Cj Brown Project 3
Type Specification Left Book
078-034
Contents
Grid System
2–5
Typography Header
6–7
Expressive Type
8–9
Pull Quotes
10–11
Body Copy
12–13
Page Architecture
14
Typographic Detail
15–17
Images
19–21
Colour
22
Binding & Stock
23
Oversights
24–25
Book Mechanics
26
Grid System
Rule
26.5 cm / 752 pt
16cm / 454 pt
4
During the development stages of my book I decided early on that I wanted to keep the same grid throughout, however this meant I needed to use a grid which was both flexible when using imagery and effective when using type. By using 9 columns I was able to keep a coherent structure throughout the book whilst being able to experiment with the page architecture, trying not to make any pages too repetitive. The choice to have an odd amount of columns was partly because I was aware I was going to be working with large amounts of text so in this instance I was able to position my text box centrally, allowing adequate space either side, taking advantage of the shape of the book. It also proved to be extremely useful when the decision was made to have two columns of text and also laying out imagery. In order to take advantage of the tall aspect of the book I chose keep the all the margins fairly small, especially at the bottom of the page. Whilst it was equally possible to limit the margin size on the inside due to the way it’s bound, which allows to book to fully open. I took inspiration on the size and shape from traditional Chinese books and documents. I found that a common approach to the design of the books I sourced was for them to be follow a tall & narrow approach. Once I’d created my first draft of the book I returned back to the original size I’d settled on and made it slightly wider (1cm) as I felt their wasn’t enough space either side of the centralized text box. Measurements Top Margin
23 pt
Bottom Margin
22.6 pt
Inside Margin
22.6 pt
Outside Margin
22.6 pt
Gutter
14 pt
Columns
9
Baseline
12 pt
5
Examples of grid variety
Est. 1912
20
21
THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
KMT
W
ith the qing Dynasty, the last of the ruling Chinese dynasties, collapsing in 1911 China was left facing a Civil War. The Chinese Civil War (1927-50) was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (kmt), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China (cpc), for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of China. The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major active battles ceased in 1949-50. However there is debate on whether the war has officially ended. The conflict continues in the form of military threats and political and economic pressure, particularly over the political status of Taiwan. The continued tension is described in cross-Strait relations.
CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY
The war represented an ideological split between the Nationalist kmt, and the Communist cpc. In mainland China today, the last three years of the war (1947-49) are more commonly known as the War of Liberation.
The civil war continued intermittently until the Second Sino-Japanese War interrupted it, resulting in the two parties forming a Second United Front. Japan's campaign was defeated in 1945, marking the end of World War II, and China's full-scale civil war resumed in 1946. To this day, since no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, the prc still actively claims Taiwan as part of its territory and continues military threats to Taiwan, the r.o.c also has mutual claim on mainland China, and both continues the fight over diplomatic recognition, there is debate on whether the Civil War has legally ended. The war of weapons has given way to away of words. Today, the war occurs on the political and economic fronts in the form of cross-Strait relations. The People's Republic threatens the r.o.c with a military invasion if the r.o.c officially declares independence for Taiwan by changing its name to the Republic of Taiwan.
24
13
WAR OF WORDS
JOSIAH TATTNALL
1970 –1980
B
y the late 1970s, it had become a concern in China and particularly in colonial Hong Kong that the 99–year land lease of the New Territories, a major region of Hong Kong, to Britain would expire in approximately 20 years time. The public concern immediately resulted in a series of negotiations between the Chinese and British government's in the early 1980's regarding the future of Hong Kong. The negotiations resulted in the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the 9th December 1984 stating the transfer of the sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In the wake of Governor MacLehose's visit, Britain and the pcr established initial diplomatic contact for further discussions of the Hong Kong question, paving the way for Thatcher's first visit to the transfer of sovereignty in September 1982. In discussion with Deng Xiaoping, Margaret Thatcher reiterated the validity of an extension of the lease of Hong Kong territory, particularly in light of binding treaties, including the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Convention of Peking in 1856, and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in 1890.
BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER
Deng Xiaoping cited clearly the lack of room for compromise on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong; the PRC, as the successor of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China on the mainland, would recover the entirety of the New Territories, Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. After her visit with Deng in Beijing, Thatcher was received in Hong Kong as the first British Prime Minister to set foot on the territory whilst in office. At a press conference, Thatcher re-emphasized the validity and the importance of the three treaties in place, asserting the need for countries to respect treaties on universal terms. During the same time, in the 5th session of the 5th National People's Congress, the constitution was amended to include a brand new clause, which stated that the country might establish a special administrative region (sar) when necessary. The clause would hold tremendous significance in settling the question of Hong Kong, putting into social consciousness the concept of "One country, Two systems".*
*
Sino-British Joint Declaration, para. 19. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
6
2
3
Lin questioned how it could then profit from the drug in China. In fact, opium was not illegal in England at the time, however, and comparably smaller quantities were imported. The British government and merchants didn't offer a response to Lin, accusing him instead of destroying their property. When the British learned of what was taking place in Canton, as communications between these two parts of the world took months at this time, they sent a large British Indian army, which arrived in June 1840. British warships wreaked havoc on coastal towns; the steam ship Nemesis was able to move against the winds and tides and support a gun platform with very heavy guns. In addition, the British troops were the first to be armed with modern muskets and cannons which fired more rapidly and with greater accuracy than the Qing firearms and artillery. After the British took Canton, they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges, a devastating blow to the Empire as
LIN TSE-HSÜ
it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a small fraction of what it had been. In 1842, the Qing authorities sued for peace, which concluded with the Treaty of Nanking negotiated in August of that year and ratified in 1843. In the treaty, China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain, open four ports to Britain, and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria. In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, the Qing empire also recognised Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in ports.
ENGLISH WARSHIPS ARE
The ease with which the British forces had defeated the numerically superior Chinese armies seriously affected the Qing Dynasty's prestige. The success of the First Opium War allowed the British to resume the opium trade in China. It also paved the way for opening of the lucrative Chinese market to other commerce and the opening of Chinese society to missionary endeavors.†
NOW ARRIVING AT CANTON. ALTHOUGH IT IS CERTAIN THAT THEY WILL NOT VENTURE TO CREATE A DISTURBANCE HERE, I AM CERTAIN THAT THEY WILL, LIKE GREAT RATS, ATTEMPT TO SHELTER THE VILE SELLERS OF OPIUM.
18
25
NEW TERRITORIES
USING THE MOST FAVOURED NATION CLAUSE THAT THEY HAD NEGOTIATED IN PEKING, THE UNITED KINGDOM DEMANDED THE EXTENSION OF KOWLOON TO COUNTER THE INFLUENCE OF FRANCE IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN JUNE 1898.
New Territories is one of the three main regions of Hong Kong, alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. It makes up 86.2 % of Hong Kong's territory. Historically, it is the region described in The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. According to that the territories comprise the mainland area north of the Boundary Street of Kowloon Peninsula and south of the Sham Chun River which is the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, as well as over 200 outlying Islands including Lantau Island, Lamma Island, Cheung Chau, and Peng Chau in the territory of Hong Kong. The colony of Hong Kong attracted a large number of Chinese and Westerners to seek their fortune in the city. It's population increased rapidly which resulted in the city becoming overcrowded. The outbreak of bubonic plague in 1894 became a concern to the Hong Kong Government. There was a need to expand the colony to accommodate it's growing population. The Qing Dynasty's defeat in the First Sino Japanese War had shown that it was incapable of defending itself. Victoria City and Victoria Harbour were vulnerable to any hostile forces launching attacks from the hills of Kowloon.
Wiltshire, Trea. Old Hong Kong Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 75
7
»
Baskerville
A quick movement of the enemy will jeopardize six gunboats.
8
Header
When making the decision on what typefaces to use for this section of the book I wanted to emphasise the narrative and aesthetic of the book through typefaces which were either popular during the time period or distinctively recognised as ‘British’. Baskerville is a traditional British typeface designed by John Baskerville in 1757. I felt that the slab serif’s worked particularly well when using it as a header as it provided a clear and legible approach to the introduction of each section.
Baskerville, Bold, 11pt, Tracking: 20, Kerning: Optical, 100% Black, Centered.
22
THE NATIONALIST PARTY
T
now controlled Beijing. Chen, however, he nationalist party had its origins did not want the provincial revenues in the earlier United League against the wasted in internecine wars. One of Chen's Qing dynasty. The name Nationalist Party subordinates drove Sun fromthe presidential was adopted in 1912, after the suppression residence in Guangzhou on the night of of this expanded party by Yuan Shikai, June 15–16, 1922. He was able to return to elements from it were organized by Sun Guangzhou in February 1923 and began to Sen in 1914 into the Chinese Revolutionary Party, which failed to generate much support. consolidate a base under his own control and to rebuild his party. Sun and a small group of veterans were stimulated by the patriotic upsurge of 1919 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Mao Zedong was a Communists leader to rejuvenate this political tradition, as well of China from 1949–76. He is the founder as to revive the Nationalist Party name. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz of People's Republic of China, which was The party's publications took on new life as established in 1949, and remained ruler untill the editors entered the current debates on his death. He commanded the Long March, what was needed to “Save China.” Socialism and he led the Communist party into victory was popular among Sun's followers. over Jiang Jieshi in the civil war. In Mao's political campaigns, including, The Great The formation of an effective party took Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution several years, however. Sun returned to (Tokuda). These political campaigns are Guangzhou from Shanghai late in 1920, blamed for millions of death. He is ranked when Chen Jiongming (Chiung-ming) among the worst of 20th century dictators drove out the Guangxi militarists. 9 Another rump parliament elected Sun along the side of Stalin and Adolf Hitler, yet president of a new southern regime, which ranked one of the most influential poeple th
Gill Sans
Sphinx of bl ack quart z, judge my vow.
10
Expressive Type
Gill Sans was created by Eric Gill in 1928 for the purpose to function equally well as a 18 NEW TERRITORIES text face and for display. I was particularly drawn towards using Gill Sans because of the national appeal it had gained within Britain soon after it’s release, cementing it as dominant typeface within western typography. The simplistic san-serif letterforms also worked well when displaying content in a larger size.
Gill Sans, Regular, 21pt, Tracking: 20, 100% Black / Paper, Centered.
USING THE MOST FAVOURED NATION CLAUSE THAT THEY HAD NEGOTIATED IN PEKING, THE UNITED KINGDOM DEMANDED THE EXTENSION If the information which was being displayed large in Gill was too long or didn’t work well I made the exception dropping the point sizeTO down to between 12–16pt and turning the OF ofKOWLOON COUNTER caps off. (See pages 28,30,33 & 35)
THE INFLUENCE OF FRANCE IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO JUNE 1898. PQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Wiltshire, Trea. Old Hong Kong Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 75
11
Gill Sans
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
10
Pull Quotes & Extracts
Instead of typesetting my pull quotes in the same type as my body (Caslon) I decided to set it in Gill Sans. I decided to display short sections of text separately from the body copy, which included quotations & extracts. These elements were set in Gill Sans in a larger type so that they stood out and acted as small snippets into that particular chapter. Gill Sans, Regular, 12pt, Kerning: Optical, Leading: 14pt, 100% Black, Centered. 8
In 1841, a rough outline for a treaty between the two countries was sent for the guidance of Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot. It had a blank after the words “the cession of the islands of…” Pottinger sent this old draft treaty on shore, with the letters struck out of islands and the words Hong Kong placed after it. Robert Martin, treasurer of Hong Kong, wrote in an official report:
The terms of peace have been read, Elepoo the senior commissioner paused, expecting something more, and at length said “is that all?” Mr. Morrison enquired of Lieutenant colonel Malcolm if there was anything else, and being answered in the negative, Elepoo immediately and with great tact closed the negotiation by saying; “all shall be grantedit is settled—it is finished.”
1842–1844
This resulted in the Qing government agreeing to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide British traders with a harbour where they could unload their goods (article 111). Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong. In 1860, the colony was extended with the Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Second Convention of Peking further expanded the colony with the 99 year lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (prc) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question in Hong whichdown the sovereignty of the leaseditterritories, When dropping theKong, quoteunder or extract I chose not to align to the gridtogether as I felt Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded the spacingwith either side didn’t work. Instead I decided to equally space it in between the under the Convention of Peking (1860), was scheduled to transfer to the body copy. prc on the 1 July 1997. Since the Treaty of Nanking was brief and with only general stipulations, the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty will be concluded in order to work out more detailed regulations for future relations. On 3 October 1843, the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue was concluded at Bocca Tigris outside Canton. Nevertheless, the treaties of 1842 –43 left several unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium trade. Although the American treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Americans from selling opium, the trade continued as both the British and American merchants were only subject to the legal control of their consuls. The opium trade was later legalized in the Treaties of Tianjin, which China concluded after the Second Opium War.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
11 The Nanking Treaty ended the old Canton System and created a new framework for China's foreign relations and overseas trade, which would last for almost a hundred years. These were conceded partly out of expediency and partly because the Qing officials did not yet know of international law or understand the long
Adobe Caslon Pro
A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
12
Body Copy
8
After setting both books in optima in my first draft I realized I needed to choose a family that consisted of a variety of different weights and styles as I was going to need to use elements sucha as smalloutline caps, lining non lining numbers etc.countries My options were In 1841, rough for a &treaty between the two was sentnarrowed for down to Joanna, Garamond, Camphor & Adobe Caslon Pro. From which I chose Caslon the guidance of Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot. It had a blank after the words for it’s relevence and family size. Caslon is a serif typeface designed by William Caslon “the cession ofhas theseen islands of…” Pottinger sentitthis treatyAdobe on shore, (1692–1766) which numerous revivals since wasold firstdraft published. Caslon is a with varient the original was designed Twombly between 1734–70, theofletters struckwhich out of islands andby theCarol words Hong Kong placed after it. including elements such as small caps, ligatures, subscripts & superscripts.
Robert Martin, treasurer of Hong Kong, wrote in an official report:
After it’s release Caslon types were widely distributed throughout the British Empire, and as a result they featured in numerous historical documents including the U.S. Declaration The terms peace been read,use Elepoo the diminishing senior of Independence. Towardsofthe end ofhave the 1760s Caslon’s was slowly commissioner paused, expecting more,was and at length however it did spark a revival between the datessomething of 1840–80 which at the beginning of the First War.all?” Mr. Morrison enquired of Lieutenant colonel saidOpium “is that
Malcolm if there was anything else, and being answered in the negative, Elepoo immediately and with great tact closed Adobe Caslon Pro, Regular, 10pt, Kerning: 2, Leading: 12pt, 100% Black, Aligned Left. the negotiation by saying; “all shall be grantedit is settled—it is finished.”
1842–1844
This resulted in the Qing government agreeing to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide British traders with a harbour where they could unload their goods (article 111). Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong. In 1860, the colony was extended with the Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Second Convention of Peking further expanded the colony with the 99 year lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (prc) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question in Hong Kong, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together withCaslon Hongadopted Kong Island and Kowloon of Boundary Street)English ceded Roman Adobe distinctive elements(south from the original Caslon sample such the ligatures the Q’s. under theasConvention ofon Peking (1860), was scheduled to transfer to the prc on the 1 July 1997. Since the Treaty of Nanking was brief and with only general stipulations, the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty will ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV W X YZ be concluded in order to work out more detailed regulations for future relations. On 3 October 1843,abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue was concluded at Bocca Tigris outside Canton. Nevertheless, the treaties of 1842 –43 left several unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium trade. Although the American treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Americans from selling opium, the trade continued as both the British and American merchants were only subject to the legal control of their consuls. The opium trade was later 15 China concluded after the Second legalized in the Treaties of Tianjin, which Opium War.
This resulted in the Qing government agreeing to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide British he opium wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into traders with a harbour where they couldOpium unload –42 and the Second War their from goods (article 111). the First Opium War from 1839 Folio’s 1856–60, were the climax of disputes over trade and relations between China Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong. In 1860, the under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire. After the inauguration of colony was extended peninsula the Canton System in 1756, thewith Britishthe EastKowloon India Company faced a tradeand in 1898, the Second imbalance in favorof of Peking China and further invested heavily in the opium Convention expanded theproduction colony with the 99 year lease of to redress the balance. British and United States merchants brought opium the New from the British Eastserif India Company's factories Patna Benares, in theof consistent Century Gothic is aTerritories. sans typeface designed inin1991. Alland characters are 1842–1844
T
Presidency of curves British India, to the coast of of decoration. China, whereFor theythis soldreason it to Chinese thickness, reduced and have a lack I’ve used it for my theto drug defiance of Chinese laws. Aware both folios insmugglers order forwho thedistributed information be in clear and cohesive.
In 1984, the governments of the ofUnited Kingdom of the drain of silver and the growing numbers addicts, the Dao Guang and the People's Republic Emperor demanded of China concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question (prc)action. in Hong Kong, under thethesovereignty of the leased territories, together In 1834 to accommodate for the which revocation India Company's Century Gothic of , Bold,East 8pt, Kerning: Optical, 18 monopoly, the British sent Lord William John Napier to Macau. He with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south oftried Boundary Street) ceded 100% Black, Left. NEWAligned TERRITORIES to circumvent the restrictive Canton Trade laws which forbade direct contact under the officials Convention of Peking to transfer to the (1860 ), was with Chinese by attempting to send a letter directly to thescheduled Viceroy of Canton. The Viceroy to accept it, and closed trade starting on the prc on the 1 Julyrefused 1997. 2 September of that year. Lord Napier had to return to Macau and, unable to force the matter, the British agreed to resume trade under the old restrictions.
1839–1842
Running Heads The British selling of roughly 1,400 tons of Opium yearwith to China. Since thewere Treaty Nanking was briefper and only general stipulations,
NATION CLAUSE THAT THEY
Malcolm if there was anything else, and being answered the negative, Elepoo immediately and with great tact clo the negotiation by saying;
This resulted in the Qing government agreeing to make Hong Kong Isl crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide traders with a harbour where they could unload their goods (article 1 Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong. In 1860 colony was extended with the Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Seco Convention of Peking further expanded the colony with the 99 year lea the New Territories.
In 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Rep of China (prc) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Qu in Hong Kong, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, to with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) cede under the Convention of Peking (1860), was scheduled to transfer to th prc on the 1 July 1997.
Since the Treaty of Nanking was brief and with only general stipulation the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary tre be concluded in order to work out more detailed regulations for future On 3 October 1843, the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue was conclu Bocca Tigris outside Canton. Nevertheless, the treaties of 1842 –43 left unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium Although the American treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Americans fro opium, the trade continued as both the British and American merchant only subject to the legal control of their consuls. The opium trade was la legalized in the Treaties of Tianjin, which China concluded after the Se Opium War.
In March 1839, the Emperor decided to appoint a new strict Confucianist the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty wi commissioner, Lin Zexu, to control the opium trade at the port of Canton. be in order work out more detailed for future relation Hisconcluded first course of action was to to enforce the imperial demand that thereregulations be a Century , Regular, Kerning: Optical, permanent halt toGothic drug shipments into9pt, China. When the BritishCentered. refused to On 3 October 1843, the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue was concluded at end the trade, Lin blockaded the British traders in their factories and cut off Bocca Tigris outside the treaties of 1842 –43 left severa supplies of food. On 27 MarchCanton. 1839 CharlesNevertheless, Elliot, British Superintendent of Trade, whoissues. had beenIn locked in the factories whennot he arrived at Canton, unsettled particular it did resolve the status of the opium trade. finally agreed that all British subjects should turn over their opium to him, Although the American treaty of* 1844 explicitly banned Americans from selli amounting to nearly a year's supply1842–1844 of the drug. opium, the trade continued as both the British and American merchants were As well as seizing supplies in the factories, Chinese troops boarded British only to the control of their where consuls. The opium trade was later ships insubject international waterslegal outside Chinese jurisdiction, their cargo USING THE MOST FAVOURED was still legal, and destroyed the opium aboard. After the opium was legalized in the Treaties of Tianjin, which China concluded after the Second surrendered, trade was restarted on the strict condition that no more drugs Opium War. into China. Lin demanded that British merchants sign would be smuggled
HAD NEGOTIATED IN PEKING, THE UNITED KINGDOM
“all shall be grantedit is settled—it is finished.”
a bond promising not to deal in opium, under penalty of death. The British officially opposed signing of the bond, but some British merchants that did The Nanking Treaty old System there and created a new framew not deal in opium were willingended to sign. the Within theCanton Chinese C=0 mandarinate / M=99 / Y=100 / K=0 was an ongoing debate over relations legalising theand opiumoverseas trade itself. trade, This ideawhich was for China's foreign would last for almost a repeatedly rejected and instead, in 1838 the government sentenced native drug hundred years. These were conceded partly out of expediency and partly becau traffickers to death. In 1839, Lin took the step of publishing a letter addressed to Queen Victoria questioning the moral reasoning of the British. Citing what the Qing officials did not yet know of international law or understand the lon Referencing he understood to be a strict prohibition of the trade within Great Britain,
term consequences. The tariff fixed at 5% was higher than the existing tariff, the concept of extraterritoriality seemed to put the burden on foreigners to po DEMANDED THE EXTENSION themselves, and most favored nation treatment seemed to set the foreigners one against Although China tariff autonomy in the 1920s Tsang, Steve (2007). Alain (2006). the †others. * Le Pichon, OF KOWLOON TOregained COUNTER A Modern History of China Trade and Empire. Hong Kong. not I.B.Tauris. formally abolished until 1943.* Oxford University Press. extraterritoriality was p. 3-13, 29.
THE INFLUENCE OF FRANCE
In the situations where I’d referenced twice within the same piece of text I used a dagger glyph as my second marker.
Asterix, Kerning: 12
IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN
Myriad Pro Condensed, 7pt.
JUNE 1898. 16
Typographic Detail
17
ice with foreign inspection and to allow foreign legations at Peking and 12 THE SECOND OPIUM sionaries in the interior.
e Qing government agreeing to make Hong Kong Island a Small Caps ng it toabrogated the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide na soon the Anglo-French treaties and refused to allowBritish foreign omatswhere into Peking. the unload 25 June, 1859 Sir James bour they On could theirBritish goodsAdmiral 111)Hope . (article mbarded the forts the mouthofofHong the HaiKong. River, below Tientsin. r appointed theguarding first governor In 1860, the he chinese authorities were reluctant to k wever, landing parties were repulsed and the British squadron was severely ed with the Kowloon peninsula and T in Treaty 1898, the Second of Nanjing. They had tried to keep ou maged by a surprisingly efficient Chinese garrison. Commodore Josiah as possible and had victimized Chinese merchants king further expanded the colony with the 99 year lease tnall commanding the usa Asiatic SquadronTohelped the Chinese Britishmerchants save of face protect those who were fri the British granted their ships British registration es. ssisting them in their withdrawal.
authorities would not interfere with vessels which
October 1856, Chinese authorities in Cant glo Frenchof forces Hong Kongand in In May 1860. Athe joint amphibious nments the gathered UnitedatKingdom the People's Republic 'Arrow' which had been engaged in piracy. The 'A edition moved north to the Gulf of Po Hai. registered It consisted of 11,000 British as on a British ship and was even still flyin ncluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration the Question iers under General Sir James Hope Grant and 7,000 French soldiers under releas consul in Canton demanded the immediate Small Caps have been applied toof the leased A drop cap of two lines has been der which the sovereignty territories, together for the insult to the British flag. The crew were rel utenant General Cousin-Montauban. Unopposed any abbreviations where the reader applied to thelandings start of each were chapter made not as given. Inthe reprisal, thewords British governor in Hon has either previously been told in aswell having first three Island Kowloon offorts Boundary Street) ceded ei Tang and (1 August, 1860)(south . The Taku were taken bywasassault with the to bombard Canton. full or when they are commonly in Small Caps. This applied as I it to helped emphasize traditional stanceof of Peking therecognisable. naval(1860 forces )(August 21). Thefelt expedition then advanced tion , was scheduled transfer to the up
practice within bookhad design. Clearly theBritish Chinese a good case: the 'Arrow' w right to fly the British flag as its British registratio of Hong Kong had acted without consulting Lon Prime Minister, Palmerston, supported the actions to be upholding British prestige and avenging the Palmerston was keen to force the Chinese into acc Britain, whether they wanted to or not. Negotiatio France, Russia and the United States of America of June, 1858, which theoretically brought peace. treaty ports, to legalize opium importation, to esta service with foreign inspection and to allow foreig missionaries in the interior.
1997.
Numbers
1856
f Nanking was brief and with only general stipulations, hinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty will I madeClara the decission to set all numbers Keswick, Maggie; Weatherall, der to work out detailed regulations for future relations. (unless stated)more as non-lining figures (2008). The thistle andtotheavoid jade: them from standing out from A3, celebration 175 years Jardine the of block of text. I’ve also set all elidedof the Bogue was concluded at the ofsupplementary Treaty Matheson. ISBN. p.78 numbers to have an unspaced en dash which represents ‘to’. The kerning & treaties of 1842 –43 left several de Canton. Nevertheless, the baseline shift on the en dash required adjustment on thethe status n particularmanual it did notdepending resolve opium trade. treaties a Chinaof soonthe abrogated the Anglo-French numbers, i.e 2–4, as the stroke would diplomats into Peking. On the 25 June, 1859 Briti occasionally run into the horizontal’s erican treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Americans from bombarded the forts guarding the selling mouth of the H of the following number. However, landing parties were repulsed ontinued as both the British and American merchants wereand the B damaged by a surprisingly efficient Chinese garris legal control of their consuls. The opium trade was later Tattnall commanding the usa Asiatic Squadron h byOn assisting them in their the few occasions wherewithdrawal. I’ve used eaties Tianjin, which China after Second f the threeof main regions of Hong Kong, alongsideconcluded Hong percentages I’ve keptthe the numbers as
lining French figures asforces it broke up the flow of wloon Peninsula. It makes up 86.2 % of Hong Kong's territory. Anglo gathered at Hong Kong in M the book due to thenorth size difference. on described in The Convention for the Extension of Hong expedition moved to the Gulf of Po Hai. It under General Sir James Hope Grant and ng to that the territories comprise the mainland area northsoldiers of Lieutenant General Cousin-Montauban. Unoppo Kowloon Peninsula and south of the Sham Chun River which ty oldChina, Canton System andat Pei created a new Tang (1 August, 1860framework ). The Taku forts were ong ended Kong and the Mainland as well as over 200 outlying assistance of the naval forces (August 21). The exp Lamma and Island,overseas Cheung Chau, and Peng Chau in the nu Island, relations trade, which would last for almost a 18
ese were conceded partly out of expediency and partly because
ng attracted a large number of Chinese and Westerners
, to Britain would expire in approximately 20 Guangzhou in February 1923 and began to hinese Revolutionary ports, to legalize opium importation, to establish maritime cus naty immediately resulted in a series of negotiations his ownacontrol nerate much support. consolidate a base under ish government's in the early 1980's regarding vice with resulted foreign inspection and to allow foreign legations at Pekin Dates and toJoint rebuild his party. of veterans were e negotiations in the Sino-British ssionaries in interior. mber 1984 stating transfer of the sovereignty tic upsurge ofthethe 1919 hina on 1 July 1997. In the wake of Governor cal tradition, as well Mao Zedong was a Communists leader the pcr established initial diplomatic contact for China from 1949 the founder list Party name. ina soon abrogated theforofAnglo-French treaties andis refused to allow ng Kong question, paving the way Thatcher's –76. He ereignty in September 1982. In discussion with People's Republic China,Admiral which was took oninto new Peking. life as Onofthe 25 June, 1859 of British Sir Jame plomats atcher reiterated the validity of an extension of the TREATY OF NANJING current debates on established in 1949, and remained ruler untill particularly inthe light of binding treaties, including mbarded forts guarding the mouth of the Hai River, below Tien ,ve theChina.” Convention of Peking in 1856, and the his death. He commanded the Long March, Socialism owever, landing parties of Hong Kong Territory signed in were 1890. repulsed and the British squadron was s he led the Communist party into victory 's followers. maged by a surprisinglyand efficient Chinese garrison. Commodore Josi For the dates featured in over the bookJiang I kept theJieshi numbers as figureswar. as I feltIn theyMao's innon-lining the civil well with x-height of the lower case letters next to them. helped I also decidedthe it ttnall the usa Asiatic Squadron British sav arly thecommanding lack worked of room forthe compromise wasn’t neccesary to havepolitical ‘st’, ‘nd’, ‘th’ incampaigns, dates – unless it wasincluding, in the context of The centuriesGreat fective party took vereignty Hong the PRC,of exceptions below: or within dialogue. See examples assistingover them inKong; their withdrawal. Leap Sun to the Qingreturned Dynasty and Republic of Forward and the Cultural Revolution These political campaigns are ghai laterecover in 1920, d, would the entirety (Tokuda). of the glo French forces gathered at Hong Kongofindeath. May He 1860. A joint amp Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. blamed for millions is ranked (Chiung-ming) anjing (Nanking) was signed on 29 August 1842 to Superscript,north Kerning: -20to pedition moved the Gulf of PoofHai. consisted of 11,000 B 20thItcentury dictators among the worst militarists. he First Opium War (1839 – 42) between the United Beijing, Thatcher was received in Hong Kong along side of Stalinand and7,000 AdolfFrench Hitler, yet ent Sun diers underand General Jamesthe Grant soldier tain,elected QingSir Dynasty ofHope China. It was ister toIreland set foot on thethe territory whilst in office. ranked one Britain of theUnopposed most poeplewere m hern regime, which hinese called the unequal treaties because had influential eutenant General landings er re-emphasized the validity and the importance 6 Cousin-Montauban. th Century inwere the Time Magazine in )the 20 mate government of to sserting the need countries n theTang favour. Infor the wake ofrespect China's military defeat, OF Pei (1the August, 1860 . treaties The Taku fortsTREATY taken byNANJING assault with th th Dialogue: Superscript, epoised same time, in 5 session of the 5 National to attack the city, representatives from the British (Mao Zedong). Mao Zedong is remembered 1922 Sun attempted Kerning: -20 istance of thehms (August 21). The expedition then advance ution was amended tonaval include aforces brand new clause, gotiated aboard Cornwallis anchored at Nanking. as aregion great revoltionary who tried his best to mpaign as an might establish a special administrative ritish representative Sir Henry Pottinger use would holdZhang tremendous significance in settling stick up forand theQing lower class.* warlord, g,utting and into Niujian, signed the treaty. The of treaty consisted social consciousness the concept li clique, which by and Daoguang Emperor was ticles by QueenVictoria
hs later.
Parentheses
ose of the treaty was to change the framework of foreign 1760. The inKeswick, forceMaggie; sinceWeatherall, Claratreaty abolished the monopoly he treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) was signed on 29 es on foreign trade (2008). The thistle and the jade: (article v) in Canton and instead marktothe endwith of the First Opium War (1839 – 42) be A celebration of 175 years of Jardine where Britons were to be allowed trade anyone Kingdom of the Great Britain, soMatheson. gainedISBN. thep.78 right to send consuls to treaty ports,Ireland and the Qing Dynasty the first of what the Chinese ight to communicate directly with local Chinese officialscalled the unequal treaties b I had small caps orobligations non-lining numbers within brackets I applied a baseline shiftwake of China toshould return favour. In the ty stipulated When that tradeofin-1.no the treaty ports bethe to the brackets This centralised the brackets around the type. However this wasn’t with warships poised applied the content beganBritish with a capital letterBritish as it didn’t work.to attack the city, representa which were to be ifagreed upon between the and and Qing Empires negotiated aboard hms Cornwallis an . On 29 August 1842, British representative Sir Henry Pot representatives, Qiying, and Niujian, signed the treaty. Th was obliged to pay the British government six million 19 of thirteen pium that had been confiscated by Linseperate Zexu inarticles 1839 by QueenVictoria and Daogu
T
Charles 6 Elliot. It had a blank after the words Pottinger sent this old draft treaty on shore, ands and the words Hong Kong placed after it. ng Kong, wroteKerning in an official report:
British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing TREATY OF NANJ g, and Niujian, signed the treaty. The treaty consisted rticles QueenVictoria have beenby read, Elepoo the senior and Daoguang Emperor was xpecting something at length hs later. In certain more, situationsand the kerning on letters & numbers was completely out, so for this
reason adjusted them . These instances are as followed: rrison enquired ofI manually Lieutenant colonel anything else, and being answered in mediately great was tact closed pose of and thewith treaty to change the framework of foreign Number ‘1’s when set as non egotiation by saying; lining numbers needed to be
42
the monopoly in force since 1760. The treaty abolished brought inwards. tedit is Kerning: - 40 / Tracking: ries onsettled—it foreignis finished.” trade (article v) in Canton and 7instead i, where Britons were to be allowed to trade with anyone nment agreeing to make Hong Kong Island a At the start of each chapter ritish Queen “in perpetuity” to provide also gained the he right to British sendofconsuls to thethetreaty ports, I adjusted kerning on the treaty Nanjing (Nanking) was signe ey could unload their goods (article 111). first two lines for legibility to communicate local ChineseWar officials reasons.Opium heright first governor of Hong mark Kong. In 1860, the thedirectly end ofwith the First (1839 Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Second - 48should be aty stipulated that trade in theBritain, treaty Kerning: ports Kingdom oflease Great Ireland and the Qing xpanded the colony with the 99 year of , which were beof agreed betweencalled the British and tr the to first what upon the Chinese the unequal When using an apostrophe es. United Kingdom the People's Republic S’s it always needed to noandobligations to return thewith favour. In the wake o be adjusted as the S stood ino-British Joint Declaration on the Question out to far. The kerning on with warships poised tosubject attack the city, rep e sovereignty of the leasedBritish territories, together this was to change owloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded depending on the word. t was obliged pay tothe British government six hms million and to Qing negotiated aboard Cornw In this example it’s changed g (1860), was scheduled to transfer Empires the to the following: opium thatOn had29been confiscated by Linrepresentative Zexu in 1839 Sir He August 1842, British Kerning: - 60 / Tracking: 7 million in compensation forand debts that the Hongthe tr s brief and dollars with only general stipulations, Qiying, representatives, Niujian, signed ntatives agreedRules that a/Stroke supplementary treaty will owed British merchants v), by andQueenVictoria a further (article of thirteen seperate articles and out more detailed regulations for future relations. mentary Treaty of the Bogue wasthe concluded at of the war vi . The total war reparations for cost exchanged nine months later.( ) evertheless, theOriginally treaties of 1842 43 left several – I only planned to have rules on the pages in the Chinese book (right book) did notwas resolveto the be status ofit the opium trade. however I tried and felt equally well in the British book.three I always usedyears them on and lars paid init worked installments over thebanned page at the start of eachfrom chapter and they were taken off several times throughout of 1844 explicitly Americans selling book when their was either too much typeinterest to include or when I felt it work with either would bethe charged an annual 5 percent oth the British and American merchants were purpose ofrate The fundamental the of treaty was to cha the imagery or quotes etc. of their consuls. The opium trade was later as not paidconcluded in a which timely manner vii). The Qing had been(article in force since 1760. The tre jin, which Chinatrade after the Second k to release prisoners of on warforeign viii(articl (article ) of all theBritish Thirteen Factories trade Stroke: 0.25, C=0 / M=99who / Y=100 /had K=0 amnesty toNingpo all Chinese subjects cooperated old Canton System and created a new framework and Shanghai, where Britons were with to be a d overseas trade, which would last for almost a eeded war 1xand Britishalso on their part, (article ). The they wished. gained theundertook right to send partly out of expediency partlyBritain because now of international law or understand the long ir troops from Nanking andthe theright Grand after thedirec which to Canal communicate xed at 5% was higher than thewere existinggiven tariff, 20 ysseemed to put burden on foreigners policetreaty assent tothe the treaty the first installment of money 11and stipulated that trade in t (article ). toThe ation treatment seemed to set the foreigners
T
Images
21
Images
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
22
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
23
Colour
RED: C=0 / M=99 / Y=100 / K=0
BLACK: 100% REGISTRATION
24
Binding & Stock
Covers: Ratchford Colorado Tissue Lined Cloth (Senegal). Coptic Bound Paper Stock: Colorplan China White, 135gsm.
Printed: Hello Blue, Bristol. Xerox DocuColor 242, Digital Printer.
25
Oversites
It wasn’t until half way through the binding process that I was aware of the issue that the registration didn’t line up correctly. This unfortunately meant certain double spreads were effected by this printing error.
26
Typographical Errors
On page 1 text reads:
After the inauguration ofthe Canton System…
Should read:
After the inauguration of the Canton System…
On page 8 text reads:
All shall be grantedit is settled–it is finished…
Should read:
All shall be granted–it is settled,it is finished…
27
Preface
The First Opium War
The Treaty of Nanjing
The Second Opium War
New Territories
Chinese Revolution
War Of Words
Joint Declaration
Democratic Reform
Transfer of Sovereignty
Developments
After 1997
i
1–6
7–12
13–16
17–20
21–24
25–26
27–28
29–30
31–36
37–38
39–40
Arrows on the top right of a page indicate when it's advised to see supporting content in the opposite book.
CONTENTS
39–40
37–38
31–36
–
27–28
–
21–24
17–20
–
7–12
1–6
–
»
Each column under the arrows indicates what pages either require or advise the reader to visit.
Book Mechanics
27–28 29–30 31–36 37–38 39–40
On The Road to 1997 Transfer of Sovereignty After The Handover After 1997
– 31–36 38 39–40
25–26
21–24
17–20
13–16
7–12
1–6
i
Joint Declaration
Opening & Reform
Chinese Revolution
New Territories
Reformist & Revolutionist
Unequal Treaties
War On Drugs
Preface
Arrows on the top left of a page indicate when it's advised to see supporting content in the opposite book.
CONTENTS
28
–
21–24
17–20
–
7–12
1–6
–
«