Bringing life - Master thesis

1.

2.

1.

2.

5.

6.

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.

4.

bringlife

KU Leuven, Facultry of Architecture Master dissertation of the International Master in Architecture

Bringing Life

A living lab for a temporal and inclusive remediation

student: TONI POPOVSKI student program: Urban Projects, Urban cultures mentor: Burak Pak Brussels, 2018

3

intro ......8 history ....16 issues ....25 questions ....27 probing ....30 proposed ....51 pollution & remediation ....60 temporality ....76 case studies ....80 synthesis & focus ....88 design ..106

5

intro

THE SITE

The site in question is quite a tricky one. It is located alongside the southern section of the Brussels canal, surrounded by a few locally known neighborhoods of Brussels: Forest, Saint Gilles and Anderlecht. It is in a way “squeezed” between two massive chunks of infrastructure, the railway with the main hub “Brussels Midi” station on eastern side, and the canal with the Port of Brussels on the western side.

A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS A historical analysis of this site seemed the most suitable to start with. We tried to give an overview of the spatial developments which have been happening on site in order to understand the current situation. The more elaborated analysis are presented in chapter ‘history’. In a nutshell, we selected a few time periods, for which we could find documented data. We started with the Ferraris map of Brussels, dating from 1777 which was followed by the Vandermaelen map, dating from the period between 1846 and 1854. We followed up with orthographic plans of the area until nowadays.

With the analysis we tried to understand the borders of the site, its relation to the city (nowadays central part of Brussels) as well as the presence of infrastructural developments.

9

After having observed the site, the main challenges and aims appeared as well as several research questions which were to be examined. This was followed by a historical overview of the area. Few elements were identified as site-specific issues, its industrial character, the enormous amount of empty or undeveloped space, though the most challenging of all was the lack of everyday life.

The first visible challenge our area of interest was dealing with was the lack of everyday life. Our site is really not a “hot spot” among the citizens of Brussels and is a place which people are not used to visit, maybe even try to avoid. Apart from the institutions providing work, there are not many points of interest attracting people.

Another visible challenge was the site’s visible industrial character, with large volumes and empty spaces, situated along a massive piece of infrastructure – the Canal (e.g. the port is the biggest importer of goods for the city of Brussels (Port of Brussels, 2017)). Having said that, we believe our site faces the same challenges as other significantly industrial areas in postindustrial times. We are left with big empty volumes which are difficult to be developed as a quality urban space that serves to the diverse population of Brussels. intro

The effect that neo-liberalism has on the built environment was spotted as yet another challenge, or an issue. It is common that the economical income is the biggest decision-maker when developing an architectural project. When seen from a bird’s eye perspective, it is evident that the area is a massive piece of empty space. In a city as dense as Brussels that would be seen as a positive thing offering plenty opportunities. What can be interpreted as an issue though is that since the site is empty it can be developed really quickly, thus leaving a threat of mediocre, quickly-assembled architecture, which all of a sudden can swallow a big part of the city.

An additional challenge we have spotted is the problem that Brussels Capital Region has with has with the enormous amount of non implemented master plans. It is a common thing in Brussels that a certain site has one or even several master-plan proposals which never got realized. Therefore we are left with many ideas of how to improve a certain location, which will most of the time remain just as ideas. It might be regarded as an indicator that the formal, top-down method of developing is just not working out in this environment.

THE AIM The aim is to address previously mentioned issues through the prism of temporality, regarded as a general tool which can be applied to any of these site-specific issues. Defined as: “the state of existing within or having some relationship with time.�

(Google dictionary) temporality is set to include time in the design process.

In terms of architecture and planning, the temporal design is set to include time every step of the way; analyze the site in different time periods in order to get a wider image of the current state; propose and eventually execute the design proposal in several design phases, in order that we are not left with an unusable construction site; think of maintenance and every day use of the site in different time intervals, day-night, summer-winter, flooded-dry etc.

11

intro

QUESTIONS Many questions arise while thinking how to improve the site. How do we try to modify the site without compromising its identity and originality? How do we bring life to the site in order plug it into the existing mechanism of the city? And eventually, how do we think of temporality during the entire process, from the planning phase to the eventual execution phase. Could we define the steps through which the design is going to be implemented without being guided by money? Is it likely that we could use the site differently in different time periods? And is it possible to execute design which will consider the future changes, in 20 or e.g. 50 years?

ANALYSES Analytical methods deriving from the questions and issues will follow up. We will be focusing on three scales, macro – the Brussels Capital Region, meso – the Canal and micro – the site of Biesterbroek. The analyses have been broken down in several fields: brussels: a brief overview of the city where the design is going to take place, and by whose residents it will be used; history: (mapping of chronological development of the site with its borders, the Canal and the river Senne, the relationship between settlements);

probing: mapping certain vivid actions currently happening around Brussels and along the Canal in order to be inspired by them; proposed: an overview some of the proposed projects by developers for Biesterbroek; pollution & remediation: a study showing the soil pollution present in Biesterbroek along with sustainable methods of purifying it; temporality: the importance of temporality in a design proposal and incremental design as an option; case studies: (catalog of examples related to our site in a certain way).

That way we will try to understand the main issues, and after the analyses, define strategies. Given the delicacy of the site, it is only logical to develop incremental strategies happening gradually, in following steps.

STRATEGIES, FOCUS AND DESIGN Once the analyzing process has finished, we well synthesize the received outcomes and follow up proposing design strategies. It is clear that we have a delicate site with an industrial past in postindustrial time, lacking life and vividness with plenty of open space attractive to fast developers. Therefore we will react with a subtle design proposal, happening in few phases.

13

history

OVERALL The historial analysis was the first one to begin with.

By doing so, way we can understand at an early stage its development through time. Thanks to the online platform “BruGIS�, we can have access to many historical maps, including one the oldest maps of Brussels, the Ferraris one, dating from 1777 (BruGIS, 2017).

On the Ferraris map we can already recognize certain outlines, or borders visible also nowadays. These are probably some ditches of streams or other minor water bodies, mostly visible in the northern part. Other than that, the site is mostly green and it represents mostly cultivated land.

On the Vandermaelen map, dating from the period between 1846 and 1854 (BruGIS, 2017) we can already notice the presence of the Canal cutting through our site, representing in a way a first border of that size.

The other settlements still present nowadays, such as Anderlecht and Saint Gilles are still pretty similar with the Ferraris map. The site is bordered by the river Senne on the eastern side, like on the Ferraris map, and the Canal on the western side. The presence of the canal could be understood as a sign of the early industrialization process in Belgium, still being related to our site.

On the orthographic photos dating to the beginning of the XX century, we can spot the first signs relating to history

the current sloppy character of Biesterbroek. In a way, due to the messiness and sloppiness of our site, we could characterize it as a ‘loose’ space. We can notice the presence of the railway; the site is relatively empty with certain spontaneous definitions, while its surrounding is being densified with urban tissue.

If we check the orthographic plans of 1953, we can already trace some of the messiness present on our site nowadays. The river Senne does not exist anymore.

The eastern border is in a way doubled by the massive railway parallel to the Senne. We can already see signs of industrialization such as a few halls and the two silos close to the the Marchant bridge in the north.

Nevertheless, the site is still generally empty, and a network of greenery around the Senne is evident.

In the year of 1971 the site gets more and more filled up with industrial architecture, which is even more evident on the maps of 1996. In the period between 2014 and nowadays, we notice that there is a postindustrial interest in our site which is increasing over time, with certain interventions and new buildings.

In a nutshell, the historical overview and observations showed us the development of the site, from an empty piece of land outside of the city, through its industrial period till the post industry. It leaves us wandering of what could be the following development.

17

FERRARIS MAP, 1777

LEGEND: ..Biesterbrroek ..canal ..Senne ..settlements

history

VANDERMAELEN MAP, 1846-1854

LEGEND: ..Biesterbrroek ..canal ..Senne ..settlements

19

ORTHOPHOTO MAP, early XX century

LEGEND: ..Biesterbrroek ..canal ..Senne ..rails

history

ORTHOPHOTO MAP, 1953

LEGEND: ..Biesterbrroek ..canal ..Senne ..rails 21

ORTHOPHOTO MAP, 2017

LEGEND: ..Biesterbrroek ..canal ..Senne ..rails

history

23

issues

ISSUES LACK OF EVERYDAY LIFE Industrial character Effect of neo-liberalism on the built environment Non implemented master plans of Brussels capital region

25

questions

QUESTIONS How do we try to modify the site without compromising its identity and originality?

How do we bring life to the site in order plug it into the existing mechanism of the city?

How do we think of temporality during the entire process, from the planning phase to the eventual execution phase?

Could we define the steps through which the design is going to be implemented without being guided by money?

Is it likely that we could use the site differently in different time periods?

And is it possible to execute design which will consider the future changes, in 20 or e.G. 50 Years?

27

probing

LACK OF LIFE The lack of life has been spotted as a problem that site is currently facing. It is mostly filled with industrial facilities, regardless if they are belonging to the port or represent already shut down plants. Each of these facilities are big in volume and are also surrounded by a generous amount of space. That way we can understand easier why the site lacks vivacity to this extent.

Since the target audience of this project are the residents of Brussels, we were inspired by positive vivacities already happening in the city (especially along the Canal). We also decided to do a probing of the positive aspects of the site, the places with dynamic actions throughout the day or with interesting spatial quality. A particular type of mapping was proposed. It was decided to map these activities in the shape of 3D drawings, each of them with a surface of 50 x 50 meters, capturing the activity and the space within which it is happening.

It was decided that the representation is axonometric on a fixed plot of 50 x 50 meters so that we end up with generic, comparable results. The elements can be also used for a sort of architectural puzzle game.

The idea is that by mixing up these single elements we will hopefully get inspired about what content could be inserted in the Biesterbroek area. A big plus of this sort of mapping is that it is upfront, and shows us drectly what is preseent on site. By the end, two types of probings were produced. probing

EVERYDAY LIFE PROBING An everyday life probing was the first one. The focus of this mapping are the lively activities which are happening around Brussels. The purpose of this mapping is to drag inspiration from activities which already happening in the city and are already familiar to the inhabitants. It is consisted of two parts: mapping activities from the rich market scene that Brussels has to offer. According to brussels.be, there are about 15 markets in Brussels. Two of them were chosen to be represented as a part of the our puzzle, the market happening around the train station Gare du Midi - ‘Marche du Gare du Midi’, as well as the big former slaughter market ‘Abattoir’. The Abattoir was chosen because of its size.

It is by far one of the biggest markets in the city and is situated in very near proximity to our site. Where as the ‘Marche du Gare du Midi’ , aside from its size, was also chosen because it is happening around the track of the railway, also present at our site; mapping activities happening along or in close proximity to the Canal. The Canal area is quite a problematic one for the city of Brussels. Historically an industrial zone, after the transition to post industrialization it found itself vast and neglected. As an answer to that, there are plenty of organizations organizing events along and in near proximity of the Canal in order to promote it as a zone of leisure activities.

31

Some of the activities represented in the probing are: Bruxelles les bains (the beach event happening annually), the Brussels Canal run, Parckfarm and Allee du Kaai.

QUALITATIVE PROBING A qualitative probing was the second one. This mapping on the other side chooses to focus only on Biesterbroek. As the name is suggesting, on this map we have presented the positive elements which are present on our site. Overall, three main categories were spotted as the sites’ strong sides, with them being: the water, the greenery and the site’s sloppiness/originality.

The water represents the Canal that passes through Biesterbroek, thus creating water banks on two sides.

Therefore, it is already possible to walk by the canal, as well as go down and walk alongside it. That is already a big advantage on its own, especially since the canal is the only water body in Brussels. Having that on mind, we have noticed the crossing walkways already existing around the Cureghem bridge, and the southern walkway facing the site of Anderlecht and decided to map those.

The greenery literally represents the areas which are visually green in Biesterbroek. Unfortunately most of them are on polluted soils. One of them is the vast green area on the Anderlecht side of the canal, close to the metro stop ‘Aumale’. Even though polluted to a certain extent, the site is full of bushes and is almost as big as the half of the closest ‘Parc de Forestier’. probing

With the sloppiness of the site, we try to refer to its originality and the contents of unofficial character.

Guided by this, we mapped several spots answering these characteristics. The Roma camp is one of them, as one of the liveliest places present on site.

We mapped a part by the railway tracks which also consists a beautiful old industrial building as well as contemporary architectures. Other sites with unofficial character are definitely the Port, as a massive infrastructural point, as well as Rotor, a warehouse which sells recycled building elements.

33

..canal PORT OF BRUSSELS

market EMILE BOCKSTAEL.. ..market CHAUSSEE D’ANVERS

canal PARCKFARM.. canal ALLEE DU KAAI.. canal TEMPORARY BRIDGE..

..canal BRUXELLES LES BAINS ..canal BRUSSELS BY WATER

..market ST CATHERINE canal MiMA..

canal BRUSSELS CANAL RUN..

..market ANNEESSENS market AGORA.. ..market ABATTOIR ..market SABLON

..market MIDI

..market JEU DE BALLE

canal PORT OF BRUSSELS..

LEGEND: ..market ..market taken into consideration ..canal related actiity

EVERYDAY LIFE PROBING Selection criteria for the sampling: DIVERSE PEOPLE ATIVITIES LOCATIONS

TEMPORALITY LONG-TERM SEASONAL

INTERACTIVE EXCHANGE COMMERCE NETWORKING SWAPPING INFORMAL EXCHANGE ENVIRONMENT

LARGE SCALE OUTDOOR POLYVALENCY POLYVALENT STRUCTURE INFORMAL ACTIVITIES SKATERS GRAFFITI

YOUTHFUL YOUTH INVOLVEMENT ENGAGING DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

OCCUPATIVE NOT IN THE MASTER PLAN

BOTTOM UP STARTED AS A FESTIVAL - TURNED PERMANENT THANKS TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

RICH WITH LIFE ACTIVITIES HORECA LEISURE

RELATION TO THE CITY CORE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES TOURISM MARKETING

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE PROXIMITY TO THE CANAL PROXIMITY TO THE RAILWAYS MARGINAL

35

BOULEVARD DU MIDI

DIVERSE

PEOPLE PRODUCTS EXCHANGES

Address: Avenue Fonsny, 1000 Brussels Hours: Sunday 7AM–1PM

TEMPORALITY

ONCE A WEEK TEMPORAL STANDS ANNUAL - DIFFERENT SEASONS

LOGISTICS BY THE VENDORS APPROPRIATION OF SPACE MUTUAL EXCHANGE

EXCHANGE ENVIRONMENT

EXCHANGE COMMERCE NETWORKING SWAPPING

SCALE OUTDOOR

BOTTOM UP

INFORMAL

INTERACTIVE

LARGE

Coordinates: 50.8366047,4.3396686

RICH WITH LIFE

SELLING ACTIVITY STREET FOOD DIFFERENT CULTURES

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE

UNDER THE RAILS PROXIMITY TO CANAL APPPROPRIATION OF PUBLIC SPACE

ABBATTOIR

Address: Rue Ropsy Chaudron 24, 1070 Anderlecht Coordinates: 50.8454991,4.3293336 Hours: Friday - Sunday 7AM–2PM

DIVERSE

PEOPLE PRODUCTS EXCHANGES

POLYVALENCY

POLYVALENT STRUCTURE

ALONG WATER

ARRIVAL OF GOODS UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

LARGE

SCALE OUTDOOR ARRIVAL INSFRASTRUCTURE

RICH WITH LIFE

SELLING ACTIVITY STREET FOOD DIFFERENT CULTURES

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE UNDER THE RAILS PROXIMITY TO CANAL ARRIVAL INSFRASTRUCTURE

BRUXELLES LES BAINS Address: Quai des Péniches, 1000 Bruxelles Hours: Tuesday-Sunday 11AM–10PM

ALONG WATER

Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

RICH WITH LIFE

RECREATIONAL UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

ACTIVITIES HORECA LEASURE

MOBILITY DYNAMIC NOMADIC

RELATION TO THE CITY CORE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES TOURISM MARKETING

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE ALONG THE CANAL

BRIDGE INSTALLATION

Address: Quai des Péniches, 1000 Bruxelles Hours: Tuesday-Sunday 11AM–10PM

TEMPORALITY SHORT-TERM SEASONAL

Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

ALONG WATER RECREATIONAL UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

MULTI-LEVELED

ARTISTIC

CROSSING POINT CONNECTING POINT

HACKING INFRASTRUCTURE CONCPTUAL IMAGINATORY

RELATION TO THE CITY CORE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES TOURISM MARKETING

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE

ALONG THE CANAL

BRUSSELS CANAL RUN Address: Quai du Hainaut 1080 Molenbeek-Saint-Jean Hours: Annualy Last weekend of October

DIVERSE

PEOPLE LOCATIONS SURFACES

Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

UNPLANNED

HAPPENED OUT OF THE DESIGN INTERVENTION

ALONG WATER RECREATIONAL UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

RELATION TO THE CITY CORE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES TOURISM MARKETING

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE ALONG THE CANAL

PRACKFARM

Address: Boulevard du Jubilé 202, 1080 Molenbeek-Saint-Jean Hours: Spring

DIVERSE

PEOPLE ATIVITIES LOCATIONS

TEMPORALITY LONG-TERM SEASONAL

Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

BOTTOM UP

STARTED AS A FESTIVAL TURNED PERMANENT THANKS TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

OCCUPATIVE

NOT IN THE MASTER PLAN

RICH WITH LIFE ACTIVITIES HORECA LEASURE

RELATION TO THE CITY CORE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES TOURISM MARKETING

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE PROXIMITY TO THE CANAL PROXIMITY TO THE RAILWAYS

ALLEE DU KAAI

Address: Avenue du Port 49, 1000 Bruxelles Hours:

Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

MARGINAL

DIVERSE

PEOPLE ATIVITIES LOCATIONS

ALONG WATER RECREATIONAL UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

YOUTHFULL

YOUTH INVOLVEMENT ENGAGING DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

INFORMAL ACTIVITIES SKATERS GRAFITTI

RICH WITH LIFE ACTIVITIES HORECA LEASURE

RELATION TO THE CITY CORE CENTRAL ACTIVITIES TOURISM MARKETING

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE PROXIMITY TO THE CANAL PROXIMITY TO THE RAILWAYS

43

greenery MASSIVE GREEN AREA [polluted soil]..

++..water CANAL SIDEWALK

+..sloppiness PORT OF BRUSSELS +

sloppiness SITE’S INDUSTRIAL CHARATCTER..

+..sloppiness ROMA CAMP + water PARK [wildlife]..+

greenery PARK [wildlife]..

QUALITATIVE PROBING Selection criteria for the sampling: NATURE IN SPITE OF THE POLLUTION, A MASSIVE CHUNK OF GREEN SURFACE

ACTIVISM OSMOSIS NETWORK SKATE PARK WORKSHOPS

BOTTOM UP STARTED AS A FESTIVAL - TURNED PERMANENT THANKS TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

RICH WITH LIFE ACTIVITIES HORECA LEISURE

ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AMBIANCE ARCHITECTURE MATERIALITY

MARGINAL

YOUTHFUL YOUTH INVOLVEMENT ENGAGING DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

DIVERSE PEOPLE ACTIVITIES LOCATIONS

INFORMAL EXCHANGE ENVIRONMENT

TEMPORALITY LONG-TERM SEASONAL RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE PROXIMITY TO THE CANAL PROXIMITY TO THE RAILWAYS

POLYVALENCY POLYVALENT STRUCTURE

45

ROMA CAMP

Address: Rue Dante, 1070 Anderlecht

DIVERSE

PEOPLE ACTIVITIES HABITS NOMADISM

INFORMAL

EXCHANGE ENVIRONMENT

Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

TEMPORALITY

ADJUSTING TO DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS AND CONDITIONS

MARGINAL

RICH WITH LIFE

ACTIVE DAILY SURROUNDED BY EMPTY LAND

POLYVALENCY

POLYVALENT STRUCTURE

BOTTOM UP

BOTTOM UP APPROPRIATION OF SPACE

SIDEWALK BY THE CANAL IN THE NORTH Address: Rue Dante, 1070 Anderlecht Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

ALONG WATER RECREATIONAL UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

LARGE

SCALE OUTDOOR ARRIVAL INFRASTRUCTURE

VARIETY GREEN WATER OPEN CLOSED

NATURE

INSPITE OF THE POLLUTION, A MASSIVE CHUNK OF GREEN SURFACE

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE PROXIMITY TO THE RAILS ALONG THE CANAL TRANSPORT HUB

SITE’S INDUSTRIAL CHARACTER

Address: Rue Dante, 1070 Anderlecht Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

ACTIVISM VARIETY GREEN WATER OPEN CLOSED

OSMOSIS NETWORK SKATEPARK WORKSHOPS

YOUTHFUL

YOUTH INVOLVEMENT ENGAGING DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AMBIENTAL ARCHITECTURE MTERIALITY

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE ALONG THE RAILS PROXIMITY TO THE CANAL

PORT OF BRUSSELS

Address: Digue du canal, 1070 Anderlecht Coordinates: 50.8609929,4.347193

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE

PART OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE TRAFFIC OF GOODS THROUGH THE CANAL

ALONG WATER RECREATIONAL UNIQUE AMBIENTAL

ORIGINALITY

PART OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE TRAFFIC OF GOODS THROUGH THE CANAL

MULTI-LEVELED

CROSSING POINT CONNECTING POINT

proposed

proposed

PLAN CANAL Location: All along the Canal in the Brussels-Capital region Initiator: Government of the Brussels-Capital region “The Government of the Brussels-Capital Region has initiated the Canal Plan in order to achieve a set of objectives in the central part of the city, on both sides of the waterway: to keep economic activity in the city and strengthen its urban integration; to create housing that meets the needs associated with population growth for all household profiles; to create pleasant, unifying public spaces (in particular by promoting the Canal axis and its crossings); to create the conditions for an open city by promoting a mix of functions, a diverse population, etc.�

53

proposed

CITY DOX Location: Anderlecht - Biesterbroek, Brussels Initiator: Atenor “Ideally located along the Canal in Anderlecht, City Dox is an example of dynamic urban reconversion.

The Atenor teams have had the opportunity to create this project starting from a blank page! On a vast unused field of 5.4 ha, we have created, together with our architects and urban planners, an innovative and multifunctional urban project.

Atenor has imagined City Dox, a totally new district with a unique and delicious charm, a unique mix of gentle lifestyle and small town center facilities.�

55

proposed

BIESTERBROEK MARINA

Location: Anderlecht - Biesterbroek, Brussels Initiator: BPI Belgium The project offers 302 housing units, a three-star hotel, a crèche, local shops, hospitality areas, 345 parking spaces and a marina for luxury boats.

This last point is the subject of much debate. Inter-Environment Brussels (IEB) and the Urban Renewal Center Anderlecht (CRU) fear, notably in Le Soir , that this project could be a precarious intervention in the neighborhood. It risks to disadvantage the current population, which is in great deal mixed and with low income.

They also questioned the public opinion, saying that all parties could not analyze this fairly big file in time.

57

pollution

LEGEND: ..polluted areas ..most concntrated and heaviest polluted areas

POLLUTION OF THE CANAL AREA OF BRUSSELS The Brussels-capital region is no foreigner to the issue of polluted soil. Belgium, alongside the United Kingdom, was of the pioneers with industrialization. The process of industrialization began developing quite early in Belgium, therefore leaving many industrial hubs around the country. The many industrial hubs of the country attracted big amounts of working force, as well as new and innovative ways of transporting the goods.

That is how the canal of Brussels was constructed, as an important link for trafficking goods within Belgium as well as the neighboring countries.

The Brussels canal extends to Antwerp in the north of Belgium, and to Charleroi in the south. Charleroi used to be an important mining hub, and Antwerp is th biggest port of Belgium up until nowadays. Until the present day, the port of Brussels is the biggest importer of goods for the city (Port of Brussels, 2017). Since it was used for the traffic of good, most of the industrial plants were placed alongside of the canal. Many of the industrial productions, especially in the past, were producing heavy waste which was disposed in the near surrounding. Hence, now in post-industrial times, this areas are the one which are dealing with the biggest soil pollution. The same case is happening in Brussels, where the biggest concentration, as well the heaviest pollution is happening exactly along the canal.

61

Category 0 Category 0 + 1 Category 0 + 2 Category 0 + 3 Category 0 + 4 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 0 : potentially polluted Category 1 : not polluted Category 2 : slightly polluted but without risk.

Category 3 : polluted without risk Category 4 : polluted, under study or treatment

pollution

POLLUTION IN BIESTERBROEK The site in Biesterbroek is one of the most polluted areas along the canal of Brussels. The source of it clearly dates back to the presence of industry, as it is the case with the majority of the Canal area in Brussels. With the case in Biesterbroek another reason which contributed immensley to the pollution is the fact that the site has been largely neglected. Due to the neglection new type of pollution affected the already existing one - the illegal dump sites.

If we look at separate parcels in Biesterbroek, the areas south of the port are the most pollute. Those sites have been classified with the highest grades of pollution. On one of them we can currently find a roma camp, and another is currently being developed for a massive housing project.

When it comes to the areas around and north of the port, the pollution is quite smaller. The classification of these parcels is usually in the first two categories, which e.g. is comparable to the soil pollution of the park of “Cinaquantenaire�. An important point to stress is that the clasification was carrying on the parcels as a whole. Meaning that the pollution level may vary in different parts of a parcel. In places where office buildings were located e.g. the pollution level is probably quite smaller, compared to where the plants were located.

63

remediation

BIOREMEDATION Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms to neutralize or remove contamination from polluted dirt.

It is very important to understand that this form of waste remediation uses no toxic chemicals, although it may use organisms that can be harmful under certain circumstances.

At polluted sites, different types of organic substance, such as bacteria fungi etc. keep on breaking down organic matter to decompose the waste. Bioremediation works by providing the organic substance with different materials like fertilizer, oxygen and other conditions to help to break the organic pollutant at a faster rate. It uses no chemicals and it can allow waste to be recycled TYPES Phytoremediation – use of plants to remove contaminants Landfarming – turning contaminated soil for aeration and sifting to remove contaminants, or deliberately depleting a soil of nitrogen to remove nitrogen based organisms.

Rhizofiltration – the use of plants to remove metals in waste.

65

remediation

PHYTOREMEDIATION

“Phytoremediation is the direct use of living green plants for in situ, or in place, removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water and groundwater. Phytoremediation is: A low cost, solar energy driven cleanup technique.”

United Nations Environment Programme As a cheaper and by far more environmentally friendly, phytoremediation immediately drew the attention. It is not a very common practice, and due to its recency certain results may vary Also, it requires strong supervision throughout the remediating process, since some of the polluted soils may be very harmful to people’s health.

67

petroleum -12 years relative remediation time

remediation

REMEDIATION OPPORTUNITIES AND TIME Тhe graph on the left is en extract of a book about phytoremediation. It classifies the different pollutants showing us their chance at being remediated by plants, as well as the approximate time needed to do so.

From a brief overview the graph, we can quickly conclude that pollution coming from organic pollutants is much easier to purify, compared with some types of metal. As we have already mentioned before, the heaviest site pollution comes from the industrial past of the area. Most of the industrial plants were running on petroleum in the past, so it was decided to pay attention to its phytoremediation opportunities. According to the book, petroleum is among the materials which “good opportunity for field application” and its relative remediation time is 12 years. Solent, 69

remediation

PHYTOREMEDIATION AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN Phytoremediation is mostly executed through plants which absorb the pollutants from the soil where they have been planted, and than exhaust the contaminated particles into the atmospheres. Such can be poplar trees, or some type of grass. There are also some more innovative ways which combine interesting landscape design and result in remediation parks.

Depending on the need, phytoremediation can be very diverse. Above all, we are still talking about plants which can be mixed in different ways.

In the case of grass, we are mostly focusing on pollution which is not so deep. Therefore grass would be a good choice to purify areas of illegal dumpsites. Considering the type of the pollutant, grass work with both organic, and inorganic pollutants, which are in general more difficult to deal with. Hence it makes sense to use a combination of several different elements in order to provide best results. Apart by the natural way of exhausting in the atmosphere, the pollutants should also be extracted from the grass by constant mowing and maintaining.

REMEDIATING TREES Trees are ideal to be used in areas where the pollutions reached a certain depth in the ground. The roots directly absorb the contaminants from the soil, and extract it through their leaves. Normally the process of maintenance is contained by extensive watering, since that way the entire process is speed up, frequently poplar trees. The trees are placed in bore holes.

Another way to use trees when fighting pollution, is to use them as buffer zones between the pollutant and the protected area. In the case of Biesterbroek, considering the amount of traffic happening around, this is an important role.

71

sites dealing with extensive pollutants

remediation

proposed phyto - remediation combined with landscape design

sites dealing with extensive pollutants

proposed phyto - remediation combined with landscape design

73

temporality

temporality

TEMPORALITY AND INCREMENTAL DESIGN Described as “the state of existing within or having some relationship with time� temporality is of big importance in architecture and spatial design. Mostly, the current practice requires long and time consuming development of plans. Therefore the construction areas are being left out of use until their finalization. This means that the city continues to develop around a bordered and lifeless area , in that way changing its surrounding.

Depending of the time needed to execute the project, especially in cases where the development is long-lasting, there might be crucial deferences between the bordered area and its neighborhood. It could lead to disintegration of the building site, even if there was decent amount of integration in the initial plans. Hence it is important to have a site which is vivid and used from the earliest phase possible. That is how the future users will get familiarized with the construction area slowly and from an early stage.

This regard leads to incremental design, development of the proposed solution in several phases. It means that the most important milestones have been defined as different goals in the time-frame of the project with a certain amount of time dedicated to them. This way the site can be activated as early on as possible, and therefore start being used by the end users.

77

case studies

SEOUL CHEONGGYECHEON RIVER

Location: Seoul, South Korea Year: 2012 Architecture: Mikyoung Kim Design . uncovering a river that was covered by a six-lane highway in th centre of Seoul . “Seoul radically expanded its bus rapid transit (BRT) service, and better integrated it into other public transport, e.g. underground rail, buses” . “small-particle air pollution decreasing from 74 micrograms per cubic metre to 48” case studies

PRINZESSINNENGARTEN Location: Berlin, Germany Year: 2009 Architecture: Nomadisch Grün + activists and neighbors . “a pilot project in the summer of 2009 at Moritzplatz in Berlin Kreuzberg, a site which had been a wasteland for over half a century” . “Prinzessinnengärten is a new urban place of learning /.../ With this project Nomadisch Grün intends to increase biological, social and cultural diversity in the neighborhood and pioneer a new way of living together in the city.

81

THE DRYLINE Location: New York, USA Year: 2015 Architecture: BIG . protective ribbon in Southern Manhattan using a series of raised berms and other measures to create public spaces along the water’s edge . 21 km long infrastructural barrier incorporates public space with the high-water barrier doubling as parks, seating, bicycle shelters or skateboard ramps

case studies

PARCK FARM BRUSSELS Location: Brussels, Belgium Year: 2014 Architecture: . located over the Tour and Taxi site in the north west of Brussels . started as a Parkdesign festival in 2014, « du paysage à l’assiette », parc + garden + greenhouse . started of as a one-time event; still remains on site upon a demand from citizens

83

PLAY LANDSCAPE BE-MINE Location: Beringen, Belgium Year: 2015 Architecture: Carve & Omgeving . “adventurous play-scape and landmark on a ‘terril‘“ . breathe new life into the monumental coal-mining site in Beringen, the largest industrial-archeological site in Flanders . 60 meter high rubble mountain, to redevelop the old industrial buildings into an amusement park, with a gigantic slide

case studies

XiXi LEARNING COMMUNITY Location: Hangzhou, China Year: 2010 Architecture: Atelier Fronti . “The owners hope to develop a site to spread the contemporary culture and arts within the region, and host guest artists and scholars to create and teach here.” . “The clusters of buildings were made in consideration of the surrounding scenery, the scale of the vegetation and the swamps, and such discrete clustering layout of settlement was used to distribute the constructed land.”

85

synthesis & focus

canal PARCKFARM..

A

B canal TEMPORARY BRIDGE..D C..canal BRUXELLES LES BAINS canal ALLEE DU KAAI..

E ..market ABATTOIR G

BIESTERBROEK MARINA..

F ..market MIDI

H..CITY DOX

PROPOSALS BY DEVELOPERS: G BIESTERBROEK MARINA..

INSPIRATION FROM BRUSSELS: A

INTERACTIVE INFORMAL

ELITIST

H CITY DOX.....

CLOSED

H CITY DOX.....

D

TEMPORALITY LONG-TERM SEASONAL

EXCHANGE COMMERCE NETWORKING SWAPPING

B

E

DIVERSE

POLYVALENT STRUCTURE

PEOPLE ACTIVITIES LOCATIONS

C

F

RICH WITH LIFE

RELATION TO INFRASTRUCTURE

POLYVALENCY

ACTIVITIES HORECA LEISURE

PROXIMITY TO CANAL PROXIMITY TO RAILWAY 89

G NATURE..A

BIESTERBROEK MARINA..

PORT OF BRUSSELS..

B

D

ROMA CAMP..

H..CITY DOX

C..SITE’S INDUSTRIAL CHARATCTER

PROPOSALS BY DEVELOPERS: G BIESTERBROEK MARINA..

INSPIRATION FROM BRUSSELS: A NATURE

INSPITE OF THE POLLUTION, A MASSIVE CHUNK OF GREEN SURFACE

H CITY DOX.....

B

ORIGINALITY

PART OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE TRAFFIC OF GOODS THROUGH THE CANAL

H CITY DOX.....

C

ACTIVISM

OSMOSIS NETWORK SKATEPARK WORKSHOPS

D

BOTTOM UP

BOTTOM UP APPROPRIATION OF SPACE 91

A PARCKFARM..

B ALLEE DU KAAI..

C BRUXELLES LES BAINS..

D TEMPORARY BRIDGE.. ..E ABATTOIR ..F MIDI

NATURE greenery

INDUSTRY port

RESIDENTIAL camp CONNECTION

strategy

ORIGINALITY Throughout the entire thesis, one of the main accents was placed on keeping the site’s originality. It is essential to mention that we are talking about different types of originality. One of course, refers to the industrial past and the presence of the port. But another one focuses on the originality of the social structure. It is bordering Cureghem and Anderlecht, which means that is right next to big residential surfaces with immensely diverse populations - many different cultures are meeting there.

We of course must mention the closeness of the site to Abbatoir, and if we consider the Canal as a link we understand the proximity to many other markets in the city. That is how the idea of a potential food supplier was born, since the site represents a big part of green land. Hence, the gardening idea seemed really suitable.

The soil-pollution which is present instead as minus should be considered as a potential of the site. Together with the temporality they are the main designers of the designed space.

FOUR POTENTIALS Four existing potentials were identified, and it was decided to build up on them. Those potentials are the vast green area in the north representing nature, the port representing the industrial past, the roma camp

exploring a residential potential, and of course the canal as a link between them and the city of Brussels.

NATURE - POTENTIAL ONE Nature is present on the northern edge of the site. The project of the marine was proposed for this location. Because of the greenery and its relation to the other markets in the city (through the canal), the program proposed for this site is focusing on agriculture.

INDUSTRY - POTENTIAL TWO The second zone is where the port is. It is along the canal at the very heart of the site and it is mostly consisted by industrial buildings. Therefore we propose industrial potential of this area.

RESIDENTIAL - POTENTIAL THREE The third potential is at the very south and currently it is brought to life by the roma camp which is present on the site. Accordingly, this area could be a fertile ground for a new residential model, including target audiences such as the roma population already present there.

CONNECTIONS - POTENTIAL FOUR The idea is that all elements are linked and communicating between each other as an ultra-diverse program for the site. The principal connection is the Canal.

93

FOCUS

A PARCKFARM..

B ALLEE DU KAAI.. ..E ABATTOIR ..F MIDI

COLLECTIVE SPACE OPEN STRUCTURE INCORPORATING NATURE POLYVALENT BRACING TEMPORALITY DIVERSE

focus

A COUNTER PROJECT Currently there is a proposal to build a housing complex with a marine for luxury boats. The project does not seem to be inclusive and it is rather elitist.

As a result, many organizations dealing with spatial planning and policy design in Brussels have been protesting against it.

Therefore a counter project will be proposed, focusing on Biesterbroek’s diversity.

POTENTIAL ONE It was decided the focus will be on the first potential, dealing with nature.

The lot is of significant size and is bordered by small scale row-houses, industrial objects and the canal.

On site there are some industrial objects as well.

Considering that the site is located by the Canal, it can easily communicate with the other food related facilities, such as Abbatoir or Parckfarm, and therefore have a use of the Canal in an infra structural way. Also the presence of water and water walkways brings a nice ambiance element to the site which correlates with the greenery already present on site.

POLLUTION The site’s pollution is defined as Category 0 + 3 : potentially polluted + polluted without risk. Since it is not at final stage, a slow and environmentally friendly remediation is proposed by using specific type of greenery which absorbs the soil’s pollution. According to this we can plan a project happening incrementally in a few phases: ZERO PHASE - identify the current state with the main pollutants and therefore prepare a fertile ground for the further remediation; MIDDLE PHASE- an in between phase focused on the bioremediation of soil and raise awareness about it; LATE PHASE - reversible and inclusive living lab.

95

RESIDENTIAL

focus

CANAL

97

INDUSTRY

focus

GREEN

99

ILLEGAL DUMPING

inspiration

EMISSIONS TRAIN OPERATION DERBIS

TRAFFIC EMISSIONS & CAR DEBRIS

PRODUCT: OIL SPILL LEFTOVERS FROM THE PREVIOUS INDUSTRIAL OBJECT

POLLUTION STARTING POINTS After spotting pollution as one of the main resources, and after having examined it, a more detailed look was taken into the pollutants on site.

A historical pollutant are the oil spills located in the center deeply in the ground as a side product. Therefore mostly suited for this area were poplar trees with profound roots, reaching deeply enough to get to the oil leftovers.

The illegal dumping is a current issue which showed up thanks to carelessness. Since this pollution is mostly superficial it can be treated with grass, with occasional combination with trees.

The emissions approaching the site are coming from motorized vehicles circulating around, or from the railway tracks next to the northern border. A solution are wide trees which will be able to block the fumes from coming in.

Thanks to the intensive traffic, there is a decent amount of car debris on the streets around the site in the shape of scattered pieces of rubbish remains. To prevent them from polluting, the borders of the site have been elevated and combined with plants in order stop the debris from coming in.

101

TEMPORALITY STARTING POINTS AND RESEARCH PROJECT Temporality and incremental design are crucial to this project. Following the idea of a slow and sustainable purification of the soil, we need to provide design proposals which will be flexible and adapting to the different changes happening thanks to the remediation.

The design process starts with a “phase 0” which is the current state, with its pros and cons. Therefore we can get familiarized with the condition and shape,figure out how to resolve the issues and use the potentials.

The following stage is a “medium phase” which is focusing on the remediation. It is when all of the planting is happening, but as well as the division of the site into gardening parcels. The first facilities show up to provide support the remediation process such as labs, but also to promote and rise awareness through workshops and learning sessions.

The last stage is imagined to prepare the site for what is to follow. Since an incremental approach was already selected, the future of the site depends heavily on the of the users.

WORKING PACKAGES For each of the phases of the research project a working package was created, in order to define the goals, the processes and the main participants . inspiration

WP1

Title Particiants (actors, target audience)

Objectives (desired benefits, improvements)

Phase 0 - Current state Almost completely out of use; occasional illegal dumpsite.

The site is facing pollution both in the shape of oil spills from it's industrial past, as well as from the decay and inattention it has been left in. The main objective is to sustainably remediate the polluted soil, without removing the polluted dirt from the site, but instead use plants in order to absorb the polluted partices and exhaust them in th atmosphere - phytoremediation.

During this remediation peocess the site is still being used by is residents.

1. Define a timeframe for the remediation; recognize the most contamined area and partially border it for safty reasons;

2. Decide on the phyto-remediation elements which will Description of work be used; (types of greenary and their incorporation in (methods, steps) the landscape design); 3. Organize the architectural incrementally: divide it into a few phases so that th site is not a dead point at any moment, but on the contrary it is constantly used;

Timeframe

1 month.

Deliverables (tangible output, product)

A fertile ground for the future remediation with known phyto-remediation processes and elements, design principles and a known timeframe.

WP2

WP3

Title Particiants (actors, target audience) Objectives (desired benefits, improvements)

Phase 3 Residents of Brussels.

Title Particiants (actors, target audience) Objectives (desired benefits, improvements)

Prepare the site as a test ground for temporal projects.

2.Transform the built framework: leave three pavillions for welcoming and learning purposes, convert the rest into housing for young families and students;

Description of work 3. Welcoming units: build the first pavillions according to (methods, steps) the different funcionalities (supervision, teaching and learning, workshop, children area, winter gardens with common spaces and a cafe) ;use light structure with foundations above ground (revirsability), start the learning process, first workshops; 4.Create different areas: place roof structures along the route in order to create separate atmospheres (welcoming, productive, resting) ;

6. Intensify the boundaries: intensify the parklets on both sides; extend the roofs untill the street and therefore soften the edges both on the north-western as well as on the southern edge. cca 8 years.

Revirsible and inclusive living lab.

Users get familiarized with the site; where it is, what it is and what they can do there; decent support is provided for its both purposes: gardening and phytoremediation.

Complete remediation of the site.

2. Path definition: define gardens, main circulation; continue the paths and create a new pedestrian bridge for a greater fluidity;

5. Neighbours: occupy the walls of the southern neighbours with vertical gardens as well;

Timeframe Deliverables (tangible output, product)

Target audince also spreads to residents of entire Anderlecht.

1. Phyto-remediation with a big remediation wetland with floating wetlands in the most polluted part, phytoremediation trees - mostly poplar is used; stabilization mat - grass on the topography change towards the wetland; airflow buffers - trees who stop the inflow of emissions from the railway and the aurrounding streets;

1. Greenery: once the remediation process is done use the green surfaces as a park, meeting point, introduce weekly events (food market);

3. Water body: extend towards the canal, therefore close a part of the street, interract with the water, pedestrian Description of work access to a walking path in the canal; (methods, steps) 4. Connections: one new pedestrian bridge in order to continue the walkway along the canal;

Medium phase

5. Interract with the neighbours: place accesible vertical gardens on the neighbouring walls.

Timeframe Deliverables (tangible output, product)

6. Regulation cca 8 years for the gardening and the phytoA well establish a phytoremediation educational camp thoroughly linked with urban gardening.

103

1.

2.

1.

2.

5.

6.

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.

4.

design

POLLUTANTS As previously mentioned, the soil-pollution plays a key in the design-proposal of the site. Rather than seen as drawback, it was considered as an inspiration to propose new solutions for the site.

During the analysis of the site it was concluded that the heaviest pollution comes in the shape of oil spills thanks to the former factory building. The spills come from the silos which were in the middle of the site. It becomes clear that south-western edge of the site, where the offices were located, is less polluted. Hence the decision to place the lively activities there, and focus on extensive remediation of the central part.

As we have Cureghem, a relatively big connection hub just aside, it means that the amount of traffic is also a real pollutant. The road along the canal which powers the present industries. Combined with the railway tracks which are located just outside the edge we end up having a vivid traffic scene in the surrounding. Consequently we decided to place a buffer of trees on the outskirts of the site, preventing pollution from coming inside.

design

PROCESSES

INCLUDE DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

PROMOTE A NEW PURIFYING METHOD

BUILD LOCAL COMMUNITY

CREATE INTEREST IN BIESTERBROEK

TEACH AND PRACTICE POLLUTION PURIFICATION

PROMOTE HEALTHY HABITS

A LIVING LAB FOR INCLUSIVE AND TEMPORTAL REMEDIATION 107

TIMELINE

not developed developed

2018

2018

2025

2028

2030

- moths

2 moths

7 years

3 years

2 years

we get acquainted with the site’s current state

users get familiarized with the site

decrease the remediation

the site greenery is a public park

define a timeframe

start remediaton

deepen the remediation, open the most polluted area

new pedestrian bridge

extend paths

decideon phytoremediation lements

create a remediation wetland using the topography

intensify the pavilions

transform some pavilions, others are shipped to polluted sites in need

organize architectural incremntality deliverables: fertile ground for remediation

close the most polluted area start gardening build first pavilion deliverables: quickly operational site

design

extend paths build first pavilions for education, labs, first workshops create canopies for different atmospheres start parklets deliverables: start the educational process among the remediation

vertical gardens on neighbors deliverables: well established phytoremediation-educational camp

interact with the surrounding businesses intensify parklets reduce the surrounding traffic deliverables: revirsible and inclusive living lab

EXISTING

1.

PROGRAMATIC SCHEMA zero phase 2018

2.

ENTRANCE

TOPOGRAPHY

109

NEW

PROGRAMATIC SCHEMA medium phase 2025

1.

2.

AXIS

5.

3.

WELCOMING UNITS

6.

URBAN GARDENING

design

VERTICAL GARDENING

4.

REMEDIATION LABS WORKSHOPS

CAFE GREENHOUSE

NEW

PROGRAMATIC SCHEMA late phase 2030

1.

2.

EXTENDED PARKLETS

5.

3.

TEA GARDEN & WEEKLY MARKET

6.

HOUSING

4.

SHIPPING UNIT

7.

BEEKEEPING

PLAYGROUND

8.

BEER WORKSHOPS

GYM

111

ZERO PHASE 2018

ZERO PHASE 2018

A. EMISSIONS

B. PRODUCT

C. Illegal Dumping

E. CAR DEBRIS

D. CAR EMISSIONS

POLLUTANTS

A. Emissions

B. Product

Train Operation Debris

Oil Spill Leftovers From The Previous Industrial Object

C. Illegal Dumping

D. Car Emissions

E. Car Debris

MEDIUM PHASE 2025

MEDIUM PHASE 2025

A. VERTICAL GARDENING

C. LEARNING AND WORKSHOP B. LABS FOUR EX-SITU PHYTOREMEDIATION

D. URBAN GARDENING IN CRATES

ZOOM INS

A. Vertical Gardening Reason: Occupying The Neighbors

B. Labs Four Ex-Situ Phytoremediation Reason: Supervising Remediation

C. Learning And Workshop Spaces

D. Urban Gardening In Crates

Reason: Raising Awareness

Reason: Bring Productivity To Polluted Soil

LATE PHASE 2030

LATE PHASE 2030

LATE PHASE 2030

C. BEER WORKSHOPS

B. KIDS PLAYGROUND

E. BEEKEEPING H. TEA GARDEN F. GYM

D. HOUSING RENTALS

G. EXTENDED PARKLETS

I. GREENHOUSES, CAFE & MARKET E. SHIPPING UNIT

ZOOM INS

A. Beer Workshops

B. Kids Playground

Reason: Use The Old Brewery’s Potential

Reason: Different Age Activities

C. Beekeeping

D. Housing Rentals

Reason: Further Extend The Communication With The Neighbors

Reason: Keep A Flow Of Scholars, Researchers, Activists, Students Etc.

E. Ship Part Of The Disassembled Through The Canal To Other Area With Need Of Remediation Reason: Continue The Temporality

ZOOM INS

F. Gym Reason: Offer Activities Attractive For Migrants

G. Parklets Extending On Both Ends Of The Street As Boundaries Reason: Plug In To The City

H. Tea Garden Reason: Offer Content For Linked With Moroccan Culture For The Residents Of Anderlecht

I. New Greenhouses & Enlarged Cafe With A Weekly Market Reason: Enlarge The Community Spirit

ATMOSPHERES

ENTRANCE AND MAIN AXIS

ATMOSPHERES

GREEN AREA WITH WETLAND

129

LNIKS My Brugis, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: www.mybrugis.irisnet.be/MyBruGIS/brugis/ Prinzessinnengarten, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: http://prinzessinnengarten.net/about/ Seoul Cheonggyecheon river, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: http://wwf.panda.org/?204454/Seoul-Cheonggyecheon-river Port of Brussels, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: www.port.brussels/en City Dox, retrieved March 15, 2018, from: http://www.atenor.be/en/projects/58-city-dox La marina du quai Biestebroeck divise, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: http://www.lesoir.be/134941/article/2018-01-19/la-marina-du-quai-biestebroeck-divise

BIBLIOGRAPHY The Dryline, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/thedryline XiXi Learning Community / Atelier Fronti, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: https://www.archdaily.com/353950/xixi-learning-community-atelier-fronti?ad_medium=gallery BOOKS Haydn, Florian (2005). Temporary urban spaces concepts for the use of city spaces. Berlin: Birkhauser, Publishers for architecture.

Venturi, Scott Brown and IZENOUR (1972) Learning from Las Vegas. MIT Press.

Van Acker, M. (2014) From Flux to Frame. Designing infrastructure and shaping urbanization in Belgium. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

Phytoremediation: An Environmentally Sound Technology for Pollution Prevention, Control and Redmediation Kennen, K. & Kirkwood, N. (2015) PHYTO, Princi, retrieved October 20, 2017, from: ples and resources for site remediation and landscape design. Routlage, Taylor & Francis Group http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/ FMS2/1.asp bibliography

поздрав маче коче ШУЌУР!

131