Challenging Dubai global identity with high-intensity of land use

HYBRID DUBAI

Madura Ramanathan Timirlans Abidovs Matthew Chisnall Lydia Ramsden Marcu Dinca James Mee

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

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Preface This report has been prepared as part of the group assessment of module 7019, Urban Design in Challenging Contexts.

Instead of a traditional design studio project, in which we are given a site-based design brief and asked to investigate and design based on the brief, we have been asked to deliver an experimental project on the specific issues within the urban context of our chosen site, which has global significance and complex solutions.

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Contents

3.0 Site Analysis

1.0 Introduction Site Location Critical Issues Dubai History Dubai’s Global Identity Sustainability Connectivity Public Realm Social and Cultural Economy Challenging Dubai’s Global Identity

5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11

2.0 Literature Review Literature Review Sustainability Transport and Mobility Place Identity Dubai 2040 Literature Review Summary Case Study Locations Case Study: Msherieb, Doha Case Study: Madinat al Irfan, Muscat Case Study: Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi Case Study: Masdar City, Abu Dhabi Case Study: Al Jubail Mangrove Park Summary of Case Studies

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

3

Culture and Heritage Urban Typology Historic Vernacular Architecture Climate Analysis Key uses and walking distance (5-10 min) Opportunities and Constraints

29 30 31 34 36 38

4.0 Vision Hybrid Dubai Improved Connectivity and Transport Quality Public Realm Sustainable Futures Socio-Cultural Impacts Economic Benefits Design Principles and Actions

40 41 42 43 44 45 46

5.0 Design Development Initial Design Areas Access and Movement Building Heights Green and Blue Infrastructure Key Frontage and Views Transport Strategy Space Guidlines Volume and Density Masterplan Proposal

48 49 49 50 50 51 52 53 55

Proposed Network Hierachy Access and Movement Green and Blue Infrastructure Building Heights Land Use Blocks, Plots & Buildings Sustaibility: Solar Energy Sustainability: Cooling and Water Harvesting Sustainability: Cooling and Water Harvesting Ecological Layers Hybrid Morphology Site Sections Street Typologies: Pedestrain Street Street Typologies: Pedestrain and Tram Street Street Typologies: Pedestrain and Tram Street Street Typologies: Vehicle Street Street Typologies: Tram and Vehicle Street Street Typologies: Tram Stop Building Typologies Building Typologies Building Typologies Character Area: Central Square Character Area: River Street Character Area: Landmark Windtower Users

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

6.0 Conclusion Meeting the Vision Conclusion Whats Next?

83 84 85

7.0 References

Hybrid Dubai

1.0

Introduction

Site Location 001

003

002

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Critical Issues

Dubai

Cities have always been centres o human activity. People benefit from living close to each other in a diverse way. Today, cities are homes to a majority of the world’s population. The process of intensification of land use will continue to accelerate in the future. According to the UN-Habitat, the number of people living in cities will continue to grow to 68 per cent by 2050. As cities around the world grow, questions are arising: how do we solve the issues associated with urban intensification - overcrowding, pollution, unhealthy living, congestion, affordability, globalisation?

We have chosen to test urban design principles through a context-based Inquiry

by Design approach.

This project examines one particular issue within urban design and proposes urban design solutions that address the selected issue. This project is an experimental, simulated urban design project that tests urban design solutions in the context of high intensity of land use. Importantly, we understand that the urban design field cannot solve all city’s issues, oten the issue should be addressed from diverse perspectives and industries. However, as creators, we aim to create conditions that will minimise and mitigate all possible urban issues.

We are required to deliver the residential density of 800 people per hectare, an extremely high density only seen in large cities. The project follows the structure of Inquiry by Design - using the real site to test the design principles.

The final proposal will then be refined and improved in the next stage of the academic module.

004

This approach will allow us to structure the project with a context in mind, narrow our attention to the specific issues within the urban context of Dubai, narrow case study and literature selection for the analysis. The Inquiry by Design approach will allow us to refine and improve the design by the framework used to create concept models. Analysing the design against the framework will help us to find areas of success and areas for improvement, which can be taken forward in the next stage of the academic module.

Dubai is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, situated along the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, at the southwest corner of the Arabian Gulf.

With a population of 3.3 million, it is positioning itself as a global city and has become known as the Middle East business hub. Dubai is one of the fastestgrowing cities in the world, increasing at a rate of 5.6 per cent annually.

005

Due to the issues outlined in this document, our proposal will focus on intensifying the land use on the site in the district known as Al Mina, a district that lies on the coastal outline towards the northern end of Dubai. The project site is currently industrial land with dry docks and shipyards but will become a high-intensity, mixed-use neighbourhood.

The surrounding context is of a mixed character, with futuristic, bronze-andglass Etihad Museum to the south of the site, tourist-orientated facilities along the 6-lanes highway, mid-rise residential complexes, and low-quality residential areas for dry docks workers.

Such polarization in the urban character of Dubai represents the intense process of globalization of the city.

Dubai is looking for ways to grow and intensify, but we want to challenge the current approach to development. This urban design project challenges the global Dubai identity by proposing a different approach to development. We will show what practicing urban designers and those working in the built environment field can learn and then implement in the rest of the city.

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History 006

007 008

By 1892 foreign traders were exempted from taxes and this helped improve the growth of the emirate.

By 1930s the pearl industry started to collapse. The Arabs also delved into trade enabled by the multiple ports which are along the Dubai Creek. The main commodities were fish, silk, and porcelain to Middle Eastern and European markets. The souks emerged because of its proximity to the harbour area.

1830

1959

1892

1930

011 009

By the late 1960s oil was discovered in the region which led to the globalization of the emirate to its current state.

The export of oil attracted international traders and expatriates.

1960

012

010

Being a community of Bedouins, Dubai went into the fishing and pearl diving industry when it was taken over by the Bani Yas tribe.

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Strategies to make Dubai the major trading hub were implemented. The Dubai creek was renovated to accommodate large ships to pass through it. This resulted in the growth of districts like Deira and Bur Dubai along the Dubai creek to flourish.

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International

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IDENTITY

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Tourism

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Public Realm

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Financial hub

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Construction industry

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Economy

Oil

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With the boom of the Construction Industry, the Emirate transformed itself into a metropolis that wanted to attract international users.

En vir a Re nd onm so ur Nat enta ce u s s ral l ec ur ity

NOD E- T RA NS IT

G IN AD TR

This Gulf country’s unique position between the western and eastern worlds gave it an advantage. It became the Node for travellers and for regional and global trade. This was further backed up by the construction of one of the world busiest airports- Dubai international airports and the heavily transited shipping routes aided by the several ports along the coast, thus becoming the Financial Hub for construction and tourism.

e at im e Cl a n g Ch

With the discovery of Oil and Natural Gas in the region, the country started attracting traders and international citizens. By the 1990s UAE was on the brink of globalization. Although Dubai did not have abundant oil or natural gas it aimed to become a haven for its users. This led to 4 decades of constant growth in the Emirate funded by the Tourism industry. Dubai managed to establish itself in the international market and gave opportunities for people to invest and buy property.

Tra nsp ort

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Dubai’s Global Identity

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Workf orce a nd Emplo ymen t

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lizatio

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Sustainability

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Social and Cultural

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Sustainability

Connectivity

To attract more international users, the city transformed into one which did not respond to any culture. The traditional architecture styles that responded to the harsh climates of the region were disregarded and a much radical approach to development was adopted. With full length glass clad buildings to large artificial islands on reclaimed land, the emirate lost the aspect of sustainable living. This resulted in the loss of designs that responded to the bioclimatic environment.

33.6 tonnes per capita

Furthermore, according to the UN, the UAE produced about 33.6 tonnes per capita which was 9 times the world average of 3.7. By 2008 it was stated that UAE had the world’s worst ecological footprint per person.

Therefore, our proposal will focus on achieving sustainability by integrating the traditional practices with the contemporary identity.

013

015

Traditional architecture implementing sustainable practices 014

Golf courses in Dubai- manicured green spaces

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Emissions

from vehicles

Our proposal will aim to reduce the dependency on cars by incorporating sustainable modes of transport.

019

Car- centric city

Dubai Metro introduced in 2009 018

Palm Jumeirah on reclaimed land

75-80

The city is spanned with multi- lane highways that connect every end of the city. An attempt to incorporate sustainable public transport system– metro, was introduced in 2009, which connects the key locations of Dubai. Thus, there is still a need for a well-designed public transport systems and strategies to promote sustainable modes of transport. This need for a modal shift and the need for sustainable transport is an important aspect of the Dubai’s 2040 vision. Currently vehicular emissions account for 75-80% of pollution in Dubai.

017

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Contemporary Architecture - Skyscrapers

In a city with harsh environmental conditions, the alternative to travelling by foot was to introduce cars. Most residents of Dubai own more than one car per household. This is further enabled by low cost and availability of oil and petrol.

Electric powered vehicles

020

Trams introduced in Dubai

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Public Realm

Social and Cultural

Dubai does not have adequate open spaces around the city. Most open spaces in the past were designed to prioritise men. Although this isn’t the norm in the current generation, not all open spaces and streets are deemed safe for women or minority groups. The total population of women in Dubai was calculated to be 30.88% in 2020. This large difference between men and women is a result of large number of the working class people particularly male foreign workers in the construction industry.

70% MEN

With the oncoming of expatriates and an attempt to establish a global identity as a tourist hub, the Emirate failed to establish a sense of cultural and social identity among its users. The traditional Arabic culture and heritage was replaced with the more attractive looking skyscrapers.

The urban growth was not responsive to the increasing diversity of demographics. 88% of the population of Dubai are expatriates which comprises of Indians, Pakistanis, Filipinos, Arabs from the middle east and Westerners.

Although UAE is considered one of the safest countries for women, there are several cases of sexual assault and harassment in the country. The cities are predominant safe for women, due to the well-planned urban spaces with abundant retail / mixed uses often overlooking the public spaces. However, these are restricted to the highways and the main roads. As the roads become smaller the safety for women and other vulnerable groups increases.

Thus, our proposal would aim to design public spaces that would be gender-neutral with easy accessiblity to all users.

30%

Women

Distribution of women in Dubai. The map shows that there are majority of women around Deira and other gated communities.

88% Expats

12% emaratis

Our design proposal would target the current issue of ‘lack of place identity’ .

Distribution of the various nationalities in Dubai. The South Asian community is the largest followed by Arabs from the Middle-East and finally the Westerners.

Key

Emaratis Indians Pakistanis Bangladeshis Filipinos Other South Asians Egyptians Others This map shows the distribution of the native UAE nationals in the city. The nationals are a minority group among the residents of Dubai.

021

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City Walk Dubai Retail and mixed uses along the streets and roads- which helps establish ‘eyes on the street’ principle.

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Karama, Dubai Low rise residential buildings along the tertiary streets - considerably less safe due to the lack of retail or mixed-use spaces.

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Economy

025

Key

Labour Camps

19.5%

1.22%

Under Poverty Line

Extremely rich

One of the major drawbacks of Dubai’s global identity was the economic disparity in the city. Although Dubai is one of the most popular cities for the ultrarich, a considerable percentage of the people are under the poverty line. Dubai’s largest population is its migrant workers who have played an indispensable role in the construction of Dubai since 1990. Despite this it is the migrant workers who make up to 19.5% of the population, to be under the poverty line.

With very low wages they are indebted to stay in the country, often living in accommodations with poor sanitation requirements. These workers mainly come from countries like India, Pakistan. Bangladesh, Indonesia, Africa, Nepal, etc.

Gated Communities Sheikh Zayed Road

Density distribution in Dubai

023

Labour Camps and Gated Communities

026

The gap between the rich and the poor is extremely large due to the prioritization of the Emiratis over other nationals. The middle-income people make up most of the population. Although the middle- and low-income people are indispensable, they are often neglected in terms of opportunities and economy. The urban settlements of the residents of Dubai are affected by this. The rich often live in gated communities with golf courses and horse racing grounds, the middleincome people in apartments and flats, and the low-income in slums. Deira and Bur Dubai are most populated districts for the middle-income residents. The migrant workers are often forced to stay in locations close to their industrial sites or in the outskirts of the city.

Although the country has progressed in terms of opportunities for women, they often find it difficult to compete in male dominated industries. Women are offered lesser opportunities and salaries. Dubai advertised to be one of the most popular and richest cities in the world is a utopia that only a few economically stable groups or the wealthy can enjoy.

Density distribution in Dubai

024

Labour Camps and Gated Communities

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Our site which is located between the middle-income districts would aim to create a high-quality affordable community for residents from middle- and low-income backgrounds.

Graph of the total wealth held

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

75 million villa in Dubai, 2020

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Arabian Ranches, Dubai

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Key Learnings Sustainability •

Integrating the traditional sustainable practices

•

Balance between traditional and contemporary forms of architecture with respect to technology, materials, building and urban design

•

Avoiding manicured green spaces and promoting native landscaping

Connectivity •

Shift in sustainable modal transport

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Promote walkability by improving pedestrian experience

•

Avoiding car- centric designs

Public Realm •

Gender neutral public spaces - inclusivity

•

Safety on streets for women and minority groups

Social and Cultural •

Establishing a sense place identity

•

Place-making public spaces to integrate different users

Economy

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•

Affordable housing and living space

•

Accessible public transport

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Affordable Commuter Routes

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-M A

The aim of our framework is to create a sustainable, inclusive and rooted in its context development which can be a precedent for re-calculating the values of Dubai, from economy driven artificial designs to climate and contextually responsive developments for the working class people.

an

PLACE

We believe that the artificial global identity is also an issue, due to the lack of connection to the architectural context and architectural roots of Dubai, therefore we believe Place-Making to be a target for our new vision as well.

We also believe that through public transport and affordable living we can create a sense of Inclusivity for the minority groups of Dubai.

Re

e at im e Cl a n g Ch

vir on me d so N n ur ce atur tal s s al ec ur ity

The Global Identity of Dubai has always developed from its Oil and Natural Gas resources. While these have helped Dubai’s economic growth, we are at a point where these resources are starting to run out and the we should be focusing on repairing/sustaining the environment. Therefore Renewable Energy Sources will be part of our new Hybrid Identity.

This won’t be enough in Dubai as it also has a vehicle oriented culture which damages the ecosystem. We believe Public Transport Oriented proposals can further this fight for the environment. While this may upset many car using residents, this will be beneficial for low income and lower middle class people which will aid in Inclusivity. This idea can also benefit Eco-Tourism as it will improve networks along a touristic route.

En

Workf orce a nd Emplo ymen t

Re-naturalisation

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Challenging Dubai’s Global Identity

Sustainability

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tru ctu ras Inf

Social and Cultural

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URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Diversity

Public Realm

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INCLUSIVITY

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2.0

Literature Review

Literature Review Methodology We wanted to provide a non-biased search of general terms related to Dubai on websites such as Google Scholar and Science Direct. We started by searching terms that would unveil the most frequently discussed issues such as “Dubai Urban Environment”, “Dubai Urban Design”, “Dubai Urban Planning”, “Dubai Architectural Development”.

Sustainability

Economic Structure

Transport System

Initial Findings The initial findings showed Sustainability as the most researched/written about issue within Dubai, this appeared significantly more often than other issues such as Social, Urban Environment, Transportation or Economical. The most important paper found during its study which of the local institutes prioritised different topics in terms of planning, these are in order from most valued to least;

Sustainability: •

Transport Urban Environment

•

Social/Cultural

•

The paper went on to show the different sub-categories of each of the topics mentioned above and even expanded on which of them have been most prioritied by each of the local sectors. This can be seen in adjacent table.

•

With this in mind, we began the second step to our Methodology, which was to search each of these topics further in order to understand the site specific issues related to these mostly general actions.

Social/ Culture

Local Priorities in order from most to least valuable.

Sustainability Economic

Urban Environment

•

Active Use of Natural Energy using Solar/Wind Power Energy Efficiency-Oriented Design Waste Reprocessing and Waste Reduction Policies Construction considering the Life Cycle of the Building Heat Island Prevention and Urban Wind Passages.

Economic: • • • • •

Policies for Existing Commercial Districts Foster Specialized Businesses and Facilities Create New Jobs Policies for Low-Income Families Provision of Social Housing.

Transport • • • •

•

Public TransportOriented System Pedestrian Road System Establishment of a Transfer System Connection of a WideArea Transportation Network.

Bicycle Roads with Careem Bike

Social/Cultural

Urban Environment • • • • •

Consideration of the Urban Landscape Open Spaces for Urbanscape Green and Water-friendly Spaces Efficient Land Use Prevention Measures for Contaminated Facilities

•

• • • • •

Restoration and Utilization of Historical and Cultural Resources Expansion of Medical and Welfare Facilities Expansion of Public and Educational Facilities Local Community Facilities Opportunities for Various Housing Choices

Sub-Categories and prioritisation of each institution.

Key Sectors

Academia Munincipality Industry Total

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S. Shareef

Building and Environment 194 (2021) 10767

S. Shareef

Building and Environment 194 (2021) 107675 S. Shareef

Building and Environment 194 (2021) 107675

Master Planning Guidelines

Sustainability

C.7.

Sustainability is clearly the main issue due to high temperatures and scarcity of water. There are many papers and case studies that explore the utilisation of passivhaus strategies such as a varied urban morphology which one paper has found to have an average reduction of 0.5 degrees C in temperature. Another study looks at the traditional courtyard designs and the methods used such as ventilation from the front facade through to the courtyard to help cool down the buildings.

Quality of Life & Wellbeing

Base Model - 5 Stories

Other studies have looked at cooling down for human comfort on the streets. They have identified that 50% of existing streets in the Al Ras area of Dubai have the potential to be improved with canopies & trees for shading to reduce temperature from 5 to 8 degrees C. These additions can also aid in reducing desert dust and improving permeability.

Dubai faces many climate issues, most coming from heat and lack of water due to high temperatures. In order to reduce temperatures a lot of artificial cooling is implemented which uses a lot of energy and water is imported. However, Dubai does have traditional passive measures to mitigate the temperatures which can be found in the local planning guidelines. These are some principles we will be following in our own designs which can be seen in.

There are also methods in place for recycling grey water in order to order vegetation and aid to cool down the citiscapes. However, water collection systems can be put in place in order to collect water from the air. Plans for this are being put in place as the UAE has goals of making 6,700 Litres of Drinking water from air daily using Hyper-Dehumidifiers.

Environment & Nature

Flexibility & Adaptability

Shading

028

The orientation of the urban grid and building massing play a major role in creating spaces with pleasant microclimate and thermal comfort. By assessing the shadow casts in the area at different times of the day, the optimal location, orientation and massing of buildings can be identified.

C.7.

Vegetation

Considering the prevailing wind direction and adopting an orientation to optimize the wind capture will support the implementation of a passive cooling system within the master plan. Such systems will support creating pleasant and liveable spaces while reducing the Quality of Life & Wellbeing potential water and energy consumption and associated costs.

Shading Canopy

to provide shade The orientation of the urban gridBuilding and cantilever building massing play a major role in creating spaces with pleasant microclimate and thermal comfort. By assessing the shadow casts in the area at different times of the day, the optimal location, orientation and massing of buildings can be identified.

Considering the provision of other shading features to the building façade design can also improve the Reorganize so open space Considering the prevailing wind direction and adopting quality of open spaces. For instance, façade design that is facing Northern side No shading Shows 0.5 degrees C average supports the shading of pedestrian paths, by integrating an orientation to optimize the wind capture will support Environment Figure C.8: Placement of buildings and elements to elements such building overhang, attached canopies, Viability & cooling compared toasBase Model & Nature the implementation of a passive cooling system within maximize shading Robustness or even colonnades will enhance the viability and utilization of the space. the master plan. Such systems will support creating

Vegetation

Attached canopy shading

Iteration 1 (7:3:3:7) Stories along Y axis

Shows 0.5 degrees C average cooling

Efficient Use of Resources

Flexibility & Adaptability

Shows 0.44 degrees C average cooling compared to Base Model Figure C.6: Urban grid in line with wind direction

Viability & Robustness

Figure C.7:

pleasant and liveable spaces while reducing the potential water and energy consumption and associated costs.

Considering the provision of other shading features to the building façade design can also improve the quality of open spaces. For instance, façade design that supports the shading of pedestrian paths, by integrating elements such as building overhang, attached canopies, or even colonnades will enhanceNothe viability and shading Massing in line with wind direction utilization of the space.

Reorganize so open space is facing Northern side

Figure C.8: Placement of b maximize shading

160

Iteration 2 (7:3:3:7) Stories along X axis

Shows 0.5 degrees C average cooling Efficient Use

of Resources Fig. 4. The isometric view of the base case and the developed configurations of the two groups.

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validation consists of 206 semi-attached villas, the villas are designed in 2.3.2.2. Data collection for the validation process. One villa in Dubai/ three types according to bedroom number: two, three, and four (Fig. 8).

UAE was selected for the IES-VE software validation. The indoor air Shows 0.47 degrees C average temperature of the villa for one day and 12 h of data is evaluated against cooling compared to Base Model the values obtained from modelling the villa using the IES-VE and 2.3.2.1. The measurement tool. The tool that is used for air temperature running the simulation process for the indoor thermal performance. The measurements is the 4-in-1 Environmental Meter-model 45170. This initial condition set for running the software covers, thermal, and conIteration 3 (7:5:3:3:5:7) Stories X axis point. The parametool allows measuring four parameters at along a specific Shows 0.5 degrees C average cooling struction files. The thermal file contains the internal gain including ters that can be measured using this tool cover: Air Temperature, Figure C.6: Urban grid in line with wind direction occupant and lighting gain, while the construction file contains the Relative Humidity, Airflow, and light level. The tool is an ergonomic material used in the villa envelope. The simulation has been run for one pocket size housing, with an LCD simultaneous display of weather data day, the 3rd of February 2018. However, no indoor air conditioning (Fig. 9). Furthermore, the tool allows to hold the displayed value and system was used during the measurements day. The highest variation records the Min/Max readings. The range of the measured air temperbetween the measured data and simulation results observed is 3.3%. ature by this device is varied between 0 ◦ C and 50 ◦ C, while it can Hence, the validity of the software is acceptable and the software is valid dedicate the wind velocity from 0.3 m/s up to 30 m/s. The accuracy of ◦ as the variation between the measured data and the simulated data is the device for air temperature and air velocity is ±3% and ±1.2 C less than 5% [53]. The data measurements started at 6:00 a.m. and respectively. In this study, the data collected for the software validation continues for 18 h until 11:00 p.m. with a variation between the actual covers the air temperature over18 h between 6:00 a.m. 11:00 p.m. The and case simulated data.

This variation is less in the afternoon when the Fig. data 4. The isometric view of and the developed configurations of the two groups. data was compared to the air temperature generated

by IES-VE forthe base temperature degree was recorded, however, the highest highest air software validation.

Figure C.7: Massing in lin 160

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Transport and Mobility Promotion of sustainable modes of transport

Future Transport Planning

Transportation is a huge issue due to the vehicle culture in Dubai which causes sustainability, social and economic issues. One paper found social isolation being directly impacted by high use of vehicles. Due to the high temperatures in Dubai, walking distance is heavily reduced from the usual 10-20mins to a maximum of ten minutes, possibly more if you are healthy and young. This means people rely more on vehicles due to the poor public transport network.

Also in an attempt to enhance the city’s smart-technology based future, as well as improvements to pedestrian and cycle infrastructure, autonomous vehicle tests could be implemented, as per the test presented at the Dubai Expo 2020.

By providing short, self driven journeys across new populous developments will help to contribute to the integration between safe transit and providing more sustainable transport solutions (Mehmet, S, 2020).

By increasing the opportunities within the public transport sector and introducing the modern technological advancements that Dubai is well known for into this sector, new development will be able to contribute towards the future goals set by the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA), the governing body who maintain and govern the city’s transport network, as shown below.

By providing safer and more sustainable transport solutions and improvements to the urban planning system within the city; better design solutions will be produced to create a well-established network of streets that move priority from vehicles and road infrastructure to the users of the public realm. This in turn will contribute towards to the sustainability and climatic impacts of new developments, a challenge in which will be addressed through the presented proposals.

Also Dubai is aiming to provide improvements to its cycle network by constructing new safer cycle infrastructure to improve the city’s liveability and aid in its migration to more sustainable modes of transport (Intelligent Transport, 2020). New storage solutions could also be provided to give users piece of mind that their bike is safe and secure when if/when away from home. E-scooters have also been proposed as more sustainable mode of transport to ride between districts yet further studies will need to be conducted to see if they would be beneficial to this development. Studies such as population density, private developments, availability of public transport services, integrated infrastructure, and high traffic safety records (Intelligent Transport, 2020).

Existing bicycle storage could be improved through new innovative storage and integrated design solutions (intelligenttransport.com) 030

Future Transport Goals for 2030 (Al Tayer, M, 2020) Increase in the use of marine transport services such as the ferry and water taxis, including an increase in the network route from 55km to 158km

Increase the public transport and shared mobility mode share to 26% by 2030

Public Transport The public bus service has more than doubled its fleet over the past decade, going from 620 vehicles in service in 2006 to around 1,520 in 2018 with total numbers of users also increasing from 168 million (2006) to 588 million (2018).

This represents an 11% increase in ridership from 6% to 17% over a 12 year period which is very significant (Al Tayer, M, 2020). According to the RTA, there have been specific targets set across various travel disciplines which aim to increase the infrastructure and service of the public transport by 2025 (Al Tayer, M, 2020). These include: adding 86km of metro and tram lines; building 47 new metro stations; and providing 11 new tram stations.

Within this proposal, contributions will be applied to all modes of public transport via a new tram route with associated stations and new infrastructure; improvements to cycling provisions through safer urban routes and ample parking; in addition a significant increase in way-finding to enable ease of access between development areas; as well as the possibility to enhance the existing marines services through new ferry links or water bus activity.

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

029

17

25% of trips to be made by autonomous modes by 2030, running seven autonomous modes of transport by 2030

Test autonomous vehicle presented at the 2020 Dubai Expo (intelligenttransport.com)

031

Equipped to serve a future resident population of around 5.2 million, which is expected by 2030

Expanding the bus network from approximately 3,800km to 9,006km to service to the future population

Implementing a new suspended rail system (Dubai Skypods) to initiate a clear transport network, also helped by the busy buses which are utilised for the first/last parts of a journey

Opportunity to extend the Dubai Tram System (systra.com)

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Place Identity

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Place identity has become an increasingly complex and multi-layered issue within the city due to the growing world influences and impact of global development (Boussaa, D pg. 2). This, in turn, has weakened Dubai’s connection to its unique heritage and strong historical qualities with the majority of new developments clearing these areas to make way for the new facilities needed for the growing population. The inappropriate nature of these developments (Boussaa, D pg. 3) has made the higher political powers realise the impact these methods and principles are having on the cultural response to Dubai’s built environment, in turn, making prospective designers/clients realise the importance of incorporating and creating direct links to the historical qualities of Dubai.

Architects have attempted to create significant building designs to reflect their understanding of the local environmental conditions and culture; whilst integrating contemporary building forms and technology. (Ogaily, A, pg 83).

However more needs to be considered when it comes to socio-economic culture and liveability, which can be addressed and managed through balanced urban planning solutions such as: utilizing mixed land uses, controlled building heights, balanced density, and adequately integrated communal and recreation spaces (Ogaily, A, pg 77).

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Beit Sheikh Saeed, the 1st restored building in Dubai in 1984, now it is used as a museum (Dubai: The Search for Identity - pg 9)

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During the 70s wind-tower houses were demolished to be replaced by tower blocks (Dubai: The Search for Identity - pg 6)

High-rise developments along Zayed Street (Dubai: The Search for Identity - pg 8)

Hybrid Dubai

Dubai 2040 Vision

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“Our goal is to create a truly inclusive environment that not only meets the needs of Dubai’s diverse population, but also inspires them to tap into their creative and innovative capacities and realise their true potential,” His Highness said.

Dubai’s 2040 Urban master plan is a vision for sustainable urban development in Dubai which focuses on reinforcing Dubai as a global destination for tourists and its residents while enhancing the quality through sustainable living. The plan aims to integrate communities by designing high quality urban developments, recreational centres, and green spaces across the emirate.

Key objectives of Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan •

Upgrade the quality of the existing urban areas

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Improve efficiency of resources and its utilization

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Vibrant, healthy, and inclusive communities

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Double the green areas to provide a healthy environment.

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Delve into sustainable and flexible transportation

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Enhancing environmental sustainability

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Fostering economic activity and attract foreign investment

Dubai 2040 Urban Masterplan Key Objectives

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• Restore and protect the existing cultural and urban heritage and educate the people of its importance •

Sustainable development and growth

The plan aims to upgrade the existing urban areas in Dubai which include Deira and bur Dubai which are the key historic areas that highlight the emirates’ culture and heritage while increasing the population densities around mass transport hubs.

Nature reserves are included as part of the sustainability plan and would see an increase in these ecosystems to cover 60% of Dubai’s area. The proposal also includes designing green corridors which will link the different land uses and facilitate the sustainable transport movement.

Dubai 2040 - 5 Urban Centres

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Dubai 2040 Vision

Hybrid Dubai

Green and Blue Networks

Literature Review Summary Ventilation Religious Influences Place Identity

Technological Enhancements

SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable Futures

SOCIAL AND CULTURE

ECONOMY

Gender Orientated Design

Sustainable Modes of Transport

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Access to affordable housing

OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE

Permeability

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Cooling

TRANSPORT

Expansion ot the existing

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Quality Public Realm

Climate Impacts

Gender Orientated POS

Hybrid Dubai

Msheireb, Doha, Qatar

Case Study Locations 01

Msheireb, Doha, Qatar

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Madinat Al Ifran, Muscat, Oman

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Al Bahar Towers, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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Al Jubail Mangrove Park, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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New Gourna, Egypt

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01

05

Al Jubail Mangrove Park, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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Al Bahar Towers, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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Madinat Al Ifran, Muscat, Oman

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Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE

New Gourna, Egypt

Hybrid Dubai

Case Study: Msherieb, Doha

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1. A contemporary Qatari vernacular 2. A public transport integrated development 3. Informal arrangement of buildings 4. Overhangs for shading and layering between public and private spaces 5. A new heart of Doha Eid celebrations

Key Findings Doha has followed the framework for urban development set out by other cities in the middle east. This has led to a lack of connection to local character, being dependent on the motor car and having little consideration for climate change.

Like our site this one is in close proximity to the coastline and will become a new urban quarter for the city showing how it can redevelop the built environment using a new way of thinking. Its location is important as it lies along one of the main east-west arteries which runs through the city and sits in a historic part of the city with connections to both the Souq Waqif and the royal family.

Msherieb, Doha

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Msherieb, Doha

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The site will be mixed use incorporating offices, hotels, shops and restaurants with over 100 units forming a new high dense districts which has not yet been seen in Doha. Socially the development will cater for a large and varied demographic specifically local Qataris, expatriates and visitors alike which means the district needs to suit the needs of all its users.

The development will begin the shift away from motor cars and more towards sustainable transport. This includes the development of a new metro station for the site along with a tram system which will provide important strategic car free connections from the site to the both the city centre and airport. The area will try and lower carbon emissions through the use of a new district energy system.

This is all part of the project’s Sustainable Development Guidelines. The site will build upon the local character of the area by retaining several buildings on the site along with developing new buildings which will have a contemporary Qatari architectural style. It also encompasses the characteristics of traditional Islamic cites influencing the design of the street layouts right down the shaded pavements and natural ventilation.

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Msherieb, Doha

Msherieb, Doha

Hybrid Dubai

Case Study: Madinat al Irfan, Muscat

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Design Features 1. Dense, compact, walkable spaces: blurring boundaries between uses, outside and inside 2. Irfan Main Square: informal arrangement of buildings 3. Irfan Central wadi with bridge framing

Key Findings The Madinat al Irfan site is going to be a new development on the outskirts of Muscat and is a 40 year plan to create a new low carbon district. The masterplan has been designing with two key themes in mind, those being, placemaking and sustainability. The later of the two will help the site be consistence with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris climate agreement.

The site also aims to tackle local challenges faced by Oman (economic diversification, public transport, responsible resource consumption and long term environmental protection). Certain design actions will need to be achieved in order to meet the vision for the site such as a emphasis on walkability, dense mixed-use neighbourhoods, and the incorporation of heritage and culture in land use, open spaces and built form.

The design team also worked with the various stakeholders in the area in order to achieve social sustainability to create a strong sense of community through the various design actions. The concept of the masterplan was built up by using and enhancing the natural landscape to create and then develop neighbourhoods each with their own distinct character and identity. The whole site features a mixture of fine and coarse grain plot structure to provide each neighbourhood its own identify based on its use and location. This level of detail will help the vision to be achieved right down to the smallest detail, setting out detailed design codes means buildings and the blocks can relate exactly to the masterplan and allowing for some flexibility through a review process ensures some level of freedom is still given to potential developers. The ability for the site to be designed for the human scale is key in an area which has relied so heavily on combustion engines for transport and being able to encourage walking the successfully implement design actions will ensure the developments success.

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Madinat al Irfan, Muscat

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Madinat al Irfan, Muscat

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Madinat al Irfan, Muscat

Hybrid Dubai

Case Study: Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi

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Design Features 1.Dynamic façade

Key Findings The Al Bahar towers are two buildings which are located in Abu Dhabi which have implemented the idea of a dynamic façade which wraps around the buildings to provide climatic benefits to the building. The build aims to enhance sustainability through the development of these computer controlled facades which have the ability to change in response to external conditions. The sensors have the ability to detect changes in the weather and seasonal shifts to change the angle of the shades in order to meet the internal requirements such as heating, cooling, lighting or ventilation.

Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi 046

Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi

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Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi

Hybrid Dubai

Case Study: Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

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Masdar City seeked to change the typical architecture of Dubai by taking inspiration from the historic cites architecture, as well as utilizing a variety of low impact technology to enable a more sustainable city. The goal was to create a low-carbon neighbourhood with reduced reliance on cars, and its own autonomous transport system.

Architecture The development is primarily mixed use, with the buildings being designed around tight pedestrian street networks, similar to that of the historic design.

The buildings themselves are built with a terracotta facade which incorporates screens which allows for control of natural light.

Car Free City One of Masdar cities key driving factors is the reduced use of cars. One way the development aims to combat this is the implementation of personal rapid transit PRT. Masdar city’s Personal Rapid Transit system (PTR), uses driver-less cars to take people around the city to avoid the use of fossil fuel burning vehicles. The vehicles are controlled by an advanced navigation system that follows magnetic strips along the street while on-board, sensors detect any obstacles. The system has had lots of success, transporting over 2million passengers since it opened in 2010, and have travelled a total distance of over 900,000km. The system has also displaced CO2 emissions equivalent to running 53 cars for a whole year, according to Masdar. As well as aiming to reduce carbon emissions the system also aimed to reduce the amount of collisions on the roads. Each year an average of 1.3 million people are killed in vehicle accidents across the world, whereas in comparison, the PTR in its 8 years of running has yet to be involved in any incidents.

Dubai - 2020 048

Dubai Creek - 1950

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Terracotta Facade 051

Personal Rapid Transit

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Al Jubail Mangrove Park, Abu Dhabi, UAE

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The Al Jubail mangrove forest in Abu Dhabi is estimated to cover approximately 150 square km and contain more than 75% of the UAE’s total mangrove forest area. This makes it the region’s most important ecological landscapes. The 32-square kilometer island includes low density protected areas with 80 species of birds, 13 species of crabs and molluscs, and a myriad of varying fish species.

The forest helps absorb 41 million tons of carbon dioxide.

Several entertainment facilities and a boardwalk were recently designed on the mangrove park to make it a community park for residents and tourists while impacting the ecosystem as little as possible. The aim was to create awareness on mangrove habitats and other species while promoting conservation and entertainment. The boardwalk traverses through the forest and a multitude of ecosystems like intertidal mudflats, salt marshes, lagoon channels and unique sandstone geological formations (zeugens).

Mangrove forests provide host to a variety of ecosystems and species while protecting coastal areas from erosion, filtering, and tidal flows. The park was designed to enhance awareness, appreciation, and understanding of the ecological functions of mangrove forests. The park has established a change in the way tourism is viewed in the country by focusing more on nature and ecotourism.includes designing green corridors which will link the different land uses and facilitate the sustainable transport movement.

Boadwalk

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The Jubail Mangrove Park in Abu Dhabi is home to a variety of species

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Boadwalk

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Boardwalk Rest Point

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Summary of Case Studies

Key Learnings

Case Studies Sustainability 1. Msherieb, Doha

2. Madinat al Irfan, Muscat 1. Msherieb, Doha

3. Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi

5. Al Jubail Mangrove Park

2. Madinat al Irfan, Muscat

Economic

Transport

Urban Environment

Culture + Heritage

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-

Created a transport orientated development

Creating a walkable district through shades and covered streets

Created a contemporary Qatari vernacular

Using the wadi to create a natural ecosystem to promote biodiversity

Typologies promoting live work units with shop front on the ground floor and residential above

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Blurring the lines between inside and outdoor spaces as public realm

An informal Islamic style street structure

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-

-

-

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Car free development with a rapid transport system

Narrow streets and tall buildings create shaded walking routes

Historic inspired architecture

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-

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3. Al Bahar, Abu Dhabi

Dynamic computer controlled façade

4. Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Wind towers funnel cool air into buildings to remove the need for air conditioning

5. Al Jubail Mangrove Park

A self-contained nature reserve supporting with 80 species and sequesters 41 millions tones of carbon

6. New Gourna, Egypt

Wind caters &

4. Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

natural humidifiers

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-

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Traditional middle eastern courtyards with shaded and unshaded areas

6. New Gourna, Egypt

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Hybrid Dubai

3.0

Site Analysis

Culture and Heritage

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History Before oil was discovered, UAE’s economy relied on trading, pearl diving, and fishing. Pearl diving and fishing were the two main contributors to the economy of UAE. This led to the growth of the coastal towns such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi, thus establishing the history and foundation of UAE’s two biggest cities.

The Arabs also delved into trade enabled by the multiple ports which are along the Dubai Creek. The main commodities were fish, silk, and porcelain to Middle Eastern and European markets. The souks emerged because of its proximity to the harbour area.

Culture and Heritage Dubai city is divided into two parts- the Old and new Dubai. Predominantly the old Dubai features the traditional architecture while the mainland has a modernist approach to the architecture resulting from the increasing globalization. The old Dubai features historic areas like Bur Dubai, Al Karama, Al Fahidi etc.

Dubai Creek- An important trading route which connected the emirate to India and East Africa 057

Deira Souk 058

The site is located on Dry Docks site in Bur Dubai. Bur Dubai or Mainland features several historic districts on the western banks of the Dubai Creek.

These include Al Fahidi Fort, Al Bastakiya, Shindagha Heritage District etc. which is characterized by the traditional Arabic architecture, mosques, souks, and forts which bear testimony to its Bedouin heritage. It is known as the historical and cultural center of Dubai.

Al Shindagha District

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Contemporary Architecture in Dubai

Hybrid Dubai

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Urban Typology 1. Heritage Village

2. Al Shindagha District

3. Al Bastakiya

4. Deira- Old City

5. Al Seef Old Town

Town Planning The urban pattern of the Old Dubai was a result of the social and environmental needs of the people. The urban pattern was oriented towards the north-west direction with an approximate of 45 degrees to take advantage of the prevailing wind from the north-west which would end at small public open spaces. During the daytime the courtyards and alleyways help create cool corridors due to wind tunnel effects as a result of pressure differences between the solid walls and the corridors.

The courtyards were oriented to be parallel to the streets hence maximizing the shading for the streets.

Streets and alleyways Sikkas or alleyways create a pattern of accessibility of well ventilated passageways through the urban fabric. The houses were closely located thus creating small narrow corridors which would be shaded.

Vertical Alleyways: Long and continuous alleyways that generally run along the north south direction with an approximate width of 1-2m. Residential units are positioned on either side of these alleyways and hence is always shaded.

Horizontal Alleyways: Horizontal alleys that are approximately 2-4m wide that is intersected by the vertical alleyways. These streets are not continuous but is used as places for stay, walking etc by pedestrians when shaded.

Al Shindagha and Al Bastakiya are historical districts constructed in the 1890s. They feature the old courtyard typology, narrow corridors with wind towers.These districts were renovated by the Dubai Municipality in 1990s to preserve the historic culture and heritage of the area.

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01

Heritage Village and Al Seef are much recent projects that was aimed to conserve the heritage. Al Seef was designed to emulate the old town and the souk experience.

Deira is one of the oldest communities located on the Dubai creek. It remains to be an important economic and commercial hub in the region. Due to its strategic location it was the link to the world’s historic trade routes and was the location of the region’s biggest markets.

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N Dubai Creek- An important trading route which connected the emirate to India and East Africa

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Plan of Al Shindagha District angled to take in the north-west winds.

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Shaded public spaces between the houses.

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Narrow corridors that end with a wind tower

Hybrid Dubai

Historic Vernacular Architecture

Courtyards

Wind towers- Burjeels Wind towers or wind catchers were designed capture the prevailing wind and help cool the interior spaces effectively implementing the stack effect. The wind towers were generally oriented at 45 degrees and are placed above living spaces and bedrooms. The towers are at a height of 7m or more to effectively collect and cool the indoor spaces.

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Courtyard capturing the prevailing winds.

Solid and void

Most houses are designed to have internal courtyard to help improve the microclimate of the interiors. This helps to achieve thermal comfort and psychological comfort to its users. The centrally located courtyard spaces are the heart of all family activities. It’s designed to provide good ventilation and sunlight to the adjacent interior spaces. It helps with ventilation due to the presence of a colonnaded area which is typically the corridors between the rooms and the courtyard. It generally takes up to 10% of the site area.

Courtyard capturing the prevailing winds.

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Courtyard capturing the prevailing winds.

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Shared common courtyards

The houses and rooms were planned to be wider along the courtyard rather than in depth to ensure that the rooms receive adequate sunlight through the courtyards.

External yards between houses provide a place for people to interact as it serves as a community space shaded by local trees. These community spaces are oriented to take advantage of the prominent wind to allow it to move seamlessly through the district.

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Shared common courtyards with landscaping

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The concept of having semi-attached courtyard style houses is to reduce the direct exposure to the sun. 6-8 adjacent houses share common courtyard spaces which leads to with social connectivity.

Key

Common Courtyards Plan of Al Bastakiya- Solid and Void depicting the built and open spaces

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Shared common courtyards with landscaping

sketch to show the amount of shade in the courtyard during the year in different timings of the day

Hybrid Dubai

Historic Vernacular Architecture

Mashrabiya

The major urban settlements in UAE range from the 18th and 19th centuries.

The traditional vernacular architecture that was developed in this era conformed to the specific social and environmental conditions. Houses, mosques, forts and marketplaces were designed in response to the influences of trade, tribe and basic needs (shelter water and employment). The buildings were classified into 5 types•

Defensive

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Religious

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Residential

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Markets

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Public buildings

Mashrabiya is an important architectural element of the traditional Islamic world.

They were generally installed within residential dwellings and royal residenceslocated on the upper floors. They were commonly installed externally i.e., to face the streets, and in the interiors which overlook the inner courtyards.

In houses overlooking narrow streets, mashrabiyas were installed in overhang rooms, to ensuring privacy and to increasing the interior area of the upper floors. These overhangs also resulted in casting shadows and protecting the pedestrians from rain.

Mashrabiyas were installed to protect the interiors from the high heat and intense sunlight. It also helped to passively cool the interiors. Traditionally they were used to capture and cool the wind. On facades which were exposed to direct sunlight, the spacing between the bands were narrower to reduce the amount of heat to entering the spaces.

Materials

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The most important typology of buildings was the courtyard style housing. This typology was a response to the harsh climatic environment, it also helped bring the spiritual, functional, and climatic benefits to the design. With great influence of the Islamic religion, the importance of the courtyard increased as it gives privacy to the family, where the courtyards were used to separate the public domain away from the private domain. It was designed to have courtyards within the living spaces where the male members would socialize while the private spaces in the structure was reserved for females. The courtyards were placed in the front of the house to allow public interaction for the male members of the families. In addition to these fortified palaces and mosque were other predominant typologies for permanent structures in the traditional architecture.

Courtyard capturing the prevailing winds.

Historically the traditional architecture of UAE was based on the available materials in the region like mud bricks, wood, stones, coral, stones and arish (palm-fronds).

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Mashrabiya screen

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Overhang windows in Masdar city

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Defense Buildings- Forts

Market place

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Wood balustrades

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Mud-bricks, wood and stone used for building construction

Arish (palm-fronds)

Hybrid Dubai

Key Learnings Urban Typology

Vernacular architecture

Town Planning

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Houses, mosques, forts and marketplaces were designed in response to shelter water and employment

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Courtyard style housing - response to the harsh climatic environment

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Urban pattern oriented towards the north-west direction - responding to the bioclimatic conditions - wind and sun direction

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Public courtyards and alleyways to cool corridors - wind tunnel effects

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Importance of the courtyard - privacy where courtyards were dssigned to separate the public and private domain

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Courtyards parallel to the streets for shadingStreets and alleyways

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Placed in the front of the house to allow public interaction

Streets and Alleyways

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Installed within residential dwellings and royal residences external facades towards streets, and interiors overlooking inner courtyards

Vertical Alleyways - north south direction - 1-2m wide beside residential units and hence it is always shaded.

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Protects the interiors from the high heat and intense sunlight and helps passive cooling

Horizontal Alleyways - intersected by vertical alleyways 2-4m wide - designed for places for stay, walking etc

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Installed in overhanging rooms, to ensure privacy, cast shadows and protect pedestrians

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Ventilated passageways - small and narrow often shaded

•

•

Mashrabiya

Historic Vernacular Architecture Wind towers- Burjeels •

Designed to capture the prevailing wind and cool the interiors

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Oriented at 45 and placed above living spaces and bedrooms

Materials Vernacular materials - mud bricks, wood, stones, coral, stones, arish (palm-fronds)

Solid and void

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•

Semi-attached courtyard style houses to reduce direct exposure to the sun

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Adjacent houses share courtyard spaces - social connectivity

Hybrid Dubai

Climate Analysis During our climate analysis we found the main following points: High humidity in relation to desert context which could mitigate the lack of water by harvesting the humidity in the air.

The rainfalls levels are very low creating a hot and dry climate.

Very high temperatures which could be reduced by the lowering humidity.

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High levels of sunlight which will increase the temperatures more and implies the need for sheltered streets/walkways.

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Site Map of Sun Path

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Hybrid Dubai

HYBRID DUBAI - ‫يبد نيجهلا‬

Ecological Value

Climate Analysis Further research has found that the temperature tends to be cooler around the blue areas as shown by the figures below. The second image shows the density of greenery, and where its concentration lies. From these we can understand the importance of blue networks for cooling, you can also see that our site suffers from a level of heat island effect as it is warmer than its surroundings due to heavy use of concrete. This is not optimal use of the proximity to the water which could cool the site.

Since the second image shows that vegetation is also around the areas which are cooler, we believe the inclusion of these can aid in reducing the general temperature. It also shows that there is close to no vegetation surrounding our site and therefore we should utilise the blue network and expand on it.

Figure 10: Overview of the study area in Dubai

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Figure 11: Land surface temperature map of Dubai

Figure 12: Normalized difference vegetation in dex of Dubai

Key Learnings •

Blue & green networks can aid in cooling

•

Low ecological value surrounding our site, we can contribute to a larger network.

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4.1.3 Climatic drivers of the UHI now and in 2050 The climate of Dubai is moderated by its proximity to the Persian Gulf. The pressure gradient between the air above the city and the water gives rise to consistent wind flows from the North West (Figure 13). The wind is on average cooler than the temperatures in the city, because it is cooled by the ocean (Al-Sallal & Al-Rais, 2011). The minimum wind speed in winter is 3 m/s in winter, and 3.75 m/s in summer (Ibid.). The advective cooling can be enhanced by exploiting these winds (Chapter 4.1.5). Winds which hit the city from the south

Dubai Dry Dock

Division of winddirection in percentages (2002-2019) NNW 20 17.5 15 NW 12.5 10 WNW 7.5 5 2.5 W 0

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NNE NE ENE E

Hybrid Dubai

WSW

ESE

SW

SE SSW

SSE

Key uses and walking distance (5-10 min) Overall, there is a lack of mosques around the project site and no existing mosques within the boundary of the project site (red line). Although several project areas fall within the 10 minutes walk distance from local mosques, there is a high need for additional local mosques.

There is a limited number of health facilities (e.g. hospitals, clinics, polyclinics, health centers) around our project site. The analysis identifies 2 areas of concentration of health facilities. The south corner of the project area is within 10 minutes walk to the nearest heath facilities. As seen in the adjacent images.

Clinic and Hospital Walking Distances

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Jumeirah Mosque - South of the Site

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Mosque Walking Distances

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Hybrid Dubai

Key uses and walking distance (5-10 min) The area and the city as a whole lack parks and green spaces. Although there are a number of green spaces around our project area, many of them do not serve as green spaces for recreation and leisure activities. The south corner of the project area is within 10 minutes walking distance to the park (Al Hudaiba Awards building park).

The area has a diverse range of food/drink/take away facilities. facilities are largely concentrated around the Dubai center and along Al Diyafah Street.

Park Walking Distances

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Al Hudaiba Awards building Park

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Shop and Restaurant Walking Distances

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Hybrid Dubai

Opportunities and Constrains

Key

Culture and heritage

Green Spaces Ecological Proposal

Located in Old Dubai, the site has potential to create a hybrid design which could have influences of the traditional vernacular architecture and contemporary architecture developed due to urbanization. Dubai has had very few attempts at educating the users of the rich culture and heritage of the emirate. This gives opportunity to result in cultural regeneration of the region.

Main Roads Metro Line Metro Stations

NW Heritage Sites

Proposed Tram Line

Accessibility

Bus Stops Heritage Sites

The site has good connection to bus stops and highways which run around the site but lacks direct access to the Dubai mainland due to the lack of metro lines around the site. It is located between residential and hospitality zones, and thus has good access to amenities. The site could include commercial zones to address the lack of areas of economic interest.

Access to Site Pedestrian Access Prevailing Wind

Ecology – Blue and Green network The waterfront gives the site an opportunity to create promenades, souks, marinas, and ecologically rich environments along the waterfront. The site could be designed to have ecological rich environments that would connect to the wider context of the emirate and to address the lack of green recreational spaces for the residents. This could also address the aspect of eco-tourism thus improving the economic capability of the site.

Sustainability and Energy Efficiency The growth of globalization in Dubai has resulted in unsustainable designs that are not responsive to the culture and environment of the region.

Several strategies have been proposed by the government to mitigate these unsustainable practices and to opt for a more energy efficient approach. There are strategies in place to address the consumption of energy and to reduce the carbon footprint by 70%. Desalination plants are now being replaced by more sustainable processes. This paves the path to incorporate sustainable practices and to set up energy efficient ways to harness renewable energy.

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Red Metro-line

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4.0 Vision

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Sustainability

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Diversity

Public Realm

ture

INCLUSIVITY

Hybrid Dubai

Prioritising pedestrian movement through the site from the existing adjacent development via a structured street layout and strategically placed land uses

Improved Connectivity and Transport Wider city connectivity Extending the tram line from the existing line to the south-west will allow for improved public transport connections into the site, as well the potential to reduce local vehicle usage. The tram line also extends beyond the site toward the metro line to the north-east.

Key

Potential board-walk along the waterfront to create an attractive pedestrian/cycle route

Extension to the existing tram line to traverse through the development and connect up the metro line to the north-east

Pedestrian priority zone to reduce vehicle usage on the site and promote active travel and more sustainable modes of transport

Existing primary highway to allow vehicle access into the site

Primary vehicle routes connecting to the existing transport network Leisure walks along the waterfront to promote active travel

Pedestrian prioritisation

Prioritising pedestrian routes through the site to the waterfront

Pedestrian mobility is encouraged in the development. First, vehicle mobility is restricted in some parts of the development. Second, design emphasises creating a comfortable experience for pedestrian mobility by building design and urban features that provide shade to the streets.

Potential tram line with stop locations Pedestrian only zone to reduce vehicle usage on the site

N NTS

Initial Connectivity Strategy Plan

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Quality Public Realm Open Spaces for Urbanscape and Consideration of Built Form Linking to the climatic impacts on the site, the opportunity to provide shaded, comfortable public open space is essential for improved permeability and sustainable movement. Buildings will be set-back from the street to allow for covered canopies, increasing pedestrian movement at street level. Set-backs and larger areas of public realm will also indicate landmark buildings or key structures, enhancing way-finding across the site. The building heights and density will have a significant impact on the future micro-climate of the site.

Heights could gradually decrease from the existing highway towards the waterfront aiding in the passive cooling at ground level. Association with the existing historic architectural and street structure style will be provided through the implementation of traditional style urban landscape (e.g. materiality).

Key

Using native planting and green infrastructure to connect the new development with the existing neighbourhoods

Key views along primary routes from adjacent development to frame the street and draw users to the attractive waterfront

Quality public realm provided around key landmark buildings/structure to draw users to certain areas

Gradual decrease in building heights as development moves towards the waterfront and reflects the heritage built form neighbourhoods

Creating areas of quality public realm, accessible to all Using green corridors to connect across the site Street formation to create view corridors Building heights to decrease towards the waterfront

Efficient Land Use The utilisation of perimeter blocks to ensure high coverage of development and create opportunities for flexible use spaces and variation in buildings typologies.

Pedestrianising streets will aid in the reduction of private vehicles and promote active travel. Integrating underground parking and an efficient public transport network will help to improve way-finding and mobility at street level.

N NTS

Initial Public Realm Strategy Plan

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Taking advantage of the prevailing wind to allow for passive cooling, lowering the temperature of the development

Sustainable Futures Increasing Ecological Value The highest ecological values within the U.A.E. are located around the sea, this site offers an opportunity to re-naturalise the water's edge and we aim to achieve this through the use of mangroves. This can set a precedent for future ecological infrastructure in the city.

Key

Forming a strong relationship between the sea and land by integrating native green and blue infrastructure

Providing the ability to integrate the sea and water into the development through channels and swales

Investing in renewable energy sources for each building, relative to building size and height (potential across the entire site)

Building heights to gradually decrease from the existing urban blocks to the harbourside

Utilising green corridors and native planting to connect the new development with the surrounding infrastructure

Bringing the sea into the site Process for active cooling from the prevailing wind

Active use of Renewable resource

Opportunity for renewable energy sources (building to building)

A number of design solutions have been made to address the harsh hot climate.

The buildings in the development are designed to have solar panels to harness the solar energy. The proposal also looks to incorporate strategies to harvest water through dehumidification as an alternative to the current desalination process.

Green corridors along primary routes and connecting existing public realm Creation of an ecological garden to promote biodiversity Form a relationship between the water’s edge and land

Heat island prevention

Opportunity for native planting

Re-naturalization of the waterfront by a sustainable landscaping approach will change the current hard surface character to the soft, natural surface character.

This will help to reduce the heat island effect.

Pedestrian only zone

N NTS

Initial Sustainability Strategy Plan

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By having active frontages at ground level and medium to high building heights allows for plenty of overlooking and ‘eyes on the street’ to improve safety

Socio-Cultural Impacts Social Diversity Linked with the benefits of affordability due to the active use of renewable resources, the development can accommodate people from diverse economic backgrounds.Based on the analysis, future developments need to consider all groups of people in Dubai rather than be orientated towards only rich class residence.

Key

Potential for ecological gardens and mangroves to provide a green connection between with land and the sea

Key nodal areas located along the primary routes to direct users to certain areas of the site

Using the potential water channels as areas of interest to active the street frontage and allow for increased use

Creating a mixed use development with select buildings available for flexible use

Bringing the sea into the site Creating a landmark waterfront to attract visitors Formation of key nodal areas along the primary routes

Local identity

Flexible layout of buildings with a variety of uses available

The local identity of Dubai is preserved in the design. The intensification of land use is delivered based on the key lessons we extracted from the study of history and culture. From the street layout all the way to building level, we integrated local design solutions to the development.

Overlooking of buildings to improve safety and form ‘eyes on the street’

N NTS

Initial Social/Cultural Strategy Plan

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Utilising key landmark buildings or uses to attract users and bring tourists into the site

Economic Benefits Ease of Access to Renewable Resources Those living in the area will economically benefit from the use of renewable resources, including sun and wind energy. Economic benefits associated with the design will create the scheme more affordable to maintain.

Key

Potential for ecological gardens and mangroves to provide a green connection between with land and the sea

Providing key uses such as retail/community/ leisure uses along the primary routes due to the high people traffic

Potential location for offices or leisure facilities due to location along the existing primary highway and acts as a screen for the development from the excess vehicle noise

Primary connection through the site to connect to the nodal areas and key landmark buildings

The ability to attract people to the site by providing significant development and a variety of uses

Key landmark areas to draw attention of local users and tourists Drawing users into the site from the surrounding development Key connection route Variation in uses to provide jobs and invest in the local neighbourhood Creating a landmark waterfront to

N NTS

Initial Economy Strategy Plan

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Design Principles & Actions

Sustainability

Social/Culture

Economy

Connectivity

Public Realm

Active use of Resources.

Design for Dubai’s diversity.

Create New Jobs.

Public Transport

Open Spaces

•

Integrate Solar Panels & Wind Towers.

Energy Efficient •

•

Take advantage of NW wind.

Orient away from the Sun.

Heat Island Prevention.

•

Integrating developement with the sea.

• Use native ecology on streets.

• Utilise Terracotta.

• Capitalizing on the location and the climatic effects of the site.

Increase Ecological Value •

Replace concrete reclaimed land with seaside mangrove.

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•

Flexible use buildings and public realm.

• Permeable street design.

Affordable and Open market homes will be designed alike.

• Energy efficient block/street design.

• Eyes on the street.

Retail spaces around public area.

Provide attractive new hybrid quarter.

• Provide Mall & Retail areas.

•

46

•

Renewable resources can increase affordability of living.

Improving livability and quality of life through sustainable resources.

Hybrid identity can be tested to create potential for future investment.

46

Urban Landscape •

Lower towards sea, higher towards City.

• Traditional style Urban Landscape.

Wider Network.

•

Future Investment •

Integrate shaded and comfortable POS. Taking advantage of the local climate to improve human comfort

•

Pedestrian only area towards the sea.

Canopy shading for increased comfort.

Renewable Resources

Efficient Way-finding • Key land uses and street signage for efficient way-finding and safety.

•

•

•

•

Pedestrian Road System

Attract tourism.

Design for gender equality.

•

Implement tram line through site.

• Stop vehicular access past block 2.

Attracting tourists with key environmental features and landmarks.

• Providing jobs through offices, retail and commercial buildings.

Provide affordable housing.

•

•

•

•

Efficient Land Use.

Extending tram line along touristic coast, through to Heritage Village.

• Implementing new transport links to improve connections to the existing urban landscape.

Utilise perimeter blocks to ensure high coverage.

• Adopt efficient building heights and density strategy to suit proposed block structure and improve environmental qualities

Permeability

Design for Way-finding

Effective street design and block structure to form active travel routes and improve permeability

•

•

Effective designs by having key land uses along primary routes to aid way-finding.

Hybrid Dubai

5.0

Design Development

Initial Design Areas

Key

We aimed to divide the site according to the desired movement. We wanted the main highway to create a transfer zone between the high density and the Low Density areas.

The high density area will feature larger blocks, with 5-8 storeys. These areas will focus the Retail and Flexible Workspaces along the extremities of the site to encourage interaction with the development from the context. The residential mix will contain the full range of dwellings we are offering from 2 person 1 bed apartments to 6 person 4 bedroom apartments/houses. Vehicle access on about 50% of the streets, as well as the required facilities such as the large Mosque, schools, flexible use community spaces and healthcare.

High Density Ecology Low Density Ecology Main Boulevard High Density Mixed Use (Resi focused) Low Density Mixed Use (Resi focused) Mediumm Density Mixed Use (Retail & Leisure)

The low density area will feature smaller blocks, with 2-4 storeys. These areas will establish a relationship with the sea by integrating river features along most of the streets. They will focus on integrating Retail spaces and smaller squares along the routes to promote permeability and have eyes on the street.

This area will be 100% pedestrian only apart from bikes and emergency vehicles. It will contain the local Mosque, retail, flexible use community spaces and landmarks to help people to orient themselves.

The medium density mixed use area will feature blocks ranging from 2 to 6 stories high. It is designed to attract the usual tourism of Dubai with waterfront shopping, a retail and leisure centre and plenty of parking. This area will be 80% pedestrian focused with basic access and will be nearing 2 main access points to the site in order to draw people in.

The main boulevard area will be formed of 4-8 stories heights. It will focus on moving people across the site via vehicles & tram as well as allowing for a lot of mixed usage and public squares. This will create a buffer between the Low and High density areas. This zone will will contain residential only as apartments.

High density ecology area will be made up of mangroves and contribute to the ecological value of the site. It will contain a boardwalk for people to enjoy it and will contain a landmark wind tower to draw people to the sea.

Low density ecology will allow a transfer zone from the built area to the Mangroves, and will offer usable green spaces to the public.

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Access and Movement

Building Heights Potential for a connection across the harbour to make the water an essential part of the journey across the site

Key

Autonomous vehicle routes to provide shaded travel along the harbourside

New pedestrian routes to connect to the existing routes within the wider context via bridges and subways

Tram stops adjacent to the key pedestrian routes in and out of the site and along the central primary route

Potential for a new ferry/water bus/water taxi stop to connect the existing boat routes into the site (with consideration for the new green and blue infrastructure)

Connecting the new tram back to the primary vehicle route

Key

Lower density dwellings to front onto the ecological garden and the harbourside

Buildings heights used to determine the key access points and frame view into the site

Building heights to gradually decrease from the existing urban blocks to the harbourside

Utilise a variety of roof lines and floor heights similar to the existing building typologies within the city

Up to 6 storeys

Primary Vehicle Route (off-site) Primary Vehicle Route (on-site)

Between 3-5 storeys

Key Pedestrian Routes

Up to 2 storeys

Potential Pedestrian Routes Potential for Autonomous Vehicles Tram Line Tram Stop

N

N

NTS

NTS

Building Heights Initial Strategy Plan

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Green and Blue Infrastructure

Key Frontage and Views Providing green connections to the neighbouring developments to enhance the approach and highlight the key access points

Key

Ecological gardens and mangroves to provide a green connection between with land and the sea

In-land rhynes will act and wind tunnels, cooling the development from the water and providing a connection to the sea

Creating an attractive approach via the tramway to grab a users interest to enter the site and explore what the development has to offer

Continuing the use of native planting along the primary streets to act as a wayfinding tool and break up the streetscape

Forming nature corridors along the primary movement routes using native planting and vegetation to soften the urban landscape

Creating connection to the existing public realm/parkland

Key

In-land rhyne/attenuation feature

Key view

Native green corridor

Waterfront view

Primary nature routes enhanced with native planting and canopies

Primary development frontage

Addressing how the site is viewed from the neighbouring developments

Creating a key frontage along the waterfront to create a new landmark district along the coast

Forming nodal areas along the key primary routes with potential location for landmark buildings

What is the first sight of the development from the approach via the cruise terminal? Can this be emphasised?

Nodal area

Native planting/tree-lined street Ecological garden/parkland

N

N NTS

NTS

Green and Blue Infrastructure Initial Strategy Plan

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Key Frontages and Views Initial Strategy Plan

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Transport Strategy

Site

Despite the high levels of private car ownership in Dubai (540 cars per 100 residents), there is still a large proportion of people using different modes of travel other than private cars. The public transport network, however, is not fully developed to serve the needs of a large proportion of people without private cars. For this project, we propose to extend the existing tram network as shown on the diagram. Despite the complexity of this decision at first sight, this will largely benefit the city and its residents.

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Existing Federal Bus Network

Key Metro- Red Line Metro- Green Line Proposed Tram Line Site

Existing Local Bus Network

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Master Planning Guidelines

Community facility standards for high density areas (> 220 residents per Ha) Planning Level

Neighborhood Level

Community Level

District Level

Sector Level

Type of Facility (DM)

Population Served

Post Shelter Retail Facilities* Local Plaza Tot Lot** Neighborhood Park Local Mosque Private General Clinic* Private Speciality Clinic* Private Polyclinic* Primary School Children Nursery* Playground** Kindergarten Community Shopping Center Community Park Juma’a Masjid Private Daycare Center* Intermediate School Secondary School Post Office* District Park Healthcare Center Ambulance Point* Private Hospital Government Ref. Hospital Civil Defense Center DM Office* Police Station Public Library Sector Park DM Center*

Catchment Distance (m)

Minimum Site Area per Person (sq. m)

Building Height

Not Applicable

Not Applicable 0.14

Ground G+1

4,000

500

0.75 0.3

G+1

1.54 ha

0.12

G+2

0.61 ha

0.65 0.06 0.2 0.25 0.45 0.7 0.23 0.04 0.42 0.33 0.06 0.4 0.22 0.006 0.05 0.05 0.035 0.01

G+1

3.33 ha

500 600 1,000 Varies Varies 1,000 1,500 2,000 1,500 Varies Varies 2,000 2,500 3,500

50,000 35,000 100,000

0.72 ha

0.25

12,000

30,000

N/A

300

Varies

20,000

Area Required

120,000

3,000

250,000

Varies

0.035 1.25 0.015

Ground

1.28 ha 3.84 ha

0.31 ha

Ground

1.02 ha 1.28 ha

G+1 Ground G+1 G+2 G+3 G+2 Ground G+1 Ground G+7 G+7 G+1 G+2 G+1 G+2 G for park|G+1 for facilities G+3

2.3 ha 3.58 ha 1.18 ha 0.21 ha 2.15 ha 1.69 ha 0.31 ha 2.05 ha 1.12 ha 0.03 ha 0.26 ha

Not relevent for schemes under 100,000 people

Spacial Requirements Table 4.4: Community facility standards for high density areas (>220 Persons/Hectare)

* These facilities can be provided within mixed-use buildings

The above table shows the Masterplanning guidelines for a ** These facilities are optional high density development in Dubai, from this we extracted the required areas based on our desired population of 51,200 people.

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Volume & Density Using the Masterplanning guidelines, we mapped all space requirements on one the adjacent diagram. The diagram shows that the total area required for the project is 194.8 ha if all uses are located on the ground floor. Considering the project site is only 64 ha, we are required to deliver some uses vertically.

The diagram below shows the volume and density for the design.

Key

Residential Low ecological value land High ecological value land Infrastructure Heathcare Education

Total area required 194.8ha

Employment Retail and Leisure Religion Site Area

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Site application Using this information, we applied the initial model to the site context. The site is aligned according to the NW prevailing winds. We addressed the sea by giving the water edge back to nature. We have created a 30-50m area which is a high density natural environment with minimal to no human population. The opposite site is developed to address a busy highway and to accommodate the most activity.

The heights were designed according to the local guidelines, the blocks furthest away from the sea and along the south are tallest.

A series of diagrams next show the vertical distribution of uses on the site.

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Ground Floor

4th Floor

1st Floor

5th Floor

2nd Floor

6th Floor

3rd Floor

7th Floor

Hybrid Dubai

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Masterplan Proposal

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Board-walk to be promoted as an attractive popular pedestrian route along the waterfront

Proposed Network Hierarchy

Quieter streets indicated within the pedestrian priority only due to reduction in vehicle traffic

New primary route through the development, separate from the existing highway

Secondary route south of new primary route to accommodate vehicles, north to be pedestrianised

Primary routes to link with the existing primary highway and new segregated tram line

Key

Primary route Secondary route Tertiary route Limited access Pedestrian only street

N

Space Syntax Strategy

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Pedestrian priority zone to reduce vehicle usage on the site and promote active travel and more sustainable modes of transport

Access and Movement Creating new connections A proposed new tram line will extend from the existing line to the south west, through the proposed development area and connect back up to the existing highway. This connection will help to progress the city further with its public transport goals as identified by the RTA where at least 86km of tram lines and 11 new tram stops are to be developed across the city (Al Tayer. M, 2019).

Tram stops will be installed nearby to the proposed pedestrian links towards the waterfront and the primary movement route to form an orbital centre for the development.

Key

New pedestrian routes to connect to the existing routes within the wider context via bridges and subways

Waterfront board-walk along the waterfront to create an attractive pedestrian/cycle route

Tram stops adjacent to the key pedestrian routes in and out of the site and along the central primary route

Connecting the new tram back to the primary vehicle route

Primary vehicle route Secondary vehicle route Key pedestrian routes Harbourside board-walk Proposed new tram line Proposed new tram stops

Pedestrians will be provided with safe and secure travel routes through the site, underneath canopies and native planting to shade users from the sun and outdoor climate of the city. Existing subways and bridges will be utilised to connect the new development with the existing neighbouring residential areas.

Pedestrian priority zone (emergency vehicles only) Bridge/subway access

Following on from the tests conducted at the 2020 Dubai Expo, autonomous vehicles could have the potential to be implemented along the tertiary streets within the development. Areas along the waterfront would be ideal as shading from buildings and canopies will not be as frequent so by providing a sustainable mode of transport that can carry users from one side of the site to the other without having to walk out in broad daylight will create a more comfort way of travel. It will also be of aid to those with limited mobility yet still want to visit the harbour or ecological gardens.

Main vehicle access Main tram access

Reducing the use of private vehicles As a user enters the site, vehicular routes will be provided for access purposes however, as someone progresses through the site towards the waterfront street will become prioritised towards pedestrians and cyclists (emergency access will be provided as standard). To enable this, streets will gradually reduce in width to create a safer and more enclosed development.

N NTS

Access and Movement Parameter Plan

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Hybrid Dubai

Taking advantage of the prevailing wind to allow for passive cooling, lowering the temperature of the development

Green and Blue Infrastructure Cohesion between the land and sea Due to the site’s location on the waterfront and set with an existing harbour, this gives this proposal the perfect opportunity to form a strong relationship between the land and sea. Rhyne-like water channels will help to irrigate the green corridors and waterfront mangroves to encourage positive ecological growth.

These channels will also act as wind tunnels to draw the sea air down and through the site with the potential to natural cool the development.

Key

Ecological gardens and mangroves to provide a green connection between with land and the sea

In-land rhynes will act and wind tunnels, cooling the development from the water and providing a connection to the sea

Forming nature corridors along the primary movement routes using native planting and vegetation to soften the urban landscape

Continuing the use of native planting along the primary streets to act as a way-finding tool and break up the streetscape

Wind tunnels to aid in-land cooling Active sea water channels Ecological waterfront mangroves

Much of the development along Dubai’s waterfront, seemingly ignores its prime location and how it can use the seas and the water to its advantage; a characteristic which will be enacted within this development.

Green corridors with native vegetation

Native Planting The climate and weather conditions contribute highly to the choice of planting and vegetation available to use within the site. By using native and existing vegetation and planting types within the site, this enables the development to embed its public realm within the existing natural character of the city.

Within the neighbouring developments, native trees have been planted along the key travel routes where possible to highlight these streets as primary movement corridors (as well as acting as a form of natural shading). This ideal will also be utilised within the site, with the primary movement network emphasised by not only its width and modes of transport but by the use of large planting at the street’s edge and vegetation to help soften the urban landscape.

Water recycling and irrigation The recycling of water will be essential in terms of keeping the green corridors and ecological parkland in top condition. Grey water will be reused to help irrigate the native planting, as well as the use of salt water friendly planting and vegetation which can be irrigated from the rhyne water channels.

N NTS

Green and Blue Infrastructure Parameter Plan

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Hybrid Dubai

Building Heights Integration of existing typologies Due to the location of the site being both on the harbourside and on the boundary between the historic and contemporary districts of the city, this development is ideal for implementing a gradual stylistic change from the modern skyscrapers in the west to the traditional low rise dwellings to the east.

Key

Lower density dwellings to front onto the ecological garden and the harbourside

Buildings heights used to determine the key access points and frame view into the site

Building heights to gradually decrease from the existing urban blocks to the harbourside

Utilise a variety of roof lines and floor heights similar to the existing building typologies within the city

Maximum 8 storeys Up to 6 storeys Up to 5 storeys

Buildings will gradually decrease in height from up to six storeys along the eastern boundary adjacent to the existing vehicle highway to two storeys along the waterfront to respect the proposed ecological garden; to take into consideration the existing climatic environment; and the reflect the heritage background of the historic village districts.

Up to 4 storeys Up to 3 storeys Maximum 2 storeys

Utilising heights to create public space A grid like block structure will be utilised to frame the streets and create opportunities for landmark buildings to aid with way-finding and link to the proposed street hierarchy. Formation of plots will reflect the existing urban morphology and heights along the site boundary will be considerate to the neighbouring buildings and uses.

Also similar to the existing urban morphology, the use of the grid and specific building heights will help to create shaded areas at ground level, with the addition of overhanging canopies and native planting to shade those areas not surrounded by built form.

N NTS

Building Heights Parameter Plan

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Leisure facilities providing activity for tourists and have the potential to link back to the sites heritage

Land Use Mixed use development Although primarily residential to accommodate those most in need of housing, the scheme will aim to provide a mix of uses to attract both local residents and international visitors. Uses such as flexible work spaces, retail, leisure and religious buildings will be provided, as well as public outdoor facilities integrated within the attractive public realm that draw in new users to the development (such as the ecological mangroves drawing users to the waterfront).

Key

Ability to grow a new local community with the provision of schools and community facilities

High quality residential development along the waterfront to been seen as key real estate opportunities

Key retail opportunities available at the corner of the site, adjacent to the existing highway to increase passing trade

Mix of land uses predominantly along the primary movement routes through the site

A new mosque will be proposed along the existing primary highway so that it is easily accessible and provides the existing residents with a reason to visit the site

Residential Retail/Commercial Retail at ground level, residential above

Attracting tourism and creating new jobs

Education

By providing an attractive new hybrid quarter which is unlike anything else in the city will draw the interest of tourists and international visitors, providing a reasoning for number of retail, commercial and leisure facilities.

Leisure

Religious

Flexible use Flexible use at ground level, residential above

The ecological mangroves along the waterfront will be a key asset in terms of attract tourists and other international visitors due to its unique location and environmental qualities. By also integrating various travel routes across and into the site allows for visitors to use the implemented public transport system and increase the economic revenue for the area. The proposed retail and leisure facilities will help to sustain a local economy which can be put back into the management and development of these facilities; as well as towards the maintenance of the green and blue infrastructure to keep bringing visitors back.

Waterfront mangrove

N NTS

Land Use Parameter Plan

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Blocks, Plots & Buildings The site runs from course grain plots on the South East, consisting of taller buildings (up to 8 floors) and apartments, to a finer grain layout towards the coast. This is made up of 2/3 storey buildings of family homes and smaller apartment buildings.

COURSE GRAIN

MEDIUM GRAIN

Fine Grain Plots

FINE GRAIN

Medium Grain Plots

N

Course Grain Plots

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Hybrid Dubai

Sustaibility: Solar Energy Due to the sites location in the middle east and one of the objectives being to create a sustainable district in the heart of Dubai we will be providing solar panels on roofs of the majority of buildings across the site. This is in line with Dubai’s aim to install solar panels on the roof of every building in the country, helping to meet the countries aim to generate 25% of its power from solar by 2030. Solar panels will be oriented towards the south west in order to maximise their exposure to the sun. The blue arrows on the diagram show the prevailing wind and how it is able to enter into the site through our street network and then filter through to the perimeter of the site.

089

N Roof Solar Panels

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Solar Panel Coverage

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Sustainability: Cooling and Water Harvesting

Key

Wind Towers, Building orrientation

Wind Tower Solar Cooling Tower

On the site we have utilised two different types of wind towers-

Water Harvester

1. Wind towers- They work by using louvres on the top, these capture the prevailing wind and channel it down into the tower. Following this the air passes through mist jets which cool and humidify the air, finally the air is channelled out the bottom of the tower into the street and public realm creating a more comfortable environment.

2. Solar cooling tower- This works similar the previous one but in reverse, by channelling the hot air in the bottom and forcing it upwards, it helps to dissipate the hot air into the streets and ventilate it out.

These two towers create a natural cooling network which works with the prevailing wind to create a walkable environment. From the diagram you can see how the towers located towards the coast capture the prevailing wind and channel it into the streets, as the wind flows through the development it begins to warm as it dissipates through the street network, when the wind penetrates far enough into the development the solar cooling towers draw the hot air out from the street network and expel it upwards above the blocks.

The site also features natural water harvesters, these are inspired by the Dutch biotope created by architects from the Netherlands for the 2020 Dubai Expo. They have been included in the site to help generate fresh drinkable water using sustainable methods. The device creates its own micro climate by using solar panels to power lights to grow plants.

Water droplets from the air can then be condensed on a cooling plate providing drinkable water to sustain plants and small numbers of people. The water can then be sprayed into the air creating cool environment for public realm round it.

These devices will be placed along the coast within the mangrove fields which provide stopping points along walks through the area for people to stop at and re-hydrate.

N

Wind Towers & Water Sources 090

Key Learnings•

Cooling network moves cold air through the site and expels warm air

•

Water harvesters in public realm create their own micro - climate

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Wind Towers

Solar Cooling Towers

Wind Tower and Solar Cooling

Netherlands Pavilion - Dubai Expo

Hybrid Dubai

Sustainability: Cooling and Water Harvesting Building & Block Orientation As our site lies along the coast, in the direction of the prevailing wind, the building heights need to be laid out in a way to avoid blocking the wind. Having the blocks orientated at a 45 degree angle allows the wind to travel over the blocks through the development and then circulate into the courtyards to provide a natural cooling effect. This can be seen in the diagram from Dubai’s Master Planning Guidelines document. The adjacent image then shows the cross section through our development and how our massing complies with the guidelines as well as benefitting our vision.

As part of our vision to create usable outdoor spaces in which each member of the community can meet and interact, block orientation is key to achieving this. The guidelines permit blocks which are closed on the south-east and south-west sides. This is to allow the buildings to shade the internal courtyards providing a cooler atmosphere for the residents. This idea has then been replicated throughout the development with all buildings. This strategy also helps to shade the adjacent streets. By having narrow streets with buildings orientated towards the south-east it helps to provide a shaded movement network across the site which also helps to meet our vision of creating a walkable district.

MASTERPLANNING GUIDELINES

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Massing & Building Height- The buildings heights should decrease gradually to implement passive cooling system within the master plan.

Massing in line with wind direction - The building heights decrease as it goes closer to the waterfront as stated in the guidelines. This ensures that the prevailing winds can come into the development.

091

Block Orientation- With the south facade being most exposed to the sun, the buildings should be planned to avoid fenestrations and open spaces facing the south side.

092

Block Orientation- The masterplan has been designed to consider the block orientations with respect to the sun direction.The south facades are treated with mashrabiya patterns or recessed windows.

Shaded Open Spaces

Like the building’s massing, the streets have also been orientated to take advantage of the prevailing wind. By having streets which are oriented along the wind direction helps to capture and filter it into our development further providing a natural cooling system along the streets. In our design proposal the further you move into the development the more the streets begin to angle slightly, this helps to further channel the air through development as its speed and power begin to dissipate.

Key Learnings•

Urban Grid and Street Orientation- Urban grid should be oriented to be in line with wind direction to allow the wind to flow through the masterplan rather then obstruct it.

Massing to capture prevailing wind

• •

Urban grid and street orientation to take advantage of prevailing winds from the north-west

093

Block orientation to create shaded public realm

• •

Street network filters wind into the development

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Ecological Layers Our ecological strategy focuses on creating layers of ecology going from a dense ecological value with mangroves along the water front. Then a lower density ecology right before the built environment starts. The strategy then takes low level shrubbery and trees along the streets of the development. We also propose water channels in from the sea as a way of cooling down the development.

Key

High Density Ecology Low Density Ecology Blue Networks Street Planting & Shrubbery

We propose the utilisation of native flora in order to reduce the need for addition of water.

Native plants for UAE (Arabian Gulf) 100

099

Date Palm

Cornulaca Monacantha

094

Safrawi

Native plants for UAE (Mangrove Park) 096

095

097

Ecological Map

Desert Hyacinth

Grey mangrove

Aerial roots

098 Board-walk & Mangrove

High Ecological Density Low Built Density

Pedestrian Street

Public Open Space

Vehicle Street

Low Ecological Density High Built Density

Jubail Mangrove Park

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Hybrid Morphology

Building Level

Block Level

Masterplan Level 101

Analysing typologies at different scales The way to approach the hybrid design would be to understand the architecture and urban design practices of the past and try to utilize these principles in contemporary design. Based on the research of the traditional Arabic architecture and the current contemporary architecture styles of Dubai, our proposal would take in the positives of both models to synthesise the Hybrid typology.

This would help achieve designs that would be sustainable while integrating to the heritage of the emirate. It would also focus on providing a space that is culturally responsive to immigrants and affordable to people from all levels of the social construct.

Traditional building typology - Courtyard type

Traditional residential block typology

Traditional Typology

Al Shindagha District 102

Contemporary Typology

Hybrid Typology

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Contemporary building typology - Skyscraper

Contemporary residential block typology

Sheikh Zayed Road

Hybrid Model- Perimeter Block Typology- The masterplan is designed to have perimeter blocks that decrease in height as it goes from the edge of the site to the water. tunnel effect. Futhermore, the plots within the blocks vary in height to follow a simiar

principle to acheive wind tunnel effect.

Whereas the blocks on the opposite side are accesible through vehicles and hence its larger coarse grain structure.

Different block typologies within the masterplanThe blocks near the water have a finer grain and are aimed to be pedetsrian accessible.

Hybrid Dubai

Site Sections

Board-walk & Mangrove

Pedestrian Street

Public Open Space

Vehicle Street

Low Density

River Street

3.5m 1.5m

Pedestrain Street

10m

1.5m 3.5m

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Vehicle Street

4-6m

67

High Density

3m

Vehicle and Tram Street

6m

3m

3m

3m

3m

3m

3m

3m

3m

Hybrid Dubai

Street Typologies: Pedestrain Street The majority of the site is made up of pedestrian streets ranging from 4 meters to 8 meters wide. These are covered with canopy’s or trees to create shaded pedestrian spaces.

N

L TIA N E SID RE

1:10000

103

1.0 - 3.0m - Ground floor setback 4.0 - 8.0m - Pedestrian

N 1:500

Dubai Old Town

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Hybrid Dubai

Street Typologies: Pedestrain and Tram Street 7 water feature streets enter the site to provide cooling through the water, as well as creating an engaging public space with access to the water.

N

L TIA N E SID RE

1:10000

104

1.0 - 3.0m - Ground floor setback 3.5m - Pedestrian 1.5m - Planting 10.0m - River 1.5m - Planting 3.5m - Pedestrian

N 1:500

Madinat Jumeirah - Dubai

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Hybrid Dubai

Street Typologies: Pedestrain and Tram Street The South entrance is accessed through a pedestrian and tram street that combines the connectivity of the tram with the walk-ability of the street design.

This street would be closed to regular traffic.

L TIA N E SID RE

N 1:10000

IL TA RE

105

1.0 - 3.0m - Ground floor setback 4.4m - Pedestrian/ Bike 3.0m - Tramway 4.4m - Pedestrian/ Bike

N 1:500

Tram and Pedestrian Street - Qatar

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Street Typologies: Vehicle Street To enable car access on the South East of the site a 2 lane road design is proposed. Note the increased density of the buildings along this side of the site.

L TIA N E SID RE

N 1:10000

IL TA RE

106

1.5 - 4m - Ground floor setback 3.0m - Pedestrian 6.0m - Car lanes 3.0m - Pedestrian

N 1:500

Street - Qatar

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Street Typologies: Tram and Vehicle Street Our main route through the middle of the site consists of a tramway as well as 2 lanes for vehicles. Again, note the mix of canopy’s and planting to provide shade on the streets.

IAL NT E SID RE E AC P S RK WO TAIL RE

N 1:10000

107

1.5 - 4m - Ground floor setback 3.0m - Pedestrian 3.0m - Car lane 6.0m - Tramway 3.0m - Car lane 3.0m - Pedestrian

N 1:500

Tram and Vehicle Street - Netherlands

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Hybrid Dubai

Street Typologies: Tram Stop There are 3 tram stops proposed on our site, these are located along the primary arterial road. These are designed with a contemporary mashrabiya screen design to fit with the hybrid style of the development.

IAL NT E SID RE E AC P S RK WO TAIL RE

N 1:10000

108

1.5 - 4m - Ground floor setback 3.0m - Pedestrian 3.0m - Car lane 3.0m - Tramway 3.0m - Tramstop 3.0m - Tramway 3.0m - Car lane 3.0m - Pedestrian

N 1:500

Tram Stop - Netherlands

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Hybrid Dubai

Building Typologies 109

A range of building typologies are proposed across the site. These buildings will range in density depending on their location, and their use, with the building hights at a minimum of 2 floors, and a maximum of 8 floors. We have proposed 5 building typologies which combine the architectural, and environmental positives of the historic architecture of Dubai, as well as utilizing the modern technology and efficiency of contemporary design.

While these 5 proposals show a range of different styles present on our site, they are by no means the only designs that could be proposed. These building serve as an example of the type of construction that would be developed. These would enable the site to have a diverse range of architecture, while being spatially, and environmentally efficient.

8 FLOORS

N

6 FLOORS 4 FLOORS

Location on Site

Masdar City - Abu Dhabi

2 FLOORS

110

111

Historic Wind Tower - Dubai

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Sydney Towers - Sydney

74

Masdar city style facade

Hybrid Dubai

Building Typologies 113

112

N

N

Location on Site

Traditional Islamic mashrabiya window

Traditional Islamic Windows and wind tower

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Location on Site

Al Bahar - Dubai

Al Bahar active facade

75

Hybrid Dubai

Building Typologies 114

115

N

N

Location on Site

Islamic Centre - Netherlands

Offset Windows - Islington London

Recessed Window Facade

Mashrabiya pattern facade

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Location on Site

76

Hybrid Dubai

Character Area: Central Square

N Masterplan Location 116

Pedestrian Street - Qatar 117

Public Square With Tram - Qatar

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

Central Square

77

Hybrid Dubai

Character Area: River Street

N Masterplan Location 118

Street Canopy’s - Historic Dubai 119

Public Square With Tram - Qatar

URBD7019: Urban Design in Challenging Contexts

River Street

78

Hybrid Dubai

Character Area: Landmark Windtower

N Masterplan Location 120

Wind Tower - Masdar City 121

Historic Waterfront - Dubai

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Central Square

79

Hybrid Dubai

Users

Our goal is to create a development that can accommodate the diverse culture of Dubai. We believe each of the people from the different nationalities, religious backgrounds or economic class can live in or visit our site. However, we have decided to design the space in order to address the more prevailing issues of Dubai, we have decided to target the Working Class, Families and Children, Women and Tourists.

Working class people are often the lower class and forgotten about and are put in slum like accommodations, they are mostly made up by the Pakistanis, Indians, Filipinos and Other South Asians. We aim to provide a knitted community with affordable public transport, flexible community spaces and local amenities to allow the lower class to live on our development. We will also provide single room rented accommodations to allow affordable living within the scheme.

Families and Children will be a primary target group as well due to the proximity of schools we are providing on the site. We believe this can promote activity for children as they can walk from their dwellings to the schools and this can promote socialisation. Families will also benefit from the public transport system and will be able to save on living costs from school runs.

Women have been left out of the design of Public Realm as well as the design of interior buildings. The spaces have all been designed predominantly for men.

While some public squares provide active frontages not all of them do and most connective roads have no eyes of the street. We’re promoting active frontages throughout the whole site. We are aiming for a gender neutral public realm across all of our site by designing for women to feel safe in all public spaces.

Working Class

Families and Children

Women

Tourists

(Mohammed)

(Ria and Dhruv)

(Fatimah)

(John and Jayne)

Tourists are an important aspect of Dubai’s identity & economy however the main attraction is the flashy developments. We believe with our scheme we can provide an attraction that fulfills the retail and malls that tourists are generally attracted to, while providing natural attractions such as the mangrove park, and the traditional style fine grain quarter. We believe this can set a precedent for the tourism industry and provide a new attraction which teaches people about the ecology and traditional architectural methods of Dubai.

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Users Journeys

On the right we have illustrated the journeys that each of the targeted users could take in order to understand how these different people could use the site.

Mohammed is a working-class man living in the development. He lives close to the waterfront in a shared apartment (1). He begins his day by going to work in a retail store (2). During prayer time / namaaz he goes to the flexible worship space that is close to his workplace (3). In the evening he walks through the river street to the mangrove park for a relaxing experience (4).

Mohammed

Ria and Dhruv

Fatimah

John and Jayne

Key

Mohammed

Ria and Dhruv begin their journey to school from their house in the traditional district (1). Once they finish their day in school (2), they will take the narrow paths through to the seaside green spaces in order to relax and play with their friends (3).

Ria and Dhruv 2

Fatimah John and Jayne

1

Fatimah has just moved to the development and lives in an apartment on the south side (1). This is beneficial for her as she is only 5 minutes from her office. She begins the day by going to the office (2). She then leaves the office to the nearby Boulevard and does some shopping (3). After this, she goes to relax on the refreshing River Street to read a book (4).

2 3

3

1

John and Jayne are visiting Dubai and have just arrived on the Hybrid Dubai development via the new tram network (1). They will proceed to visit the mall adjacent to the tram stop, and the waterfront retail development (2). After, they will take a walk along the mangrove park to visit the Architectural Wind Tower landmark of the site (3). After this they will visit one of the traditional squares which contains a river from the ocean (4). They will have dinner in the square and proceed to the nearby tram stop to head back to their hotel.

4

2 4 3

1

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3

4

1

2

Hybrid Dubai

6.0

Conclusion

Sustainability With environmental, sustainability, and renewable resource features implemented, we have addressed both local and city-wide challenges to becoming more sustainable. By re-naturalising the water edge we have added a high ecological value area within central Dubai. This was done in order to help cool the city as well as adding to the larger scale ecological network of Dubai.

Meeting the Vision

Economy Dubai's economy thrives from tourists and oil. With oil being a depleating resource, we are proposing alternative sustainable resources which in the long run can aid Dubai's economy. We are also proposing a natural and traditionally responsive development which will be a unique attraction to Dubai. This model could also be an example for future investment.

Connectivity The proposed tram line extension connects the development with the wider area and creates connections to wider Dubai. Vehicular access has been reduced but not eliminated as we learned from Masdar city, eliminating vehicle use is in the far future of Dubai. This allowed us to create pedestrian only zones within the development which helped increase permeability. This led to narrow streets which provide good shade especially with the addition of canopies and greenery for cooling.

Public Realm With the usage of shading and greenery on the streets and in public open spaces, we have created a more permeable public realm within the context of Dubai. This development benefits from the high intensification of land use to create comfortable public spaces.

Social and Culture Dubai's diverse culture has had its needs thoroughly analysed and met through safer streets for women by activating frontages, as well as designing flexible use spaces for the multi-cultural people. We have aimed to improve the affordability of the development making it more appealing to all classes. The addition of comfortable public open spaces has allowed us to deliver more opportunities for socialisation.

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Hybrid Dubai

Conclusion The project has demonstrated a number of urban design principles to ensure Dubai can achieve the governmental ambition for 2040 in increasing population to 5.8 million people. The project has proposed the potential new approach for Dubai's intensification that challenges the current Dubai global identity.

In general, we have been able to apply our design ideas successfully, and the resulting design achieves the identified vision while delivering a density of 800 people per hectare.

Our Hybrid Vision is a idyllic model in comparison to the current context of Dubai. This proposal seeks to set a precedent for future developments and highlights similar issues to the proposal in Masdar, while keeping in touch with Dubai's current identity.

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Whats Next?

We have identified several issues within the context of Dubai and have proposed viable solutions on a masterplan level. To further resolve these issues at the street and block scale, we will research some of these topics further in our individual work. Some of these have been highlighted below.

Pedestrian mobility How can the pedestrian-only parts of the site be designed to deliver the most pleasant user experience and promote walkability in such a car-oriented city?

Social cohesion How can social interaction be achieved between residents and visitors, locals and tourists in the growing city?

Housing typology What housing typologies are appropriate for the context in relation to the identity of Dubai and contemporary needs?

Vertical spaces and uses How can spaces and uses be vertically designed to maximise building efficiency and deliver a comfortable urban environment?

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7.0

References

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11.

12.

13.

7.

Gândul. 2022. GALERIE FOTO. Istoria Dubaiului în imagini. Cum a evoluat emiratul de la un sat de pescari la ‘’’’Manhattan-ul’’’’ Orientului Mijlociu. [online] Available at: <https://www.gandul.ro/poze/galerie-fotoistoria-dubaiului-in-imagini-cum-a-evoluat-emiratul-de-la-un-sat-depescari-la-manhattan-ul-orientului-mijlociu-9629066?pic=19> [Accessed 28 February 2022].

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Hybrid Dubai