Urban design project in Oxford

RE-STATE URBD7017 - Group 1 Alicia Desmay Hernandez, Timirlans Abidovs, Matthew Chisnall, Loo Ying Yee (Bridget) & Georgia Foy

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Contents Aerial Views

42

Sustainability

66

22

Aerial View of Osney Mead Proposal

43

Green Hierarchy

67

Character Areas

23

Aerial View of Oxpens Proposal

44

Environmental Enhancement

68

5

Building Typologies

24

Design Explanation

45

Sustainability

69

Vision

6

Place Identity

25

Character Areas

46

Sustainable Urban Drainage

70

Vision

7

Planning Policy

26

Building Heights

47

Rainwater Harvesting

71

Design Actions

8

SWOT Analysis

27

Analysis of View Cones

48

Land Value

72

Design Inspiration

9

Design Development

29

Land Use

49

Building Provision

73

Phasing

74

Conclusion

75

Contents

2

Existing Local Businesses & Community Facilities on Site

21

1.0

Introduction

3

Historic Development

Project Brief

4

Introduction to Site 2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Site Appraisal

10

Design Actions

30

Innovation Quarter

51

Key views & Oxford View Cones

11

Design Concept

32

Residential Typologies

52

Site Visit

11

Design Feedback

33

Micromobility

54

Conclusion

76

Blue & Green Networks

12

Proposed Masterplan

34

Integrated Active Travel Network

55

References

77

Flooding

13

Morphology: Blue & Green Networks

35

Bridge Connections

56

Figures

78

Topography

14

Morphology: Mobility Networks

36

Electric Cables & Pylons

57

Appendix 1

80

Mobility Netwrok

15

Morphology: Blocks

37

Site Sections

58

Appendix 2

82

Local Mobility Network

16

Morphology: Blocks & Plots

38

Street Types

60

Site Movement Network

17

Morphology: Blocks, Plots & Buildings

39

Public Square

62

Demographics

18

Masterplan in Relation to Vision

40

Play Space

63

A Neighbourhood for People

19

Community Spaces

64

Surrounding Land Uses

20

A Neighbourhood for People

65

9.0

Team We are a multi-disciplinary team from a variety of backgrounds who have worked collaboratively to prepare this masterplan.

Alicia Desmay Hernandez, MArchD programme Background in architecture

2

Timirlans Abidovs, MAUD programme

Matthew Chisnall, MAUD programme

Background in urban design

Background in urban design

Loo Ying Yee (Bridget), MArchD programme Background in architecture

Georgia Foy, MAUD programme Background in heritage, townscape and planning

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

1 Introduction

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Project Brief

Kevin Murray Associates and Oxford City Council (OCC) have outlined requirements for a masterplan for the Oxpens and Osney Mead sites that integrate the two sites within the wider West End of Oxford. Both sites are allocated within the Oxford City Council Local Plan 2016 to 2036 (adopted June 2020) and the masterplan needs to meet the policy requirements of each allocation, as well as delivering a minimum residual land value of £4.5million per hectare.

The relevant policy documents for the brief are as follows: •

Oxford City Council Local Plan 2016 to 2036 (adopted June 2020)

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Policy AOC1 Area of Change: West End & Osney Mead

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Policy SP1: Sites in the West End

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Policy SP2: Osney Mead Industrial Estate

Policy AOC1 Area of Change: West End & Osney Mead The West End of Oxford has been identified in the local plan as needing regeneration and increased connection into the city centre.

Policy SP1: Sites in the West End

Policy SP2: Osney Mead Industrial Estate

This policy identifies several sites for redevelopment of which Oxpens is one.

Osney Mead requirements:

Maintain a diverse employment base

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Minimum of 247 homes

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Innovation Quarter looking to Oxford’s knowledge economy

Mixed use development

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‘Create high-density urban living that makes efficient use of land’

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Minimum of 450 homes (residential and/or student accommodation)

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‘Maintain a vibrant mix of uses’

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Enhances Oxpens Field to create quality public space

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‘Has regard to the framework set out in the West End Design Code’

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Creates new, high-quality public open space

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Provides active frontage at Oxpens Road

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Provide high-quality public open space

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Connectivity to Osney Mead by facilitating creation of a pedestrian and cycle bridge

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Development should have regard to Oxpens SPD

Encourage connectivity to wider area via existing footpaths and a new pedestrian and cycle bridge across the river

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Provide a flood management strategy

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Provide a flood management strategy

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Consider potential noise issues, proximity to railway and improving walking & cycling links

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Development should have a positive impact on views of Historic Core, particularly from Hinksey Hill, - this should bear in mind the height restrictions of 15m and 18m

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Medium-high density development at low-medium rise due to the height restrictions in the area

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Enhanced permeability of site and connection to the river

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Consider air quality concerns, potential contamination as light industrial site and improving walking & cycling links

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‘Maximise the area’s contribution to Oxford’s knowledge economy’

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‘Enhance public realm along the waterways’

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Oxpens Masterplan Supplementary Planning Document (2013)

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‘Enhance connectivity throughout the area, including along and across waterways’

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‘Enhance the pedestrian and cycling experience’

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‘Ensure that the heritage of the area informs and guides new development proposals’ including consideration of the effects on the settings of surroundign listed buildings and conservation areas, and avoiding competition to the views of the historic core (maximum heights of 15-18m)

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‘Create easy and attractive transport interchange’

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‘Reduce car parking’ (OCC, 2020)

West End Design Code (2007) The site allocations in Policy SP1 stipulate that the proposed masterplan should follow the requirements of the West End Design Code which covers the West End (excluding Osney Mead) The three main innovations recommended by the Design Code to give the West End a distinctive local identity are: •

A variable street ‘mesh’ improving permeability & connectivity;

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Coding for variety to improve legibility; and

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Integrating shared space

Oxpens Masterplan SPD (2013)

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•

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West End Design Code (2007)

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Mixed use development including employment uses, academic uses, student accommodation, employer-linked affordable housing and market housing

New development within the Area of Change should:

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Figure 1.1. Extract of OCC Policies Map (2020) demonstrating key site allocations.

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Oxpens requirements:

This document sets a vision for Oxpens including: an integrated scheme that enhances connections to the West End; maximise the use of land and promote sustainable development; high architectural design quality to attract investment; positively address Oxpens Meadow and the river, activate Oxpens Road; a balance of housing, business and complimentary uses; and reflect the local identity and character of Oxford.

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Introduction to site

The proposed development site comprises two separate sites: Oxpens and Osney Mead. They are located on the west side of Oxford and identified in the Oxford Local Plan as part of the West End Area of Change.

Strategically, the site is located close to key road and rail connections to major UK cities: London, Birmingham and Bristol via Oxford Station and the A40 (via Botley Road).

Ox-Cam Arc is a key economic growth area identified by the UK government. The recently published report ‘Planning for sustainable growth in the Oxford- Cambridge Arc’ (Feb 2021) identifies issues and threats to be addressed within the arc including: natural environment and climate change (including car dependency, poor air quality and flood risk across the region), connectivity and infrastructure (particularly eastwest connectivity and car dependency in the region) and the availiability of homes where they are most needed (due to poor housing affordability) (p.6). These development priorities will be reflected in our vision.

Figure 1.2. Oxford-Cambridge Arc

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Figure 1.3. Aerial view of Oxpens and Osney Mead sites

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2 Vision

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Vision Our vision for RE-STATE is to transform the Osney Mead Industrial Estate and Oxpens site into an innovative neighbourhood; which responds to current and future challenges faced by Oxford’s communities.

Meeting the client brief

RE-STATE

Understanding Key Challenges

To meet the client brief, we are proposing to include the following within our masterplan:

Our concept of RE-STATE was created as way to RE-invent the Osney Mead and Oxpens site drawing from their former STATE, both as part of the green surroundings of Oxford and then part of its 19th and 20th century industrialisation. Therefore, we aim to reinvent the area as a centre of innovation, as per its industrial past and present, but in a green and sustainable context for future generations. Our development looks to the future, but is rooted in the past.

For our ‘system-conscious’ design, we have considered the key challenges that face the future of our development. These are:

Rising temperatures

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The Climate Crisis;

Increased flood risk

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Post-Pandemic Living; and

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Social Polarisation.

• •

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A resilient site in terms of flood management and climate mitigation.

A connected place by increasing permeability within the site, the connections between Oxpens and Osney Mead, and their connections to Oxford’s city centre and green belt.

An activated place with increased active frontages, legibility and an integrated mix of business, residential, community and commercial land uses to support the creation of an innovation quarter.

•

A minimum of 450 homes at Oxpens and 247 homes at Osney Mead including 50% affordable housing.

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A connection to the waterfront.

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A sequence of key public spaces drawing people into the site.

Our goal with RE-STATE is therefore to deliver INNOVATIVE LIVING which draws from the current needs of the people we envision living in our site, but creates a resilient and future-proof neighbourhood which responds to the percieved current and future challenges faced by Oxford’s communities.

In our goal for innovation, it links to, but aims to go beyond, the UK Government’s Innovation Strategy (2021) and plan to Build Back Better (2021) in that it facilitates investment to research and development including university-business innovation and the ‘Science Superpower Agenda’ but it aims to promote inclusivity and new ways of living rather than looking only to the private sector for innovation.

In order to facilitate innovation and create resilience and future-proofing, we have to re-orient our approach to masterplanning. We draw from the Design Council’s System Shifting Design report (2021) to consider both system-conscious design (which has an awareness of the wider system and how systemic issues are connected) and system-shifting design (which aims to change a system).

We do not claim to ‘re-make the system’ with our design, but we aim to design with an awareness of the current systemic challenges and with the goal to facilitate a future system shift. We cannot design a resilient place without this awareness and ambition which will stay within the ‘safe and just space for humanity’ between the social foundation and ecological ceiling advocated in Doughnut Economics (Raworth, 2012)

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These are illustrated to the right. Our consideration of these challenges are informed by the scenario testing workshops undertaken with the client team in October 2021.

Our ultimate goal for Innovative Living is sustainability meaning ‘meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations’ (Design Council, Beyond Net Zero, 2021 p.1) We aim to address these challenges with five design objectives that will create a resilient development for future communities. These will promote inclusivity, a sense of community, wellbeing, a sustainable local economy and a strong relationship between people and nature. These design objectives are: Local neighbourhoods Climate resilience

Sustainable movement Inclusive communities Thriving local economy

Increased chance of extreme weather events Post-Pandemic Living Social isolation Struggling high streets Struggling local businesses Poor mental health and wellbeing Access to nature Social Polarisation Lack of affordable housing Wealth gap Access to education Ageing population Racial injustice Gender inequity Ableism

All Interlinked

•

A method for sustainable living.

Climate Crisis

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Design Actions Within our five design objectives, we have identified the following design actions.

Community facilities

Quality healthcare services Easily accessible amenities

Climate mitigation Local

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Compact green

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Flexible co-working spaces

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Multi-purpose spaces

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Local economy

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Pedestrian-orientated streets & spaces

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Local public transport

Housing diversity Micro-mobility Affordable housing Multicultural & intergenerational neighbourhood

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Design Inspiration Paintworks, Bristol

Accordia, Cambridge

We wanted to draw from the innovative housing design and diversity within paintworks, integrated with flexible co-working spaces and local businesses.

King’s Cross, London We were inspired by the creation of a distinctive place that now forms a destination and thriving local economy, reinterpreting its industrial heritage to create high-quality public spaces.

We appreciate the holistic approach taken here to create an innovative and desirable place to live integrated with environmental and sustainable design

Yanweizhou Park, Jinhua, China We consider this to be an exemplar of landscape design which creates innovative and attractive solutions to designing for flooding and other environmental challenges

Figure 2.2. Paintworks, Bristol

Figure 2.3. King’s Cross, London

Figure 2.4. Accordia Living, Cambridge

Figure 2.5. Yanweizhou Park, China

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3 Site Appraisal

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Key views & Oxford View Cones

Site visit

There are two wider strategic views of the site protected by Oxford View Cones. Extracts of these were taken from the Oxford Views Study (Oxford Preservation Trust, 2015) and annotated.

We visited the site on 22nd September and accompanied by the client on 29th September to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the site, its connections and wider context.

Oxford View Cone from Raleigh Park Osney Mead Oxpens Osney Mead Industrial Estate detracts from the foreground of the view with its large, commercial buildings.

Oxpens has limited visibility behind Osney Mead, although the upper elements of Student Castle may now be visible.

Figure 3.3. Public pathway on Osney Mead site

Figure 3.6. Main street on Osney Mead

Figure 3.4. Osney Lock

Figure 3.7. Electric pylons on Osney Mead entrance

Figure 3.5. Oxford Student Castle

Figure 3.8. Oxpens Meadow

Figure 3.1.View from Raleigh Park

Oxford View Cone from Boars Hill Osney Mead Oxpens There is limited visibility of both sites due to the distance away, however the pylons at Osney Mead are visible and detract somewhat from the appearance of the skyline.

Figure 3.2.View from Boars Hill

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Blue & Green Networks

Blue & Green Infrastructure Through mapping the wider blue and green infrastructure surrounding the site, it is clear that the site both contains and is in close proximity to key green spaces and the network of rivers and streams which characterise Oxford. As such, the site has some high value green infrastructure within it (Oxpens Meadow) and a high ecological potential due to the richness and diversity of vegetation in its surroundings.

In our proposal we aim to retain Oxpens Meadow and the vegetation surrounding Osney Mead/to the south of Oxpens.

We would draw from the surrounding green infrastructure to ‘green’ the site with green corridors across the site, street planting, and vegetation.

This will allow the green infrastructure to be connected to the wider context and promote local biodiversity, as well as access to nature for local residents.

While the proximity to the river is a constraint in terms of potential flooding, there are key opportunities here to draw from the amenity of the riverside and the important river-side pathways.

Figure 3.9. Existing blue and green network on the site and surroundings

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Flooding Topography Analysis & Surface Water Runoff

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Due to the context of the site within a flood zone and in close proximity to the river, the potential for flooding and need for flood mitigation has been considered at a macro and micro scale. From the analysis of topography and surface water runoff, we have realised that: •

Osney Mead floods from the south-west due to the nearby hills that drain the water onto the site and surroundings; and

•

The Oxpens site floods in the centre due to the changes in level (centre of site is 2m lower than the rest of the site.

As such, flood mitigation needs to consider the role of topography and the direction of the surface water run-off in the placement of flood mitigation. Flood mitigation precedents such as Yangweizhou Park and Hammarby Sjostad have been studied to understand how to manage flooding in the area and reduce the risk to future development on the site 13

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Figure 3.10. Map showing the topography surrounding the site and the surface water runoff from the nearby hills.

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Figure 3.11. Map showing the direction of the water flooding the site.

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Site Boundary

Site Boundary

High-risk flood zone

High-risk flood zone

Water runoff direction

Water runoff direction

Figure 3.12. Image of the site during flood season (February 2014)

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Legend

Commercial

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Greenbelt

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Cafes, Bars & Restaurants

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Topography within the site An analysis of the topography of the site demonstrates that the site is relatively flat throughout. The relatively consistent level of the site means that flood mitigation strategies need to be considered throughout the site Within Oxpens, the ground level dips at the centre by 2.5m which currently provides flood capacity in the winter.

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There is the opportunity to respond to this change in levels in our masterplan development with a key feature or public space that maintains its role in providing flood capacity.

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Greenbelt

Mixed-use (Commercial & Offices)

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Figure 3.13. Site’s topography

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Mobility Networks

Education

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Major infrastructure Our site lies alongside some major transport infrastructure nodes that will help to connect out site to other destinations outside of Oxford. There are three main modes of transport which can help connect our site to the rest of the UK to help share information and knowledge.

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The first of which is the Oxford Rail Station which is located very close to our site and provides quick access to major UK cities such as London and Birmingham, and allows for an alternative to car-dependent travel.

The second is the River Thames, this provide an opportunity for connections via water through to the north of England and the west of England. This connection point is both a leisure activity and key route for long boats and house boats travelling through and mooring at Oxford.

Finally, the site lies in close proximity to the Oxford ring road, this provide connections for cars, motorcycles, buses, coaches and HGVs. The ring road links to some major cities outside of Oxford such as London, Birmingham, Swindon and Milton Keynes.

Figure 3.14. Wider Oxford mobility networks

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Figure 3.15. Oxford train station

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Figure 3.16. Boat in river Thames

Figure 3.17. Oxford to London bus

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Cafes, Bars & Restaurants

Local Mobility Network

Education

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Active travel opportunities The site is located along some of Oxford’s principle cycle routes. This provides key opportunities for travelling from outside of Oxford into the city and also being able to get to our site. This is made possible through the national cycle network which helps to link the north of Oxford to the south and south east of the city. The second form of cycle infrastructure (main roads with established cycle lanes) helps to connect the east of Oxford to the west as well as some keep routes in between and on the outskirts of the city.

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Both of these principle cycle networks help to connect some of the key transportation nodes. This allows people to travel into Oxford by different modes of transport helping to lower the reliance on cars. The cycle networks help to connect our site to both Oxford railway station and Oxford Parkway railway station. The cycle networks also connect to all four of the park and rides which are located around Oxford; in addition to the Gloucester green bus station. These connections could be exploited in our masterplan to further shift people’s mentality away from cars and towards public transport by providing people with the opportunity to take public transport and carbon neutral transportation options.

The link between connectivity and innovation The proximity of our site to Oxford Station, Gloucester Green Coach Station and the Park and Ride routes to the east and south facilitates innovation as it allows for easy commuting from our site to the centre of Oxford as well as out of Oxford.

Oxford Station is a key connector to major cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester, as well as commuter destinations surrounding Oxford such as Radley and Didcot Parkway for those who might work at our future development. It also provides connections to other hubs of innovation nearby such as Culham (for Culham Science Park) which might facilitate easy knowledge sharing.

Figure 3.18.Local mobility networks

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Site Movement Network Legend

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From the analysis of the existing mobility network we can see that there is already a sophisticated cycle network which will allow us to pursue certain design actions to promote the use of public transport, walking and cycling mobility as a viable option without requiring a car.

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Figure 3.19. Site mobility networks

Figure 3.22. Existing walking routes around site

Quiet Cycle Routes

Main Cycle Routes

There is a quiet cycle route which runs alongside the river Thames and the Osney Mead site. These are cycle lanes which don’t tent to have a paved surface but do connect some key area. They tend to be used for leisure cycling due to the nice views of connection with both the water and nature.

There are two of these main cycle routes close to both the Oxpens and Osney mead sites. These routes help to priorities cyclists over other forms of transport whilst also connecting the key destinations in Oxford.

Figure 3.23. Main cycle routes

Figure 3.20. Quiet cycle routes

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Figure 3.21. Secondary cycle routes

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Secondary Cycle Routes

Southern Connections

These cycle routes are part of the national cycle network, and help to link up key areas outside of Oxford such as Wheatly and Abingdon allowing people to commute into Oxford via bicycle. One of these routes passes through the Osney Mead site and helps to link the site to the city centre and Botley retail park.

Referring specifically to the north side of the Osney Mead site there are some good connections to Botley Road and to Osney. There are also opportunities to create a crossing at the west side to link to Oxpens, and another crossing to the south of Osney to connect it to the surrounding footpaths.

To the south of Osney Mead site there are an overall lack of connections. This is an opportunity for the site as it will allow access to the green space to the south side of the site. There are a number of walking routes through the meadows on this side of Oxford which provide scenic views and the opportunity for families to walk dogs in a safe and open space. The access to this area will be made possible by the addition of two possible new bridge crossing points to allow more opportunity to residents across the site to have access to the space.

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Demographics Legend

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Education

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Hotel

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Analysis of the demographics of the area has been undertaken to inform the proposed housing and use provision, and to density ensure it links back into the needs and opportunitiesPopulation of wider West Oxford

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Figure 3.24. Population density around sites

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0 to 10.0 people per hectare Projection: British National Grid

An analysis of population density using Digimap demonstrates a relatively low density throughout the area with Oxpens sitting in a higher density area than Osney Mead. This demonstrates two things: the opportunity to increase the density across the two sites in line with the site allocations; and the proposed density should respond to the existing densities i.e. higher density at Oxpens and lower at Osney Mead.

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10.1 to 20.0 people per hectare 20.1 to 30.0 people per hectare 30.1 to 40.0 people per hectare 40.1 to 50.0 people per hectare 50.1 to 60.0 people per hectare 60.1 to 70.0 people per hectare 70.1 to 100.0 people per hectare 100.1 to 200.0 people per hectare 200.1 and over people per hectare

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Contains ONS or NRS data licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.

Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database rights 2021 Ordnance Survey (100025252). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY

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Georgia Foy Oxford Brookes University

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Map Product: This layer shows an estimate of the population density of the usual resident population at Figure 3.25. around sites the Population time of thetypes Census.

Scale 1:10000 Basemap: 0 100 200 300 400 500 Legend 600 700 Population typesVML Raster

Contains ONS or NRS data licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.

Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database rights 2021 Ordnance Survey (100025252). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY

Oct 14, 2021 22:39

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The analysis of population types via Digimap (and Office for National Statistics 2011 data) aims to understand the existing make up of the area.It identifies a high number of students and professionals linked to the university throughout the area (dark red/cosmopolitan category).

This suggests student services are well accommodated for but there are opportunities to integrate innovative uses linked to the university in the site.

There are only small pockets of areas characterised as families living in terraces and flats (light brown) and ageing urban iving (very light brown) which suggests there is a need for more family and multi-generational accommodation.

There are a mix of ‘socially rented new arrivals’ (yellow) and ‘established renters’ (pink) which are identified as more multicultural, as well as ‘affluent and highly qualified’ residents (cream) so a diverse mix of housing types, including affordable housing, should be provided in future development.

Rural Residents Cosmopolitans

Ethnicity Central

Multicultural Metropolitans Urbanites

Suburbanites

Constrained City Dwellers Hard-Pressed Living

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Georgia Foy Oxford Brookes University

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

A Neighbourhood for People Promoting Inclusivity

Approach

Users

Based in the demographics identified on the previous page, we have identified five groups who we anticipate living in and using the site. Our goal is to integrate all these users to ensure we create a place that is intergenerational, diverse and inclusive for all. This approach draws from Jan Gehl’s ‘Cities for People’ and the 8:80 Cities concept.

Oxford tends to accommodate for students and working professionals well and high numbers of these have been identified in the surrounding area so these make up two of our groups. We have then targetted visitors & tourists, elderly, reduced mobility & disabled and children for our site as these are not well accommodated for the West End currently. Through analysis the needs and wants of each group, we will accommodate into our masterplan design.

Children

I wish my neighbourhood to be safe from cars, so my parents aren’t stressed when I go outside to play with my friends. I’d love to live near playgrounds and play spaces and be close to school.

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Eldery, reduced mobility & disabled

My main wish is for Oxford to be equal and inclusive for all groups of people. I often feel segregated from the rest of the community since it is more difficult for me to move around the city. I wish to have more amenities and healthcare services near my home.

Visitors & tourists

Everyone is in love with Oxford’s unique architecture, misterious streets, and rich history and nature. I wish the city would preserve its style and character.

Whenever I visit a city, I wish to stay in an accommodation close to the city centre & with good public transport links.

Students

An ideal environment for me is the one where I can have an active life - play sports, go out on the weekends, do shopping, and travel easily to other cities by public transport. I also wish to live close to university and have nearby study spaces.

Working professionals

I wish I would spend less time commuting and use this time in a more enjoyable way. I’d love to live closer to my workplace.

I also wish to be surrounded by green spaces so I can have more active and healthy lifestyle, since I spend too much time indoors sitting at my desk.

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Commercial

Cementery

Offices & Labs

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Co-working Spaces

Private Gardens Nature Park

Cafes, Bars & Restaurants

Surrounding Land Uses

Education

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Community Amenities

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Hotel

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As part of our site analysis, we looked at the uses of the existing buildings surrounding our site. We took inspiration from the 15-minute neighbourhood, and we mapped out which are the services one could get to from our site within 800 meters (10-minute walking distance) and 400 meters (5-minute walking distance).

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Our analysis showed that there was a lack of supermarkets, health centres and bars/ restaurants surrounding our site. For this reason, in our masterplan we will aim to incorporate these services within our scheme and thus allow residents to access these services within a 5–10-minute walking distance.

Within Osney Mead and Oxpens, there is a lack of diversity of uses since they are primarily industrial. Our masterplan has the potential to enhance the diversity of uses within the sites.

Figure 3.27. Surrounding land uses within 800 & 400 meter radiuses

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Existing Local Businesses & Community Facilities on Site

Promoting Local Business & Co-Working Currently Osney Mead is relatively isolated and disparate, however within the industrial estate we have identified a variety of local, independent businesses within the site which contribute to the local economy. One of our key aims to integrate these existing businesses within the site, whether by retaining and refurbishing their existing premises or by providing new premises within the local centres of our masterplan. This would support the existing local economy, add variety to the commercial/business offering and therefore promote a thriving local economy.

These local businesses include: a fish and meat market, gym, laundry service, coffee shops and a conference centre that acts as a church/flexible community space. We aim to keep the church/conference centre since as a focal point of the community and reintegrate the other businesses within our proposed local centres.

On the site there is also an existing flexible co-working space (Urbanoid Workspace Oxford). In our proposed masterplan we hope to develop this idea of the flexible co-working spaces and incorporate more flexible spaces for people of all ages

Figure 3.28. Aldens Fishmarket & Restaurant

Figure 3.29. Jericho Coffee Traders Roastery & Spring Greens Cafe

Figure 3.30. Oxwash

Figure 3.31. Urbanoid Workspace Oxford

Figure 3.32. Aldens Meatmaster

Figure 3.33. The Athlete Centre

Figure 3.34. The King’s Centre/ Oxford Community Church

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Historic Development 1960

Historic Development of Oxpens & Osney Mead

Summary of historic development

An analysis of the historic development of Oxpens and Osney Mead has been undertaken to understand how the character of the site and its connections into the wider city have developed.

A summary of the historic development identifies the former industrial character of the is linked to the railway, as well as the large-scale changes to the site in the latter half of the 20th century which severed it from the city centre somewhat.

The understanding of the historic development of the West End of Oxford has informed the character and typology analysis on the next pages.

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Early mill at Osney Parishes of St Thomas and St Ebbes at the edge of what now forms Oxpens Late-19th century industrial development with associated workers cottages Early 20th century suburban expansion of Oxford 1930s clearance of St Ebbes and St Thomas 1940-50s initial industrial development at Osney Mead Futher modern industrial development at Osney & Oxpens and railways works (later cleared from the Oxpens site)

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Figure 3.35. Oxpens and Osney Mead in 1960

© Landmark Information Group Ltd and Crown copyright 2021. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

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Figure 3.35. Oxpens and Osney Mead in 1880

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Figure 3.35. Oxpens and Osney Mead in 1970 0

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Character Areas

Character Areas Analysis of the character of the site and surrounding areas shows a mix of historic and modern townscapes.

There are opportunities for enhancement to character and place identity at Oxpens and Osney Mead which are predominantly modern business/light industrial and open space which is vacant or in use for car parking.

Surrounding the Osney Mead site is predominantly historic terraces linked to the industrial development of the West End of Oxford in the second half of the 19th century.

The immediate surrounding of Oxpens are modern residential and institutional, however it is in close proximity to the varied historic core of Oxford including a mix of character types and uses.

There are opportunities to link the proposed development to the surrounding characters (i.e. historic terraces, historic industrial) with a contemporary interpretation of these characters to suit both current and future residents.

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Building typologies Within these character areas, a variety of building typologies have been identified in the surrounding area (see next page).

The intention is that the materials and forms of the surrounding typologies will inform the future design coding at the site.

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Modern institutional Historic commercial Modern commercial Historic industrial remnants Victorian terraces Victorian/Edwardian villas Modern residential blocks Modern houses - semi/detached Marina

Figure 3.38. Character areas in site and surrounding context 0

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Building Typologies

Figure 3.39. Surrounding building typology

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Place Identity

What makes up the place identity of Oxford and the West End:

Influence 1: Kings Cross, St Pancras - Canopy Market

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An historic core with surviving built fabric spanning nearly 1000 years defined by colleges and fine grain high streets.

Key factors to draw from:

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A settlement built upon the rivers which are characteristic of Oxford and define movement patterns and leisure activities.

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A well established green belt and easy links to the countryside.

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The West End expansion as part of late-19th century industrial development linked to the use of river transportation. It illustrates attempts by Oxford to accommodate an expanding population in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as the later integration of road traffic.

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A series of regular 19th and 20th century terraces.

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Views of the ‘Dreaming Spires’ which are protected by height restrictions of 18m within the Historic Core and View Cones.

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The approach to drawing on the industrial forms, integrated with the contemporary i.e. by creating flexible market space using canopies.

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Drawing from the former industrial character of the area and integrating it innovatively with the contemporary.

Figure 3.40. St Pancras Canopy Market

How would the proposal respond to place identity of West Oxford: •

Maintain architectural variety (in both forms and massing) as is evident within the local townscape of West Oxford, which will enhance visual amentiy and townscape value, as well as responding to different requirements of different uses and residents (i.e. terraces, apartment blocks etc).

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Create a series of recognisable character areas within the development to help wayfinding.

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Enhance ‘gateways’ into the site to create a local destination.

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Enhance connection with the river which is key to the historic development and identity of Oxford, and the connections with the wider green belt.

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Responding to the regularity of the terraces closest to Osney Town Conservation Area.

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Aim to be rooted in the past by drawing from the forms and materials of the historic industrial buildings, but reinterpreted in a contemporary context. This would create an identity distinctive to the West End of Oxford, separate

Influence 2: Jericho Wharf Key factors to draw from: •

A proposed canal-side wharf development creating a new public square and a destination for locals, as well as extending the public footpath and activating the canal frontage.

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The character of residential development drawing from the local character of terraces housing, but a contemporary interpretation.

Figure 3.42. Proposed Jericho Wharf

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Figure 3.41. St Pancras Canopy Market

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Planning Policy Local Constraints (OCC)

Green Infrastructure Policies G1 - Green & Blue Infrastructure G3 - Green Belt G4 - Allotments G5 - Outdoor Sports

Blue Infrastructure Policies Blue Infrastructure RE3 - Flood Zone Areas of Flooding

Figure 3.43. Green infrastructure policies

Figure 3.44. Blue infrastructure policies Built Heritage & Townscape Policies DH2 - Historic Core (18m height restriction) DH2 - View Cones (18m height restriction) DH3 - Conservation Areas DH3 - Listed Buildings

Site Allocations AOC1 - Area of Change SP1 - Sites in the West End SP2 - Osney Mead

Figure 3.45. Built heritage & townscape policies 26

Figure 3.46. Site allocation policies

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

SWOT Analysis Strengths & Opportunities

Strengths 1.

Close proximity to the city centre.

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Attractive water source adds sensory richness and amenity value.

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Proximity to transport nodes (bus and railway).

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Sufficient parking space for the commuting workers.

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Bike friendly environment.

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Proximity to green belts.

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Existing historic character of the area.

Opportunities 8.

Enhance connection between sites.

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Improve cycling networks.

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Improve connections with the water.

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Potential for student hub due to existing student accomodation, schools and college.

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Improve legibility within the sites.

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Protect and strengthen local economy.

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Green and blue infrastructure adds value.

Legend Site boundary

Prominent views

Non flood-risk area

Student connection

River surrounding site

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Local heritage asset (OHAR)

View cones Railway Figure 3.47. SWOT Analysis - Strengths & Opportunities

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

SWOT Analysis Weakness & Threats

Weaknesses 1.

Osney Mead is isolated from the city.

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Entrance to site is not welcoming due to barbed- wire fence.

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Poor street lighting.

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Water creates a barrier to Osney Mead (South Site).

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Inactive frontages, lack of activity.

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Noise and air pollution from the railway.

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Lack of identity.

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Lack of permeability (Cul-de-sac and block size).

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Limited connections between sites.

Threats 10.

Most of the site is a flood-risk area.

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Power lines network.

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Car dominated environment.

Legend Site boundary

Substation

Non flood-risk area

Access to sites

River surrounding site

Disconnectivity

Blocks

Noise pollution

Figure 3.48. SWOT Analysis - Weaknesses & Threats

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

4 Design Development

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Design Actions

Sustainable movement

Climate resilience

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To enhance the green connections into Oxpens via the Osney Mead site.

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To manage the flood capacity across the site sustainably, drawing from the understanding of topography and surface water run-off (from the south-west)

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Figure 4.2. Sustainable movement actions 0

To enhance the greening of the site, drawing from existing green networks, and create key green corridors across the site to improve air quality, reduce pollution, contribute to sustainable urban drainage, improve public and resident amenity and provide passive cooling via shading.

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Co-working Spaces

Figure 4.1. Climate resilience actions

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Opportunities to bring greening into site Green corridors Manage flood capacity

To identify key gateways into the site to improve the site’s permeability into wider Oxford; this would connect to both the surrounding green belt and to the city centre.

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To promote active travel by connecting to existing pedestrian links, improving travel time to the city centre, minimising car use/dependency and increasing access to nature

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To create a permeable network within the site

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To bury the electric cables which cut through the Osney Mead site to minimise disruption to movement networks and increase safety

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Legend Existing pedestrian links Gateways Key connections Buried electric lines (indicative location - actual location to be explored)

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Design Actions

Inclusive communities

Thriving local economy

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To arrange uses to draw people into the key nodes within the site, while maintaining quieter residential areas for family and inter-generational living.

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To encourage a diversity of uses within each site, each intermingling with the others in order to create inclusive communities and minimise divisions based on age or occupation.

To situate commercial, community and office uses in accessible distances from the residential communities.

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Figure 4.4. Thriving local economy and local neighbourhoods actions 0

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Figure 4.3. Inclusive communities actions

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To create key local centres within both the Osney Mead and Oxpens parts of the site which connect to eachother and then connect into the city centre (via the Westgate)

Local centres

To situate key community, commercial, office and flexible spaces near the local centres or along their connecting axis to create a sustainable local economy

Retained businesses

To retain some existing businesses to maintain their contribution to the local economy (and reduce the environmental effect of their demolition) To create local neighbourhoods which are supported by a variety of accessible amenities, including play space and allotments

Office/labs/commercial space Flexible community space (retained)

Hotel Medical centre Play space Allotments

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Design Concept

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Our design concept captures our design objectives by creating: •

A varied series of connections in and out of the site

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Several key connecting routes through Oxpens and Osney Mead

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A link between Oxpens and Osney Mead via a pedestrian/ cycle bridge

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A green corridor running through Osney Mead

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A green buffer between the development and the green belt spanning the southern boundary of Osney Mead and Oxpens

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A sequence of public spaces and play spaces running through both Oxpens and Osney Mead

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An activated waterfront at Osney Mead An activated frontage to the extended Oxpens Meadow

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A finer grain block structure than the existing site with active frontages throughout, in particular facing onto key connectors

Legend 1 storey 2 storeys 3 storeys 4 storeys 5 storeys

Figure 4.5. Initial design concept

Legend Waterways

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Design Feedback

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The first iteration of our masterplan was presented to a jury of our peers and design experts (tutors at Oxford Brookes and professionals in the industry) for review and feedback.

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The strong project’s vision and components of an innovative neighbourhood was liked and encouraged by design jury The project’s overall masterplan, street network, and careful attention to character, blocks, plots and buildings were appreciated

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Addressing constructive feedback:

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After the feedback for the few blocks on the southern edge of the site, we got rid of apartment buildings along the southern edge. This was done to, first, soften the connection between our site and the surrounding green belt, and, second, to increase the value of dwelling overlooking to green areas.

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Block structure in Oxpens – we have changed the size and structure of blocks in Oxpens to allow more sunlight to get to all buildings.

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Open spaces – we have amended the dimensions of our central space near the waterfront in Osney Mead. The area has been further intensified with the uses and different activities that can happen there to make the area feel safe in the day and night.

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Electric cables and pylons - we have researched and further detailed our proposal for the electric cables and pylons. We propose to bury these under main routes within the site and have drawn on National Grid’s guidance on undergrounding.

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Further detail on these elements are provided throughout the subsequent pages of the report.

Figure 4.6. Superseded masterplan with areas subject to amendments following design feedback highlighted 0

Figure 4.7. Design presentation

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Morphology: Blue & Green Networks

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As the nature sits within the core of our vision, creating a strong connection to the green and blue infrastructure is key to our scheme. The green infrastructure being introduced within the site and connections to the surrounding green and blue infrastructure are highlighted in the adjacent graphic. The green arrows represent the proposed green corridors.

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Our masterplan would therefore substantially increase access to nature of the residents. By enhancing the amount of green space within the site by 276% (in comparison to the existing), this will improve the air quality, amenity and carbon capture potential of the site as well as providing a gentle transition between the green belt and the urban core of Oxford.

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Figure 4.8. Blue and green networks

Legend River Thames & Mill Stream Public footpath connections Green corridors Tree line Open green space

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Morphology: Mobility Networks

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Our mobility networks were designed to connect to the existing access points into the site. Within our masterplan, we proposed 4 street types: main routes, shared-surface streets, main pedestrian-cycle routes and public footpaths. The main routes are the busiest routes and provide movement for different modes of transportation, including pedestrians, bicycles and other micro-mobility methods, local buses, and other vehicular movement. The shared-surface streets will allow for limited vehicular access to the site such as fire emergency, deliveries, and refuse vehicles, whilst prioritizing pedestrian movement.

Overall, the proposed development aims to reduce car use and encourage active travel.

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Figure 4.9. Mobility networks

Legend Main routes Shared spaces Main pedestrian/cycle routes Public footpaths Key public spaces

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Morphology: Blocks

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The street networks previously defined allowed us to shape our blocks. The dimensions of our blocks range from 40-90 meters in length and 50-80 meters in width, creating a highly permeable street layout that encourages pedestrian movement and active travel.

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The blocks then were subdivided into plots. The proposed development has predominantly a fine-grain plot structure with larger plots in Oxpens site and smaller in Osney Mead. The diversity within plot sizes allows for diverse building typologies and architectural styles.

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We then combined all the previously shown morphological layers to achieve the principles of innovative living.

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Masterplan in Relation to Vision Flexible co-working spaces

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The initial site appraisal showed an existing co-working space, ‘Urbanoid Workspace’, in Osney Mead. RE-STATE’s vision is to maintain the exciting co-working space and further intensify co-working spaces within the proposed development. We strongly believe that this approach will help to create a flexible, post-pandemic environment and allow adults to work in close proximity to their homes.

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RE-STATE’s vision is to help strengthen the local economy and provide conditions for their growth. The proposed development allocates the number of spaces dedicated for small-scale businesses and start-ups along main routes. The site appraisal shows that there are some local businesses on Osney Mead which we aim to integrate into our scheme, re-locating them within new buildings.

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Multi-purpose spaces The proposed development incorporates spaces that can be used for a wide range of temporary activities such as performances, art installations, music concerts, conferences, food markets, and business/networking events, among others.

The multi-purpose spaces include: two open-air amphitheatres, two canopy structures, a community building, and a flexible use building.

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The initial site appraisal showed that there is currently a lack of amenities within a 5-10 minutes walk from the site. The proposed development provides a range of key amenities located along the main routes.

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Quality healthcare services The initial site appraisal showed that there are not any healthcare services within a 10-minute walk from our site. The proposed development includes a healthcare centre that will reduce the need for residents and the wider community to travel further away to receive medical attention.

Figure 4.13. Proposed masterplan in relation to vision 0

Community facilities A sense of belonging, a fundamental element for designing an innovative neighbourhood, is achieved through the delivery of community facilities. Community facilities are equally integrated within residential areas and are as follows: an existing King’s Centre/ Church, a library (extension to the existing Bodleian library) and a daycare centre.

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(Refer to land-use map for the exact location of the co-working spaces, local businesses, multi-purpose spaces, amenities, healthcare centre, and community facilities).

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In our site analysis we identified the flooding zones within our site, located on the south-western end of the Osney mead site and in the middle of the Oxpens site. To mitigate flooding we placed green parks in these locations that act as a “sponge” by absorbing the water and preventing flooding elsewhere in the site. (Refer to page 70 on sustainable urban drainage).

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Compact green In a post-Covid 19 pandemic world, the access to greenery has become increasingly important. RE-STATE aims to incorporate green spaces within our masterplan to create green corridors that connect our site to the wider green network and encourage physical activity and improve mental well-being.

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Resource reuse As part of our sustainability strategy, we aim to use solar energy to power the buildings we have on site. Additionally, we propose to incorporate a rainwater harvesting system and use this water for the toilets and to water the surrounding greenery.

(Refer to page 69 on the sustainability strategies incorporated))

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Housing diversity Within our masterplan we aim to propose a variety of housing types, including townhouses and apartments. These typologies attract a wide range of people to our site in line with the demographics identified in our site analysis.

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Multicultural & intergenerational neighbourhood

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Within our masterplan we aim to have a diverse demographic scale, achieved by incorporating various housing typologies and public spaces that cater different age ranges and profiles.

Affordable housing In line with the Council SP1 and SP2 policy, the scheme delivers 50% affordable homes that are equally spread across the site. (Refer to page 73 on building provision) Access to local public transport Or site analysis showed the site has good connections to public transport links such as bus stops and the train station. Hence, RE-STATE aims to further strengthen the pedestrian links to the existing public transport system and encourage sustainable methods of transport.

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Figure 4.14. Proposed masterplan in relation to vision

Micro-mobility As part of our vision, our aim is to encourage sustainable methods of transportation. We have achieved this in our masterplan by incorporating stations where scooters and bikes can be rented and parked. (Refer to page 54 on micro-mobility for exact location of stations)

Pedestrian-orientated streets & spaces The objective of this masterplan was to create a high permeability street network that prioritizes pedestrian movement and encourages active travel. This was achieved by the fine grain plot structure and block dimensions that range between 40-90 meters.

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

5 Aerial Views

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Aerial View of Osney Mead Proposal

Figure 5.1. Aerial view of Osney Mead masterplan proposal 43

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Aerial View of Oxpens Proposal

Figure 5.2. Aerial view of Oxpens masterplan proposal 44

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6 Design Explanation

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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The proposed masterplan is characterised by a series of character types which inform the use, scale and forms of the buildings within them (with scope for some variety).

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Innovation - a mix of permanent and flexible office and lab space creating a knowledge hub, and supporting commercial uses.

Urban Compact - compact green, medium-high density mixed typology blocks of townhouses and podium buildings aimed predominantly at a mix of working professionals and families.

Urban Edge - compact green, low rise, townhouse development aimed predominantly at families.

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Student Hub - student accommodation and supporting facilities i.e. library and student-focussed co-working hub.

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Industrial - existing post-office building with streamlined facilities as part of our development.

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Park & Linear Park - landscaped parkland area providing leisure and play space, public amenity and urban greening.

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Activities - flexible public open space which can be used for a variety of events and both individual and collective activities.

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Green - a green buffer providing a transition between the green belt and the development.

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Play - leisure and play space for children, young people and families.

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Urban Core - higher density and taller podium and flat buildings aimed predominantly at working professionals.

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Figure 6.1. Character areas within proposed masterplan 0

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The mixed character within the site is further achieved by the mix of building heights within the site. This approach not just enhances the townscape profile, but allows for balanced integration within the rest of the city. Overall, Oxpens accommodates the highest buildings across the whole development. This is mainly because the Oxpens site is located within close proximity of the city centre, and, secondly, the existing Student Castle buildings in Oxpens have already set height parameters for the Oxpens site. Within the site the building height decreases from north to south and east to west, framing the views towards the heart of our development: public park at the south of the site.

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On the other hand, Osney Mead has a mix of building heights, which are higher in the north-western part of the proposed development since it sits outside of Oxford’s protected view area. Higher buildings in the north-western part of the development are explained by high intensification of nonresidential uses and concentration of key public open spaces.

These heights have been formulated to be beneath the height restrictions of the historic core and views cones (18m) to ensure the character of these views are preserved.

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Figure 6.2. Building heights within proposed masterplan and surrounding structures Legend Legend 1 storey

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Analysis of View Cones

Existing Industrial Estate in the foreground of the view. The coarse grain and large scale of the industrial units detract from the visual amenity of the foreground here. There is scope for enhancement.

Raleigh Park We have indicatively modelled our scheme in the Raleigh Park View Cone to understand how our proposed masterplan would affect this view.

The proposed development is considered to have a beneficial effect on this view to the ‘Dreaming Spires’ in Oxford in comparison to the existing By keeping the development below the height restrictions of 15-18m, the view to the spires are preserved. The finer grain development breaks up the massing in the foreground and adds variety to the roofscape, more akin to a village than an industrial estate. The increase in greenery and vegetation contributes to the rural character of the foreground and enhances the appearance of the view overall.

Boars Hill We have not modelled the Boars Hill View Cone due to the distance away from the site, however by burying the electric cables and pylons, it is considered the distant views would be enhanced.

Figure 6.3. Existing Oxford View Cones

Figure 6.4. Proposed masterplan within Oxford View Cones

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In this map we showed the different land uses at ground floor level within our development and the wider surroundings. Based on our initial site analysis, we realized there was an overall lack of healthcare services, bars, restaurants and cafes, and community facilities within a 5 to 10-minute walking distance.

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Our vision of innovative living drew inspiration from the concept, which we have now incorporated, of a 15-minute neighbourhood where residents have access to a wide range of amenities within a walking distance. In our masterplan we incorporated commercial, leisure, flexible and co-working spaces, offices, labs, community amenities, a hotel and car club; all which can be accessed within a 400-meter distance (5-minute walk). We decided to place these facilities along the streets with most footfall to attract a wider number of people.

The labs and offices were placed on the Oxpens site since it is closer to the city centre and is more connected to public transport networks, encouraging more people to access the site.

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We decide to keep the existing ice rink, post office, social housing, library, and community centre/church on the site to maintain the buildings’ embodied carbon and contribute to a more sustainable development as well as maintain their contribution to the local economy.

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Our masterplan includes mixed-use blocks that align with Oxford’s existing mixed-use typology. These blcoks include commercial and retail on the ground floor, and residential or offices/labs on the upper floors. This organization allows the ground floor to be active and the upper floors to be quieter live or work units.

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To reduce car parking in our site, we have incorporated two main strategies: having podium-style blocks with car parking on the ground floor and having a car club on the Oxpens site. We took inspiration from Paintwork’s car club strategy and decided to incorporate this same strategy in our masterplan. This would allow residents to book a car through an app whenever needed without having the need of owning a car, thus having this mode of transport more accessible for everyone.

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Innovation Quarter Innovation Quarter Our Innovation Quarter stretches across both sites, but its central hub is at Oxpens, close to the City of Oxford College and various Oxford University Colleges such as Nuffield College.

In line with the UK Government’s Innovation Strategy and Oxford’s existing prowess in the field (i.e. Oxford Old Road campus), we envision our employment space to be a mix of flexible offices and lab space for the life science industry.

The aim of these spaces are to provide a mix of permanent hubs and flexible co-working space to forward the knowledge economy. The flexible lab and office space in particular will allow for increased knowledge sharing and future innovation.

They will be able to form a ‘Start-up Incubator’ for bio-tech similar to BioEscalator based on Oxford Old Road campus).

Bio-design and bio-tech will be particular focuses of these labs, with opportunities to use the green roofs for productive use Lab Spaces The lab spaces will bring cutting edge research into the site and help to bring more domestic and international investment into the area, particularly in the life sciences sector.

We will be providing two types of laboratory spaces, one being dry labs and the other being wet labs. Both are part of the same category of uses but have vastly different requirements and are involved in different areas of research and innovation.

Figure 6.7. Proposed facilities within innovation labs

Figure 6.8. Comparison between wet and dry labs

Figure 6.9. Innovative labs & office building that could be located on our site

Figure 6.10. Terraced houses with integrated flexible studio space

Work Spaces We will be providing two types of work spaces. One will be large offices available to rent by larger companies and corporations and will be located predominantly on the Oxpens site. These buildings will be 3-4 storeys and will be mixed use with retail and other uses occupying the ground floor to remain active.

The second type of work spaces will be shared ones, due to the current mentality around working and being able to be flexible with your working hours and location.

Integrated Studio Many of the residential townhouses would incorporate a flexible studio space to support local and independent business innovation. This would ensure that the amount of employment space within Osney would not be lacking, but would be integrated to support a more flexible, post-pandemic way of working. This would allow space for working, playing and living all within the same neighbourhood creating local communities.

It would also support flexible and adaptable spaces within the home which are responsive to the future.

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To support a diversity and flexible uses we have provided several types of residential accommodation. These are resilient typologies suitable for a wide range of users.

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Podium - mixed-use buildings which provide commercial uses and a small amount of private parking for residents at ground floor with flats above. This allows for disabled, elderly and reduced mobility users who need access to a car to park close to their flat and also accommodate the car clubs for residents

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Townhouse - a street of terraced townhouses of varying sizes, from 3 to 4-bed to accommodate larger families.

Some of these townhouses include flexible studio space to support home working and start ups.

Flats - mixed-use buildings of varying sizes of flats from studio to 3 bed flats with commercial space on the ground floor to support active edges and accessible uses for residents.

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Figure 6.11. Residential typologies within proposed masterplan Legend

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Residential Typologies - Cross Sections 1

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Figure 6.12. Mixed-use block cross-section

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Figure 6.15. Location plan

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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As part of our vision, we aim to encourage micro-mobility within our site and the wider city of Oxford. To reduce the amount of carbon emissions released and promote sustainable travel, we will incorporate stations throughout our masterplan where people can rent an e-scooter or bike. At the same time, people traveling into the site from the wider city can also use these stations to park their scooter or bike, thus reducing the reliance on cars and the amount of carbon emissions expelled.

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Additionally, the network of streets have been designed to encourage active travel and link to the existing cycle networks that pass through and around the site.

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Figure 6.17. Bike rental station

Figure 6.16. Bike and e-scooter station within proposed masterplan

Legend Location of bike & e-scooter rental stations

Figure 6.18. E-scooter rental station

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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We have managed to integrate both sites effectively into the existing active travel network by maintaining the existing strategic routes like the national cycle network. In addition, we have added new routes on our site, this includes the addition of three new bridges connecting Osney Mead to Oxpens and Osney Mead to the Meadows.

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These routes very in their appearance. Key walking and cycling routes through our site will operate on a shared street and have a very urban feel to them. As you move towards the southern boundary of the site the routes become more natural with vegetation and trees beginning to enclose the paths as you are transition from the dense urban areas on the site to the surrounding parks and meadows.

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Figure 6.20. Rural character path

Figure 6.19. Existing and new active connections throughout proposed masterplan and surroundings 0

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Figure 6.21. Urban character path

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Bridge Connections

The proposed bridge to be built over the River Thames in Oxford for pedestrians and cyclists. The bridge will further connect Oxford city centre with Osney Mead Industrial Estate.

The bridge, inspired by the pedestrian bridge design by Turenscape in China. It plays a key mobility role for the RESTATE project and the whole West End in Oxford.

The dimensions of the bridge have been based on the bridge heights and headway at standard water level of Osney Bridge (2.28m) & Osney Railway Bridge (3.55m) [illustrated below] which accommodate maximum draft of 1.2m. The proposed bridge therefore achieves a 3.55m clearance from the water and allows sufficient clearance for pedestrians to walk along the pedestrian path beneath the bridge.

Several footbridges are also proposed to the south of Osney to connect to the green belt. The streams to the south are not suitable for boat traffic and these are proposed to be smaller footbridges.

3.55m 24.5m Figure 6.22. Section through proposed bridge that enhances the connectivity between Oxpens and Osney Mead Figure 6.23. Dimensions of Osney Railway Bridge

Figure 6.24. Inspiration of bridge design: Yanweizhou Park by Turenscape

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Figure 6.25. Location of principle bridge connecting Oxpens & Osney

Figure 6.26. Location of secondary footbridges connecting Osney to the green belt (not suitable for boat traffic)

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Electric Cables & Pylons Our development is considered to be of regional importance linking major knowledge hubs and providing new lab and office space for cutting edge research to take place; along with a substantial amount of new housing.

This should provide a substantial argument for relocating the existing electricity pylons which currently run through our site. We will be working with the National Grid to ensure that the process of burying the cables is carried out according to their undergrounding policy and allowing sufficient access for maintenance by burying them beneath the main routes through the sire. The benefits of making this change will be evident immediately as visually it will help to make the area look more appealing and enhance the land value. It will also help to promote biodiversity and urban greening by allowing room for additional green space.

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Figure 6.27. Existing Pylon Location demonstrating how it would disrupt the future masterplan development

Figure 6.28. New proposed underground cable location 0

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This strategy has been developed with reference to the undergrounding policy in National Grid’s ‘Design guidelines for development near pylons and high voltage overhead power lines’ (2019).

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Site Sections 1

Cross section through proposed Osney Mead masterplan

Decreasing building height towards greenbelt

Section not to scale RIVER THAMES

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Figure 6.29. Cross section through proposed Osney Mead masterplan 2

Longitudinal section through proposed Osney Mead masterplan

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Figure 6.30. Longitudinal section through proposed Osney Mead masterplan

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Cross section through proposed Oxpens masterplan

Increasing building height towards Oxpens road

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Figure 6.32. Location plan

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BULSTAKE STREAM Section not to scale

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Figure 6.31. Cross section through proposed Oxpens masterplan

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MIXED-USE (COMMERCIAL AND OFFICES)

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Street Types - Osney Mead Osney Mead main street

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Osney Mead residential street - cross section

The main street in Osney Mead allows for a range of modes of transportation, such as pedestrian, bicycle and micro-mobility movement. The street has rich landscape features with flexible spaces that can be used for different temporary activities, bicycle parking and services.

Osney Mead residential street The residential streets in Osney Mead are pedestrian-orientated spaces that are safe from traffic. The residential streets encourage social activities and pedestrian travel. The residential streets are easily adaptable for different uses, including play activities, urban gardening and neighbour’s meetings.

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Osney Mead main street - cross section

Figure 6.34. Osney Mead residential street

Electric cables & other services burried underground with adequate access points

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Figure 6.33. Osney Mead main street cross section 60

Figure 6.35. Location Plan

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Street Types - Oxpens Oxpens road

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Oxpens shared street - cross section

The Oxpens road is the main movement corridor and connector to the city of Oxford. Oxpens road is designed to accommodate public transport movement. Additionally, safe and wide pavements and designated bicycle lanes have been designed on both sides of the Oxpens road.

Oxpens shared street Oxpens streets are pedestrian-orientated spaces that allow a limited, slow vehicular and bicycle access. Oxpens streets are shared surface streets with safe pedestrian-only pavements on one side of the street.

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Oxpens road - cross section

Figure 6.37. Oxpens shared street - cross section

Figure 6.36. Oxpens road - cross section 2 1

Figure 6.38. Location Plan 61

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Public Square As part of our masterplan we propose a main public square that will be the heart of our development on Osney Mead. The square will have various zones that will allow people to use the space for different activities. The square will be activated throughout the day due to the surrounding open public spaces, cafes, bars, shops, and restaurants. For example, people may decide to have their lunch in the amphitheatre overlooking the river or sit in the benches of the pocket park and people-watch.

Additionally, the canopy will house events underneath it such as markets and evening performances. The surrounding cafes, bars, and restaurants will have external seating that will allow people to enjoy the space and activate it throughout the day.

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Figure 6.39. Uses of square throughout the day

Flexible-use canopy Figure 6.41.Explanation of main public space

Figure 6.40. Location plan

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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In line with our vision, we have designed two main public spaces which contain different soft and hard-play areas that cater for people of all different ages & backgrounds. These spaces include multigenerational play areas such as children’s playgrounds, adult fitness machines, and sports grounds for basketball & football. Additionally, people will use the park for activities such as running, pet walking, yoga & other active classes, meeting with friends, family picnics, etc.

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The design of a main public park in the scheme is important since it brings the community together by providing a space for activities and gathering and encouraging a sustainable active lifestyle.

Children’s playground Public sports facilities

Water retention basin Age-friendly

Figure 6.42. Location plan

Yoga & active classes Figure 6.43. Explanation of main public park

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Pet-friendly park

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Community Spaces 1

Allotments

Figure 6.44. Community allotments

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Figure 6.45. Residential neighbourhood & pedestrian streets

Public square with monument

Figure 6.46. Public square with monument

Our masterplan creates a plethora of public spaces which both support a sense of local community and create public destinations to support a thriving local economy.

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Allotments - the allotments for residents provide a space for urban farming to support a sustainable development, reduce food miles and improve the wellbeing of residents. Food waste from the development can be recycled as compost here to support a circular local economy. During the winter when these allotments are less productive, they serve as flood capacity.

Neighbourhoods and pedestrian streets - the local streets within our neighbourhoods are designed to be for active travel (pedestrian and cycle), provide planting for amenity and sustainable drainage, and support safe play for children as well as social spaces for young people and adults. By their safety and amenity, they support a sense of local community.

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Public square - these key spaces within our masterplan form local centres with attractions that serve as destinations for visitors, tourists and surrounding residents. These spaces are vibrant and flexible to support a variety of local events and support a local, more permanent economy of restaurants, cafes and commercial space.

Figure 6.47. Location plan

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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To ensure our development is inclusive, we have identified five key groups who may use the space. For each group, their wants and needs were considered in the conceptual process and the scheme was subsequently designed with all in mind.

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By mapping out the key routes and activities each group might engage in, we can demonstrate how the masterplan is an inclusive place for all, based on the Gehl’s Cities for People and 8:80 Cities.

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Figure 6.48. Map showing the routes residents of the development will take on a typical day 0

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

7 Sustainability

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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In our masterplan we propose to incorporate a wide range of green spaces which connect to the existing greenbelt and serve as a flood-mitigation strategy. For example, on the Oxpens site, the central park serves as a public open space that people can enjoy but is also allowed to flood during winter to prevent flooding elsewhere on the site. Our team proposed to place a bridge along the park that will allow people to circulate through the space and into the Osney Mead site when the park is flooded.

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The different housing typologies will also have different types of green space. For example, all the townhouses will benefit from having their own private garden, some of which will have a front garden too. On the other hand, the apartments will benefit from a garden space shared among the residents of the apartment building. This range of house typologies and public/ private green spaces cater the needs of different individuals, thus attracting a wide range of age groups within the development.

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Overall, all these types of green spaces encourage biodiversity Greenbelt Offices & Labs corridors on the site, act as a flood-mitigation strategy, and Co-working Spaces Private Gardens serve as open spaces for the residents of the community to Nature Park Cafes, Bars & Restaurants enjoy.

Figure 7.1. Map showing green hierarchy

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Lastly, as part of our sustainability strategy, we have incorporated green roofs in some of the townhouses and Legend apartment buildings. The green roofs prevent surface water runoff, purify the air, reduce ambient temperature, and regulate Residential indoor temperature.

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On Osney mead, we have placed a public green park in the area identified on the site analysis as being prone to flooding.

This area extends from the south-west end of the site along the southern boundary of the site. The aim of this green space is to act as a sponge that will absorb water and mitigate the flooding elsewhere in the site. Additionally, on the south-west end of the site we have placed private allotments that will benefit from the moist soil due to the flooding in the area, and thus won’t need as much irrigation.

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Figure 7.3. Proposed Masterplan

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In a post-Covid 19 pandemic world, the access to greenery has also become increasingly important since it has proven to encourage physical activity and improve mental well-being.

In our masterplan, residents and citizens of the surroundings can enjoy access to green parks within a 5–10-minute walking distance.

Greenery 76,297 m2 Built area Pavements, roads, etc Figure 7.4. Proportion of Existing Surfaces

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As part of our vision, we aimed to create a compact green masterplan. To achieve this, we incorporated greenery throughout the site in the form of public parks and private gardens. When compared to the original site, our masterplan has a 276% increase in green spaces. This was achieved by reducing the amount of parking, and paved roads and surfaces and replacing them with greenery. The increase in greenery encourages biodiversity corridors coming from the surrounding greenbelt, through our site, and to the wider city, creating an overall biodiversity net gain.

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Figure 7.5. Proportion of Proposed Surfaces

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Our sustainability strategy includes the following: •

Passive Heating - maximise solar gain during winter and summer with building orientation largely on a south-east south-west orientation

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Passive Cooling through the use of vegetation (e.g. micro climates created by shading trees, planted structures, green roofs protecting comfort levels inside buildings).

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Embodied Carbon - retaining and retroftting buildings where possible to take into account embodied carbon in construction (ice rink/community church) and embodied carbon in operation by investing in sustainable energy production (solar power/ground source heat pump/hydro power) Green roofs - insulation & rainwater buffer

Retain and retrofit rather than demolition for the Ice Rink and the Community Church.

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Offices & Labs Greenbelt timber Use innovative materials such as cross-laminated for construction drawing from the 20-storey, timber Co-working Spaces Private Gardens construction Sara Culture Centre in Skelleftea (Wainwright, Nature Park Cafes, Bars & Restaurants 2021)

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

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Flexible Spaces

Public Play Park

Hotel

Recreation Ground

Car club

Landscaping

Legend

Legend

1 storey

Green roof

2 storeys

Solar Panels

3 storeys 4 storeys 5 storeys 6 storeys

The site has been developed with a plethora of flood mitigation measures in order to manage flood capacity and drainage within the site. This is an important aspect for our scheme to be resilient for the future where higher water levels, higher frequency of rainfall and extreme weather events are the likely result of the changing climate.

0

Existing flood capacity areas are maintained in Oxpens and further flood capacity areas are provided in Osney Mead. These will aim to accommodate flooding in winter and maintain a sufficient barrier for the rest of the site.

• • •

100

200

Legend

The sustainable drainage strategy shall include measures to slow down water run-off by implementing: • •

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Biodiverse green roofs throughout the scheme; A system of planted boundaries to all routes (SUDs) will be used to support drainage from rainwater run-off; Permeable hard surfaces for pavements, foot and cycle pathways; Incorporation of retention basins as water features in the parks to manage flooding and mimic natural drainage; and Collection of rainwater and recycling it for use as water features in play park.

Legend

Residential

Meadow

Commercial

Cementery

Offices & Labs

Greenbelt

Mixed-use (Commercial & Offices)

Private Garden

Mixed-use (Commercial & Residential)

Nature Park

Education

Private Allotme

Leisure

Public Park

Community Amenities

Public Play Ga

Flexible Spaces

Recreation Gro

Hotel

Landscaping

Car club

Legend 1 storey 2 storeys 3 storeys 4 storeys 5 storeys

Figure 7.7. Sustainable urban drainage strategies 0

Legend River Flooding area Drainage systems Retention basin Figure 7.8. Proposed permeable surfaces help manage rainwater runoff

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Permeable surfaces

50

100

200

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Rainwater Harvesting

As part of our sustainable strategies, we have incorporated a rainwater harvesting strategy into the masterplan. Water is collected from the roofs of the proposed buildings on site and from the drainage system as a means of managing rainwater run-off.

When rain hits the surrounding roofs, the water would be directed through drainpipes into a filter and undergo a multiplestage purification process, to then be stored in a reservoir. The clean water can then be used for the toilets of the surrounding residential homes, to irrigate the surrounding park, or as a water fountain for people to play.

In times of heavy rain when the tanks would be filled with rainwater, excess water would be drained from the park using the retention basin and other sustainable urban drainage solutions such as permeable paving surfaces. Green roofs elsewhere in the site would provide a buffer for excess rainwater.

The incorporation of water into the linear park design was inspired by the reuse of rainwater, stormwater, and meltwater in a playful way at Hammarby Sjostad: a model for sustainable urban design.

Figure 7.9. Rainwater harvesting strategy

Figure 7.10. Inspiration: Hammarby Sjostad

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

8 Land Value

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Building Provision Residential uses

Non-residential uses

Conclusions

Note: Refer to Appendix for Residual Land Value calculation.

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Phasing

Phase 1

Phase 4

•

Retaining Oxpens Meadow, Student Castle and Osney north path.

•

Higher density residential at the north part of Osney Mead.

•

Extending Oxpens Meadow and separating from the wider site with designed hoardings by local artists to draw people into the site, boost land value and establishing flood resilience from an early stage.

•

Final phase of residential at Oxpens.

•

Refurbishing and extending ice rink with commercial offer and refurbishing parking at post office building.

•

Building bridge from Oxpens as key connector for masterplan.

•

Creating parks at Osney Mead to manage flood mitigation and establish urban drainage. Initially to be planted with tactically chosen wildflowers for decontamination.

Figure 8.1. Proposed phase 1

Figure 8.4. Proposed phase 4

Phase 2

Phase 5

•

Building labs/co-working spaces that front Oxpens with associated commercial elements to support increase in business use.

•

Remaining residential at the Osney, including lower density terraces.

•

Establishing key connecting route from the new bridge into the north part of Osney Mead and central spine road of Osney Mead.

•

Transition from wildflower meadows to parks and allotments within Osney.

•

Establish final elements green infrastructure throughout the site once majority of building works are complete.

•

Creating/refurbishing business and flexible uses close to the new bridge connection at Osney.

•

Creation of local centre at north Osney to include retained community centre/church and re-accommodated local businesses as well as other commercial uses to draw people into the site.

Figure 8.2. Proposed phase 2

Phase 3 •

Oxpens residential blocks in the centre of the site (to allow the north to be used as a builders yard for construction of much of the Oxpens site). Aim to begin in the summer due to relationship with Student Castle.

•

Construction of the residential blocks at Osney situated between the two business/commercial nodes and along the key route into Osney Mead.

•

Creation of the parkland to the south of Osney (following decontamination) and key routes out to the green belt to the south, including constructing the second bridge.

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Figure 8.3. Proposed phase 3

Figure 8.5. Proposed phase 5

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

9 Conclusion

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Conclusion We believe our both meets and exceeds the brief and we have identified this in the table below.

Brief

How Oxpens meets the brief?

How Osney Mead meets the brief?

Medium-high density urban living with a minimum of 450 homes at Oxpens and 247 homes at Osney Mead

451 homes provided Oxpens in medium-high rise development.

1,145 homes provided at Osney Mead (over 4x the required amount) with a mix of high, medium and low density development.

Mixed use development including diverse employment, academic uses, student accommodation

A mix of uses provided including residential, student accommodation, flexible office and lab space, leisure uses and supporting commercial uses.

A mix of uses provided including residential, academic space, hotel, commercial uses, community space and flexible studio space.

Innovation Quarter to support Oxford’s knowledge economy

Innovation supported by flexible labs (life sciences), co-working space, office, knowledge hubs, start-up incubators and adaptable event/activity space.

Innovative living promoted which combines flexible studio space, sustainable initiatives with residential uses. Library and co-working spaces provided to support knowledge sharing.

High quality public open space, including enhanced public realm at waterfront and enhanced Oxpens Meadow

Oxpens Meadow forms the heart of the Oxpens site activated by amphitheatre, event and activity space, creating a local destination and high-quality public space.

A high-quality public open space activates the waterfront and forms a key destination point and local centre here.

Active frontage at Oxpens Road

Oxpens Road activated by mixeduse blocks of the innovation quarter attracting high footfall and use (day and night).

Activity at Oxpens Road is supported by key connection to Osney which draws people into the site through Oxpens.

Enhance connectivity and permeability of the area, between Osney Mead and Oxpens and to the wider area

A permeable route structure has been development and an enhanced connection to north and to Osney Mead via pedestrian/cycle bridge.

Enhanced connectivity via increased gateways into the site and connections to surrounding footpaths, to Oxpens by bridge and to Osney, with permeable route network within the site.

Respond to the heritage of the area and have a positive impact on key view cones

Heights are below the 18m height restriction within the historic core, not exceeding the height of Student Castle to protect the historic core.

Height is below 15-18m restrictions and concentrated to the northwest of site (outside of view cone).

Development enhances view cone from Raleigh Park and draws from character of Osney Town Conservation Area.

Provide a flood management strategy

Flood management by maintaining flood capacity areas and incorporating SUDs in the form of planted street boundaries, green roofs and permeable surfacing.

Flood management by introducing flood capacity at south of the site and SUDs in the form of planted street boundaries, green roofs, retention basins, rainwater recycling and permeable surfacing.

Reduce car parking

Oxpens will be a car-free development with active travel promoted and a car club provided to reduce car ownership and need for parking.

Osney Mead will be pedestrianorientated with limited vehicular access and only necessary parking incorporated into podiums.

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In summary, our aim for RE-STATE is to provide innovation both by contributing to Oxford’s knowledge economy in line with the UK Government’s Innovation Strategy, and providing INNOVATIVE LIVING: a concept for sustainable and resilient neighbourhoods.

We have designed in a ‘system-conscious way’ with an awareness of wider systemic issues such as climate change, post-pandemic living and social polarisation, and how they interrelate. We have then aimed to provide a masterplan which is a stepping stone to system-shifting design, creatively addressing these systemic issues. This is to ensure our masterplan is resilient and ‘future-proof’ in the face of these challenges. A key element of this strategy has been to build-in flexibility and adaptability, while encouraging a shift to sustainable behaviours and living. Our masterplan looks to future and is rooted in the past.

We believe is achieved with our five design objectives, to create: Local neighbourhoods Climate resilience

Sustainable movement Inclusive communities Thriving local economy

By prioriting these key values, our masterplan delivers an inclusive and people-focussed place which meets ‘the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations’ (Design Council, Beyond Net Zero, 2021 p.1).

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

References 8:80 Cities (2007) Creating Cities for All. Available online at: https://www.880cities.org

www.gov.uk/guidance/river-thames-distances-andmeasurements-for-boaters [Accessed October 25, 2021].

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Council, O.C. (2015). Oxford’s population. Oxford’s Population | Oxford City Council. Available at: https://www.oxford.gov. uk/info/20131/population/459/oxfords_population [Accessed October 02, 2021].

Goh, A. T., & Sibley, M. (2009, June). The Users’ Perspective of Performance of Courtyard House Type in the UK. In Architecture Energy and the Occupant’s Perspective. PLEA2009-26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Les Presses de l? Universit Laval.

Council, O.C., Oxford View Cones Study (full report). Oxford View Cones Study (full report) | Oxford City Council. Available at: https://www.oxford.gov.uk/oxfordviewconesstudy [Accessed October 20, 2021].

Cycling UK Oxfordshire (2019). Routes. Cycling UK Oxfordshire.

Available at: http://cyclingukoxfordshire.org/routes/ [Accessed October 14, 2021].

Daneshmand, S., Etezadi, L., Ahmadkhosravi, S., & Zarei, F. (2018). The Sustainable and Resilient Landscape Design to Flood (Case studies: Resilient projects in China).

David Lock Associates & MJ Architects obo Oxford City Council (2013) Oxpens Oxford West End Masterplan Supplementary Planning Document (SPD). Available online at: https://www. oxford.gov.uk/downloads/download/153/oxpens_masterplan_ spd Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2021) The UK Innovation Strategy: Leading the Future by Creating It. Available online at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/1009577/uk-innovation-strategy.pdf Department for Levelling Up, H.and C (2021). National Design Guide. GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/national-design-guide [Accessed October 05, 2021].

Design Council (2021) Beyond Net Zero: A Systemic Design Approach. Available online at: https://www.designcouncil.org. uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/Beyond%20Net%20 Zero%20-%20A%20Systemic%20Design%20Approach.pdf Design Council (2021) System-Shifting Design: An Emerging Practice Explored. Available online at: https://www. designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/ Systemic%20Design%20Report.pdf Environment Agency, (2020). River thames: Distances and measurements for boaters. GOV.UK. Available at: https://

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HM Treasury (2021) Build Back Better: Our Plan for Growth. Available online at: https://assets.publishing. service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/968403/PfG_Final_Web_ Accessible_Version.pdf Hobson, B (2015). Video: Yanweizhou Park by Turenscape controls floods. Dezeen. Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2015/12/07/terraces-of-plantsyanweizhou-park-control-floods-ecological-turenscapelandscape-architecture-china/ [Accessed October 02, 2021].

King’s Cross Central Limited Partnership, Welcome to the neighbourhood. King’s Cross. Available at: https://www. kingscross.co.uk/ [Accessed October 25, 2021].

Le, T. Q., Devisch, O., & Trinh, T. A. (2019). Flood‐ resilient urban parks: Toward a framework. Area, 51(4), 804-815.

Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government [since renamed Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities] (2021) Planning for sustainable growth in the Oxford-Cambridge Arc: spatial framework. Available online at: https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/planning-for-sustainablegrowth-in-the-oxford-cambridge-arc-spatial-framework Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government [since renamed Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities] (2021) National Model Design Code: Part 1 The Coding Process. Available online at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009793/ NMDC_Part_1_The_Coding_Process.pdf

National Grid (2019) Design Guidelines for Development Near Pylons and High Voltage Overhead Power Lines.

Available online at: https://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/ electricity-transmission/document/130626/download

Bristol’s creative quarter - studios, offices, live/work and residential lofts, homes and apartments in a vibrant community. Available at: https://www.paintworksbristol. co.uk/home [Accessed October 11, 2021].

National Grid, 2020. Design guidelines for development near pylons and high voltage overhead power lines, London: National Grid.

Wainwright, O (2021) ‘Isn’t it good, Swedish plywood: the miraculous eco-town with a 20-storey wooden skyscraper. The Guardian, 14th October 2021.

Available online at: https://www.theguardian.com/ artanddesign/2021/oct/14/skelleftea-swedish-plywoodeco-town-20-storey-wooden-skyscraper-worlds-tallest

Office of National Statistics (2011) Census 2011 Data.

Accessed via Digimap, available online at: https:// digimap.edina.ac.uk/society Oxford City Council (2008) Osney Town Conservation Area Appraisal. Available online at: https://www. oxford.gov.uk/downloads/download/20/osney_town_ conservation_area Oxford City Council (2020) Oxford Local Plan 2036.

Available online at: https://www.oxford.gov.uk/ downloads/file/7380/adopted_oxford_local_plan_2036 Oxford Preservation Trust obo Oxford City Council (2015) Assessment of the Oxford View Cones. Available online at: https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20064/ conservation/876/oxford_views_study Oxfordshire County Council. Maps at Oxfordshire history centre. Oxfordshire County Council. Available at: https:// www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/residents/leisure-and-culture/ history/oxfordshire-history-centre/collections-archivesand-records/maps [Accessed October 25, 2021].

Placemaking Associates & Ben Hamilton Bailie Associates obo Oxford City Council (2008) West End Design Code. Available online at: https://www.oxford.gov. uk/downloads/download/1177/west_end_design_code Raworth, K (2012) A Safe and Just Space for Humanity: Can We Live Within the Doughnut? Oxfam Discussion Papers. Available online via Doughnut Economics Lab at: https://doughnuteconomics.org/about-doughnuteconomics Sutcliffe,M (2021). What is a 15-minute neighbourhood?

Smart Transport. Available at: https://www. smarttransport.org.uk/insight-and-policy/latest-insightand-policy/what-is-a-15-minute-neighbourhood [Accessed October 20, 2021].

The World Energy Foundation (2016) In Search of a Sustainable City: The Hammarby Model. Available online at: https://theworldenergyfoundation.org/in-search-ofthe-sustainable-city-the-hammarby-model/ Verve Properties, Paintworks event space. Paintworks.

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Figures Figure 1.1 Your Bibliography: Lh3.googleusercontent.com.

(2021) [online] Available at: <https://lh3.googleusercontent. com/pbj-

Figure 3.16 Your Bibliography: Boat in river Thames. [online] Available at: shorturl.at/elzEP [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 3.34 Your Bibliography: The King’s Centre and Church [online] Available at: shorturl.at/jmoOT [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 1.2 Author own. [2021] Oxford-Cambridge Arc

Figure 3.17 Your Bibliography: Oxford to London bus [online] Available at: shorturl.at/kDENU [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 3.35 Author own. [2021] Oxpens and Osney Mead in 1880

Figure 1.3 Author own. [2021] Aerial view of Oxpens and Osney Mead sites Figure 2.1 Author own [2021] Design Actions Framework Figure 2.2 Your Bibliography: Paintworks, Bristol. [online] Available at: shorturl.at/uDEI4 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 2.3 Your Bibliography: King’s Cross, London. [online] Available at: shorturl.at/jkpIK [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 2.4 Your Bibliography: Accordia Living, Cambridge. [online] Available at: shorturl.at/npyMV [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 2.5 Your Bibliography: Google.com. 2021. Quinli Stormwater Wetland Park, Turenscape, Haerbin, China. [online] Available at: shorturl.at/fhyJS [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.1 Author own. [2021] View from Raleigh Park Figure 3.2 Author own. [2021] View from Boars Hill Figure 3.3 Author own. [2021] Public pathway on Osney Mead site Figure 3.4 Author own. [2021] Osney Lock Figure 3.5 Author own. (2021) Oxford Student Castle Figure 3.6 Author own. [2021] Main street on Osney Mead Figure 3.7 Author own. [2021] Electric pylons on Osney Mead entrance Figure 3.8 Author own. [2021]Oxpens Meadow Figure 3.9 Author own. [2021] Existing blue and green network on the site and surroundings Figure 3.10 Author own. [2021] Map showing the topography surrounding the site and the surface water runoff from the nearby hills.

Figure 3.11 Author own. [2021] Map showing the direction of the water flooding the site.

Figure 3.12 Your Bibliography: Flood season [online] Available at: shorturl.at/gEIKV [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.13 Author own. [2021] Site’s topography Figure 3.14 Author own. [2021] Wider Oxford mobility networks Figure 3.15 Your Bibliography: Oxford Train station. [online] Available at: shorturl.at/ikrGN [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

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Figure 3.18 Author own. [2021] Local mobility networks Figure 3.19 Author own. [2021] Site mobility networks Figure 3.20 Your Bibliography: Quiet cycle routes [online] Available at: shorturl.at/bsORW [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.21 Your Bibliography: Secondary cycle routes [online] Available at: shorturl.at/bsORW [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.22 Authow own. [2021] Existing walking routes around site Figure 3.23 Your Bibliography: Main cycle routes [online] Available at: shorturl.at/grzEJ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.24 Your Bibliography: Digimaps (2021) Digimaps . (online) Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/os [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.25 Your Bibliography: Office for National Statistics (2021). (online) Available at: https://www.ons. gov.uk/[Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.26 Author own. [2021] User groups Figure 3.27 Author own. (2021) Surrounding land uses within 800 & 400 meter radiuses Figure 3.28 Your Bibliography: Aldens Fishmarket and restaurant [online] Available at: shorturl.at/adfDZ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 3.36 Author own. [2021] Oxpens and Osney Mead in 1960 Figure 3.37 Author own. [2021] Oxpens and Osney Mead in 1970 Figure 3.38 Author own. [2021] Character areas in site and surrounding context Figure 3.39 Author own. [2021] Surrounding building typology Figure 3.40 Your Bibliography: St Pancras - Canopy Market [online] Available at: shorturl.at/joFU4 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.41 Your Bibliography: St Pancras - Canopy Market [online] Available at: shorturl.at/rCHOT [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 3.42 Your Bibliography: Jericho Wharf, Oxford [online] Available at: https://www.haworthtompkins.com/ work/jericho-wharf [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 4.9 Author own. [2021] Mobility networks Figure 4.10 Author own. [2021] Proposed block structure Figure 4.11 Author own. [2021] Proposed blocks and plots structure Figure 4.12 Author own. [2021] Proposed blocks, plots and buildings structure Figure 4.13 Author own. [2021] Proposed masterplan in relation to vision Figure 4.14 Author own. [2021] Proposed masterplan in relation to vision Figure 5.1 Author own. [2021] Aerial view of Osney Mead masterplan proposal Figure 5.2 Author own. [2021] Aerial view of Oxpens masterplan proposal Figure 6.1 Author own. [2021] Character areas within proposed masterplan

Figure 3.44 Author own. (2021) Blue Infrastructure Policies

Figure 6.3 Author own. [2021] Existing Oxford View Cones

Figure 3.45 Author own. (2021) Built heritage & townscape policies

Figure 6.4 Author own. [2021] Proposed masterplan within Oxford View Cones

Figure 3.46 Author own. (2021) Site allocation policies

Figure 6.5 Author own. [2021] Ground floor land uses within masterplan & surroundings

Figure 3.30 Your Bibliography: Oxwash [online] Available at: shorturl.at/ghqPY [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 4.1 Author own. [2021] Climate resilience actions

Figure 3.33 Your Bibliography: the Athlete Centre [online] Available at: shorturl.at/clvwK [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 4.8 Author own. [2021] Blue and green networks

Figure 6.2 Author own. [2021] Building heights within proposed masterplan and surrounding structures

Figure 3.47 Author own. [2021] SWOT analysis

Figure 3.32 Your Bibliography: Aldens Meatmarket [online] Available at: shorturl.at/fEFKS [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 4.7 Author own. [2021] Final Masterplan

Figure 3.43 Author own. (2021) Green infrastructure policies

Figure 3.29 Your Bibliography: Jericho Coffee Traders Roastery and Spring Greens cafe [online] Available at: shorturl.at/kmILQ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 3.31 Your Bibliography: Urbanold Workspace Oxford [online] Available at: shorturl.at/luF35 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

with areas subject to amendments following design feedback highlighted

Figure 3.48 Author own. [2021] SWOT analysis

Figure 4.2 Author own. [2021] Sustainable movement actions Figure 4.3 Author own. [2021] Inclusive communities actions Figure 4.4 Author own. [2021] Thriving local economy and local neighbourhoods actions Figure 4.5 Author own. [2021] Initial design concept Figure 4.6 Author own. [2021] Superseded masterplan

Figure 6.6 Author own. [2021] Upper floor land uses within masterplan & surroundings Figure 6.7 Your Bibliography: E;ements of innovation quarter [online] Available at: shorturl.at/fhjqC [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] shorturl.at/vCKT5 Figure 6.8 Author own. [2021] Comparison between wet and dry labs Figure 6.9 Your Bibliography: Bio-city, Nottingham [online] Available at: shorturl.at/fhjqC [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 6.10 Your Bibliography: Paintworks, Bristol [online] Available at: shorturl.at/kntOW [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Figures Figure 6.11 Author own [2021] Residential typologies within proposed masterplan

Figure 6.32 Author own. [2021] Location plan

Figure 7.9 Author own. [2021] Water re-use strategy

Figure 6.12 Author own [2021] Mixed-use block cross-section

Figure 6.33 Author own [2021] oxpens road street crosssection

Figure 6.13 Author own [2021] Podium-style block crosssection

Figure 6.34 Author own [2021] Shared-surface street cross-section

Figure 7.10 Your Bibliography: Water retention basin[online] Available at: shorturl.at/awMU7 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 6.14 Author own [2021] Mixed-typology residential block cross-section

Figure 6.35 Author own [2021] Location plan

Figure 7.12 Author own. [2021] Phase 2

Figure 6.36 Author own [2021] Osney Mead crosssection

Figure 7.13 Author own. [2021] Phase 3

Figure 6.15 Author own [2021] Location plan Figure 6.16 Author own. [2021] Bike and e-scooter station within proposed masterplan

Figure 6.37 Author own [2021] Osney Mead residential street cross-section

Figure 6.17 Your Bibliography: Bike rental station [online] Available at: shorturl.at/zCHJ4 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021]

Figure 6.38 Author own [2021] Location plan

Figure 6.18 Your Bibliography: E-scooter rental station [online] Available at: shorturl.at/asRV9 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 6.19 Your Bibliography: Rural character route [online] Available at:shorturl.at/doyKS [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 6.20 Your Bibliography: Urban character route [online] Available at: shorturl.at/gkqP5 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 6.21 Author own [2021] Active travel network Figure 6.22 Author own. [2021] Section through proposed bridge that enhances the connectivity between Oxpens and Osney Mead Figure 6.23 Author own [2021] Dimensions of Osney Railway Bridge Figure 6.24 Your Bibliography: Stormwater Wetland Park, Turenscape, Haerbin, China [online] Available at: shorturl.at/ hwGJ0 [Accessed 25 Oct. 2021] Figure 6.25 Author own [2021] Location plan for the proposed principle bridge Figure 6.26 Author own [2021] Location plan for the secondary footbridges

Figure 6.39 Author own. [2021] Uses of square throughout the day Figure 6.40 Author own. [2021] Location plan Figure 6.41 Author own. [2021] Main public space Figure 6.42 Author own. [2021] Playground Figure 6.43 Author own. [2021] Linear park Figure 6.44 Author own. [2021] Location plan Figure 6.45 Author own. [2021] Allotments Figure 6.46 Author own. [2021] Osney Mead residential street Figure 6.47 Author own. [2021] Oxpens square with monument Figure 6. 48 Author own. [2021] Location plan Figure 6.49 Author own. [2021] Map showing the routes residents of the development will take on a typical day Figure 7.1 Author own. [2021] Green hierarchy Figure 7.2 Author own. [2021] Existing Site Plan

Figure 6.27 Author own. [2021] Existing pylons location

Figure 7.3 Author own. [2021] Proposed masterplan

Figure 6.28 Author own. [2021] Proposed underground cable location

Figure 7.4 Author own. [2021] Proportion of existing surfaces

Figure 6.29 Author own. [2021] Osney Mead masterplan proposal cross-section

Figure 7.5 Author own. [2021] Proportion of proposed surfaces

Figure 6.30 Author own. [2021] Osney Mead masterplan proposal longitudinal section

Figure 7.6 Author own. [2021] Sustainability strategies

Figure 6.31 Author own. [2021] Oxpens neighbourhood crosssection

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Figure 7.7 Author own. [2021] Sustainable urban drainage strategy Figure 7.8 Author own. [2021] Permeable paving

Figure 7.11 Author own. [2021] Phase 1

Figure 7.14 Author own. [2021] Phase 4

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Appendix 1: Design Development

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Appendix 1: Design Development

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Oxford Brookes University | Urban Design | Group 1

Appendix 2: Residual Land Value Calculation

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URBD7017 Group 1: Alicia Desmay Hernandez, Timirlans Abidovs, Matthew Chisnall, Loo Ying Yee (Bridget) & Georgia Foy Oxford Brookes University October 2021