Bangalore's Connections With The Great Trigonometric Survey of India

Bangalore’s Connections With The Great Trigonometric Survey of India Compiled by P L Udaya Kumar (udayakumar.pl@gmail.com)

NE End Video

Watch video of the NE End of the Bangalore Baseline on Youtube

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Sampigehali Video

Watch video of the Sampigehalli Triangulation station of the Bangalore Baseline on Youtube

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How Did I Discover This Topic ?

““Bangalore the Past in the Present” debate on 10/11/2013 organised

by Facebook Group “Bangalore Photos from a Byegone Age”

What an elderly man in the audience said kindled a spark and this is the outcome……

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A Longer Version of This Presentation Is Uploaded At http://issuu.com/udayakumarp.l/docs/the_story_of_the_bangalore_baseline

Alternatively, go to issuu.com and search for Bangalore Baseline ● GTS ● Udaya Kumar P L ●

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmark Points around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today 6

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GTS – Its Importance • One of the greatest scientific endeavours ever undertaken.

• Initiated in 1800 and lasted over a 100 years • Inch-perfect maps of the Indian subcontinent were developed.

• Survey teams numbered upto 800 people included elephants, horses and bullock carts and equipment weighing tons • A British Surveyor’s average life expectancy was 50 years • Number of lives lost in these surveys exceeded mortalities in the wars of 19th century India!

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GTS and Inch Accuracy Image courtesy Julian Swindell, Principal lecturer, GIS at the Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, United Kingdom

In 1852 GTS teams calculated the height of Mt Everest from Madras to be 6� within that of todays measurements 8

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Contents • GTS – The Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmark Points around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today

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The Bangalore Connection • In 1799, the British defeated Tipu and a Col Lambton made this proposal

“A Mathematical and Geographical Survey that would extend right across the peninsula coast to coast and serve as a foundation for a survey of the whole country – Cape Comorin to the Himalayas” • His proposal was approved and he started his survey operations in 1800, at “Kistnaporum” (Krishnarajapuram) near Bangalore .

• His work of measuring a baseline in Bangalore ultimately evolved to a mapping exercise of the entire nation and also the measurement and declaration of Mt Everest as the highest peak in the world

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The Bangalore Connection

Baseline, Endpoints, Intermediate Points, Triangulation Points and Triangles 11

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The Bangalore Connection

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The Bangalore Connection

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmark Points around Bangalore 14

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Trigonometric Survey – The Basics Property of any triangle*

a

A/sin(a) = B /sin(b) =C /sin(c)



C

b

?

?

 

B

So, if we know three angles and the length of one side (called the base) , we can mathematically calculate the lengths of the other two sides



c

A 15

* 12th Standard Mathematics 13-Mar-2014

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Trigonometric Survey – The Basics

Source : Wikimedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CD006-Triangulation_16th_century.png 16

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Trigonometric Survey – The Basics E F h

k

l

m o j

g

C c

 a A



i

e

f

n D

If we want to know the distances between places A,B,C,D..

?

 Baseline

G

b

d B

Step 1 : Measure physically the length of baseline AB Step 2 : Measure optically the angles a, b, c, d, e, f, g, ….

Step 3 : Mathematically calculate lengths of sides of triangles

The accuracy of the calculated lengths is dependent on how accurately the baseline is measured and how accurately the angles are measured.

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Trigonometric Surveys of Very Large Geographical Areas Also Account For • Errors in the a/sin(a) ..formula, which is not accurate for spherical triangles (significant due to the shape of the Earth) • Human errors in measurement • Errors introduced in measuring instruments due to temperature variation, manufacturing defects ….

• Errors introduced due to variations in the gravitational force (a pendulum is not necessarily vertical at places) • Errors due to optical effects like refraction introduced by variations in weather conditions • …

GTS Surveys progressively improved in accuracy as these issues were better understood and factored for them

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GTS – The Proposal By Col Lambton In 1799, the British defeated Tipu and become masters of lands stretching from Mysore to Mangalore. Col Lambton, a soldier and surveyor in the British Army, recommended a survey of this vast stretch of land. In his own words, the land :

“.. from its nature affords a most admirable means of connecting that with the coast of Coromandel by an uninterrupted series of triangles, and of continuing that series to an almost unlimited extent in every other direction”

Letter to Right Hon. Governor in Council at Madras (1799)

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‌ masters of lands stretching from Madras to Mangalore

1805 Map of Southern India Source : http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/colonial/joppenearly1800s/joppen1805max.jpg 20

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“.. from its nature affords a most admirable means of connecting ‌.uninterrupted series of triangles

1795 Map Of Hindoostan Showing The Territories Ceded By Tipoo Saib To The Different Powers Source: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/colonial/wilkinsonmaps/southindia1794/southmax.jpg 21

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The Droogs

Source: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/colonial/sdukmaps/02mapletts/02lettsmax.jpg 22

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Who was Col Lambton • An Englishman born in 1753.

• Not very much is known about his birthplace, parents, education etc.

• Moved to America in 1784 as surveyor in the British Army.

• Damaged an eye trying to watch an solar eclipse.

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Who was Col Lambton That eye injury led him to be assigned to a cushy job of barrack master (a civil appointment) for 13 years in North America.

During this time he taught himself Mathematics which in his own words

“laid the foundation of that knowledge ,which was one day to bring him to the notice of the world�

Source Page 74, Biographical Sketch of the late Col Lambton, Gleanings in Science, Vol 2, 1803 24 of 75

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmark Points around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today

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The Chinese Connection To The Bangalore Baseline of 1800 • A 1792 British team carried astronomical instruments (& Dr Dinwiddie a teacher) as gifts for the Chinese Emperor.

•

Unfortunately the Chinese showed little interest and they were all shipped to Calcutta and given to Dr. Dinwiddie as part payment for his services.

• Col Lambton procured them from Dr. Dinwiddie for Rs 3,600 .

• This was the equipment he used to measure the first Bangalore Baseline • And ordered for a brand new set of the very latest and best equipment from England

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Lambtons Instruments Ramsden’s Chain

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Lambtons Instruments • Coffers • Pickets • Tripods • Boning Telescope • Spirit Levels • Sextant • …

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Measuring the First Baseline in Bangalore 1800

1847, Painting from Everest’s Survey Team, Measuring a Baseline Lambton’s equipment were less elaborate & accurate 29

Source: 1847, Account of the Measurements of the Meridionial Arc of India, by Lt Col Everest 13-Mar-2014

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Measurement of a Baseline

Later day photo from Queensland, Australia 30

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Measurement of the Baseline in 1800 • Lambton started measuring his baseline on 14th Oct 1800 from a place near “Kistnaporum” heading in the direction of Agaram village a mile north of “Oosur Road” which he finally reached on 10th Dec 1800 ( a tedious 57 day exercise to cover the distance of 7.5miles) • For his survey he was sanctioned by the government :

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Records from Lambton’s 1800 Bangalore Baseline

Today’s Bagmane lake was a deep gully at that time The Lake is fully encroached today 32

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Records from Lambton’s 1800 Bangalore Baseline

Rains cause Bellandur lake to fill & Lambton has to triangulate around it !

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Lambton’s 1800 Bangalore Baseline (Overlay on 2013 Google Earth Imagery)

–

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Lambton’s 1800 Bangalore Baseline (Overlay on 2013 Google Earth Imagery)

Demo with Google Earth

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Lambton’s Baseline South Endpoint Today

Is just of Agara main road at one corner of the Army’s Iblur training grounds at HSR Layout 36 of 75

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Lambton’s Baseline South Endpoint Today

Is on a small granite hillock, part of the Army’s Iblur training grounds 37

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Lambton’s Baseline North Endpoint Today

Is near the Ramamurthy underpass on Outer Ring Road 38 of 75

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Lambton’s Baseline North Endpoint Today

Is a water reservoir !

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The Government on Lambtons 1800 Baseline

The perfectionist that he was, he had his Assistant Lt Warren remeasure* the baseline in 1804. This new baseline was then used in all calculations after 40

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Records of Lambton’s 1804 Baseline Measured by Lambton’s Assitant Lt Warren between 26-May-1804 & 11July-1804.

Locational particulars of this baseline are not available.

It is possible he remeasured the old line. Though one historical document does mention of a new more suitable site being used.

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Lambton’s Coast to Coast Triangles “.. from its nature affords a most admirable means of connecting that with the coast of Coromandel by an uninterrupted series of triangles, and of continuing that series to an almost unlimited extent in every other direction”

Each of the sides of a triangle were between 30-50 miles (50-80kms) and most vertex points the summits of high hills (droogs) or high points in the region 43

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Lambton’s Great Theodolite This half ton device was hauled up steep hills like the one at Savandurga.

Surveyors would spend spent days and nights at the summit, hoping to get a clear sighting and measurement of the other two points of the triangle, some 5080 kilometers away This theodolite was damaged in 1808 while being hauled up the Gopuram of the Brihadeshwara temple in Tanjavur.

Source: Historical Records of the Survey of India, Vol 4, Page 121 44

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Lambton’s Great Theodolite

Source: http://geomaticsruth.blogspot.in/2013/04/hunting-great-theodolites.html 45

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Lambton’s Great Theodolite

Source: http://geomaticsruth.blogspot.in/2013/04/hunting-great-theodolites.html 46

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Lambton’s Great Theodolite

Source: http://geomaticsruth.blogspot.in/2013/04/hunting-great-theodolites.html 47

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Lambton’s Triangles in Bangalore Region

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Mantapam is the KG Tower near Mekhri Circle, Dodagoontah inside MEG Centre at Ulsoor, Allasoor is Betta Ulsoor near Yelhanka & Bonnairgatah is Bannerghatta 13-Mar-2014

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Records of Lambton’s Triangle Calculations One Side & Three Angles Help calculate the lengths of the other two sides

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Lambton’s Station at Savandurga (Savandroog)

The small stone mound on the summit (a person can be standing on it in the inset) is Lambton’s station where his great theodolite would have been seated for many days trying to get an accurate angular measurement 50

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Savandurga Video

Watch video of the Savandurga GTS Station on Youtube

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Lambton’s Other Baselines

Source : Historical Records of Survey of India, Vol II, page 314 52

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Bangalore & The Damaged Theodolite • In 1807, the theodolite crashed into the Gopuram of the Brihadeshwara temple while it was being lifted up to the summit. • Lambtons assistant was in-charge at the time but Lambton owned up to the mishap and immediately ordered a new theodolite from England at his own personal cost and proceeded to Bangalore repair the damage. • In Bangalore he shuts himself up in a tent with the theodolite at Dodagoontah (MEG Ulsoor), strips the theodolite to its nuts and bolts and restores the theodolite to near original condition.

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Status of Surveys 1843

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And thus they covered the entire country in a grid-iron network of triangles

“The Great Arc�

Centered on the 78th Meridian

Calcutta Longitudinal Series

Bombay Longitudinal Series

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1870 Index Chart GTS 13-Mar-2014

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmark Points around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today

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New GTS Baselines post 1830 Around 1830, new equipment, new techniques and new mathematical concepts promising significant improvements in measurement accuracy had been developed. All these triggered the measurement of 10 new baselines and the remeasurement of some triangles in the country. One such new baseline was measured in Bangalore in the year 1868, the end point markers of which exist to this day !

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The New Compensation Bars for Measurement of Baselines The new compensation bars were two bars of brass and iron, hinged at the ends with a tongue and supported by rollers at the bottom. The tongues carried a brass dot that were separated 10ft exactly irrespective of the temperature outside.

The bars were placed in a wooden box, with only the ends protruding out.

Source: 1847, Account of the Measurements of the Meridionial Arc of India, Engravings by Lt Col Everest 58

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Process of Measuring A Baseline

Source: 1847, Account of the Measurements of the Meridionial Arc of India, Engravings by Lt Col Everest 59

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GTS – The 1868 Bangalore Baseline In addition to using new compensation bars with microscopes at the ends for better alignment, triangulation on either side of the base line was a technique employed to reconfirm the accuracy of physical measurements of the baseline.

This new baseline was measured to be 36083 ft & 7.5096 inches 60

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GTS – The 1868 Bangalore Baseline

Baseline, Endpoints, Intermediate Points, Triangulation Points and Triangles 61

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GTS – The 1868 Bangalore Baseline

Note the excellent choice of locations for intermediate Station A & Station B 62

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GTS – The 1868 Bangalore Baseline

Demonstration with Google Earth

Note the excellent choice of locations for intermediate Station A & Station B 63

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The Third Bangalore Baseline, 1868

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SW End of the Bangalore Baseline Today

The SW End is located a few feet from the KG Tower (Vialadina Mandapam they called it) near Mekhri Circle. KG Tower itself boast of two other GTS Benchmarks on its floor and steps.

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SW End of the Bangalore Baseline

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The Observatory has been destroyed but the markstone exists. A stone inset by Survey of India declares this the SW End and that it was rebuilt in 1937. KG Tower (Vialdina Mandapam) in the background 13-Mar-2014

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NE End Observatory of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Located slightly of Hennur –Bagalur Road the NE End of the baseline is some 6.5 kilometers of the Nagavara junction on Outer Ring Road 67 of 75

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NE End Observatory of the Bangalore Baseline Today

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Markstone on the roof of observatory at the NE End Bangalore Baseline

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Markstone on the roof of observatory at the NE End Bangalore Baseline

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Floor of the Observatory at the NE End Bangalore Baseline

The Circular pit at one time seated a 3 ft tall brick masonry pillar and on top of that was a markstone, with a + carved on it. This place was probably ravaged by treasure hunters.

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NE End Video

Watch video of the NE End of the Bangalore Baseline on Youtube

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The Kalianpur Observatory

Very Similar Design as the Observatory at the NE End

Source: 1847, Account of the Measurements of the Meridionial Arc of India, Engravings by Lt Col Everest 73

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Station A at Vishwantath Nagenahalli of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is located of 1st Main Road, Kanaka Nagar, Hebbal 74 of 75

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Station A at Vishwanath Nagenahalli

The structure originally had a 6’ Gopura on top and a markstone on the floor.

The owner of the plot believes this structure to have been a temple at one time.

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Station B at Rachenahalli of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is on the high ground between Thanisandra Main Road and Rachenahalli Main Road , a little distance away from the Nagavara Junction on Outer Ring Road 76 of 75

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Station B at Rachenahalli (destroyed ?)

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Strangely there is nothing today at the spot, maybe the station is in some close by place ?

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GTS – The 1868 Bangalore Baseline

Baseline, Endpoints, Intermediate Points, Triangulation Points and Triangles 78

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GPS Coords (est) of Points Associated with the 1868 Bangalore Baseline Name of Location

LATITUDE Longitude

Current Status

Gadalahalli Stn

13.033788° 77.576297° Destroyed

Basangutta Stn

13.055844° 77.590254° Destroyed

Sampanahalli Stn

13.079193° 77.622986° Exists

Machalbetta Stn

13.002243° 77.628068° Destroyed

Ainur Stn

13.035030° 77.640496° Maybe destroyed ?

Gubi Stn

13.064925° 77.660387° Maybe destroyed ?

SW End 1868 Baseline Station A (Vishwanath

13.012596° 77.582264° Exists

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The Third Bangalore Baseline, 1868

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Gadalahalli Station of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is opposite the RadhaKrishna Temple on Sanjaynagar Main Road 81 of 75

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Gadalahali Station (destroyed)

Not being on top of a hill this GTS point had little chance of survival. Interestingly most GTS points that have been destroyed are now locations for temples or water reservoirs. This land too belongs to a temple !

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Sampanahalli Station of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is in a abandoned stone quarry near Sampigehalli off Thanisandra Main Road 83 of 75

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Sampanahalli Station (partially destroyed)

A single tall column of granite supports the GTS Station on the summit. In the circular pit visible in the inset were a circular pillar with a mark stone on top.

Now an abandoned granite quarry, the station is believed to be a ruined temple and appears to have survived for this reason.

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Sampigehali Video

Watch video of the Sampigehalli Triangulation station of the Bangalore Baseline on Youtube

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Ainur Station of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is near Hennur Bande on Hennur-Bagalur Road off Outer Ring Road 86 of 75

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Ainur Station Today (destroyed)

This was the site for the great Hennur Bande of 1868 and a massive granite quarry later.

The hollowed out quarry is now a small mud hill thanks to tons of excavated earth from nearby building projects making their way here.

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Gubbi Station of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is off Hennur Bagalur Road in the vicinty of the Purva Palm Beach project 88 of 75

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Gubbi Station Today (Destroyed)

Located on high ground this GTS point had little chance of surviving. Most GTS points that have been destroyed are now locations for temples or water reservoirs. Religious structures on public lands are a well established method to grab land !

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Machalibetta Station of the Bangalore Baseline Today

Is at the Machalibetta BWSSB water reservoir off Banaswadi Main Road 90 of 75

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Machalibetta Station (Destroyed)

Like a few other GTS points in the city this one too has been lost to a water reservoir. A GTS station being the highest point in the region is ideal location for a reservoir ! The GTS station would have been on an boulder like the one in the center of this photo

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmark Points around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today 92

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Post 1880 Triangles Around Bangalore (GTS Stations)

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Turkungutta GTS Station Today

Is on BWSSB property just off Graphite India Road in Whitefield 94 of 75

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GTS Station at Turukungutta (Whitefield)

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On the grounds of a BWSSB water reservoir this mark has survived fairly well, the usual circular pillar with markstone are missing though 13-Mar-2014

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Turkunguda Video

Watch video of Turkungutta GTS Station on Youtube

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Savandurga GTS Station Today

Is on the summit of the massive granite monolith at Savandurga near Magadi 97 of 75

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GTS Station at Savandurga

The small mound on the left is the GTS Station. The usual circular pillar and markstone are destroyed 98

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Savandurga Video

Watch Video of Savandurga GTS Station on Youtube

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Hosur GTS Station Today

Is located behind the Chandra Choodeshwaara temple, Hosur on the Bangalore Chennai Road 100 of 75

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GTS Station at Hosur

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The best preserved GTS station to date, with the original markstone (inset photo) and platform largely intact.

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GTS Station at Hosur

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Hosur GTS Station Video

Watch video of Hosur GTS Station on Youtube

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GTS Station at Devarbetta

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The platform and markstone are both destroyed, but the small cup like mark carved into the rock still exists. The platform was probably ravaged by treasure hunters.

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GPS Coords of GTS Triangulation Points Around Bangalore

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Place Ambajidurga Station, Dodnirmanga Station, Makalidurga Shtion Halasurbetta Station, Ramadevarabetta Station, Savandurga Station, Bannergatta Station, Rangaswamibetta Station, Hemagiri Station, Bantamaribetta Station, Tirthapalli Nandigudi Station, Kolar Station Bhupatamma Station Hosur Station Turukungutta Station Bangalore Baseline SW End Bangalore Baseline NE End Mandur Station Devarabetta Station Anchettidurga Station Kopabetta Station Mariyalam Station

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Lat 13.39382 13.59819 13.43889 13.16181 13.32326 12.91949 12.81184 13.02522 12.81307 12.56571 13.04017 13.2035 13.14765 12.99744 12.72679 12.97714 13.01255 13.08342 13.08354 12.62542 12.58951 12.36381 12.37905

Long Altitude (ft) 78.01689 4394 77.13701 4115 77.50275 3606 77.61925 3337 77.16459 3880 77.29216 4021 77.57486 3268 76.97041 2995 77.04863 3083 77.38193 3419 77.88662 3142 77.89579 3087 78.09598 4021 78.09383 3699 77.83878 3115 77.71137 2986 77.58226 3126 77.65338 3016 77.73215 3000 77.62592 3364 77.88959 3192 77.49471 77.70473

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmarks around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today

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GTS Benchmarks • All along important road and rail routes, datum points called Benchmark points (BMs) were established.

• These BMs served as local reference of precisely measured elevation (from Madras) • They were often on stone posts, milestones, stone embeded into culvert walls, bridges, railway platforms, temple/church steps ..

• Many of these BMs can be found even today and interestingly are still indicated in current day Survey of India Topo Maps

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Bangalore to Mangalore BMs

The old route to Mangalore via Magadi & Hassan. Triangular marks are used to indicate GTS Stations that also form the vertex of GTS Triangles 108

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List of GTS BMs in Bangalore City

Exists

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BM at Trinity Church

0 BM carved into the Step. What was then the third step is now the first step 110

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BM at St Andrews Church (Destroyed)

The BM was on the marble steps leading into the church, the steps no longer exist.A later day map indicates a BM inside on the floor – needs to be verified if it is still there 111

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BM at KG Tower Mekhri Circle

This tower boasts two BMs one on the SW corner and on the middle of the southern steps 112

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BM at Queen Victoria Statue

A later day addition to the BMs in Bangalore.

How could the Queens statue be without such an important mark ?

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BM at KR Puram Railway Station

This BM when installed was opposite the Station Masters office.

Either the station has since been rebuilt some 20 feet away or 114

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BM on track near KR Puram Station

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When installed this BM was on the parapet wall of a bridge. The track on the right was laid subsequently and the bridge widened for that, but some conscientious person preserved the BM and put it back at the same spot – now between the tracks !

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Contents • GTS – Its Importance • GTS – The Bangalore Connection • GTS – The Basics • GTS – Lambton's Bangalore Baselines • GTS – Lambton's Triangles • GTS – 1868 Bangalore Baseline • GTS – Post 1880 GTS triangles around Bangalore • GTS – Benchmarks around Bangalore • GTS – How you can recreate some of it today

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GTS – How You Can Relive the Excitement/Experience Today • Visit various GTS locations in & around Bangalore using the GPS coordinates given in this document.

• With a binocular/telescope try to sight a nearby triangulation point.

• Imagine a surveyor with a 36”/24” theodolite weighing half ton doing the same in 1868.

• Imagine yourself traversing the country (Kanyakumari to the Himalayas) in this manner, stopping to take measurements at “droogs”, temple gopurams and other such raised locations 117 of 75

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GTS – How You Can Relive the Excitement/Experience Today •

Use your mobile phone to calculate distances and visualise connections between GTS points using apps (such as the Map Points Distance Calculator for Android shown below)

In the pictures above are the lat-long coords of the 1868 Bangalore Baseline and an overlay on Google Maps. Imagine yourself as a surveyor carrying out a 49 day laborious exercise in 1868 to arrive at these same results !

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In Summary • Major William Lambton • Triangulation - Basics • The Bangalore Baselines (1800,1804,1868) • Mandapam, Dodagoontah & the Damaged Theodolite • Triangles of Southern India • The Great Trigonometric Survey, The Great Arc • Social, Political & Organisation aspects of the survey • GTS Landmarks today • Reliving some of the experience

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Appendix

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References Book Title

Publisher

1 Asiatic Researches or Transactions of the Soceity Instituted in Bengal - Vol 7 2 Asiatic Researches or Transactions of the Soceity Instituted in Bengal - Vol 10 3 Account of the Operations of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India - Vol 1, The Standards of Measure and the Base-lines

1807

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Google Books Contributing Library

1870

The Pennsylvania State University Library The Pennsylvania State University Library University of Michigan

1878

Harvard University

1890

University of Michigan

1910

Osmania University

1950

Open source contribution to Archive.org

1810

Office of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, Dehra Doon, 4 Memoir on the Indian Surveys by Clements R HMs Secretary of Markham State for India in Council 5 Account of the Operations of the Great Office of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India - Vol 8, Details Trigonometrical of the Principal Triangulation of Five of the Survey, Dehra Component Series of The Southern Trigon Doon, 6 Account of the Operations of the Great Office of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India - Vol 18, Trigonometrical Descriptions and Heights of Benchmarks on Survey, Dehra the Southern Lines of Levelling Doon, 7 Historical Records of the Survey of India by R Survey of India, H Philmore, Eighteenth Century - Vol II DehraDun 121 of 75

Published Year

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References Book Title 8 Gleanings in Science (fPage 73, Biographical sketch of Col Lambton) 9 The Great Arc : The Dramatic Tale of How India was Mapped and Everest Was Named 10 Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843 11 Deccan Traverses – The Making of Bangalores Terrain NPTEL Video lectures on Surveying

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Publisher/ Author

Published Year March, 1830

Google Books Contributing Library The Pennsylvania State University Library

John Keay

2012

NA

Mathew H Edney

1990

NA

Anuradha Mathus & Dilip DaCunha

2006

NA

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Human & Administrative Aspects of The GTS Exercise

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The Human Aspects of The GTS Exercise • Rampant Disease – Malaria (bad vapour), Dysentery, TB – leeching & cupping • Families & Mestizoes • Rebellious “natives” • Non-cooperative local kings & chieftains • Fishing Fleet • Establishment of Civil Engineering College at Roorke for training of youth (1850) 124 of 75

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Surveyor Employment Contract and Salaries Three year bond with a penalty of 50% of the pay to be returned in case of resignation ď Š

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Surveyors Subject & Marks

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Memorandum of Instructions to Applicants

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Estimate for a Topo Survey Party, 1878

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Progress Report

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Monthly Statement of Expenses

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Monthly Statement of Expenses

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Example Measurements Book

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Miscellaneous Information

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GTS Museum at Survey of India, Dehradun

Source: http://geomaticsruth.blogspot.in/2013/04/hunting-great-theodolites.html 134

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Hoisting a Pole

Source http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9tK3aB8EJvHxsWmqc8UxuI/The-men-who-measured-Earths-curves.html 135

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1793 Map of Peninsular India

Sourcehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg 136

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1800 Map of Peninsular India

Sourcehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg 137

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How Is It Done Today ?

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Actual Shape of Earth

Source - http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/media-communication/mediathek/image-galleries/geoid-the-potsdam-gravity-potato/ 139

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IGS Stations Worldwide

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IGS Station at IISc Bangalore

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IGS Station at IISc Bangalore

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IGS Station at IISc Bangalore

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GCP Phase 1

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GCP Phase 1 Monument

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GCP 1 Points in Karnataka NAME DEVANAHALLI GADIGARA PALYA BANGLORE CHAKAVEL CHIKBALLAPUR CHINTAMANI H.S. GUDIBANDA KOLAR MALUR MULABAGAL HALAGURU HONAKERE MANDYA RAMANAGARA MAGADI AMRUTUR CHIKNAYAKANA HALLI SIRUGUPPA UDUPI MADHUGIRI TURUVEKERE

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STATE KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA KARNATAKA

DISTRICT BANGALORE RURAL BANGALORE RURAL BANGLORE URBAN CHIKBALLAPUR CHIKBALLAPUR CHIKBALLAPUR CHIKBALLAPUR KOLAR KOLAR KOLAR MANDYA MANDYA MANDYA RAMANAGARA RAMNAGAR TAMKUR TAMKUR TAMKUR TAMKUR TUMKUR TUMKUR

TESHIL_TAL DEVANHALLI DODDABALLAPUR BANGALORESOUTH BAGEPALLI CHIKBALAPUR CHINTAMANI GUDIBANDA KOLAR MALUR MULABAGAL MALAVALLI NAGAMANGALA MANDYA RAMANAGARA MAGADI KUNIGAL CHIKNAYAKANHALLI SIRA TURUVEKERE MADHUGIRI TAMKUR

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LOCALITY MINI VIDHANA SOUDHA GOVT.BOYS HOSTEL KANASAVADI VILLAGE GADIGARA PAL IN CAMPUS OF SURVEY OF INDIA KARAMANGLA CHAKAVEL RESERVED FOREST ON THE TOP OF SULLAPPA GUDDA HS ON SHEET ROCK IN FRONT OF SMALL TEMPLE TB BUILDING PREMISES GUDIBANDA ON A STABLE ROCK NEAR RAIN GAUGE IN PREMISES OF PLAY GROUND OF GOVT. GIRLS HOSTEL ENGRAVED ON BIG ROCK NEAR NH-4 GOVT. FIRST GRADE COLLEGE CUM GOVT GIRLS HIGHER TOP OF LOW ROCKY HILL BOULDER IN PREMISES OF GOVT. COLLEGE MANDAYA IN PRIMESES OF GOVTM COLLEGE AT KUNGAL VILLAGE GOVT. OF PU COLLEGE PLAY GROUND MAGADI HIGHER URDU PRIMARY SCHOOL AMRUTUR ON TOP OF MODALINGANA GUDDA PEAK IN PREMISES OF GOVT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE SIRUGUPP GOVT HIGHER PRIMARY SCHOOL DODDANAGUDDA TIMALPUR FOREST NURSERY GOVT PU COLLEGE TURUVEKERE

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GCP Phase 2

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Total Station

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Differential GPS (DGPS) Survey

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News Paper Mentions

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Deccan Chronicle (Sunday, Aug 30, 2015)

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Bangalore Mirror

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