation. Despite the advent of AI, he still believes in the potential of people and plans to bring in more people to grow his team. While struggling to find those perfect financial professionals for his own ventures and his clients’, he developed his own practical training module called AFM or Ascent to Finance Manager under the Special 40 initiative. 40 students, 60 days, 1 goal – Financial Upskilling of Human Capital for Businesses. It must now be quite clear that Sreejith is not one to leave any problem unaddressed.
Furthermore, he is currently working on a career planning book titled Why Commerce? which is
set to be published in the coming months. The book provides an indepth exploration of educational options available after Class X, focusing specifically on the commerce stream, and guidance on building a professional career by outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each field.
Keeping Roots Alive
While many had questioned him on his decision to start out in Kochi, Sreejith takes pride in keeping his base of operations in Kerala. While other states may seem more profitable, with numerous entrepreneurs and visionaries starting businesses there, he always wanted his home to benefit from his ventures first.
His operations have now expanded to the GCC countries, namely, the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait & Saudi Arabia. He is also a staunch believer of being a solo leader as it allows him freedom to take up any opportunity, or idea and bring it to life in a matter of days.
Wind Beneath His Wings
Sreejith Kuniyil’s biggest support system is his wife, Sowmya, and son, Nakul. Sowmya, who was formerly a teacher, is now a Director at PravasiTax. She was recently one of the selected contestants for the Mrs. Kerala 2024 beauty pageant, winning the Best Smile subtitle. Nakul is currently studying in Class 1 and enjoys quizzes and trivia
Shri V.P.Nandakumar MD & CEO
Manappuram Finance Ltd
The FAE points to a recovery in the second half of the fiscal year, driven by improved agricultural performance, easing inflation, and stronger private consumption. However, investment growth remains a concern, with sluggish private capex limiting overall economic momentum.
INDIA'S GDP GROWTH SLOWS: KEY INSIGHTS FROM THE FIRST ADVANCE ESTIMATE
The National Statistical Office (NSO), under the Union Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, in the first week of January released the First Advance Estimates of GDP for the current fiscal, projecting India’s real gross domestic product (GDP) growth at 6.4%, marking a deceleration compared to last year’s 8.2%. This slower growth is largely attributed to weaker investments, driven by a reduction in government capital expenditure (capex). However, this is not a bleak picture of the economy.
The sustained upward momentum in the Services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) reflects remarkable resilience and buoyancy across the entire services ecosystem, creating an ideal environment for businesses to expand, hire, and pursue growth with renewed confidence. It is expected to strengthen
further, particularly with anticipated budget incentives likely to drive demand even higher.
Investment Slowdown and Consumption Revival
The FAE data suggests that while the economy faced weaker investment activity, private consumption is set for a rebound, especially in the second half of the fiscal year. GDP growth in the second half is expected to reach 6.8%, a slight improvement over the 6.0% recorded in the first half. Private consumption, in particular, is forecast to grow by 7.9% in the second half, boosted by rural demand, easing inflation, and seasonal tailwinds from festivals and weddings.
It must also be noted that investment growth is unlikely to recover in the near term. Gross fixed capital formation, a key measure of investments, is projected to grow at 6.4%, a marked drop from the previous
year’s 9.0%.
Nominal vs. Real GDP: Inflation’s Role
One notable divergence is the difference between real and nominal GDP. While real GDP has tempered, nominal GDP has risen to 9.7%, compared to 9.6% last year. This increase is due to a higher GDP deflator, largely driven by a sharp rise in wholesale price inflation (WPI). WPI inflation, at 2.1% for April to November, contrasts sharply with the previous fiscal’s deflation of -1.3%, pushing up the overall price levels in the economy.
Sectoral Performance: Industry Slows, Agriculture Grows
From a supply-side perspective, the economy presents a mixed picture. Gross value added (GVA), a critical indicator of economic productivity, is expected to grow at 6.4%, compared with 7.2% last fis-
cal. A key reason for the slowdown is the significant deceleration in the industrial sector, which is estimated to grow by 6.2%, down from 9.5% the previous year. The manufacturing sector, in particular, is under pressure, with growth forecast at just 5.3%, hampered by rising input costs.
On a brighter note, the agricultural sector is set to perform considerably better, with growth forecast at 3.8%, up from 1.4% last fiscal. A healthy kharif output, bolstered by above-normal monsoon rains, has driven this improvement, with expectations for a strong rabi harvest remaining high. The services sector, though facing a slight moderation in growth (7.2% vs. 7.6%), remains resilient.
Demand-Side Dynamics: Consumption Leads, Investments Lag
Private consumption is rising as the main driver of economic growth, estimated to grow at 7.3%,
a significant increase compared to the previous year’s 4.0%. Better agricultural prospects are the key contributor here.
In contrast, investments remain subdued, with government capex tapering off and private investment yet to see a meaningful uptick. Government consumption, however, is expected to rise moderately, providing some support to the overall demand picture.
Outlook for the Future
The FAE points to a recovery in the second half of the fiscal year, driven by improved agricultural performance, easing inflation, and stronger private consumption. However, investment growth remains a concern, with sluggish private capex limiting overall economic momentum.
In the near future, GDP growth is expected to recover to 6.7% in the next fiscal year, supported by potential rate cuts from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI),
the possibility of lower crude oil prices, and a favourable monsoon. The outlook for government capex remains positive, but the pace of fiscal consolidation means that private investment will need to play a more significant role in driving growth.
Geopolitical uncertainties, particularly concerning trade relations with the United States, will remain a key factor to watch in the coming year. Heightened tariffs and potential shifts in global trade dynamics could pose challenges for India’s export sector.
In summary, while the first advance estimate presents a slower growth trajectory for India this fiscal, there are reasons to be cautiously optimistic about the second half. A rebound in consumption and easing inflationary pressures should provide a much-needed boost. However, sustained growth will require a more robust recovery in investment
Rajesh Nair Partner, Ernst & Young LLP
AI should be viewed as a powerful tool that provides insights and recommendations, with humans retaining the final say in critical decisions. This approach ensures that ethical considerations, contextual understanding, and human empathy – areas where AI currently falls short – remain central to the decision-making process.
LEARNING TO LEVERAGE AI TOOLS FOR DECISION-MAKING
In an era where artificial intelligence (AI) – ChatGPT and the ilk – is rapidly advancing, its integration into decisionmaking processes across various sectors has become a topic of significant interest and debate. While AI offers immense potential to enhance decision-making capabilities, it is crucial to consider its best use carefully to maximise benefits while mitigating risks.
One of the primary strengths of AI in decision-making lies in its ability to process and analyse vast amounts of data quickly and accurately. This capability makes AI particularly valuable in scenarios where decisions need to be based on complex datasets that would be challenging or time-consuming for humans to interpret. For instance, in healthcare, AI systems can analyse patient data, medical literature, and diagnostic images to assist doctors in making more informed treatment decisions.
Another optimal use of AI in decision-making is in situations that re-
quire rapid responses. In fields such as finance or emergency management, where split-second decisions can have significant consequences, AI can provide real-time insights and recommendations. For example, AI algorithms can detect unusual patterns in financial markets and alert human traders to potential risks or opportunities faster than traditional methods.
AI can also play a crucial role in reducing human bias in decisionmaking processes. By relying on data-driven insights rather than subjective judgments, AI systems can help mitigate unconscious biases that might influence human decision-makers. This application is particularly valuable in areas such as recruitment, where AI can help ensure fair and objective candidate evaluations.
However, it is essential to emphasise that the best use of AI in decision-making is not to replace human judgment entirely, but to augment and support it. AI should be viewed as a powerful tool that pro-
vides insights and recommendations, with humans retaining the final say in critical decisions. This approach ensures that ethical considerations, contextual understanding, and human empathy – areas where AI currently falls short – remain central to the decision-making process.
Moreover, the optimal use of AI in decision-making requires transparency and accountability. Decision-makers and those affected by AI-assisted decisions should understand how these systems arrive at their conclusions. This transparency is crucial for building trust and ensuring accountability, especially in high-stakes decisions that impact people's lives.
It's also important to recognise that AI is not equally suited for all types of decision-making scenarios. While it excels in data-driven, quantitative analysis, AI may struggle with decisions that require nuanced understanding of human emotions, cultural contexts, or ethical dilemmas. Therefore, the best use of AI involves carefully selecting the areas
where its strengths can be leveraged most effectively.
In conclusion, the optimal role of AI in decisionmaking is as a sophisticated, data-driven assistant that enhances human capabilities rather than replacing them. By leveraging AI's strengths in data processing, pattern recognition, and bias reduction, while maintaining human oversight and ethical considerations, organisations can make more informed, efficient, and fair deci -
sions. As AI technology continues to evolve, it will be crucial to continuously reassess and refine its role in decision-making processes, ensuring that it remains a tool for human empowerment rather than a source of detachment from the decision-making process.
The proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has revolutionised various industries, providing powerful tools for decision-making.
Learning to harness these tools can be a transformative skill, whether for individual purposes or within an organisation. This essay outlines a step-by-step process to effectively learn and utilize AI tools for decision-making.
Step 1: Understanding the Basics of AI
Before delving into specific tools, it's crucial to understand the fundamental concepts of AI. Begin by fa-
miliarising yourself with key terms such as machine learning, neural networks, and data analytics. There are numerous online courses, webinars, and tutorials offered by platforms like Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy that can provide foundational knowledge. Books like "Artificial Intelligence: A Guide to Intelligent Systems" by Michael Negnevitsky can also offer insights into the field.
Step 2: Identifying the Need for AI in Decision-Making
Determine where AI can add value to your decision-making processes. Start by identifying decisions that are data-intensive or repetitive, where AI tools can provide efficiency and improved accuracy. For instance, businesses might look into customer behaviour analysis, financial forecasting, or supply chain management as areas where AI can make a significant impact.
Step 3: Selecting the Right AI Tools
Once you've identified the need, research various AI tools that suit your specific application. Popular AI tools for decision-making include TensorFlow, IBM Watson, and Microsoft Azure AI. It’s important to consider factors like ease of integration, scalability, cost, and the specific functionalities each tool offers. Reading reviews, case studies, and performing trial runs can help in selecting the most appropriate tool.
Step 4: Acquiring Data and Ensuring Quality
AI relies heavily on data. Collect relevant data that accurately represents the problem you're aiming to solve. Ensure that this data is clean, relevant, and sufficient in quantity to train and validate your AI model effectively. Tools like Microsoft Excel for data cleaning or Python libraries like Pandas can be particularly useful in organising and preparing datasets.
Step 5: Learning to Use the AI Tools
Enroll in specialised training tailored to your chosen AI tool. Most AI platforms provide extensive documentation and online courses to help users get accustomed to their products. For instance, Google offers free tutorials and courses on TensorFlow, while IBM and Microsoft provide online training for their AI offerings. These resources can range from beginner to advanced levels, enabling a comprehensive
understanding of the tool’s features and potential applications.
Step 6:
Developing and Testing AI Models
Begin by developing simple models to understand the software's capabilities and gradually progress to more complex applications. Use a cycle of training, validation, and testing to refine your models. Concepts like cross-validation and overfitting should be familiar as you ensure your models are both accurate and generalisable.
Step 7:
Analysing and Interpreting Results
Understanding the output of AI models is crucial. Learn to interpret the results to make informed decisions. Visualisation tools like Tableau or Python’s Matplotlib library
can help in presenting data insights clearly. This step is about connecting AI-generated insights with real-world applications and decisions, enhancing your ability to make data-driven conclusions.
Step 8: Implementing and Monitoring AI Solutions
Once your AI tool has been integrated into the decision-making process, continuously monitor its performance. Collect feedback from stakeholders and measure the impact of AI on the decision-making process. This can involve tracking efficiency gains, cost reductions, or improvements in decision accuracy.
Step 9:
Continuously Updating and Improving
AI is a rapidly evolving field, and staying updated with the latest de-
velopments is crucial. Regularly update your knowledge by participating in webinars, reading the latest research, and joining AI-focussed communities. This continuous learning approach ensures that you remain proficient and can leverage new advancements to enhance decisionmaking processes further.
Utilising AI tools for decisionmaking involves a structured process of learning, selection, and application. By following the steps outlined in this guide, individuals and organisations can harness the power of AI to make more informed and effective decisions. As AI technology continues to evolve, its integration into decision-making processes will likely become ever more sophisticated and indispensable
Dr Arun Oommen
MBBS, MS (Gen Surg), Mch (Neurosurgery), MRCS Ed (UK), MBA (Hospital administration), ENLS, DLitt(H), Phd(H), D Sc(H)
Neuro Endoscopy Fellow
Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon VPS Lakeshore Hospital Kochi, India.
Alcohol can slow signal transmission in the brain, contributing to some of the effects associated with alcohol intoxication, including sleepiness and sedation. As the brain grows used to alcohol, it compensates for alcohol’s slowing effects by increasing the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters, speeding up signal transmission. In this way, the brain attempts to restore itself to a normal state in the presence of alcohol.
ALCOHOL ABUSE CAUSES GROSS MEMORY LOSS AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION
Alcohol begins affecting a person’s brain as soon as it enters the bloodstream. In a healthy person, the liver quickly filters alcohol, helping the body get rid of the drug. However, when a person drinks to excess, the liver cannot filter the alcohol fast enough, and this triggers immediate changes in the brain. Over time, excessive alcohol consumption can damage both the brain and liver, causing lasting damages. . In general, the more alcohol a person drinks, the more likely it becomes that alcohol will damage the brain — both in the short and long term.
Why does drinking alcohol have such profound effects on thought, mood, and behaviour? And why does alcohol dependence develop and persist in some people and not in others? Through neuroscience research, scientists are gaining a better understanding of how alcohol chang-
es the brain and how those changes in turn influence certain behaviours.
Excessive alcohol consumption can have long-lasting effects on neurotransmitters in the brain, decreasing their effectiveness or even mimicking them. Alcohol also destroys brain cells and contracts brain tissue. Some people with a history of excessive alcohol use develop nutritional deficiencies that further damage brain function.
A number of factors influence how and to what extent alcohol affects the brain, including
• how much and how often a person drinks
• the age at which he or she first began drinking, and how long he or she has been drinking
• the person’s age, level of education, gender, genetic background, and family history of alcoholism
• whether he or she is at risk as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure
and • his or her general health status.
How Alcohol Changes the Brain:
Alcohol Tolerance, Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Withdrawal
As the brain adapts to alcohol’s presence over time, a heavy drinker may begin to respond to alcohol differently than someone who drinks only moderately. Some of these changes may be behind alcohol’s effects, including alcohol tolerance (i.e., having to drink more in order to become intoxicated) and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. These effects are associated with alcohol dependence. When the brain is exposed to alcohol, it may become tolerant or insensitive to alcohol’s effects. When alcohol is present in the brain for long periods as with long¬-term heavy drinking the brain seeks to compensate for its effects.” If a per-
son continues to drink heavily, he or she may need more alcohol than before to become intoxicated. As tolerance increases, drinking may escalate, putting a heavy drinker at risk for a number of health problems, including alcohol dependence. Even as the brain becomes tolerant to alcohol, other changes in the brain may increase some people’s sensitivity to alcohol. Desire for alcohol may transition into a pathological craving for these effects. This craving is strongly associated with alcohol dependence. Other changes in the brain increase a heavy drinker’s risk for experiencing alcohol withdrawal a collection of symptoms that can appear when a person with alcohol dependence suddenly stops drinking. Withdrawal symptoms can be severe, especially during the 48 hours immediately following a bout of drinking. Typical symptoms include profuse sweating, racing heart rate, and feelings of restlessness and anxiety. Research shows that alcohol¬ dependent people may continue drinking to avoid experiencing withdrawal. Feelings of anxiety associated with alcohol
withdrawal can persist long after the initial withdrawal symptoms have ceased, and some researchers believe that over the long term this anxiety is a driving force behind alcohol ¬use relapse.
Neurons And Synaptic Transmission
The brain transmits information through a system of interconnected nerve cells known as neurons. Signals travel rapidly along chains of neurons using a combination of electrical and chemical processes. These signals cause many of alcohol’s effects on behaviours, such as tolerance, craving, and addiction. Signals travel from one neuron to the next through a process known as synaptic transmission.
These signals are vital to brain function, sending messages throughout the brain, which, in turn, regulate every aspect of the body’s function. Neurotransmitter chemicals play a key role in this signal transmission. Under normal circumstances, the brain’s balance of neurotransmitters allows the body and brain to function unimpaired. Alco-
hol can cause changes that upset this balance, impairing brain function. For example, the brain balances the activity of inhibitory neurotransmitters, which work to delay or stop nerve signals, with that of excitatory neurotransmitters, which accelerates these signals. Alcohol can slow signal transmission in the brain, contributing to some of the effects associated with alcohol intoxication, including sleepiness and sedation. As the brain grows used to alcohol, it compensates for alcohol’s slowing effects by increasing the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters, speeding up signal transmission. In this way, the brain attempts to restore itself to a normal state in the presence of alcohol. If the influence of alcohol is suddenly removed (that is, if a long-¬term heavy drinker stops drinking suddenly), the brain may have to readjust once again: this may lead to the unpleasant feelings associated with alcohol withdrawal, such as experiencing “the shakes” or increased anxiety.
Short-term effects
People with severe symptoms of
intoxication or symptoms that last many hours are at risk of alcohol poisoning. The ethanol in alcohol acts like a poison. When the liver is not able to filter this poison quickly enough, a person can develop signs of alcohol poisoning or alcohol overdose. An overdose of alcohol affects the brain’s ability to sustain basic life functions.
Symptoms include:
• vomiting
• seizures
• slow heart rate
• difficulty staying awake
• fainting
• low body temperature
• low gag reflex, which can increase the risk of choking if a person vomits
• clammy skin
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As soon as alcohol enters the bloodstream, it changes the brain functions. Moderate consumption of alcohol may cause the following temporary effects :
• loss of inhibition
• decreased planning and organisational skills
• changes in mood and concentration
• difficulty forming new memories
• sleepiness
• depressed mood
• changes in energy levels
• memory loss
• poor judgment
• reduced motor control, including delayed reflexes that can make driving dangerous
An untreated alcohol overdose can be fatal. Severe alcohol overdoses may cause permanent brain damage even if the person survives.
The higher a person’s blood alcohol concentration, the higher their risk of alcohol overdose. The heavy consumption of high-alcohol drinks is more likely to cause alcohol poisoning. People who have smaller bodies, drink alcohol less frequently, or have a history of liver disease are also more vulnerable to alcohol poisoning.
Blackouts And Memory
Lapses
Alcohol can produce detectable impairments in memory after only
a few drinks and, as the amount of alcohol increases, so does the degree of impairment. Large quantities of alcohol, especially when consumed quickly and on an empty stomach, can produce a blackout, or an interval of time for which the intoxicated person cannot recall key details of events, or even entire events. Blackouts are much more common among social drinkers than previously assumed and should be viewed as a potential consequence of acute intoxication they had participated in a wide range of potentially dangerous events including vandalism, unprotected sex, and driving that they could not remember,.
Long-term effects
Over time, alcohol abuse can cause permanent brain damage. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Up to 80 percent of alcoholics, however, have a deficiency in thiamine and some of these people will go on to develop serious brain disorders such as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). It is a disease that consists of two separate syndromes, a short–lived and severe condition called Wernicke’s encephalopathy and a long–lasting and debilitating condition known as Korsakoff’s psychosis. Alcohol abuse makes it more difficult for the body to absorb thiamine.
Some symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy include:
• confusion and disorientation that continue well beyond the period of drunkenness
• malnourishment that may cause significant weight loss
• trouble moving the eyes or strange and jerky eye movements
• poor balance
Approximately 80 to 90 percent of alcoholics with Wernicke’s encephalopathy develop Korsakoff’s psychosis, a chronic and debilitating syndrome characterized by persistent learning and memory problems. This is a type of dementia. Patients with Korsakoff’s psychosis are forgetful and quickly frustrated and have difficulty with walking and coordination. Although these patients have problems remembering old information (i.e., retrograde amnesia),
it is their difficulty in “laying down” new information (i.e., anterograde amnesia) that is the most striking. For example, these patients can discuss in detail an event in their lives, but an hour later might not remember ever having the conversation. They also develop
• poor judgment
• decreased planning and organisational skills
• hallucinations
• progressively worsening cognitive decline that may affect every area of functioning, including speech, vision, and bowel and bladder function
Treatment of WKS- Vitamin supplements and complete abstinence from alcohol may reverse symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome within the first two years after stopping drinking. The cerebellum, an area of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and perhaps even some forms of learning, appears to be particularly sensitive to the effects of thiamine deficiency and is the region most frequently damaged in association with chronic alcohol consumption. Administering thiamine helps to improve brain function, especially in patients in the early stages of WKS. When damage to the brain is more severe, the course of care shifts from treatment to providing support to the patient and his or her family. Custodial care may be necessary for the 25 percent of patients who have permanent brain damage and significant loss of cognitive skills.
Foetal alcohol syndrome
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which people usually refer to as foetal alcohol syndrome, happen when a developing baby gets exposure to alcohol during gestation. Foetal alcohol syndrome affects many aspects of functioning, and it can cause brain damage.
The symptoms vary in severity
• intellectual disabilities
• hyperactivity
• poor memory
• trouble concentrating
• weak coordination
• vision and hearing issues
Doctors have not yet established a safe level of alcohol consumption
during pregnancy, so the best strategy for preventing foetal alcohol syndrome is to abstain from alcohol at this time. If a pregnant woman cannot abstain, she should aim to reduce her alcohol consumption as much as possible.
Head injuries
Alcohol is a risk factor for traumatic brain injuries (TBI) due to falls, car accidents, fights, and other blows to the head. 35–81% of people who seek treatment for a TBI are intoxicated.
In the short term, a head injury can cause confusion and disorienta-
tion. It may also result in dangerous brain swelling. Severe head injuries may even be fatal because they affect the brain’s ability to control essential functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.
The long-term effects of head injuries vary but include
• dementia-like symptoms, such as difficulties forming new memories
• changes in mood or behaviour
• increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
• changes in blood flow patterns in the brain
Psychological effects
Alcohol has numerous psychological effects, including:
• personality and mood changes
• changes in impulse control
• trouble concentrating
• depression
Perhaps the most significant psychological effect, however, is addiction. Over time, people who consume large quantities of alcohol develop a tolerance to the drug. They also become dependent. This dependency means that their brains crave the drug, causing them to experience withdrawal when they do not drink. Addiction leads a person to continue using alcohol, even when it harms them. People with severe alcohol use disorder may develop a dangerous withdrawal condition called delirium tremens (DT). DT begins with psychological symptoms that include:
• anxiety
• insomnia
• intense alcohol cravings
• paranoia
• hallucinations or delusions
Without treatment, DT can be fatal in more than one-third of people whom it affects. People with DT may experience seizures, dangerous changes in blood pressure, and excessive vomiting and diarrhoea, which can result in nutritional deficiencies.
Other system damages
Alcohol does more than harm the brain. Both severe intoxication and long-term abuse can damage virtually every system in the body. The physiological effects of alcohol include:
• high blood pressure
• heart disease
• changes in heart rhythm
• damage to blood vessels
• liver disease
• kidney failure
• pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas
• a weaker immune system
• an increased risk for certain cancers, including cancers of the oesophagus, breast, liver, and colon Liver Disease
Most people realise that heavy, long–term drinking can damage the liver, the organ chiefly respon-
sible for breaking down alcohol into harmless byproducts and clearing it from the body. But people may not be aware that prolonged liver dysfunction, such as liver cirrhosis resulting from excessive alcohol consumption, can harm the brain, leading to a serious and potentially fatal brain disorder known as hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatic encephalopathy can cause changes in sleep patterns, mood, and personality; psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression; severe cognitive effects such as shortened attention span; and problems with coordination such as a flapping or shaking of the hands (called asterixis). In the most serious cases, patients may slip into a coma (i.e., hepatic coma), which can be fatal. Two toxic substances, ammonia and manganese, have a role in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Alcohol-damaged liver cells allow excess amounts of these harmful byproducts to enter the brain, thus harming brain cells. How much can people drink safely?
Although alcohol can cause significant brain damage, an emerging body of research suggests that modest alcohol consumption may be beneficial for the brain. A recent research found that Dementia risk was lower among those who consumed fewer units of alcohol per week.
The 2015–2020 U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend no more than one drink per day for women and no more than two drinks per day for men. People who should avoid alcohol include those who:
• are recovering from alcohol use disorder
• are taking drugs that interact with alcohol
• are pregnant
• have certain liver diseases
• find it difficult to control their drinking
As safe alcohol consumption varies from person to person, and different sources recommend various intakes, it is important to take an individualised approach. People should talk to a healthcare professional about their drinking history and
personal risk factors to get tailored advice on safe alcohol consumption. How to reduce alcohol intake?
People with a history of alcohol misuse may not be able to consume alcohol safely. In these cases, the best strategy is to avoid alcohol altogether. People with severe addictions or a long history of alcohol misuse may suffer serious withdrawal symptoms when quitting. Medical detoxification may be considered which may prevent serious issues, such as delirium tremens.
People who want to cut back on alcohol should consider the following strategies:
• setting a personal limit of one drink a day for women and two for men
• only drinking at certain times or occasions, such as at parties or on the weekends
• not using alcohol to cope with emotional stress or to fall asleep
• drinking beverages with lower alcohol content, for example, by replacing spirits with wine
Unfortunately, there is no “magic
pill” for treating alcohol-related problems. It is unclear why some people respond well to certain medications, but others do not. However, exciting new research is helping scientists learn more about how alcohol affects different people. A handful of medications are now available to treat alcohol problems, many of which aim to alter the short¬ or long¬-term effects of alcohol by either interfering with or imitating the actions of key neurotransmitters. Scientists still are seeking to understand the details of how some of these medications work in the brain. But studies suggest that, in some people, they can be helpful in treating alcoholism and its consequences. New Strategies for Studying Alcohol and the Brain Powerful imaging methods now allow researchers to study how alcohol affects different brain systems and structures. Some of these methods include positron emission tomography (PET), event ¬related potentials (ERPs), and magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRI/MRS). These methods are especially useful because they allow researchers to see, in real time, how alcohol changes the human brain. These imaging techniques—when used with alcoholics, non-alcoholics, and children of alcoholics— may help identify genetic risk factors for alcoholism. PET is being used to track the changes that alcohol use causes in specific neurotransmitter systems—changes that may be the cause of alcohol’s short-¬term pleasurable effects (i.e., intoxication) and long-¬term detrimental effects (i.e., alcohol dependence) of people Are women more vulnerable to alcohol’s effects on the brain?
Studies comparing men and women’s sensitivity to alcohol-induced brain damage, however, have not been as conclusive. But women are more vulnerable than men to many of the medical consequences of alcohol use. Alcoholic women develop cirrhosis alcohol–induced damage of the heart muscle (i.e., cardiomyopathy) and nerve damage (i.e., peripheral neuropathy) after fewer years of heavy drinking than
do alcoholic men.
Using imaging with computerised tomography, two studies compared brain shrinkage, a common indicator of brain damage, in alcoholic men and women and reported that male and female alcoholics both showed significantly greater brain shrinkage than control subjects. Studies also showed that both men and women have similar learning and memory problems as a result of heavy drinking. The difference is that alcoholic women reported that they had been drinking excessively for only about half as long as the alcoholic men in these studies. This indicates that women’s brains, like their other organs, are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced damage than men’s.
Conclusion
Alcoholics are not all alike. They experience different degrees of impairment, and the disease has different origins for different people. Consequently, researchers have not found conclusive evidence that any one variable is solely responsible for the brain deficits found in alcoholics. Characterising what makes some alcoholics vulnerable to brain damage whereas others are not remains the subject of active research.
The good news is that most alcoholics with cognitive impairment show at least some improvement in brain structure and functioning within a year of abstinence, though some people take much longer. Clinicians must consider a variety of treatment methods to help people stop drinking and to recover from alcohol-related brain impairments, and tailor these treatments to the individual patient.
Clinicians can use brain-imaging techniques to monitor the course and success of treatment, because imaging can reveal structural, functional, and biochemical changes in living patients over time. Promising new medications also are in the early stages of development, as researchers strive to design therapies that can help prevent alcohol’s harmful effects and promote the growth of new brain cells to take the place of those that have been damaged by alcohol
Adv Sherry Samuel Oommen: This article is authored by Adv Sherry Samuel Oommen. He specialises in the Constitution, tax and corporate laws and has also cleared the final exams of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, the Institute of Cost Accountants of India and the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. He has also completed his Masters's Degree in Commerce, apart from obtaining a Post Graduate Diploma in Business and Corporate Laws from Symbiosis, Pune. The views expressly are personal and should not be construed as a legal opinion. sherryoommen@nashcp.com.
RIGHT OF CROSS-EXAMINATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL JUSTICE
The principles of natural justice form the cornerstone of any judicial or quasi-judicial process. These principles, though not codified, are universally acknowledged and respected across legal systems. One of the most fundamental elements of natural justice is the right to a fair hearing, encapsulated in the Latin maxim "audi alteram partem," which means "hear the other side." Within this principle lies the right of cross-examination, a powerful tool to test the veracity of evidence and establish the truth. This article explores the significance of crossexamination as an indispensable
aspect of natural justice. Understanding the Right to Cross-Examination
Cross-examination refers to the questioning of a witness by the opposing party to challenge their testimony and test its accuracy and credibility. It allows a party to dissect the evidence presented against them and uncover inconsistencies, falsehoods, or biases. The right to cross-examination ensures that no individual is condemned based solely on unverified testimony.
This right is not merely a procedural formality but a substantive right that embodies the essence of fairness. In legal proceedings,
whether civil, criminal, or administrative, cross-examination is the most effective method to ascertain the truth. It provides the adjudicator with a clear and balanced understanding of the evidence, thus aiding in the delivery of justice.
In India, the right to cross-examination is recognised under various statutes and judicial pronouncements. For instance, Section 137 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 explicitly provides for cross-examination as part of the examination of witnesses. Section 138 lays down the order of examination, ensuring that cross-examination follows the examination-in-chief. Order XVIII of the
The basic requirement of the rule of law is to grant an opportunity of hearing to the person against whom proceedings have been initiated. When statements of third parties are relied upon, it is one of the fundamental requirements that the party against whom such statements have been relied upon is granted an opportunity to question the person who gave such statements.
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 governs the examination of witnesses in civil proceedings and includes provisions for cross-examination. It is also pertinent to note that even in administrative law the principles of natural justice mandate the right to cross-examine witnesses whose testimony affects the parties.
Analysis of a few judgments
In Andaman Timber Industries v. Commissioner of Central Excise, Kolkata - II 2016 (15) SCC 785 the Supreme Court while dealing with the challenge against a penalty imposed under the Central Excise Act, 1944 held that refusing crossexamination of witnesses whose statements were made the basis of the impugned order was a serious flaw which makes the order itself a nullity as it amounted to violation of the principles of natural justice. A few observations from the judgment are relevant for consideration:
"6. According to us, not allowing the assessee to cross-examine the witnesses by the Adjudicating Authority though the statements of those witnesses were made the
basis of the impugned order is a serious flaw which makes the order nullity inasmuch as it amounted to violation of principles of natural justice because of which the assessee was adversely affected. It is to be borne in mind that the order of the Commissioner was based upon the statements given by the aforesaid two witnesses. Even when the assessee disputed the correctness of the statements and wanted to crossexamine, the Adjudicating Authority did not grant this opportunity to the assessee. It would be pertinent to note that in the impugned order passed by the Adjudicating Authority he has specifically mentioned that such an opportunity was sought by the assessee. However, no such opportunity was granted and the aforesaid plea is not even dealt with by the Adjudicating Authority. As far as the Tribunal is concerned, we find that rejection of this plea is totally untenable. The Tribunal has simply stated that cross-examination of the said dealers could not have brought out any material which would not be in possession of the appellant themselves to explain
as to why their ex-factory prices remain static. It was not for the Tribunal to have guess work as to for what purposes the appellant wanted to cross-examine those dealers and what extraction the appellant wanted from them."
Even in the context of tax proceedings, the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State of Kerala Vs KT Shaduli Yusuff Grocery Dealer (1977) 2 SCC 777 observed that even though the tax proceedings are quasi-judicial in nature and the Sales Tax authorities are not strictly bound by the rules of evidence, still, they are bound by the principles of natural justice. The Court held that when circumstances clearly justify the grant of an opportunity for cross-examination, especially when the statements become an integral part of the materials based on which the order by the Taxing Authority is passed, an opportunity to rebut the same should be granted to the assessee.
Quite recently, the Kerala High Court in the case of Nishad KU Vs The Joint Commissioner, Central Tax and Central Excise 2024 KHC
Online 7322 upheld the right of cross-examination in a tax proceeding especially when statements of third parties are relied upon. The Court in conclusion held as follows: “16. Yet again in Mohammed Fariz and Co. v. Commissioner of Customs (MANU/KE/4278/2018 : 2018:KER:56473 : 2019 (1) KLT 229) this Court observed that when a person is called upon to answer accusations made against him, it is his right to defend himself reasonably and it will not in any way prejudice the department, if the request for cross-examination is allowed. The court went on to hold that waiting till the adjudication process is over and then deciding upon whether any prejudice would be caused to the appellant for not affording him an opportunity to cross- examine the witnesses whose statements were relied on is not legally proper. The court also observed that if the party is permitted
to cross-examine the witnesses at an earlier stage, it would only help the department to arrive at the right conclusion as to whether the statements of those witnesses, who had withstood the rigour of crossexamination, are to be relied upon in the adjudication process.
17. In the instant case, as mentioned earlier, statements of 20 witnesses were relied upon by the Adjudicating Authority for the purpose of entering findings against the petitioner and consequentially imposing penalty. The basic requirement of the rule of law is to grant an opportunity of hearing to the person against whom proceedings have been initiated. When statements of third parties are relied upon, it is one of the fundamental requirements that the party against whom such statements have been relied upon is granted an opportunity to question the person who gave such statements. This requirement flows
from the opportunity of hearing required to be given as per section 75(4) of the CGST Act. Unilateral statements behind the back of a person cannot under any circumstances be justified under the rule of law, even if the proceedings are quasi-judicial in nature.” [Emphasis Supplied]
Conclusion
The right to cross-examination is a cornerstone of natural justice, ensuring that truth and fairness prevail in judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings. While procedural safeguards are necessary to regulate its application, the importance of this right cannot be overstated. It embodies the fundamental principle that no person should be condemned unheard or on untested evidence. As the legal landscape evolves, the right to cross-examination will continue to play a pivotal role in upholding justice and maintaining the rule of law
Ravi Saini Associate Editor, Unique Times & CEO, RSW (Resetting Sustainable Wealth) Group
Freebies refer to direct benefits provided to the public at no cost, often as part of welfare schemes or election promises. These can include free electricity, water, or food subsidies. While freebies can provide immediate relief to the public, they are often criticised for being unsustainable and placing a long-term financial burden on the state.
NON-TAX REVENUES THROUGH PPP PROJECTS
Setting Priorities: Freebies Or Job Creation
In the evolving landscape of public finance and economic development, the concept of nontax revenues has gained prominence. One of the most effective ways to generate such revenues is through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. However, it's crucial to distinguish between providing free benefits (freebies) and creating jobs through PPP projects, which state governments can facilitate without direct or indirect investments.
Understanding Freebies vs. Job Creation
Freebies refer to direct benefits provided to the public at no cost, often as part of welfare
schemes or election promises. These can include free electricity, water, or food subsidies. While freebies can provide immediate relief to the public, they are often criticised for being unsustainable and placing a long-term financial burden on the state.
Job Creation through PPP Projects, on the other hand, focuses on generating employment opportunities by leveraging private sector expertise and investment. They can include infrastructure development, healthcare, education, and other sectors where private companies collaborate with the government to deliver public services. Facilitating PPP Projects Without Direct Invest-
ments
State governments can play a pivotal role in facilitating PPP projects by creating an enabling environment for private investment without making direct financial commitments. Here are some key strategies:
1. Policy Framework: Establishing a clear and transparent policy framework that outlines the roles and responsibilities of both public and private partners. This can include guidelines for project selection, implementation, and monitoring.
2. Regulatory Support: Providing regulatory support to streamline approvals and clearances, reducing bureaucratic hurdles and ensuring timely pro-
ject execution. This can include fast-tracking land acquisition, environmental clearances, and other necessary permits.
3. Risk Sharing: Designing risk-sharing mechanisms that allocate risks appropriately between public and private partners. This can include government guarantees, viability gap funding, and other financial instruments to mitigate risks and attract private investment.
4. Capacity Building: Investing in capacity building and training for government officials to manage PPP projects effectively. This can ensure that projects are planned, executed, and monitored efficiently, leading to successful outcomes.
5. Incentives and Benefits: Offering incentives such as tax breaks, subsidies, or concessional loans to private partners who par-
ticipate in PPP projects. These incentives can make projects more attractive and financially viable for private investors.
6. Giving the administrative authority: The CEO of the SPV nominated by the Investment partner will have to be empowered with full administrative authority, akin to the Chief Justice of Punjab & Haryana High Court, enabling efficient and timely execution. This empowerment is inspired by the successful model of Dr E Sreedharan in the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Without this, Kolkata Metro, Konkan Railways and DMIC would have struggled.
Case Studies and Success
Stories
Several states in India have successfully implemented PPP projects that have generated significant non-tax revenues and created jobs. For example:
• Maharashtra: The Mumbai Metro project is a prime example of a successful PPP initiative that has enhanced public transportation and created thousands of jobs.
• Karnataka: The Bangalore International Airport project, developed through a PPP model, has improved infrastructure and boosted tourism and employment in the region.
Conclusion
Distinguishing between freebies and job creation through PPP projects is essential for sustainable economic development. State governments can facilitate these projects by creating a conducive environment for private investment, ensuring regulatory support, and offering appropriate incentives. By doing so, they can generate non-tax revenues, create jobs, and improve public services without placing a financial burden on the state
CA Sreejith Kuniyil Founder, PravasiTax Solutions Pvt Ltd
When it comes to the inheritance and succession of assets it is crucial to understand the difference between the legal heirs and nominees, as the distinction between the two has significant implications on the distribution of assets upon the death of a person.
NOMINEES ARE NOT YOUR LEGAL HEIRS!
It is common for individuals to list their loved ones as nominees, hoping they will inherit the assets in the event of their absence. However, many fail to understand how the transfer of assets to a nominee functions in the context of inheritance and succession. When it comes to the inheritance and succession of assets it is crucial to understand the difference between the legal heirs and nominees, as the distinction between the two has significant implications on the distribution of assets upon the death of a person.
A person often invests in assets such as the stock market, bank savings, fixed deposits, and insurance policies. Many assume that by nominating a beneficiary for these assets, the issue of inheritance is resolved
upon their death. In some cases, individuals create a Will to specify how their assets should be distributed after their passing, without addressing the existing nominations, believing that the rights of the nominees over the assets will remain unaffected. However, this can lead to conflicts between the nominees and legal heirs over the rightful ownership of the assets.
This is because the primary role of a Nominee is to act as the trustee of the assets upon the death of the holder of the assets. They are entitled to temporarily hold the assets, which should then be distributed to the legal heirs or to the person(s) named in the Will. On the other hand, Legal Heirs are those recognized under relevant inheritance laws as entitled to inherit the de-
ceased’s assets, or the individuals named in the deceased's Will. Only Legal Heirs have the legal right to claim the assets of the deceased. For instance, A designates his brother B as the nominee for his insurance policies, intending to transfer ownership and rights to the assets to B after his death. However, if A leaves a Will instructing that all his assets, whether movable or immovable, be divided among his wife and children, he might believe that B, as the nominee, would naturally inherit the assets. In reality, since B is only the "nominee" of the assets, he is legally obligated to pass them on to A's wife and children, who are A's legal heirs according to A’s Will. B will not have ownership rights over the assets nominated in his name by A.
In the absence of a Will, the legal heirs and the distribution of assets will be determined according to the applicable succession laws in India, which vary depending on the religion of the deceased. For Hindus, the distribution will follow the Hindu Succession Act, 1956; for Christians, it will be governed by the Indian Succession Act, 1925; and for Muslims, it will be based on Muslim Personal Laws.
In the above example, if A died without leaving any Will, the transfer of his assets will take place as per the succession laws in India based on the religion of A. B will have to share or transfer the assets to the legal heirs identified under A’s relevant succession law.
The rights of nominees and le-
gal heirs regarding the distribution of shares has long been a topic of debate, even though the law clearly establishes the legal heir as the rightful owner of the property. The issue was also recently raised in the Supreme Court in the case of Shakti Yezdani & Anr. v. Jayanand Jayant Salgaonkar & Ors. The dispute in this case centred on the distribution of certain assets of Jayant Shivram Salgaonkar who had executed a Will making provisions for the devolution of his estates by nominating successors. The nominee to his shares / securities claimed that securities shall vest in their favour as per the provisions of the Companies Act. The Supreme Court finally ruled that being a nominee in a share/security does not entitle
the person to inherit it by default and ruled that nomination provisions under the Companies Act and the Depositories Act cannot override succession laws under the Indian Succession Act, 1925, or the personal laws of succession applicable to the deceased shareholder. Hence, one’s personal succession laws shall always prevail in the matter of distribution of assets.
Since nominees do not hold ultimate legal ownership of the assets, it is crucial to understand the distinction between nominees and legal heirs for the proper distribution of assets. It is important to remember that nominees are not the same as legal heirs, and naming a nominee does not imply naming a legal heir
Rajiv Ambat is a well-known speaker and author of the best-selling book - 'The Midriff Crisis' and a lifestyle expert. Under the guidance of Rajiv, his team at SOLVEMyHealth helps their clients manage sleep disorders, apart from dealing with male sexual health conditions. At NuvoVivo, his team specialises in managing various lifestyle disorders of their clients through structured and scientific diet and exercise protocols customised for each individual.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIET: HYPE OR HEALTH REVOLUTION?
In recent months, the antiinflammatory diet has gained significant attention in Indiathanks to actress Vidya Balan, who attributed her weight loss journey to the anti-inflammatory diet. The diet involved eliminating foods that caused inflammation in her body. Quite naturally, her transformation sparked widespread curiosity, many wondering if this could be the magic solution for weight loss, and wanting to try such a diet menu.
But, is it truly a health revolution, or is it another dietary trend being overhyped? While there’s no denying that inflammation plays a crucial role in chronic illnesses and overall health, will an anti-inflammatory diet alone be the solution to your health issues? Let's separate
the facts from the hype and discuss the benefits, examine the criticisms it faced, and provide a balanced perspective about an anti-inflammatory diet.
What is Inflammation?
Before we delve into anti-inflammatory diets, let us understand what exactly does ‘Inflammation’ mean? Inflammation is our body’s natural defense mechanism to protect against injury, infection, or harmful bacteria and viruses. It is a vital part of our immune response, helping the body repair tissue and fight off the pathogens.
Inflammation can be of two types - acute or chronic.
Acute inflammation is shortterm and localised and occurs as an immediate response to injury or
infection. This is characterised by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. For example, when you cut your finger, the area becomes inflamed. This is important as it helps to prevent infection and promote healing.
Chronic inflammation on the other hand, is long-lasting and often systemic. It may persist for months or even years and occurs due to various factors including lifestyle, pollution, etc. It is slow and steady and hence may often go unnoticed. Unlike acute inflammation, it may not immediately resolve after the threat is resolved.
Acute inflammation is not all that bad - at least in most cases. It is beneficial when controlled, as it helps in healing and protects against infections. However, when inflam-
Dairy and gluten are often cited as foods that can trigger inflammation, but the effect they have can vary significantly from person to person. For some individuals, dairy and gluten may indeed contribute to inflammation, while for others, they are harmless and can be included as part of a balanced diet.
mation becomes chronic, it can turn harmful, leading to lifestyle disorders, autoimmune conditions or even cancer.
Common causes of chronic inflammation
Poor dietary choices that include processed foods, additives, refined sugars, and trans fats.
A sedentary lifestyle or lack of activity.
Lack of proper sleep
Chronic stress
Environmental pollution, pesticides, toxic chemicals, smoking and alcohol.
Can Inflammation Be Measured?
Inflammation can be measured to some extent through blood tests that assess specific biomarkers. Parameters such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP), which indicates low-grade inflammation, and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), which measures how quickly red blood cells settle are often looked at as a sign of systemic inflammation. There are other markers too, such as Inter-
leukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), that point to inflammation. Other parameters such as fibrinogen and homocysteine levels are also used to assess inflammation, specifically linked to cardiovascular risks.
It is important to note that, while these tests provide valuable insights, they are not always specific. These parameters may stay elevated for various reasons like infections or chronic diseases. Symptoms like fatigue, aches, and low immunity also can hint at inflammation - again, they are non-specific. Measuring inflammation is tricky and is not absolute; it is best assessed by a medical doctor through a comprehensive evaluation and examining many factors including blood parameters.
What is an Anti-Inflammatory Diet?
Key ingredients of an antiinflammatory diet are fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids from fish and nuts. These foods contain antioxidants, vitamins,
and minerals that neutralise free radicals and protect cells from damage. Spices like turmeric and ginger are also included for their proven ability to reduce inflammation. It is also important to avoid foods that cause chronic inflammation such as highly processed foods, refined sugars, trans fats, deep fried foods, processed meat, sugary beverages, and alcohol.
The anti-inflammatory diet reduces inflammation by targeting the root causes of chronic inflammation in the body. One of the ways such a diet reduces inflammation is by providing nutrients that regulate the immune system and reduce oxidative stress. Omega-3 fatty acids (found in fatty fish) are proven to help modulate the immune response by lowering the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Additionally, a diet that includes fibrerich foods can promote gut health by encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria. A healthy gut microbiome plays a key role in reducing inflammation and maintaining a balanced
immune response.
Another important aspect of an anti-inflammatory diet are antioxidants. These are compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and spices like turmeric that can neutralise free radicals. Free radicals are unstable and highly reactive molecules that are produced during our body’s normal metabolic process. They can reach our body also from external factors such as - environmental toxins, polluted air, pesticides or even stress. These free radicals cause cellular damage and trigger chronic inflammation.
Antioxidant molecules found in colourful fruits and vegetables work by donating an electron to neutralise free radicals. The ability of antioxidants to neutralise such highly unstable free radicals, is measured by its ORAC Value (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity). Berries, dark leafy greens, turmeric, and many other Indian spices - all are known to have a high ORAC value.
The anti-inflammatory diet also works on the principle of stabilising the blood sugar levels and hence would contain low glycemic food
such as whole grains and legumes. This is important because sustained blood sugar spikes can activate inflammatory pathways.
Does dairy and gluten cause inflammation?
Dairy and gluten are often cited as foods that can trigger inflammation, but the effect they have can vary significantly from person to person. For some individuals, dairy and gluten may indeed contribute to inflammation, while for others, they are harmless and can be included as part of a balanced diet.
Dairy products - particularly fullfat dairy, can cause inflammation in some people, especially those who are lactose intolerant or sensitive to a protein called casein found in milk. For individuals with lactose intolerance, consuming dairy can lead to digestive issues such as bloating, gas, and diarrhoea, which may indirectly cause an inflammatory response in the gut. Similarly, those with a casein sensitivity might experience similar immune reactions. However, for people without these sensitivities, dairy may not cause inflammation and can even provide health benefits
due to its high calcium, protein, and probiotic content.
It is important to note that the quality of dairy products can vary significantly depending on the source. Dairy from cows that are pasture-raised and allowed to graze naturally tends to be far superior to that from industrially farmed cows that are fed a grain-based diet. The grains fed to industrially raised cows are often high in omega-6 fatty acids, which can contribute to inflammation in the body. In contrast, pasture-raised cows produce milk that contains a better balance of omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrients that are less likely to promote inflammation.
Gluten - is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. In people with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, consuming gluten can cause significant bloating, fatigue and inflammation. However, for most people without these conditions, gluten does not cause inflammation and can be safely included in the diet.
Same old wine in a new bottle!
When you break it down, the anti-inflammatory diet is essentially a rebranding of conventional wisdom on healthy eating. The principles it promotes - eating more whole foods, including plenty of fruits and vegetables, avoiding processed foods, and opting for healthy fats, are all guidelines that have been advocated for years by many health experts. The idea of reducing inflammation through food has been around long before this particular diet became a trend. In fact, our culture has long embraced anti-inflammatory foods, such as turmeric, ginger, and spices, as part of our traditional food habits.
If you look closer, the antiinflammatory diet is very much aligned with what we have known about healthy eating for decades. Whether you call it "anti-inflammatory" or "eating for health," the emphasis remains on consuming nutrient-dense foods while limiting foods that promote inflammation, like refined sugars, trans fats, and processed meats. Essentially, it’s
the same advice wrapped in a more attractive, marketable package. So, while the diet may bring attention to the importance of managing inflammation, it's really just another reminder to prioritise whole, minimally processed foods as the foundation of a healthy diet.
Further, while an anti-inflammatory diet can play a significant role in managing inflammation, it is not the only factor at play. Inflammation is a complex process influenced by various lifestyle factors, not just food. Regular physical activity is one of the most effective ways to reduce inflammation, as exercise helps to regulate immune function, decrease inflammatory markers, and improve overall metabolic health. Adequate sleep is another crucial component; poor sleep can elevate inflammation and impair the body’s ability to repair and recover. Stress management also plays a critical role, as chronic stress triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can exacerbate inflammation. While an
anti-inflammatory diet is beneficial, it should be seen as one part of a broader approach to managing inflammation that includes exercise, sleep, and stress management.
As the anti-inflammatory diet has garnered attention, particularly with Vidya Balan's endorsement, it’s important to approach the concept with a balanced perspective. The idea that avoiding certain foods universally leads to weight loss or improved health oversimplifies the complexity of inflammation and its causes. As many health experts have pointed out, inflammation is a multifaceted biological process that varies from person to person. What works for one individual may not have the same effect on another.
The term "anti-inflammatory diet" might appeal to many, but it can inadvertently promote a onesize-fits-all approach that overlooks the need for context and personalisation. Chronic inflammation is influenced by numerous factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and preexisting health conditions. Therefore, while an anti-inflammatory diet can be a beneficial component of managing inflammation, it is not a catch-all solution. It’s important to recognize that a holistic approach incorporating exercise, stress management, sleep, and personalised dietary choices remains the most effective strategy for long-term health and wellness
Dolly Nina
Dolly Nina is the founder of THE IGNIST, a training company born out of a noble cause and spirit. She has a decade-long experience being a passionate mentor and entrepreneur.
Creativity fosters empathy and understanding, key components of strong interpersonal relationships. By creatively communicating ideas, resolving conflicts, or showing appreciation, professionals can build rapport with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders.
DISCOVER THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF CREATIVITY
Creativity is often regarded as a spark of genius that leads to extraordinary works of art or groundbreaking inventions. However, in reality, creativity is much more than that. It is an essential tool that can be used productively to uplift both one’s professional work and personal life. By integrating creative approaches, individuals can unlock solutions to problems, foster stronger relationships, and lead a more fulfilling life. Here, we explore how creativity can serve as a transformative force and examine various ways to be creative in different spheres of life.
The Role of Creativity in Uplifting Work:
1. Problem-Solving and Innovation
Creativity allows professionals to approach challenges from unique perspectives. Instead of relying on
conventional methods, a creative mindset encourages brainstorming, lateral thinking, and the exploration of unconventional solutions. For example, a marketer might use storytelling to craft a compelling campaign, while an engineer might experiment with unconventional materials to create a more efficient product.
Innovation—a direct product of creativity—is essential in staying competitive in any field. Companies such as Apple and Tesla thrive because they prioritise creative thinking, enabling them to design products that redefine industries.
2. Encourage Open Communication
Creating an environment where team members feel comfortable sharing ideas is essential. Foster a culture of openness, where employees can express thoughts and
suggestions without fear of criticism. This can be achieved through regular meetings, feedback forms, or brainstorming sessions. When people feel heard, they are more likely to contribute creatively.
3. Build Diverse Teams
Diversity in the workplace brings together different perspectives and ideas. Encourage collaboration among employees from various backgrounds, departments, and areas of expertise. This cross-pollination of ideas can lead to innovative solutions that may not have emerged in a more homogeneous group.
4. Embrace Failure
Foster a culture that views failure as an opportunity for learning rather than a setback. Encourage employees to experiment and take risks with their ideas. When failures are acknowledged positively and used as teaching moments, employ-
ees are more likely to explore innovative solutions without the fear of repercussions.
5. Provide Continuous Learning Opportunities
Invest in professional development by providing access to training, workshops, or seminars that inspire new skills and knowledge. Continuous learning helps employees stay engaged and equips them with fresh ideas and techniques they can bring back to the workplace.
6. Enhancing Productivity
Contrary to the belief that creativity is chaotic, it can improve productivity by streamlining processes and introducing novel ways of working. Techniques like mind mapping or design thinking help individuals and teams visualise goals, identify bottlenecks, and devise practical strategies. These tools foster collaboration and ensure that all voices
are heard, which often leads to more innovative outcomes.
7.
Building a Personal Brand
In the professional realm, standing out is crucial, and creativity can help individuals establish a unique identity. Whether it’s through a visually appealing portfolio, a distinctive presentation style, or an engaging social media presence, creative efforts make one’s work more memorable and impactful. Creativity also ensures that your contributions resonate with others, leaving a lasting impression.
8. Enhancing Workplace Relationships
Creativity fosters empathy and understanding, key components of strong interpersonal relationships. By creatively communicating ideas, resolving conflicts, or showing appreciation, professionals can build rapport with colleagues, clients, and
stakeholders. For instance, a manager might use role-playing exercises to address team conflicts or organise unique team-building activities to strengthen bonds.
Creativity in Personal Life
1. Strengthening Relationships
Creativity enriches personal relationships by bringing an element of surprise, fun, and depth. Writing heartfelt letters, planning unique date nights, or creating personalised gifts demonstrate thoughtfulness and effort. These actions strengthen emotional connections and show loved ones that they are valued. In social settings, creative conversation starters or activities can turn mundane gatherings into memorable experiences. Hosting themed parties or initiating collaborative projects, like group art or music sessions, fosters camaraderie and builds
lasting memories.
2. Boosting Mental Health
Engaging in creative activities has been proven to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. Activities such as painting, journaling, or playing a musical instrument provide an outlet for self-expression, allowing individuals to process emotions and clear their minds. Creativity also fosters mindfulness, as it encourages focus on the present moment.
3. Cultivating Personal Growth
Creativity drives curiosity and lifelong learning. Whether it’s exploring a new hobby, experimenting with different cooking styles, or travelling to unfamiliar places, creative pursuits challenge individuals to step out of their comfort zones. This not only broadens one’s horizons but also builds resilience and adaptability.
4. Creating a Fulfilling Environment
A creative approach to home decor and organisation can transform living spaces into inspiring sanctuaries. Rearranging furniture, incorporating DIY elements, or designing a vision board are simple ways to infuse creativity into daily life. Such efforts make homes more personalised and uplifting. Cultivating a Creative Mindset:
To truly leverage creativity, it’s essential to cultivate a mindset that embraces curiosity, openness, and persistence. Here are some strategies to nurture creativity:
1. Stay Curious: Ask questions and seek new experiences. Curiosity fuels creative thinking by exposing you to different perspectives and possibilities.
2. Embrace Failure: View setbacks as opportunities for growth rather than obstacles. Each failure teaches valuable lessons.
3. Practice Regularly: Like any skill, creativity improves with practice. Dedicate time each day to
Creativity drives curiosity and lifelong learning. Whether it’s exploring a new hobby, experimenting with different cooking styles, or travelling to unfamiliar places, creative pursuits challenge individuals to step out of their comfort zones. This not only broadens one’s horizons but also builds resilience and adaptability.
creative activities, no matter how small.
4. Surround Yourself with Inspiration: Engage with creative individuals, read books, watch films, or explore nature to find inspiration.
5. Keep an Open Mind: Challenge assumptions and be willing to explore ideas outside your comfort zone.
Overcoming Barriers to Creativity
Despite its numerous benefits, many people struggle to embrace creativity due to fear of failure, self-doubt, or a rigid mindset. Overcoming these barriers requires conscious effort and practice.
1. Challenge Perfectionism: Understand that creativity thrives in imperfection. Allow yourself to create without judgment.
2. Take Breaks: Rest and relaxation often lead to creative breakthroughs. Stepping away from a problem can provide fresh insights.
3. Collaborate: Engaging with others broadens perspectives and introduces new ideas.
4. Limit Distractions: Create a dedicated space and time for creative work to foster focus and flow.
The
Ripple Effect of Creativity
When individuals prioritise creativity, its benefits extend beyond
their immediate sphere. At work, creative efforts inspire colleagues, enhance team dynamics, and contribute to organisational success. In personal life, they strengthen relationships, boost well-being, and create a sense of purpose. Moreover, a creative approach to challenges— whether at work or home—can lead to innovative solutions that benefit entire communities.
By implementing these strategies, workplaces can become hubs of creativity that foster productivity and enhanced results. Each approach not only encourages innovative thinking but also builds a strong sense of engagement among employees, driving the organisation towards success. Creativity is not just about generating new ideas; it's about creating an environment where those ideas can thrive and contribute to accomplishing organisational goals. Ultimately, creativity is a powerful force that enriches every aspect of life. Whether it’s solving complex problems at work, nurturing meaningful relationships, or finding joy in everyday moments, creativity paves the way for growth and fulfillment. By embracing creativity and integrating it into our routines, we can transform challenges into opportunities, inspire those around us, and lead lives filled with innovation and purpose
DRINK BLUE, FEEL NEW: HEALTH BENEFITS OF BUTTERFLY PEA TEA
Imagine a tea that captivates your eyes with a mesmerising blue hue and your taste buds with subtle floral notes. Butterfly pea flower tea made from the petals of Clitoria ternatea is more than just an Instagram-worthy beverage. Packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and therapeutic properties, it’s a natural powerhouse for your health and well-being. Let’s dive into the enchanting world of butterfly pea flower tea and discover why it deserves a place in your daily routine.
1. A Treasure Trove of Antioxidants
Butterfly pea flowers are rich in anthocyanins, particularly ternatins, which give the tea its mesmerising blue hue. These antioxidants fight free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and slowing down ageing. A cup a day can help rejuvenate your cells, giving your skin a natural glow and protecting your body from chronic diseases.
2. Brain Booster in a Cup Feeling foggy-headed? Butterfly
pea flower tea is known to enhance cognitive function. It improves blood flow to the brain, supporting memory and mental clarity. It’s no wonder that this herbal brew has been a part of Ayurvedic and traditional medicine practices for centuries, hailed for its ability to sharpen the mind and uplift the mood.
3. The Stress Slayer
In today’s fast-paced world, stress is inevitable. Enter butterfly pea flower tea, nature’s tranquiliser. Its calming properties help lower
cortisol levels, reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation. Add a touch of honey or lemongrass for a soothing evening ritual that melts away the tension of the day.
4. Weight Loss Ally
Looking for a natural way to support your weight management goals? Butterfly pea flower tea is a caffeinefree option that aids digestion and boosts metabolism. Its diuretic properties help flush out toxins, reducing bloating and supporting a slimmer, healthier you.
5. A Natural Immunity Shield
Packed with flavonoids and other vital nutrients, this tea strengthens your immune system. Regular consumption can help your body fight off infections, improve resistance, and keep your energy levels high. It’s like a protective shield in a teacup!
6. Vision Enhancer
Your eyes work tirelessly, staring at screens and battling pollution. Butterfly pea flower tea contains proanthocyanidins, which improve blood circulation in the capillaries of the eyes. This enhances vision and may even reduce the risk of eyerelated ailments.
How to Brew Your Perfect Cup
Making butterfly pea flower tea is as simple as steeping a handful of dried petals in hot water for 5-10 minutes. Sweeten with honey or pair with herbs like ginger, mint, or lemongrass for a personalised twist. Drink it hot for a cosy experience or iced for a refreshing summer drink. Butterfly pea flower tea isn’t just another herbal drink—it’s a sensory experience and a gateway to better health. From its antioxidant-rich profile to its stress-relieving properties, this blue-hued marvel has something for everyone. So why not swap your regular cup of tea for this magical brew? With every sip, you’re not only embracing a healthier lifestyle but also adding a touch of wonder to your day.
Sip the blue, feel the bloom!
Rs 54,999 (approximately)
Android v15
6.78 inches (17.22 cm) Display
50 MP + 8 MP +
50 MP Primary Camera
16 MP Front Camera
12 GB RAM
256 GB Internal Storage
6000 mAh Battery Capacity
Rs 17,990 (approximately)
Android v14
6.78 inches (17.22 cm) Display
50 MP Primary Camera
32 MP Front Camera
8 GB RAM
128 GB Internal Storage
5000 mAh Battery Capacity
Nubia Red Magic 10 Pro Plus
Rs 28,999 (approximately)
Android v15
6.85 inches (17.4 cm) Display
50 MP + 50 MP + 2 MP Primary Camera
16 MP Front Camera
16 GB RAM
512 GB Internal Storage
7050 mAh Battery Capacity
Rs 39,999 (approximately)
Android v15
6.78 inches (17.22 cm) Display
50 MP + 8 MP Primary Camera
16 MP Front Camera
12 GB RAM
256 GB Internal Storage
6100 mAh Battery Capacity
SNAIL YOUR WAY TO YOUTHFUL SKIN
Would you ever guess that the secret to radiant, youthful skin could be hidden in the trail of a snail? What might sound unusual at first has turned into one of the most sought-after beauty secrets around the world. Snail mucin—nature’s ultimate multitasker—is revolutionising skincare with its incredible ability to hydrate, heal, and rejuvenate. Whether you’re chasing a dewy glow or looking to combat signs of ageing, snail mucin might just be the ingredient your beauty routine is missing.
What is Snail Mucin?
Snail mucin is the natural secretion produced by snails to protect their skin and regenerate their shells. It’s collected ethically and processed into a filtrate for use in skin-
care products. Rich in glycoproteins, glycolic acid, hyaluronic acid, zinc, and other skin-friendly components, snail mucin offers a blend of hydration, healing, and antiageing benefits.
Skin Benefits of Snail Mucin
1. Intense Hydration
Snail mucin is a moisturebinding agent that deeply hydrates the skin without leaving it greasy. Its high concentration of hyaluronic acid ensures that your skin stays plump, soft, and well-hydrated throughout the day.
2. Promotes Skin Regeneration With its natural blend of glycolic acid and proteins, snail mucin accelerates skin cell turnover, helping to fade scars, blemishes, and pigmentation. It also aids in healing minor cuts and acne wounds, leaving
Dr. Elizabath Chacko, MD-Kalpana International
your skin smooth and renewed.
3. Anti-Ageing Properties Snail mucin is rich in antioxidants and elastin-supporting compounds that combat free radicals, reduce fine lines, and enhance skin elasticity. Regular use can result in firmer, younger-looking skin.
4. Calms Inflammation The antiinflammatory properties of snail mucin make it ideal for sensitive and irritated skin. It soothes redness, reduces swelling, and helps with conditions like rosacea and eczema.
5. Boosts Collagen Production
By stimulating the skin’s natural collagen production, snail mucin improves overall skin texture and resilience. It also helps to minimise the appearance of pores, giving your skin a refined and flawless look.
6. Brightens Complexion Snail mucin contains natural exfoliants that gently remove dead skin cells, revealing a brighter and more even complexion. Over time, it can help reduce hyperpigmentation and sun spots.
How to Incorporate Snail Mucin into Your Routine
Snail mucin is versatile and suitable for all skin types, including oily, dry, and combination skin. Here are some popular ways to use it:
• Serums: Snail mucin serums deliver concentrated hydration and repair, making them perfect for your
nighttime skincare routine.
• Moisturisers: Opt for snail mucin-infused creams to lock in moisture and enhance your skin’s natural barrier.
• Masks: Sheet masks with snail mucin provide an instant boost of hydration and radiance, ideal for special occasions. Is Snail Mucin Ethical?
Modern methods of
obtaining snail mucin are generally cruelty-free. The snails are kept in stress-free environments and their secretion is collected without harming them. Always check the sourcing practices of the brand to ensure ethical production.
From ancient beauty rituals to cutting-edge skincare, snail mucin has stood the test of time as a true skin saviour. Its versatility,
gentle nature, and sciencebacked benefits make it a must-have for anyone looking to elevate their skincare game. Why settle for ordinary when you can unlock extraordinary results with snail mucin? Add this miracle ingredient to your routine and discover the glowing, youthful skin you’ve always dreamed of. Your skincare journey has never looked—or felt—this good!
SANTORINI: A SLICE OF PARADISE ON THE AEGEAN SEA SANTORINI: A SLICE OF PARADISE ON THE AEGEAN SEA
R L Morris
Thirsting for some ‘vitamin sea’ in one of the best locales of the world that looks like a picture postcard? Think of nowhere else other than Santorini, a Greek island in the southern Aegean Sea that has been wooing travellers for decades. With its shimmering blue waters that remind one of lapis lazuli, immaculately whitewashed quaint houses that sit on rugged cliffs, churches with blue domes and some of the best sunset points in the globe, Santorini is a veritable slice of paradise enticing visitors like a Greek goddess.
Nirvana at the Caldera
The island is home to one of the
most spectacular natural sights on Planet Earth and it is none other than the panoramic Caldera—a 300-metre basin formed by a volcanic eruption. Spanning 16 km, the Caldera and its cobalt blue waters skirt the picturesque towns of Fira and Oia nestled on cliffs. Vistas of the Caldera have inspired shutterbugs and artists for long apart from wooing young couples to its shores. Nature paints the Caldera with an amazing golden hue during sunset making it one of the most beautiful spots to watch the setting sun in all tourist destinations combined.
Chillax in Fira
You can begin exploring Santorini by starting with Fira, its largest
town. Put on your walking shoes and head for the main square which is the meeting place for local residents. Relax on a bench and soak in the sights and sounds as you bite into pitagyros filled with slivers of meat, potatoes, and vegetables. Wash it down with a glass of ouzo or chilled local beer to feel energized and in high spirits.
Once you are satiated, you can begin the sightseeing jaunt by visiting the most photographed spot on the island—the blue domed Greek Catholic Church of Koimisi Tis Theotokou with its iconic bell tower and three bells. Framed against the Aegean, this church has appeared on countless travel magazines and
Framed against the Aegean, the Greek Catholic Koimisi Tis
Theotokou Church with its iconic bell tower has appeared on countless travel magazines and portals as well as Instagram handles
portals as well as Instagram handles. The belfry itself provides a natural frame to click the Caldera down below.
Next on the itinerary is the Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral dating back to 1827. The white-coloured structure appears straight out of a painting and it is a feast for the eyes. Its bell tower, mosaics and the impressive artwork on the ceiling are guaranteed to take your breath away.
History buffs who wish to poke their nose into the glorious past of the island should walk into the Museum of Prehistoric Thira in the middle of the city. It has a rich repertoire of artworks and artefacts, some of which date back to 5000 years. If you need some art therapy, then Fira has some amazing art galleries. Do not forget to visit the Mati Art Gallery and the Ceramic Art Studio.
As the sun sets over the Caldera, Fira’s night spots come alive and beckon party animals. Wander along the cobbled streets and explore the bars and nightclubs while sampling your favourite tipple and lip-smacking finger food.
Oia? Oh Yeah!
Another marvel of Santorini that leaves visitors transfixed is the village of Oia precariously perched on a cliff overlooking the sea. It boasts
a hidden gem—Ammoudi Bay— that promises breathtaking views to treasure for a lifetime. From the village with its whitewashed houses, you can walk down a flight of 278 steps to reach the bay. Grab a bite and stroll along the promenade that goes all the way until the island of Agios Nikolaos Peramataris. Do not forget to click away merrily to capture those perfect frames to cherish forever.
High on a rocky ledge above the village sits the 15th-century Venetian castle offering stunning sights of the Caldera. Its vantage position makes it a place of pilgrimage for shutterbugs. Simply meditate on its ramparts overlooking the shimmering waters below and feel rejuvenated.
Sun, sea and Sand
If you are obsessed with sun, sea and sand, Santorini has some fantastic beaches that will leave you spoilt for choice. Located in Akrotiri village is the Red Beach characterised by its black and red smoothly polished pebbles and burgundy-coloured sand. It creates a surreal symphony of sorts the moment you step foot on this beach that is truly nature’s masterpiece.
Located on the southeast side of the island is Perivolos Beach ideal
Santorini gives gourmands ample opportunities to dig their fangs into authentic Greek cuisine, which is marked by its simplicity, taste, and health benefits. For that authentic feel, order a mixed grill platter featuring beef, pork, chicken and veggies along with fava me koukia, which is a hummus made from beans, for lunch.
for both quiet relaxation and adrenaline-filled action. The moment you arrive, it is the black volcanic sand that meets the eye. For those who wish to spend quality time by the sea with a relaxing drink, there are plenty of sunbeds and umbrellas while bars and clubs beckon the footloose and party animals who wish to let their hair down.
Santorini in a Bottle
Bring out the oenophile in you by embarking on a wine-tasting trail as the island is dotted with wineries that offer bacchanalian delights of various kinds. The volcanic soil rich in minerals makes Santorini ideal for grape cultivation. Therefore it is only natural that there is a whole range of wines that tempt the palate. Venetsanos, Santos, Domain Sigalas and Argyros Estate are some of the wineries offering wine-tasting tours that take you to an altogether
different level.
Simple, yummy and healthy
Santorini gives gourmands ample opportunities to dig their fangs into authentic Greek cuisine, which is marked by its simplicity, taste, and health benefits. For that authentic feel, order a mixed grill platter featuring beef, pork, chicken and veggies along with fava me koukia, which is a hummus made from beans, for lunch.
One should spare no opportunity to sample dolmadakia—grape leaves stuffed with meat, rice and herbs. They come as appetisers along with sour cream or tzatziki, which is fresh yoghurt with cucumber, lemon and greens. Another dish that will surely seduce your palate is moussaka, which comprises eggplant, ground meat, potatoes and bechamel sauce. Nestled in the
bosom of the Aegean, Santorini is also blessed with the bounty of the sea. Do not say ‘No’ if the waiter suggests fried octopus accompanied by balsamic vinegar, lemon, olive oil and capers.
Dos and don’ts
In Santorini, people value their privacy and property a lot. So, do not gatecrash into private property for a quick photo. Always tip the waiter as it is much appreciated. Do not hop on to the domes or roofs of churches for selfies as its extremely rude to do so as Greeks take their religion very seriously. Dress appropriately while visiting churches or monasteries on the island.
How to Reach
There are flights from Mumbai and New Delhi to Athens. From the Greek capital, you can take a domestic flight to Santorini or hop on a ferry
Vivek Venugopal is one of India’s top automotive writers with over a decade’s experience in road-testing and reviewing cars. He is currently the Editor of Quarter Mile magazine and a columnist in several leading magazines and newspapers. He is also a highly sought after consulting engineer and market analyst for many automobile manufacturers.
MARUTI SUZUKI DZIRE: THE UNVANQUISHED WARLORD
The sedans are losing the battle to crossovers, but the compact sedan segment has an unbeatable warrior in the form of the Maruti Suzuki Dzire. For nearly a decade and half, this has been the best-selling sedan in India. First introduced in 2008 to replace ageing Maruti Esteem, the original Dzire’s styling was a mixed bag. In what can only be described as an after-thought, Maruti simply added a boot on to the Swift making a very good-looking car, look very odd and disproportionate. It shouldn’t have worked, but then it
did. With over 27 lakh Dzires on the road, today it defines the segment. One out of two compact sedans sold today is a Dzire.
What we have here is the fourthgen Dzire. Back in the day, when the sub 4 meter scheme was introduced by the government, we saw the birth of some of the worst-looking sedans on the market. A good sedan was always about its long balanced three-box proportions and making a compact one, the size of a hatchback, was never going to look good. But with three generations to refine the styling, I have to say, this new
one looks really good. The proportions are better, you have a longer bonnet that matches the rest of the body and a reasonably sized boot. And this is also the first time the Dzire gets its own styling that’s totally different from the Swift. The front end is wider, the grille is much bigger and has a glossy black trim on top connecting the more rectangular headlamps. The use of chrome is minimal and restricted to the window line and the polished face of the 15-inch wheels.
Like the Swift, the fourthgen is based on the third-gen chassis but has been thoroughly updated inside and out. The cabin is really inviting. This is where you see some similarities to the Swift with the dashboard, equipment and seats carried over. But instead of the all-black theme, here you have beige finish that lifts the ambience and airy feel of the cabin. The layered dashboard gets a centrally mounted 9-inch infotainment unit and climate control underneath along with a
With over 27 lakh Dzires on the road, today it defines the segment. One out of two compact sedans sold today is a Dzire.
wireless charger in the console. The gauges have an additional ring for the speedometer which makes it look more premium, you also get a 360-degree camera and a sunroof, which is another segment first. The front seats are soft, yet supportive and offer good support over long distances. The rear seat has a perfect backrest and also gets good leg room and shoulder room. The boot is also slightly bigger at 382 litres.
Powering the Dzire is the new Z12 engine, the one that
made debut in the Swift. It is a new three-cylinder that replaces the old four-cylinder of the identical capacity. Power is down to 82bhp and torque isn’t really impressive at 112Nm. The drivability is good, but you miss the eagerness of the earlier car. Refinement is less and it feels labored when you try and drive fast. Where it excels though, is in the fuel efficiency department. We tested the new engine extensively in the Swift and Dzire, and it’s almost 15-20 percent more efficient averaging 1620kmpl in everyday driving. And that’s what matters to most people. What seekers of convenience will like is the AMT which is better than most of its competition. It is smooth once you get the hang of it and let the throttle off for moment every time it upshifts.
The Dzire’s road manners are also leaning towards
comfort. Ride quality is commendable with good bump absorption and adequate wheel travel. The steering lacks feel but is direct and makes the car feel agile when turning into a corner. You have the safety net of ESP to help you if you go round a corner too fast and those who are worried more about safety will be at ease to know this is the first Maruti to score all five stars at the GNCAP crash tests.
With Indian buyers gravitating more towards small SUVs, the new Dzire has its work cut out to remain relevant and keep its sales numbers up. As a product, the new one takes on the success of the earlier car and makes it so much better. Prices range from 8-12 lakhs depending on what variant you go for. If you don’t want the high seating position and extra ground clearance, this one deserves a look
Powering the Dzire is the new Z12 engine, the one that made debut in the Swift. It is a new three-cylinder that replaces the old four-cylinder of the identical capacity. Power is down to 82bhp and torque isn’t really impressive at 112Nm.
Baby John
Baby John is a thrilling Hindilanguage remake of the Tamil blockbuster Theri, and it delivers a powerful punch of action and emotion. Directed by Kalees, the film stays true to the essence of the original while adding its unique charm. Varun Dhawan excels as DCP Satya Verma, seamlessly portraying a devoted father with a haunting past.
Keerthy Suresh shines in her Hindi debut as Dr Meera, bringing grace and depth to her role. The film is an emotionally charged narrative and intense action sequences strike a perfect balance, keeping the audience engaged throughout. Jackie Shroff’s portrayal of Babbar Sher as the menacing antagonist elevates the stakes. With its compelling story, stunning visuals, and heartfelt performances, Baby John successfully recreates the magic of Theri while carving its own identity. A must-watch!
Mufasa: The Lion King
Barry Jenkins crafts a visually stunning and emotionally resonant masterpiece with Mufasa: The Lion King. This prequelsequel delves deep into the rich backstory of one of Disney’s most iconic characters, blending breathtaking photorealistic animation with a heartfelt narrative. Aaron Pierre delivers a compelling performance as young Mufasa, capturing his journey from an orphan to a beloved king. The stellar voice cast, including Kelvin Harrison Jr. and Anika Noni Rose, breathes life into complex characters, while the gripping tale of brotherhood and betrayal between Mufasa and Scar (Taka) adds layers of depth to the mythology. The film’s powerful themes of resilience, redemption, and legacy, paired with Hans Zimmer’s rousing score, make it an unforgettable cinematic experience. Mufasa: The Lion King roars with grandeur, leaving audiences captivated and inspired.
Haneef
Adeni's Marco is a masterfully crafted action thriller that grips audiences with its intense narrative and raw emotion. Unni Mukundan delivers a powerhouse performance as Marco D’Peter, embodying fury, resilience, and heartbreak in equal measure. The film’s intricate plot, filled with betrayal, vengeance, and high-octane action, keeps viewers on the edge of their seats. Siddique and Jagadish shine in their pivotal roles, while Abhimanyu S Thilakan and Kabir Duhan Singh make formidable antagonists. The brutal fight sequences, especially Marco’s final showdown, are choreographed with precision and visceral impact. The emotional depth of Marco’s quest for justice, paired with stunning visuals and a haunting score, elevates the film beyond a typical revenge drama. Marco is a riveting cinematic experience, delivering both thrilling action and a poignant story of loss and retribution.
Viduthalai Part 2
Vetrimaaran
delivers a masterclass in storytelling with Viduthalai Part 2, a gripping continuation of the intense saga. Soori’s transformation as Kumaresan is extraordinary, portraying the internal conflict of duty versus morality with depth and nuance. Vijay Sethupathi captivates as Perumal Vaathiyar, bringing charisma and conviction to the role of the revolutionary leader, while Manju Warrier shines in her impactful portrayal of Mahalakshmi. The film delves into complex themes of justice, rebellion, and sacrifice, enriched by Vetrimaaran's raw and realistic direction. Supported by an ensemble cast and a haunting score, the narrative unfolds with edge-of-the-seat intensity. The intricate exploration of ideologies and personal struggles leaves a lasting impression, making Viduthalai Part 2 a bold and unforgettable cinematic experience, and a fitting conclusion to this remarkable two-part saga.
What the Wife Knew
Author : Darby Kane
Price : `1,387 (Paperback)
What the Wife Knew by Darby Kane is a gripping domestic thriller that captivates from the very first page. The story follows Addison, a young widow whose husband, the esteemed Dr Richmond Doughtery, dies under suspicious circumstances. With a reputation tarnished by whispers of murder and a newfound fortune making her the target of scrutiny, Addison must unravel the truth behind his death—especially since someone interrupted her own chilling plan to destroy him. Kane’s writing is razor-sharp, with well-crafted twists and a dark, edgy tone that keeps readers hooked. Addison’s complex character adds depth, as her cunning and vulnerabilities are revealed layer by layer. This clever and suspenseful tale is packed with unexpected turns, making What the Wife Knew an unputdownable must-read for thriller enthusiasts.
Wind and Truth
Author : Brandon Sanderson
Price : `2,855 (Hardcover)
Wind and Truth by Brandon Sanderson is a breathtaking culmination of the first half of the Stormlight Archive series, delivering a masterful blend of epic battles, intricate world-building, and profound character development. The stakes are higher than ever as the Knights Radiant face a 10-day countdown to confront Odium’s champion, only to have chaos unleashed when the cunning Taravangian ascends to godhood. Sanderson’s ability to weave gripping action with deeply emotional moments shines through as Dalinar and Navani explore the Spiritual Realm, striving to tip the scales in a conflict that could reshape the Cosmere. The novel’s sweeping scope and meticulous attention to detail create an immersive experience, while its unpredictable twists keep readers riveted. Wind and Truth is an unmissable installment for fans of Sanderson’s monumental fantasy saga.
Not in My Book
Author : Katie Holt
Price : `3,863 (Paperback)
Not in My Book by Katie Holt is a delightful and heartfelt romantic comedy that masterfully blends wit, charm, and the magic of storytelling. Rosie, an ambitious and idealistic writer, finds herself clashing with her arrogant yet irresistible ex-crush Aiden in a New York writing workshop. Their forced collaboration on a genre-blending novel becomes a brilliantly crafted journey of personal growth, mutual respect, and undeniable chemistry. Holt's writing sparkles with humour and emotional depth, capturing the struggles of pursuing creative dreams while navigating identity and relationships. The layers of tension, passion, and vulnerability between Rosie and Aiden are beautifully woven, making their dynamic both relatable and compelling. With its playful banter, steamy undertones, and touching moments, Not in My Book is a must-read love story for fans of enemies-to-lovers tropes.
Under Loch and Key
Author : Lana Ferguson
Price : ` 926 (Paperback)
Under Loch and Key by Lana Ferguson is a captivating, suspense-filled romance that seamlessly blends mystery, magic, and passion. Keyanna “Key” MacKay’s journey to uncover her father’s secrets leads her to Scotland, where she crosses paths with the brooding and enigmatic Lachlan Greer. The chemistry between them is undeniable, despite their initial animosity and shared family secrets. Ferguson weaves an enthralling narrative filled with twists, emotional depth, and a touch of the supernatural, making every page more intriguing than the last. The tension between Key and Lachlan is perfectly balanced with moments of humour, vulnerability, and fiery attraction. With a richly atmospheric setting and an exciting plot that explores curses, powers, and secrets, Under Loch and Key is sure to delight fans of romance with a mystical edge and captivating characters.
