2017 OFRSF Program Booklet

Presented by:

www.digtheridge.com facebook.com/TheRidgeMaconCountyArchaeologyProject

This festival is supported by grants from the Alabama Humanities Foundation — www.alabamahumanities.org — the state affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Alabama State Council on the Arts, and by a sponsorship from the Caroline Marshall Draughon Center for the Humanities, Auburn University. Festival held in conjunction with the ALABAMA 200 Bi-Centennial Celebration 2017 theme — “Discovering Our Places” — www.alabama200.org

Caroline Marshall Draughon Center for the Humanities

Contributors The National Parks Service, Tuskegee, Alabama Mr. Patrick Wallace, Tuskegee Virtual Television The Mobile Studio Dr. Johnny Green, Assistant Vice President for Student Affairs, Auburn University Mr. Guy Trammell, Tuskegee Youth Safe Haven

Hawk Moth Cover Art In Memory of Robert Thrower This year's Old Federal Road Storytelling Festival is affectionately dedicated to Robert Thrower, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer of The Poarch Band of Creek Indians.

Robert was a tireless champion and teacher of the indigenous culture of Alabama and the Creek Indians in particular. Robert served as historian and spiritual guide for the Poarch Creek Band for twenty-six years following in his mother, Gail Thrower's footsteps. Robert had planned on joining us this year both as a featured storyteller and as an interpretive speaker on Creek traditions along the Old Federal Road, but died suddenly in July of this year. He is surely missed across Alabama and the entire American Indigenous Community.

The poster and cover art for the program for this year's festival is derived from the Sacred Hawk Moth motif of the prehistoric Mississippian culture of west Alabama.

Robert planted the indigenous Medicine Wheel garden of sacred plants, including the native sacred tobacco, food of the Hawk Moth at Moundville Archaeological Park and National Historic Site in Hale County.

Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project Board of Directors Dana Chandler Pastor Katrina Love, Fiscal Manager Daniel Neil, Programs Director Andrew Smith Shari L. Williams, Executive Director Jocelyn Zanzot

In loving memory of a friend of The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project and a generous financial supporter

Cynthia Sarah Huntley Crocker 1948-2017

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The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project Board of Directors Welcome You to the Second Annual Old Federal Road Storytelling Festival!

Jocelyn Zanzot and Daniel Neil, board members of The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project, conceived of presenting an Old Federal Road Storytelling Festival (OFRSF) as the ideal commemoration of two significant aspects of Alabama history. The first aspect is the Federal Road’s crossing over the Russell County border into Macon County at Boromville (formerly called Fort Bainbridge), which made south Macon County a gateway for settlers entering present-day Alabama during the great Alabama Fever land rush from the early to mid-1800s. The second aspect is the many ways that the communities which emerged in south Macon County along or adjacent to the Federal Road reflect past and present African American, European, and Native American heritage.

The OFRSF concept translated well into an organizing theme for Macon County’s participation in the Alabama 200 Bicentennial Celebration, and as a way to attract visitors to Macon County. The three-year bicentennial celebration began in 2017 and ends in 2019. The celebration emphasizes three themes: Discovering Our Places (2017), Honoring Our People (2018), and Sharing Our Stories (2019). The OFRSF uniquely speaks to all three themes.

The first Old Federal Road Storytelling Festival took place on October 29, 2016 and presented an overview of all three bicentennial themes. The day-long festival presented the area’s time periods and events encompassing the Creek Indian Nation to Alabama Fever to Reconstruction up to the 1950s. Presenters told stories about community life, people, cultural traditions and folkways. Activities included music, artifact displays, and tours of The Ridge Interpretive Center.

In 2017, the festival’s theme is Discovering Our Places and the festival schedule intends to address the idea of place from three perspectives: (1) place as the southeastern section of Macon County, (2) place as the community clusters that comprise south Macon County, and (3) place as a site — existing or historic — within these communities. This souvenir booklet highlights the third perspective of place and features images of the sites, both existing and historic, that inspired the slate of presenters and the topics for this year’s festival.

We are thrilled that you are spending today with us and hope that you will enjoy experiencing the multicultural Federal Road heritage of south Macon County through history presentations, question and answer sessions, storytelling, performances, and music!

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2017 Old Federal Storytelling Festival Schedule Time 10:00 - 10:30

Presenter

Topic

Norma Jackson

Opening remarks, blessing, welcome

10:30 – 11:15

Jeanetta Britt

Spiritual traditions and places, agricultural heritage and landscapes with Q&A

11:15 11:45

Tony Book

Musical Intermission

11:4512:30

Dr. L. Kenneth Collins, II

Masonic lodges and other fraternal organizations and societies with Q&A

12:30 –1:15 1:152:00

************Lunch********* Sister Yomi

Portrayal - Harriet Tubman

2:00 – 2:45

Dana Chandler

Archaeological sites and artifact interpretation – The Ridge and The Ridge Project Area with Q&A

2:45 – 3:15

Zeph Embers

Musical Intermission

3:15 – 4:00

Anthony Lee

Macon County Training School & Desegregation of Macon County Schools with Q&A

4:00 – 4;30

Lindsey Lunsford

Portrayal - Ms. Nellie Reid, Founder of the Macon County Training School

4:30 – 5:00

Norma Jackson & Daniel Neil

Closing remarks

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Presenter Bios (in order of program appearance)

Norma Jackson

Jeanetta Britt

Norma Iyabode Jackson is returning in 2017 as OFRSF Mistress of Ceremonies. Norma is a life-long Tuskegee resident, Tuskegee/Macon County community activist, advocate, and leader. She is married to Grover Jackson, Sr. They are the proud parents of two adult children and nine grandchildren. Norma is currently employed as an Associate Teacher at the Lee County Youth Development Center in Opelika, Alabama. She is a member of the Alabama New South Coalition, founder and director of the Baobab Journey Rites of Passage, a founding member of the Core Group of Infinite Possibilities, Inc., a board member of the 21st Century Youth Leadership Movement, a Chapter Coordinator of the Amandla Chapter 21 st Century Youth Leadership Movement, a member of the National Education Association, and a member of the Alabama Education Association.

Norma is a founder and member of the board of directors of the South Macon Community Foundation, Inc., the organization that is spearheading the restoration of the historic Macon County Training School which is located in the Roba Community of south Macon County.

Jeanetta Britt is a bestselling author and award-winning poet. Her southern roots are reflected in her imagery, characters, and delightfully witty storytelling style. Her stories are filled with juicy drama and edgy suspense. Currently she has seven novels and six books of poetry to her credit, which are available in paperback and ebook versions. An avid gardener and community advocate, Jeanetta founded Twelve Stones Community Development Corporation (CDC), a non-profit organization that operates two community gardens in rural Alabama, both Eufaula and Clayton. The CDC serves the community by providing free, fresh food, promoting healthy living and healthy lifestyles through events, education and information; and by offering an opportunity for youth and senior citizens to form vital intergenerational bonds, to learn about the soil, and to enjoy exercise, companionship, and sunshine. The CDC has been recognized for its work and partnerships with the Barbour County NAACP; Eufaula/Barbour County Chamber of Commerce, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Auburn University), the Tuskegee University Extension System, the Wiregrass RC&D, and local schools, churches, and other community and civic organizations.

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Tony Brook

Tony Brook is a musician and songwriter whose lyricism is only matched by his guitar. His songs are solid messages of truth and wisdom. Tony has performed with Lucinda Williams, Steve Young, Johnny Neal, Tanya Tucker, Waylon Jennings’ Band, and opened up for such acts as Willie Nelson, Ray Charles, Government Mule, Tensely Elis, and Sam Bush. He has appeared on BBC Radio with Keith Greentree, and BBC Radio with Stephen Bumfreys. Adam Hood of Low Country Sound and Warner/Chappell Nashville, stated, “I try to cover all the Tony Brook songs I can. Tony can paint a picture of Alabama better than anyone I know." Tony rendered a heart-warming, soulstirring performance at the 2016 OFRSF and folks are anxiously awaiting Tony’s 2017 encore performance.

Dr. L. Ken Collins, II

Sister Yomi

Dr. L. Ken Collins, II, who prefers to be called “Ken,” is a native of Muncie, Indiana. He is a resident of Maryland and works in Washington, D.C., but claims his ancestral home of Alabama. He serves as the Grand Historian for the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Alabama. He was educated at Ball State University in Biology; Alabama A&M University in Political Science; University of Maryland in Public Policy, Public & Community Health; and is currently a student furthering and honing his skills formally in History at the University of Maryland University College. Ken is the Vice President for Public & Government Affairs for the EOP Group, Inc. In his capacity at EOP, he is an executive and legislative branch lobbyist who specializes in strategic business consulting, government relations, and regulatory affairs. Ken initially gained experience with politics and history in his former roles.

He worked as a Senior Congressional staffer for Civil Rights Icon and Congressman, John Lewis, where he served as his Press Secretary, with Congressman David McIntosh where he served as his Community Outreach Director and Senior Legislative Assistant, and with Congressman (now Vice President) Mike Pence, where he served as his Communications Director.

R. Abayomi Goodall is an accomplished and versatile performing and visual artist, often described as a personality of "Rhythms, Color and Sound." A native of Washington, D.C., Sister Yomi moved to Selma, Alabama in 2010 to serve as the Director of The Ancient Africa Enslavement & Civil War Museum. Her stage credits include: The Spirit of Harriet Tubman, I Am Elizabeth Bowser, The Amen Corner, Georgia History Timeline, The Dreamer, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When The Rainbow is Enuf, Grandmothers, Homeland, Anything Goes, and The Colored Museum to name a few.

As a Professional Dancer, Abayomi danced and toured with The .

Calabash Dance Theatre, Roberto Borrell y Su Ku Bata, Les Guiravories Ivory Coast Dancers, Mr Stevie Wonder's African Dancers Against Apartheid, and Norman Miller's Lindy Hoppers.

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Dana Chandler

Dana Chandler holds a Master of Arts degree in History from Auburn University. He has held the position of TU Archivist for over five years. His instructional duties include teaching undergraduate courses in World Civilizations and U.S. History. He also has taught independent readings in African and U.S. History. His specialties include Pre-Columbian lithics and ancient artifacts. Dana has served as Head Archaeologist for the Ridge Project for six years. In this capacity he led student field work at The Ridge dig site for two consecutive summers and has conducted the archaeology stations for Lee-Scott Academy fourth-grade students during their annual field trip to The Ridge. His publications include an article in the July 2016 Central States Archaeological Journal entitled “Initial Report on the Investigation of “The Ridge Site, Warrior Stand, Alabama,” and various book reviews. Dana is the co-author with Dr. Edie Powell of a book entitled To Raise Up the Farthest Man Down: Tuskegee University’s Advancements in Human Health 1881- 1987. The book is scheduled for release in April 2018.

Zeph Embers

Zeph Embers is a 19 year old dedicated actor, artist, and popfolk funk singer/songwriter from the Lee/Macon county area.

Anthony T. Lee Anthony T. Lee, a pioneering graduate of Notasulga High School, was one of three seniors who graduated the first year of integration in Macon County. He collaborated with Attorney Fred Gray in the lawsuit Lee vs. Macon County Board of Education to desegregate the school system. He is the first African American to have graduated from Auburn University after enrolling as a freshman.

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Lindsey Lunsford

Lindsey Lunsford's got that glow — the one that comes from letting her light shine. A recent graduate from Western State Colorado University's Masters of Environmental Management Resilient and Sustainable Communities graduate program, Lindsey completed her undergraduate studies at Tuskegee University where she obtained dual degrees in History and Political Science. Lindsey draws on both the social justice movements of Black Power and cultural sovereignty to strengthen and reshape the modern environmental ethos that reclaims food, community, and space.

Daniel Neil

Daniel Neil is a twenty-five-year professional in the Arts, Public Works, Public Design, and Community Engagement. He is the former Curator of the Troy University Rosa Parks Museum. In this role, he was responsible for curatorial and interpretive content development, and exhibition design and implementation. Daniel is a professional artist, exhibition designer, builder, and community volunteer with extensive experience in building small-scale community architecture, arts education, and events manager. He works in multiple media including painting, printmaking, photography, videography, metal sculpture, and full-scale landscape and architectural constructions. Daniel’s work has been exhibited across the state of Alabama and internationally. He is also a CoDirector of the Mobile Studio and a member of The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project’s Board of Directors.

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The Story of a Place Called The Ridge The Ridge is a cluster of historic communities located along a ridge line in southeast Macon County, Alabama where Native Americans created a trading path long ago. The path became a segment of The Federal Road — the main pioneer route to the Old Southwest during the great "Alabama Fever" mass migration of settlers from North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia. The settlers dreamed of becoming wealthy cotton farmers. Enslaved people came with the settlers. Slaves provided the labor to build and sustain the community’s infrastructure.

Historians estimate that nearly a half million people traversed the Federal Road during its years of popular use with many just passing through and traveling on to other parts of Alabama. A good number remained in this area. The Ridge communities bustled with Native American activity from pre-historic times, with pioneer activity from 1817-1836, and antebellum activity from 1836-1865. From the Civil War throughout Reconstruction, and from the rise of Tuskegee Institute’s outreach beginning in the 1880s to the mid-1950s, The Ridge and adjacent communities experienced major shifts in population, agriculture, the economy, and in the centers of power in government and education. Today southeast Macon County constitutes a rural historic landscape with a legacy that is reflected in the residents who are a community of descendants of the original free and enslaved Alabama Fever pioneers.

The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project derives its name from the topography found in southeastern Macon County that divides the drainage basins of the Chattahoochee and Tallapoosa Rivers. Our mission is to provide interactive educational programs and events to students and visitors of all ages. We tell the stories of indigenous Native Americans, the stories of free and enslaved pioneer immigrants and travelers on the Old Federal Road into the Alabama frontier during the 1800s, and we highlight the transformations of community from then until now. In 2017, The Ridge is celebrating six years of fulfilling our mission.

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Alabama and South Macon County History Timeline 10,000 BC to AD 1500 – Pre-historic Native American period — Paleo, Archaic, Missippian, Woodland.

1800 to 1812 - Tensions mount between American and British government over British practice of seizing American ships.

1540 – Hernando de Soto exploration into interior of present-day Alabama. Native Americans exposed to disease and death leaving few survivors. Indians eventually re-populate. The Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians emerge as the main Native American groups.

1805 – Big Warrior’s Tavern opens in Warrior Stand offering food and lodging to “Old Southwest” travelers.

1600’s –Native Americans from presentday Alabama begin trading with the English from the Carolinas and Georgia most likely along a major footpath that eventually became the Federal Road.

1813 – Indian attack on settlers at Fort Mims.

1812- Upper Creeks, or “Red Sticks” side with the British against the U.S. government.

1814- Andrew Jackson defeats Red Sticks at Horsehoe Bend. Treaty of Fort Jackson is signed. Indians cede 20 million acres to U.S. government. Settlers pour in to territory.

1702 – French establish first permanent white settlement called Fort Louis in present-day Alabama on Mobile Bay.

Fort Bainbridge constructed. Settlement is called by same name (name of settlement later changed to Boromville).

1763 – Treaty of Paris signed after FrenchIndian war ceding most of present-day Alabama to England.

1815 – Lewis’ Tavern opens near Fort Bainbridge.

1783- After Revolutionary War, English cede present-day Alabama to the United States.

1818 –Alabama Territory established.

1800 – Settlers start to move into the Old Southwest at the same time that the cotton boom begins. Cotton becomes a major cash crop.

1820 – Alabama obtains statehood.

1806 – Construction begins on the Federal Road. The road is constructed through present-day Boromville, Creek Stand and Warrior Stand on a land elevation or “ridge.”

1820-1832 – Settlers continue coming in mass. The trend is called “Alabama Fever.”

Their main gateway into the land is through THE RIDGE via the Federal Road.

1825 – General Lafayette lodges at Lewis’ Tavern at Fort Bainbridge.

1832- Macon County is formed.

1810 – Federal Road horse path construction completed.

1834- Sampson Lanier opens a tavern at Creek Stand.

1811 – Federal Road is widened to accommodate wheeled vehicle traffic.

1836 – Creek Indian uprising takes place.

Creeks are defeated. Removal of the Creek Indians from east Alabama occurs.

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1836 – Alabama legislature passed an Act incorporating the Town of Tuskegee.

Late 1800’s - African-American Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) congregations build and begin churches.

1851 – White settlers establish the Mt. Zion Methodist Church in Creek Stand.

Early 1900’s – Demographic shift occurs in THE RIDGE population due to soils that do not support row crop farming. White farmers continue to leave. The area becomes predominately African American with African American farmers growing cotton and row crops. Some prosper but most continue subsistence farming.

1861 – Civil War begins. Descendants from the original planters in THE RIDGE enlist in the Confederate military.

1863- Emancipation Proclamation is issued.

1865 –Civil draws to a close. Union military regiment called Wilson’s Raiders marches across Alabama. The regiment passes near Warrior Stand and Creek Stand. Freedmen enlist in the United States Colored Troop Infantry (USCT).

Under the influence of Booker T. Washington African Americans begin a concerted effort to build community school houses for the primary grades and they send young adults to school at Tuskegee.

1916 – The boll weevil arrives in Macon County and damages cotton crops.

1866 – Reconstruction begins. Freedmen are afforded equal constitutional rights.

Some win political office. USCT soldiers are discharged and return to THE RIDGE.

1926 – Construction begins on The Thrasher School, a.k.a. The Macon County Training School in the Roba community.

The Rosenwald school allowed for the consolidation of one and two room school houses and provided a K-12 educational facility for south Macon County.

1867 – THE RIDGE Freedmen turn out in numbers to register to vote for the first time.

1867 – 1881 – Demand for Americangrown cotton declines. Sandy soils do not support row crops as an income source.

Many original white planter families give up on subsistence farming and emigrate out of THE RIDGE to Texas and other parts farther west. Some Freedmen begin to acquire substantial land holdings.

1932 – The United States Public Health Service Syphilis Study begins and becomes focused on observing the effects of untreated syphilis on the African-American male. Government health workers did not inform study subjects about the disease or the purpose of the study.

1876 – Jim Crow period begins with enactment of state and local laws mandating segregation in all public facilities in the former Confederacy.

1950s – The Macon County Training School Rosenwald building burned to the ground in 1951. A new school, with the Modern Architecture style was built and opened in 1954.

1887 – Reconstruction period ends. Full Southern backlash against Freedmen’s rights occurs with escalation of Jim Crow to erode virtually all gains of Freedmen.

1972 – A whistle-blower exposed the Syphilis Study’s unethical treatment of African-American men. The study ended abruptly due in large part to public outrage.

1881 – The Normal School for Colored Teachers opens at Tuskegee under the leadership of Booker T. Washington.

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MACON COUNTY, ALABAMA

South SouthMacon Macon

SOUTH MACON COUNTY COMMUNITIES Red line with arrow = approximate route of the historic Federal Road in South Macon County

Fort Hull Magnolia Davisville The Ridge - OFRSF

Mt. Nebo

Dawkin s

Cotton Valley Bethlehem

Ft. Davis

Roba

Warrior Stand

Boromville Creek Stand

Sweet Pilgrim

Armstrong

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Hannon

Spiritual Places — South Macon County Churches and Cemeteries The early history of places of worship in south Macon County comes from oral history and other documents. The Methodist and Baptist denominations predominated in the area. This held true even after emancipation when former slaves established their own churches. The white Methodist church was affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church South or the Southern Methodists.

African Americans affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

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In 1851 white settlers founded and built the Mt. Zion Methodist Church in Creek Stand (pictured left). A descendant of the Talbot family wrote this account about the church:

This church served a radius of five or six miles...In Ante-bellum days there was a membership or attendance of about four hundred. The church was built in a grove of trees on top of a little hill and was a pleasant place in which to spend a Sunday morning. There were oak trees and pine; on a summer's day there were bird calls and butterflies flitting about. (Source: Home Place, a memoir by Eva Chandler Gagnon).

Settler descendants demolished the Mt. Zion Church in 1951 and replaced it with The Creek Stand Memorial Chapel (pictured right). A search of historic newspaper articles from the late 1800s and early 1900s reveals that the Montgomery District of the Southern Methodist Church included congregations in Creek Stand and Warrior Stand. White settlers also built The Warrior Stand Methodist Church. The church likely stood in close proximity to the location of the present day Cooper Chapel AME Zion Church.

Baptist and Methodist African American churches 2 began to spring up after the Civil War, although these congregations most likely existed informally during slavery. A descendant of African American pioneers explained that his church first met in a brush arbor before the church building was constructed. This appears to be a common beginning for many African American churches in south Macon County. Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church was organized in 1863, Antioch Baptist Church was organized in 1870, the original Cooper Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church structure was built in 1870, and the original Creek Stand AME Zion Church was built in 1895.

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1. Original Mt. Zion Church 2. Creek Stand Memorial Chapel 3. Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church 4. Antioch Missionary Baptist Church 5. Cooper Chapel AMEZ Church 6. Boromville AMEZ Church 11

7. Original Creek Stand AMEZ Church 8. Current Creek Stand AMEZ Church 9. Original Dawson Baptist Church 10. Current Dawson Baptist Church 11. St. Paul Missionary Baptist Church

South Macon County Churches Not Pictured: Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church, Pine Grove Baptist Church, St. Mark Baptist Church, Springhill Baptist Church, Mt. Moriah Church, Fort Davis Church, Mt. Nebo Baptist Church, Magnolia Church, Elizabeth Baptist Church, Hannon Methodist Church, Hardaway Baptist Church, Fort Davis Methodist Church, and Downs Presbyterian Church

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St. John A.M.E. Zion Church Congratulates The Ridge on its 2nd Annual Old Federal Road Storytelling Festival

All For One, One For All The Freedom Church: Reviewing Our Practices Living to Glorify God Rev. Katrina Love, Pastor Rev. Dr. Larry D. Robinson, Presiding Elder Mrs. Jacqueline I. Lartey, Missionary Supervisor The Right Reverend Seth O. Lartey, Bishop

For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life. This is eternal life that they may know You, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom You have sent.

John 3:16, 17:3

St. John A.M.E. Zion Church 1406 Clark Avenue P.O. Box 316 Tuskegee Institute, Alabama 36088 (334) 226-1744 StJohnAMEZionTuskegee@gmail.com

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Historic Cemeteries

Cemetery Name Antioch Cemetery Bethlehem Cemetery Boromville Cemetery Boromville Cemetery Chappel Cemetery Cooper Chapel Cemetery Cotton Valley Cemetery **Creek Stand Cemetery Dawson Cemetery Elizabeth Cemetery Fort Davis Cemetery Fort Family Cemetery (see Cotton Valley Cemetery) Fort Hull Cemetery (a.k.a Hoffman Cemetery) Harrison Cemetery Ivory Cemetery Key Cemetery Ligon Cemetery Magnolia Cemetery *Mt. Zion Cemetery Shiloh Cemetery Smith Family Cemetery Springhill Cemetery St. Mark Cemetery St. Paul Cemetery Sweet Pilgrim Cemetery Whitlow Cemetery

Church Affiliation Antioch Missionary Baptist Church Bethlehem Baptist Church Boromville AME Zion Church ---------Cooper Chapel AME Zion Church ------Creek Stand AME Zion Church Dawson Baptist Church Elizabeth Baptist Church Fort Davis Church -----

Location County Road 5 County Road 45 Boromville Rd Boromville Rd County Road 5 County Road 10 County Road 45 Slim Road Roba Road U.S. Hwy 29 County Road 2 County Road 45

Fort Hull Church

Russell Plantation

Mt. Nebo Baptist Church --------------Magnolia Church Creek Stand Memorial Chapel Shiloh Baptist Church ---Springhill Baptist Church St. Mark Baptist Church St. Paul Missionary Baptist Church Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church ------

U.S. Hwy 29 Boromville Rd County Road 10 County Road 10 U.S. Hwy 29 Morgan-Russell Road St. Mark Road County Road 2 County Road 47 County Road 47

*Included on the Alabama Historic Cemetery Register ** Included on the Alabama Historic Cemetery Register and the National Register of Historic Places

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Agricultural Places The township and range system to establish the boundaries of land parcels in the Western territories was created in 1785 when the U.S. Congress established the U.S. Public Land Survey. Alabama land parcels were established using two different surveys.

The Huntsville survey was used in the northern half of the State. Its origin was established by the Huntsville Meridian. Likewise, the St. Stephens survey was used in the southern half of the State and the St. Stephens Meridian was its origin. From the origins, grid lines were set at 6 mile intervals. The east-west lines are called townships and the north-south lines are called ranges. The intersection of the grid lines form rectangles of 36 square miles which are also called townships. Each township is further subdivided in 36 sections of approximately one square mile. Those one square mile sections may be further subdivided into halves, quarters, etc.

Macon County falls in the St. Stephens Meridian. The Ridge Project area lies within Townships 15 and 16 North, and Ranges 25 and 26 East.

The Ridge Interpretive Center is located in Section 4 of Township 15N, Range 25 E. In 1837, land speculators Samuel Hodges and Seaborn Jones acquired 319.36 in Section four. This land changed hands in May of 1850 when Yargie, son of the Creek Indian Chief Big Warrior, acquired the land.

The land changed hands again in September 1850 when a man named Alex Robison bought the land.

Tracing the land transactions involving Section four past the ownership of Alex Robison requires a trip to the Macon County Courthouse Probate Judge’s office where original deed records are stored.

A township is comprised of 36 sections of land, each containing 640 acres for a total of 23,040 acres.

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Pictured here is section four that was cropped from a larger 1900 parcel map of Township 15 Range 25. The initials of the landowners are difficult to read on this map.

We can tell that someone with the initials of WHP owned 132 acres in the Northwest quarter of Section 4, and that someone with the initials P. Grison owned 80 acres in the southeast corner of Section 4. P. Grison likely was Paschal Gresham.

The approximate location of The Ridge Project on the map is represented by the brown rectangle in the midst of what used to be a densely populated area of active farms.

Present day – The Ridge Interpretive Center

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Plantations Most farms along the Federal Road corridor in southeast Macon County were modest in size with sandy loam soils. They were not at all like the plantations of “Gone With the Wind.” Two notable antebellum plantation mansions existed in southeast Macon County along the Federal Road. The Key Mansion (historical), built around 1846, was located near Fort Bainbridge. The Creekwood Mansion, circa 1850, still stands today and is located in Creek Stand.

Creekwood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Greek-Revival style mansion is located on County Road 79 near Macon County Road 10. The estimated year of construction is 1850. The planter Stephen Pace purchased the mansion sometime between 1850 and 1855 when he migrated with his family from Harris County, Georgia.

Pace’s plantation encompassed 900 acres in 1860. In 1855, Pace reportedly owned 71 enslaved persons.

Creekwood is now privately-owned. It is the last remaining structure of its type located on the Old Federal Road in Macon County. (Source: National Parks Service, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Mary M. Shell, Preparer, 1988).

The Methodist minister Benjamin Borom also owned a large plantation in Macon County in 1860. He farmed 1,100 improved acres. The exact location of the Borom Plantation is not known, but part of Borom’s property skirted the Macon/Russell County line. The community of Boromville (formerly called Ft. Bainbridge) is named for Borom.

The Creekwood Mansion, circa 1850

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Small Farms Jetson Perry, a white settler from Georgia, built a homestead on the Federal Road in the 1800s on a section of the Federal Road that runs to the northwest of County Road 16.

The present-day remnant of the Perry homestead includes a fireplace and a smattering of bricks and old pots. In 1860, Perry farmed 200 acres.

A gullied section of the Old Federal Road located near the former Jetson Perry homestead.

White and African American farmers contended with Macon County’s sandy, loamy soil, especially after the turn of the century. The farmers in the decades preceding the 1900s farmed cotton almost exclusively with little crop diversification. These entrenched practices depleted the nutrients in the soil over time. By the late 1800s, extension agents urged farmers to diversify crops and use fertilizer to improve soil fertility. When George Washington Carver arrived in Tuskegee in 1896, he set out to find a way to help farmers solve the problems with the soil shortly after he joined the faculty at Tuskegee Institute Booker T. Washington hired Carver to head the Agriculture Department. Washington asked Carver to find a way to take education for Macon County’s farmers to their homes.

Carver designed the prototype of what later became the Jesup Wagon, which also was called the Moveable School.

In 1906, when Thomas M. Campbell joined Tuskegee Institute and became its first Cooperative Extension Agent, the Moveable School was in operation. Campbell assumed 21

oversight of the program and accompanied extension staff members to the rural communities to provide farming and homemaking demonstrations for farmers and their wives in an attempt to help rural families improve their lives. Campbell wrote about trips made to Fort Davis and Warrior Stand. Tuskegee Institute’s outreach program successfully influenced farmers like Frank Reid.

Frank Reid belonged to the group of African Americans who acquired substantial acreage during Reconstruction and into the early 1900s. Reid, who attended, but did not graduate from Tuskegee, often heard Washington urge black men to buy and farm their own land.

Reid testified that his family farm’s success could be attributed to Booker T. Washington. The Reid’s farm was located in the Dawkins community. Frank and his father and brothers worked as tenant farmers but then purchased 320 acres of land and added 285 acres later. The Reid family operated a general store, a steam-gin, and a gristmill. Frank Reid mentioned other black farmers who owned land adjacent to the Reid farm and remarked about their successes. This group of men included Turner Moore, Moses Moore, Reuben Moore, and James Whitlow.

Tuskegee students use steam power to fill a silo with fodder corn on the Reid farm. Photo from Tuskegee and Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1905, Booker T. Washington and Emmett J. Scott, editors.

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Community Places – Fraternal and Other Organizations A membership in the Prince Hall Masonic lodge offered an African American man living in the Jim Crow South the opportunity to assume a leadership role within his own community. Lodge buildings housed Masonic meetings and also functioned as overflow space for nearby schools. South Macon County’s lodges included the Henry C. Binford, Sr. Lodge, No. 487, Warrior Stand, Macon County, and the Ashler Lodge, No. 240, Dawkins, Macon County, and the Mt. Nebo Lodge.

The Cooper Chapel AME Zion Church in Warrior Stand is in the background of this photo of Masons. The date of the photo is unknown. These Masons likely belonged to the Henry C. Binford Sr. Lodge, No. 487, Warrior Stand.

Henry C. Binford, Sr. – Lodge No. 487, Warrior Stand, Macon Co. Members – 1913 Officers: W. H. Chappell, Tommie Chappell, John Wright, J.W. Walker, E.C. Crayton, G.W. Slaughter, B.H. Henderson, Joshua Buchanan, J.B. Martin, L.W. Grisham, A.B. Henderson Members: Tom Gochet, Hilliard Henderson, J.B. Martin, Sam Seay, John Wright, Fred Phillip (initiated 3/14/13) Ashler Lodge No. 249, Dawkins, Macon Co. Members – 1913 Officers: L.S. McBryde, R.B. Moore, Hamp Askew, Prince Phillips, B.J. Smith, North Hendon, G.W. Moore, L.P. Perry, John H. Lee, Tom Slaughter, B.J. Jackson.

Members: W.M. Crayton, H.R. Johnson, Willie Jackson, Turner Moore, H.R. Moore, Preston Marshall, Allen Pace, Willie Reid, William Slaughter, Larrie Swanson, Davis smith, Joe Tensley, Reuben Talbert, Louis Turner, John Turner, Don Wright

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The Ashler Lodge is located near County Road 47 next to the Sweet Pilgrim Baptist Church. Photo courtesy of Elvin P. Lang.

The Mt. Nebo Lodge is located adjacent to the Mt. Nebo Baptist Church at the intersection of U.S. Highway 29 and County Road 47.

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Mosaic Templars of America

Former slaves John E. Bush and Chester W. Keats founded one of the first highly successfully, independent African American businesses in America. They founded the company called The Mosaic Templars of America (MTA) in 1882 and located the headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas. They conceived the idea for the fraternal order at a time when race relations was at an all-time low and white insurance companies were reluctant to offer burial insurance to African Americans. The partners incorporated the MTA in 1883 with a mission to provide life and burial insurance to African Americans and with values encompassing the ideals of love, charity, protection and brotherhood. Along with payment of the insurance benefit, the family of a deceased member of the Order received a distinctive custom-made Vermont marble marker engraved with the MTA symbol. These headstones are found today in many rural cemeteries in the South, including the historic cemeteries of south Macon County — the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church (Roba), the Boromville A.M.E. Zion Church (Boromville), the Creek Stand A.M.E. Zion Church (Creek Stand), the Cooper Chapel A.M.E. Zion Church (aka the Warrior Stand cemetery), and the Sweet Pilgrim cemetery (Roba).

These Mosaic Templar of America headstones are found in the Sweet Pilgrim cemetery in the Roba community.

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South Macon Sweet Potato Cooperative

Dr. Philip A. Loretan, Dr. Robert J. Pomazal, Miss Girtha R. Wilkerson, Dr. Carl S. Lenzo and Mrs. Estelle Washington formed a domestic non-profit sweet potato corporation in 1973. The cooperative met at the site of the Warrior Stand School, formerly located on County Road 5 in Warrior Stand. According to an article published in the book “The Heritage of Macon County, Alabama,” the cooperative was the largest sweet potato producer in Macon County during the early 1980’s.

The co-op’s clients included Winn-Dixie and Big Bear supermarkets and wholesalers in Montgomery. Local residents from Warrior Stand, Creek Stand and Hannon held memberships in the co-op and earned supplemental income for their labor. The co-op also engaged in leadership activities such as holding summer programs for children.

Known for its “sweet-tasting crop,” the co-op cultivated pride in the community.

Albert Daniels, former Macon County Commissioner of District 2, is a former President of the cooperative. He explained that the co-op disbanded against the wishes of its members. They could not raise the money needed to purchase an extensive amount of fencing needed to keep deer from invading a five-acre parcel containing the sweet potato crop. The cooperative dissolved in January 2003.

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Archaeology Places — Native American Artifacts In 2012, prior to the grand opening of The Ridge Project’s Interpretive Center, Professor Dana Chandler, Tuskegee University Archivist and History Professor, discovered Native American lithics lying on the eroded slope of the Center’s front lot. He surmised that we had a viable dig site right under our noses. He offered to bring his summer American History class to the Center to open an excavation pit. The students conducted field work the summer of 2012 and found that Professor Chandler's hunch was right. The students found Native American and other artifacts that were so significant that Professor Chandler and a new group of students returned the summer of 2013 to continue the excavation. Mr. Rob Perry and Mr. Glenn Drummond assisted with the Tuskegee student excavations.

Since the grand opening, the dig site has proven to be a rich archaeological resource for student learning. In the fall of 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, fourth grade students from Lee-Scott Academy in Auburn participated in dig and other activities during their field trip to The Ridge Interpretive Center. Their discoveries included flakes, arrowheads, pottery pieces, charcoal, daub, and evidence of the outer wall of a dwelling.

Professor Chandler wrote this observation about the artifacts found during the summer 2013 dig conducted by Tuskegee University students: As we continued to expand from our original dig site, artifacts became more numerous and important. During our second season, as we continued to work to the northeast of our beginning, we found many items pointing to a possible colonial dwelling site. Although we continued to find more potsherds and lithic materials, such as a large, Late Mississippian potsherd and an Archaic stemmed point, we also found daub4 which was a great indicator of a dwelling. We continued to question whether the construction was Native American or Colonial; the issue being further confused by the last objects found. Those objects included a white kaolin pipe, from Bristol, England, ca. 1680-1710. Likewise, we found a French gun flint, ca. 1800. These artifacts were probably used by Native Americans of the time. (Source: Initial Report of the Site Investigation at The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project Interpretive Center, Warrior Stand, Alabama. Date: August 26, 2013 Site Location: 10735 Co. Rd. 10, Union Springs, Alabama 36089 [Section 4, Township 15N, Range 25E] Site Name: The Ridge Principals: Dana R. Chandler, Robert Perry and Glenn Drummond) 27

Creative Places – Quilting Traditions Quilting traditions in south Macon County are multicultural. Quilting offered a creative outlet to women. Quilts served a decorative and utilitarian function in the home. Susan Gresham (1839-1877) came to Warrior Stand as a young woman on the Federal Road during the latter half of the Alabama Fever mass migration. Susan is the maker of the quilt pictured to the left. This quilt has a traditional tulip pattern and is believed to be over 150 years old.

African Americans Laura Cloud Clark (b. 1896), and Mary Alice Clark Pace (b.

1916), stitched “found” fabric into handmade quilts as a way to relax after a day’s hard work in the fields.

Dr. Lorenzo Pace, 2016 OFRSF keynote speaker, is a descendant of these quilters. He connected the Pace family quilts to the legacy of Harriet Tubman in his book entitled Harriet Tubman and My Grandmother’s Quilts (Pace, Lorenzo. New York: Rosen, 2015). Images of these Pace quilts such as the one pictured to the right, grace the narrative about Harriet’s role as a brave guide or “conductor” for runaway slaves on the Underground Railroad. Some say it is a fact that quilt colors and patterns contained codes and signals that also guided these freedom-seekers to safety. Some say it is folklore. In any case, Pace tells a story that raises the use of the everyday handmade quilt to a profound level of practicality and comfort.

Corlis Dallas Clark (pictured below on the right), is a life-long south Macon County resident. She shared stories of her mother’s and her grandmother’s quilt making tradition during the 2016 OFRSF. Corlis inherited her love and talent for quilting from her ancestors.

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Educational Places Presently, our information is limited regarding schools attended by the children of free settlers of the Ridge before and after the Civil War. The following information suggests there were schools in the area for white children from the 1850s through the turn of the century.

According to the Encyclopedia of Alabama, the Southwest Ordinance of 1790 required the newly formed state of Alabama to earmark one square mile of land for public education within each township. That square mile of land was to be sold with the proceeds to go towards funding schools. An 1851 map of Township 15N Range 26E shows that section 16 (left side is Macon County) was set aside for school purposes.

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A classified ad placed by the trustees of a school in Warrior Stand appeared in the Augusta Chronicle dated October 23, 1853. The title of the ad was ‘Teacher Wanted.”

The advertisement was for a teacher to “take charge of the school” for the ensuing year.

The pay was to be $800 to $1,000 per year. The trustees were listed in the ad as: A.P. Grady, S.M. Mahorn (sic), T.G. Frazier and Col. J. Moreland. (S.M. Mahorn was actually Stephen Marshall Mahone). The advertisement was specifically for a male teacher and stated that “None need apply unless he can produce satisfactory testimonials of scholarship and morals.”

The Comer family is prominent in Alabama today with a legacy that is tied to early Barbour County’s cotton plantations and lumber yards. Hugh Moss Comer (1842-1900), son of John Fletcher Comer and Catherine Lucinda Drewry Comer attended school at Warrior Stand. The Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library at the University of North Carolina contains the Comer Family Papers 1860-1864. Included are digitized letters written by Catherine Lucinda Drewry Comer, during the 1860s, to her son Hugh Moss Comer while he was away at school. (Hugh Moss Comer is pictured to the left).

The March 27, 1888 Columbus-Sun Enquirer column entitled “Gathered at Guerryton” contained a report dated March 26 that “the school house at Creek Stand was destroyed by fire.” The article reported that the school teacher, Mr. J.M. Ellison, owned the property. According to the newspaper account, the first destroyed everything, the caused was undetermined, and no decision had been made about rebuilding.

Eva Chandler was born around 1885 in the Creek Stand community. She was the youngest child of William Frierson Chandler and Mary Alice Ridley Tolbert Chandler.

Eva married Ernest Gagnon and in 1964, she published a memoir about growing up as a young child on the family’s plantation in Creek Stand. The memoir, entitled Home Place, contains Chandler’s recollection of everyday life including a description of going to school. Based on her year of birth, it can be assumed that the account is for a time period from about 1890 to 1910. Eva still lived at home in 1910 at the age of 25 but by then, the family lived in Hurtsboro. According to her memoir, Creek Stand school trustees hired a school teacher from Tuskegee in September of each year to live in the community. The teacher’s name was Julia and she taught first grade through high school. The memoir contains no mention of a school house or school location but it implied that Julia taught in a school house.

Mount Olive School founded in 1867 at Tuskegee is the first documented African American school in Macon County. African Americans in south Macon County began building one and two room school houses at the turn of the century. These school houses existed in nearly every village including Armstrong, Bethlehem, Boromville, Cotton Valley, Creek Stand, Dawkins, Fort Davis, Fort Hull, Magnolia, Mt. Nebo, Roba, Swanson and Warrior Stand. Two buildings remain in south Macon County from that era. The oldest is the Armstrong School located in the Armstrong Community. The other school is the Macon County Training School located in the Roba Community. A 30

historic marker on Macon County Road 5 designates the location of the Warrior Stand School #2.

In the early 1920’s the Macon County Training School’s founder, Mrs. Nellie Reid (pictured left), envisioned building a school house to serve all of south Macon County’s school children in grades K-12. She spearheaded a community fund raising drive to raise the money to match funds offered from the Rosenwald Fund. The community successfully raised the funds and the Thrasher School opened in 1927. The school burned in 1951 and the community rallied and built the 1950s wing of the existing Macon County Training School. The county added a wing in 1967 as a means to “equalize” the school with the county’s white schools. In 1963, Attorney Fred Gray filed a lawsuit for plaintiff Anthony T. Lee for the desegregation of the all-white Macon County High School. The settlement required that the Macon County Training School be improved satisfactorily to be considered equal to the white high school, or else be closed down. The construction of the 1967 wing “equalized” the school and it remained opened until 2005.

Top left — Armstrong School. Top right — original Thrasher School, a.k.a. Macon County Training School Rosenwald school building. Bottom — rebuilt Macon County Training School, 1950s wing.

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Other Notable Places Historic Military Forts Fort Bainbridge — approximately 10 miles SE of Warrior Stand Fort Hull — approximately 10 miles west of Warrior Stand Taverns Lewis’s Tavern — Fort Bainbridge Sampson Lanier’s Tavern — Creek Stand Big Warrior’s Tavern — Warrior Stand Big Warrior’s Race Track — Fort Hull Post Offices Fort Bainbridge Creek Stand Dawkins Roba Warrior Stand Stores Davisville Stores Lloyd & Ellison’s Store McLeod’s Store Reid’s Store Pace’s Groceries T. M. Reese’s Store Wright & Dozier’s Store W.A. Reynolds’s Store Gins Floyd’s Ginnery — Creek Stand Chambliss’s Gin — Warrior Stand Mills Wilcoxin’s Mill — Creek Stand Train Depots Hannon Fort Davis Hurtsboro (Russell County) Photos top to bottom: sketch of Fort Bainbridge, Captain Kendall Lewis, proprietor of Lewis’ Tavern, Lewis’ Tavern, Fort Davis train depot.

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Round Up Locations —The United States Public Health Service Syphilis Study (also known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study)

Officials of the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study used numerous church and school locations within south Macon County, as round up locations. Public health workers met with study subjects at round up locations (schools and churches) to administer "treatment" and/or to transport them to Tuskegee or exams. South Macon County’s round up locations include: Cooper's Chapel, Creek Stand, Cross Roads (Macon County Training School), Swanson, Hannon, Roba, Armstrong, Ft. Davis, Cotton Valley, and Mt. Nebo.

Pictured above — U.S. Public Health Service workers and Syphilis Study subjects at the Creek Stand AME Zion Church, circa 1950s. (Source: National Archives and Records Administration digital files).

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Recommended Books

Author/Editor

Austin, Charon Jernice

Copyright Date

Title Tapping Into My Soul: Remembering My Heritage, Conquering My Youth, and Facing My Future Alabama and the Borderlands: From Prehistory to Statehood

Publisher/Printer

2005

Charon J. Austin

1985

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL

Benton, Jerry E.

The Very Worst Road: Travellers' Accounts of Crossing Alabama's Old Creek Indian Territory, 1820-1847

2009

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL

Braund, Kathryn E. Holland

Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America

1993

University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE

Britt, Jeanetta

***Jeanetta is on-site today with her many publications.

She is an author of inspirational poetry and fiction.

Campbell, Thomas M.

The Moveable School Goes to The Negro Farmer

1936

Tuskegee Institute Press

Cotterill, R. S.

The Southern Indians: The Story of the Civilized Tribes Before Removal

1954

University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, 8th reprint, 1989

*Duke, Kate

Archaeologists Dig for Clues

1996, 1997

Harper & Collins, Inc.

Gray, Fred D.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Real Story and Beyond

1998

Badger, R. Reid Clayton, Lawrence A., Editors

34

NewSouth Books, Montgomery, AL

Title

Copyright Date

Green, Michael D.

The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis

1982

University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE

Henderson, Jr., George Wylie

Ollie Miss

1935

Frederick A. Stokes Company

Hersey, Mark D.

My Work is that of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver

2011

The University of Georgia Press

Hudson, Angela Pulley

Creek Paths and Federal Roads: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves and the Making of the American South

2010

University of North Carolina Press

Hudson, Charles

The Southeastern Indians

1976

University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN, 7th paperback printing, 1999.

*Pace, Lorenzo

Jalani and the Lock

Revised 2015

The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York City, New York

*Pace, Lorenzo

Harriet Tubman and My Grandmother’s Quilts

2015

The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York City, New York

*Pace, Lorenzo

Frederick Douglass and the North Star

2015

The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York City, New York

Author/Editor

35

Publisher/Printer

Title

Copyright Date

Publisher/Printer

*Pace, Lorenzo

Marching with Martin

2015

The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York City, New York

Pickett, Albert James

History of Alabama and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi From the Earliest Period

1851

Republished by Birmingham Book & Magazine Co., Birmingham, AL, 1962

*Southerland, Henry DeLeon, Jr. Brown, Jerry Elijah

The Federal Road Through Georgia, the Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836

1989, paperback edition 1992

Stiggins, George.

Introduction and Notes

by William Stokes Wyman, edited by Virginia Pounds Brown

Creek Indian History: A Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians

1989

Birmingham Public Library Press, Birmingham, AL

*Williams, Shari L.

Silent But Not Idle: African American SelfDetermination Ignites Educational Opportunity in South Macon County, Alabama 1906-1967

2017

Shari L. Williams

Woodward, Thomas S.

Woodward's Reminiscences of the Creek, of Muscogee, Indians.

1859

Barrett & Wimblish, Montgomery, AL 1859.

Reprint by Southern University Press, Mobile, AL, 1965

Author/Editor

* Available in The Ridge Interpretive Center gift shop

36

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL

The Board of Directors of The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project appreciates the grantors, advertisers, sponsors, donors, volunteers, and supporters who made this festival possible.

We also extend appreciation to the festival caterers, Corlis Clark, Marcella Henderson, and Willie Pace.

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The Ridge Project Needs Your Tax-Deductible Donation to Support Our Mission! ____________________________________________ is making a general donation to support future Old Federal Road Storytelling Festivals, the presentation of future educational programs and events, and the general operations of The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project.

Donation amount:

□ $25

□ $50

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Contact information is: (please print legibly) Name of individual or organization___________________________________________________________________ Address______________________________________________________________________ City State Zip Phone___________________________ Email _______________________________________ (Optional) This donation is made in honor of ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ in memory of__________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ***Your contact information will be kept private. We will mail a donation acknowledgement and receipt to the mailing address provided. Questions? Contact Shari Williams at 770-843-1913. Please like our Facebook page — www.facebook.com/TheRidgeMaconCountyArchaeologyProject

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Please make donation check payable to: The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project and mail with completed form to: The Ridge Macon County Archaeology Project 10735 County Road 10 Union Springs, AL 36089 ATTN: Fiscal Manager Or donate online at www.digtheridge.com

Thank you for your generous support!