With an increasing focus on the impact climate change is having on animals, birds and insects, and with veterinarians being among the first to witness these impacts on our wildlife, and our companion and farmed animals, it is perhaps no surprise that an advocacy group has been established to highlight the risks to animals from a warming planet.
The woman pleaded guilty to two counts of aggravated cruelty leading to the death of five dogs on herSheproperty.alsopleaded guilty to one count of failing to provide proper and sufficient food, and two counts of failing to provide veterinary treatment to the one surviving dog found on her property.
To complete the survey anonymously, visit www.paws forapurpose.org/petownershipsurvey.html.
Court on May 9, and will serve an aggregate term of 18 months’ imprisonment with a non-parole period of nine months.
She is forbidden to own or care for any animal for 10Inyears.February last year, RSPCA NSW inspectors searched the defendant’s property alongside police and local council rangers.
“Yet if you are vulnerable, elderly, disadvantaged or on a low income, pet ownership can often be out of reach, due to a plethora of circumstances.“We’vedesigned this Pet Ownership Survey to better understand how and why people can and can’t own pets, as first step towards developing projects to support those most in need of help to own a pet or keep their current pets.
Charity Paws for a Purpose are conducting a national survey to learn about the key factors that may be preventing wider pet ownership in Australia.
The woman was sentenced at Queanbeyan Local
Mark Kelman, co-founder and CEO of Paws for a Purpose, said discovering why people are unable to own pets is key to finding ways to help spread the benefits of pet ownership – with “pets” defined as any domesticated creatures ranging from insects to “Petshorses.provide unconditional companionship and owning one can improve wellbeing and alleviate loneliness and isolation in our communities,” Kelman said.
Pet ownership provides valuable social and health benefits to both the pet and their owner, yet many people, including the vulnerable and elderly, are often unable to experience pet ownership.
In the lounge room, inspectors discovered the remains of two white dogs covered in maggots.
■ May 2022 ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au TheVeterinarianVetsactingonclimatechangeKIWIPOST9IMANAGEMENT10IASTRACTS12ICLINICALREVIEW21IESSAY19IBUSINESS29CustodialsentenceforanimalcrueltyPetownershipbarrierstobebrokendown
The idea for Veterinarians for Climate Action came from Jeannet Kessels, now Chair of the VfCA Board. In August 2019 she asked those in a veterinary Facebook group if they would like to join her in, ‘doing something about climate.’Theresponse was swift and enthusiastic and by the end of that year the fledgling group had a website, was a formally registered charity, and had received its first donations. From its initial small group of volunteers VfCA continued to grow and expand and it now has around 1500 members and a five-member team of paidKesselsstaff. said she was inspired by the work of Farmers for Climate Action, which was established three years earlier than VfCA, and which has since grown to be a powerful and respected climate organisation. It continues to build strong relationships with key animal welfare organisations that include the RSPCA, Taronga Zoo, Animal Health Australia and the Australian Veterinary Association. Nobel Prize-winner and veterinarian Peter Doherty is VfCA’s patron.“Wework closely with 33 former Chief Veterinary Officers and have a productive relationship with the Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer of Australia. We’ll be launching our Climate Care Program in May. This was developed by our passionate volunteers and staff, and it’s a groundbreaking program that provides practical steps for vet To page 30
Mark Kelman
A 28-year-old Condobolin woman has been sentenced to custodial time for aggravated animal cruelty and other charges relating to the death of five dogs.
The remains of one of one of their legs was beneath rubbish left on the floor. To page 30
“We need your help. Please take a few minutes to complete our confidential Pet Ownership Survey as we strive to understand barriers to more people owning pets.”
Lorem ipsum 2022 Heska Corporation, All rights reserved. HESKA is a registered trademark and Cuattro DR is a trademark of Heska Corporation in the U.S. and in other countries. AU21AD0502 Visit www.heska.com.au to find out more. www.heska.com.au • 1300 437 522 Ask about HD DR Panel options and elevate the “De nition” of your practice today! Now available across our entire lineup, Cuattro DR HD delivers detail, resolution, and contrast image quality that is visibly better, much better, than Standard De nition systems. Go High De nition with Heska today. Couple your DR with Heska's Element Series Lab and save even more! A Whole new Category of Digital Radiography.
“For 25 million years, almost identical ancestors to the species living in the alpine area today, were thriving in cool, temperate lowland rainforests. Among other places, we have found their fossils in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area of north-western Queensland in rocks that span 25 to 10 million years ago, a time when this lowland area was covered by wet, speciesrich rainforests,” Archer said.
“It’sjustsaid.great to be able to finally see this dream – which has been decades in the making –turn into reality.”
Mountain pygmy-possums find new home at Lithgow breeding facility No aboutbonesthis diet
“We’ve now got a facility that will enable these alpine possums to adapt to a ver y different environment of the kind that their ancestors enjoyed and thrived in for millions of years. The breeding facility will provide the bridge to help them transition back into those far more comfortable environments and survive the lethal changes coming to the alpine zone,” he
Byron Bay Wildlife Hospital Veterinarian Bree Talbot said her hospital aims to mobilise the best wildlife vets to provide critical care to threatened and injured Australian animals.
Byron Bay Wildlife Hospital has joined a national veterinary program which is helping develop wildlife medicine and improve tracking of emerging diseases.Thenational program is coordinated by Wildlife Health Australia (WHA), and CEO Rupert Woods said participating facilities are known as ‘Sentinel Clinics’.“They are incredibly important in sharing data and discoveries that support the health of native species,” he said.
The cool, temperate lowland rainforest environment near Lithgow is seemingly worlds away from the harsh conditions of alpine NSW and Victoria, but according to UNSW palaeontologist Mike Archer, the mountain pygmypossum has been living at the edge of survival for thousands of years.
Picture Trevor Evans
News TheVeterinarian 3MAY2022www.theveterinarian.com.au
The project to save the critically endangered mountain pygmy-possum from climate change took a few tiny paw-steps forward early this month as 14 of their number were introduced to their new home near Lithgow.
“We want to investigate how the possums will respond to modern changes in their environment, so that when impacts of climate change occur, we can make better informed, science-based management decisions to protect this species in the wild. Understanding how the possums have dealt with changing climates in the past is key to this story.”
Woods said that the addition of the clinics add to the “big picture of wildlife health.”
The mountain pygmy-possum is one of the few Australian animals to hibernate, which scientists believe was an adaptive behaviour to the colder environment. Interestingly, in the warmer lowland environment, the possums no longer need do this, any more than their ancestors did millions of years ago.
“The wildlife hospitals will help to enhance existing surveillance programs across Australia,” he said.
“Vitally, they track emerging diseases that have the potential to affect human or environmental health, or animals in agriculture.”
Picture Lee Henderson/UNSW
In 2018 it was estimated there were approximately 471 million pet dogs globally supporting an expanding pet food market that includes significant research and product development into the various dietary options increasingly being sought by pet owners keen to balance the health and welfare oftheir pets, with concerns about environmental sustainability, and the treatment of animals processed into pet foods.
“The information these private clinics feed through to us will complement what is already being collected through the existing sentinel clinics, as well as zoo wildlife hospitals, universities and wildlife carers.”
The project, led by UNSW Sydney and partnered by wildlife foundations and government conservation programs, received a boost from an unexpected quarter when the Prague Zoo offered to inject more than $190,000 towards the building of the breeding facility following the devastating bushfires that swept eastern Australia in 2019-20. Some of these fires damaged parts of the alpine habitat where these critically endangered little possums occur.
There, in a newly built breeding facility at the Secret Creek Sanctuary,the mountain pygmypossums joined a few of their Burramys parvus species who had up until now been living in temporary enclosures awaiting construction of their new dwelling.
“And now climate change is threatening them again. As winter snows decline, the cold winter air will seep down into the rock piles and kill them while they are asleep. So, we decided to use these clues from their past to reintroduce them to the cool, lowland rainforest environments where their direct ancestors thrived.”
Secret Creek SanctuaryCEO and secretaryof the Australian Ecosystems Foundation Trevor Evans said thanks to the support of groups like Prague Zoo, The Australian Geographic Society, the Australian Wildlife Society, Australian Ecosystems Foundation and the general public, the breeding facility will give the mountain pygmy-possum its first real chance of surviving climate change.
Astudy analysing the links between dog diets and their health outcomes, led by Andrew Knight, an adjunct professor from Griffith University’s School of Environment and Science, was published recently in the journal PLOS ONE.The study involved a survey of 2536 dog owners who fed their dogs either a conventional meat, raw meat, or vegan diet over the course of at least one year. It also canvassed seven general indicators of ill health, including medication use, unusual numbers of veterinary visits, and specific dog health disorders. Topage 30
The new home for this endangered species consists of purpose-built foraging and nesting areas within a large building serviced with all of the resources needed to encourage the possums to enjoy life and, hopefully,be highly reproductive.Thecompletion of the facility this year is a key step in the plan to save this species from extinction – there are thought to be less than 3000 left in the UNSW’sHayleywild.Bates from the School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, one of Australia’sleading experts on the animal, says the first stage of the breeding project is to get the possums acclimatised to their new environment, including sourcing new foods.
“One of the impressive things about the Northern Rivers is that we live in one of the most biodiverse regions in NSW, so we see such a vast array of different species, including some Topage 30
Wildlife health receives aByron boost
After decades in the making, the plan to breed mountain pygmy-possums and reintroduce them into lowland rainforests has begun.
“The alpine environment is changing, we have already seen mass declines in bogong moth numbers, an important food item for the possums in the wild,” she said.
Last month, representatives from the Prague Zoo, including its Director,Miroslav Bobek, and the Czech Republic Ambassador to Australia, his Excellency Tomás Dub, were on location to officially launch the breeding facility at Secret Creek Sanctuary.
“We think the mountain pygmy-possums moved into the alpine area during a warm, wet period during the Pleistocene, but when the climate changed, they became stranded there. They only just managed to survive by using the rock piles and snow cover to insulate themselves against the cold of winter. The rock piles also protect them from the lethal heat of summer.
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The timing of egg laying, body condition, and the number of offspring were the three key traits analysed in the northern hemisphere study, with earlier egg-laying being common among nearly all 60 species, according to co-author Martijn van de Pol, senior lecturer in mathematical modelling at James Cook University’s College of Science and Engineering.
“For example, garden warblers in the UK have experienced a 26 per cent decrease in their average number of offspring over the past half century, which is really concerning for the long-term fate of the species, but only half of this reduction, 13 per cent, can be attributed to climate change.
Birds suffering in a changing climate
In the northern hemisphere McLean said the findings were ‘a mixed bag’ with some species clearly increasing their body condition and offspring numbers, while others were suffering.
Land clearing and overgrazing were also found to be factors in the Australian research. Although edited by Stephen Garnett, Professor of Biodiversity and Sustainability at Charles Darwin University, and Barry Baker, a BirdLife Australia Fellow and Associate Researcher at the University of Tasmania, over 300 ornithologists contributed data to the Action Plan which was last updated in 2011. The research showed climate change was behind the serious decline in
Results of a 50-year study published recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showmore than 60 northern hemisphere bird species have been impacted by changes to both climate and their environment. The findings support research published in late 2021 in the CSIRO publication Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020 that also found climate change to be a significant threat to the survival of 216 Australian bird species. This number is up from 134 birds considered at risk in 1990, and 195 in2010.Lead author Nina McLean from Australian National University’s Research School of Biology said that although other environmental factors were found to be important, they generally just added to the overall impacts on northern hemisphere birds.
“By comparison, the redstart experienced a 27 per cent increase in offspring numbers over the past half century, but again only part of that increase is due to global warming. Climate change could present a ‘double whammy’ for species already struggling to adapt to non-climatic environmental changes,” she said.
“Our study shows the impact of climate change doesn’t act in isolation and its effects are occurring in a world where the resilience of wildlife is already pushed to the limits due to the many other challenges birds are experiencing in a human-dominated landscape. These could include urbanisation, changing land use, habitat loss or introducing invasive species into ecosystems, but we can’tknow their identity for sure yet,” she said.
‘Warming temperatures drive at least half of the magnitude of long-term trait changes in European birds’ is available at doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105416119.
populations of 55 bird species, including swift parrots and diamond firetails. In far north Queensland, where monitoring of 1970 sites occurred over a 17-year period, the study found local populations of many mid- and high-elevation species had declined due to temperature rises that caused them to seek cooler habitat in higher elevations.
News TheVeterinarian 5MAY 2022www.theveterinarian.com.au
Eastern Bristlebird Picture JJ Harison
“For example, climate change caused chiffchaffs to lay their eggs six days earlier over the last 50 years, but other unknown environmental factors led to an additional six days, meaning in total they now lay their eggs 12 days earlier than they did half a century ago,” he said.
The research from both ends of the world found there were winners and losers from the twin impacts of changes to the climate and the environment. Conservation measures adopted for some Australian bird species has resulted in either a stabilisation, or a population increase. While eastern hooded plovers, Kangaroo Island’s glossy black-cockatoos, and eastern bristlebirds are no longer in decline, the eradication on Macquarie Island of cats, rabbits, and rodents has led to population increases of nine seabird species.
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The profession has always had an issue with poor pay relative to other professions. In fact, it’s poor relative to most work. True, people don’t generally enter the profession to become rich, but a decent salary for the hours most of us work doesn’t seem unreasonable. It’s not just vets of course, but nurses, techs, support staff and retail staff. All would be better paid elsewhere.
Mark NewqualifiedBryaninGlasgowin1988,andmovedtoZealandin1995. TheVeterinarian 9MAY 2022www.theveterinarian.com.au DOYOUHAVE SOMETHING TO SAY? Is there a topic you’ve wanted to tell everyone about? Have you ever thought you would like to write a clinical review but don’t know where to start? Do you have a hobby or history that you think vets everywhere would like to learn more about? Then don’t delay – email The Veterinarian at editor@vetmag.com.au and let us know –because your words could be in the pages of next month’s issue!
money. The worst that would happen would be that we’d do the same amount of work and make even more money.
In our business, 44 per cent of our vets are from overseas (36 out of 82). Across all of New Zealand, the data suggests around 30 per cent of all registered vets are from overseas. In Australia, that figure is only nine per cent.
up to three times the normal rate for people who wanted stone wall work done to enhance their new property.
Another explanation is given by the concept of moral distress- vets are continually faced with issues with varying degrees of moral distress- where your ethical or intellectual code suggests one course of action but where you’re forced into another. Euthanasia instead of treatment; treatment instead of euthanasia; silver standard treatment instead of gold; putting your needs (for lunch, a cup of tea, abreak, a sit down) ahead of a patient.
One argument for all of this is that vets have very high intrinsic motivation and much lower extrinsic motivation for their profession. Intrinsic motivation refers to the pleasure or satisfaction inherent in the task. Extrinsic motivation relates to external factors such as money, status and opportunities. I think this is probably true.
For New Zealand, a country that only produces 120 vets a year, many of whom travel overseas for extended periods, overseas vets are a critical pipeline. And for the past two years that pipe has been turned firmly off.
Kiwi Post
The truth is that, despite clients’ belief to the contrary, profitability for veterinary businesses is average at best, and often poor. Certainly, many veterinarybusinesses struggle to be financially sustainable over the long term, without their owner- operators working ridiculous hours to keep things moving. There simply isn’t the fat in the system that we need.
In the meantime, pet ownership has skyrocketed since the pandemic started, and dairy prices are at an all-time high. People locked down at home have more time to focus on their pets and find more reasons to take them to their vet. And, despite the hardships for many during lockdown, there is a large swath of the population who haven’t been able to spend their disposable income on overseas trips, and pet bills suddenly don’t seem that bad.
Veterinary shortage isn’t a new problem here in New Zealand- vets have been on the Critical Shortage List for the Department of Immigration for over 10 years. But this recent surge in demand, coupled with the lack of vets arriving from overseas has created a perfect storm where demand has way outstripped supply, and vets and their support staff are under immense pressure.Inany other industry or profession, basic economics would kick in. As demand increased in the face of limited supply, so would price, until demand levelled off. That’s happening everywhere. Food supply has been compromised and we’ve all seen the impact at the supermarket, orinInconstructionrestaurants. it’s the same. Limited product supply has pushed prices for basic material to all-time highs. But posh houses in Queenstown and Wanaka continue to be built, and a builder friend told me that stone masons were quoting
Of course they didn’t. I think we managed afive per cent lift in prices across the board. So this past 6 months, I’ve tried again, and we’ve embarked on a major reset of prices. Not just price, but how we price, and how we work. Again, the biggest rate limiting factor is the vets.
This problem isn’tnew- it’sjust become critically acute. We need to find a new business model that values our people, their time, their abilities and their dedication. But if we can’t fix this and change the model during a period of high demand and verylimited supply,we never will.
Ithink all of these are important, and I’m sure there are many other factors. But, our current model isn’t working. We can’t complain about conditions- pay,after hours, long days, lack of resource- and then turn away from opportunities to improve the poor financial sustainability of our profession which underlies all of these critical failures.
So, a critical supply shortage, coupled with significant demand should be the perfect environment to allow prices to rise, which would have the benefit of levelling demand and raising income for all of our people. If only it were thatForsimple.some reason, veterinary businesses seems to exist in their own economic ecosystem where the normal rules don’t appear to apply. Certainly if our business is anything to go by.Raising prices for services or products is met by a chorus of disapproval- not from clients but from veterinarians.Ayearago, before our veterinary shortage was quite so critical, but when dairy prices were heading skywards, our dairyvets were worrying over how they’d cope in spring. Increased prices would lead to increased work and we were short of vets already. I challenged them to double their fees. Farmers are hugely price sensitive- the likely outcome would be that we’d do less work, be less stressed, and make the same amount of
One of the things that makes a person or company successful in business is that they seem to understand the inherent opportunity cost of their time and resources.
Simon Palmer is the Managing Director of Practice Sale Search, Australia’s largest practice brokerage. If you’d like more information on practice sales or want to have a salesearch.com.aupractice’sdiscussionconfidentialaboutyourcircumstances,emailSimonPalmeratinfo@practiceorcall1300282042.
ManagementTheVeterinarian MAY 202210 ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au Thinking of selling your veterinary practice? Make sure you get the right result. Australia’s leading veterinary practice brokerage 1300 282 042 | info@practicesalesearch.com.au | www.practicesalesearch.com.au conversation about your practice and personal circumstances? Please contact us to arrange a time to talk about your options. There has never been a better time to sell.
There seems to be a misconception out there that a successful business owner will only ever buy, grow and accumulate businesses. That when they decide to sell a business, it can only be if they are retiring, sick or if there is something wrong with the business that the buyer cannot seeThisyet. is an incredibly narrow and pessimistic view of what it is to be a successful business owner.
If someone is good at juggling and you hand them one more ball than they are used to, they don’t just drop the extra ball…they start to drop all of them. If the business owners in this category cannot raise their ceiling of complexity, they are better off selling the additional business and consolidating their holdings to a point that they are comfortable with.
4. If they realise that their business would be worth less in the future under their ownership
Business owners that become successful often feel they now can replicate the formula with a second location or business, then a third. Many (most) will grow until they hit their ceiling of complexity.
2. Capital growth realisation. Buy low, build up and sell. A good example of this business model is with property developers. Some practice owners fall into this third category. They have no interest in buying a business and running it for the rest of their careers. They want to buy something cheap, with potential, fix it up, show buyers that the growth is sustainable and sell itfor a profit.
■ Starts to diminish: -the performance of the original -Theirbusiness/esrelationships with their family and friends -Their mental health
AND/OR
For many, their ceiling of complexity will be their ability and capacity to delegate, manage, hire, inspire and keep good staff. Their initial business did well because it had 100% of the owner’sattention and time. Once they reach their ceiling of complexity each additional business they have:
■ has diminishing returns because the owner’s attention and time will be diluted and there is no one onsite with an ownership mentality
Every business owner has limited/ finite time and resources and needs todecide where to allocate them. Not every business opportunity operates at the same ratio of time/effort to profit/return. Some businesses are more time hungry and require more effort than others.When a successful business owner is selling a business, it is often because they could allocate those resources to another business that they already have (that needs more attention or investment) or to another business that they wish to Thisbuy.doesn’t mean that the business they are selling is not good. The business may be an excellent business, but just isn’t a good fit for their circumstances and their business holdings/portfolio at the time.
a. The current owner lacks the skill, time or inclination to reach the full potential of the business, for example, referring out any surgical procedures that aren’t simple and routine. This business would be worth far more to another owner with a surgical interest.
Abusiness owner’s final years are usually less productive than the years that preceded them. These business owners tend to prioritise lifestyle (as they should) and work less hours per week, weeks per year.
If a business owner starts to see a decline in the turnover and profit of a business that they own, and don’t have a plan or inclination to reinvest time and energy into it, it would make sense to sell now, before the value decreases further. If they want to continue to work, they should do so as an employee/contractor in their old business.
5. If they only bought the business to build up and sell There are two main ways to make money out of business ownership: 1. Profit. What the business makes after all expenses are paid, including the principal’s salary.
1. If they realise that their time and/or resources is better spent elsewhere
One of the first questions that a buyer will ask when a business is for sale is “Why are they selling?”.
When the business is strong and the vendors seem young and healthy, buyers will often show some incredulity and/or suspicion about why it is for sale.
3. If they realise that they have extended beyond their ceiling of complexity
2. If they realise that the business is worth more to someone else than it is to them
Successful businesspeople sell their businesses for many reasons that have nothing to do with the underlying prospects of the actual business being sold. Any successful business owner should consider selling any business when they realise that one of the following has occurred:
SimonManagingPalmerDirector Kevin Koton NationalManagerAccount
“Why are they selling?” Why good business owners sell strong businesses
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4Data Management and Statistics Service, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France.
Unwanted toileting is amongst the most undesirable behaviors in domestic cats and can lead to conflicts between cats and the communities they are living in. This study aimed to confirm the effect of a semiochemical composition, reconstituted volatile fraction derived from cat anal glands, on the elimination behavior of domestic cats. A total of 31 cats were tested individually, for 23 h, in a blinded randomized choice test, with two litter trays, one sprayed with the treatment and the other with the control. Parameters included elimination weight, urine only weight, the record of the elimination type and counting of urine spots and stools, exploration duration of each litter tray, and first and second choice of litter tray to eliminate. Across all parameters, cats urinated and defecated significantly less in the litter tray where the semiochemical composition was sprayed than in the litter tray where the control was sprayed (for example: elimination weight p < 0.0001; urine only weight p < 0.0001; exploration duration p < 0.0001, and first elimination choice p < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that a semiochemical composition-derived from cat anal glands significantly decreases elimination at the location where it is sprayed. Future research is warranted to explore the possibility to manage unwanted toileting using this semiochemical composition.
A feline semiochemical composition influences the cat's toileting location choice
Methods: Online databases were searched (PubMed, Cochrane Library,Embase and Google Scholar), using the search terms: dog/s, canine, canis, kuri, bite/s, bitten, aggression, attack, death, fatal, mortality, injury/ies, prevention, intervention,for studies between 1960 and 2021. All study designs were considered. Outcomes of interest were the incidence of dog bites or dog aggression. Non-English studies, and those without full-text access were excluded. To page 30
In this study, the mobility, incidence, and severity of contact dermatitis and litter moisture content were assessed in 14 strains of broiler chickens differing in growth rate. The strains encompassed 2 conventional (CONV; ADG0-48>60 g/d) and 12 slower growing (SG) strains categorized as FAST (ADG0-62 =53-55 g/d), MOD (ADG0-62=50-51 g/d), and SLOW (ADG0-62 <50 g/d), with 4 strains in each category. A total of 7,216 mixedsex birds were equally allocated into 164 pens (44 birds/pen; 30 kg/m2)in a randomized incomplete block design, with each strain represented in 8 to 12 pens over 2-3 trials. From each pen, 4 to 6 birds were tested in the latency-to-lie (LTL) and group obstacle tests 1 wk prior to the birds reaching 2 target weights (TWs) of approximately 2.1 kg (TW1: 34 d for CONV and 48 d for SG strains) and 3.2 kg (TW2: 48 d for CONV and 62 d for SG strains). The incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD) and hock burns (HB) were evaluated a day prior to each TW. Litter moisture content was determined biweekly from d 14 to d 56. At TW1, CONV and SLOW had longer LTL than FAST birds. At TW2, CONV, MOD, and FAST birds had similar LTL. At both TWs, CONV birds were lighter than FAST birds in the group obstacle test, yet their number of obstacle crossings was similar. At TW1, CONV birds had greater incidence of FPD than FAST and MOD, while at TW2, CONV birds had greater incidence than the other categories. The incidence of HB in CONV and MOD was greater than SLOW birds at TW1, while at TW2, the incidence of HB was greater in CONV and FAST birds vs. MOD and SLOW birds. Litter moisture content was high in all categories from d 28 onward. Our results indicate that both BW and growth rate influence leg strength and walking ability, whereas the overall high litter moisture content and to a lesser extent growth rate influenced the incidence of contact dermatitis.
1The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom.
5Research and Education Board, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France.
■ EDITEDBYJENIHOODBSc(Hons)BVMSPhD
In pursuit of a better broiler: walking ability and incidence of contact dermatitis in conventional and slower growing strains of broiler chickens
Midian N Santos1,Tina M Widowski1,Elijah G Kiarie2, Michele T Guerin3,AMichelle Edwards4,Stephanie Torrey5 Poult Sci.2022 Apr;101(4): 101768.doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022. 101768.Epub 2022 Jan 31.
3Campbell Centrefor the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
Free PMC article
Objectives: Toevaluate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent dog bites and aggression.
1Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Campbell Centrefor the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.2Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
FreePMC article
eCollection 2022 Jun.
AbstractsTheVeterinarian
2Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France.
Free PMC article
One Health.2022 Apr 1;14:100384.doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100384.
3Animal Experimentation Service, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France.
Background: The prevention of dog bites is an increasingly important public health topic, as the incidence of serious injury continues to rise.
Systematic review of dog bite prevention strategies
MAY 202212 ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au
Pig production is a rapidly growing segment of the global livestock sector, especially in Asia and Africa. Expansion and intensification of pig production has resulted in significant changes to traditional pig husbandry practices leading to an environment conducive to increased emergence and spread of infectious diseases. These include a number of zoonotic viruses including influenza, Japanese encephalitis, Nipah and coronaviruses. Pigs are known to independently facilitate the creation of novel reassortant influenza A virus strains, capable of causing pandemics. Moreover, pigs play a role in the amplification of Japanese encephalitis virus, transmitted by mosquito vectors found in areas inhabited by over half the world's human population. Furthermore, pigs acted as an amplifying host in the first and still most severe outbreak of Nipah virus in Malaysia, that necessitated the culling over 1 million pigs. Finally, novel porcine coronaviruses are being discovered in high pig-density countries which have pandemic potential. In this review, we discuss the role that pigs play as intermediate/amplifying hosts for zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential and consider how multivalent vaccination of pigs could in turn safeguard human health.
Rebecca K McLean1,Simon P Graham1
1Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France.
Animals (Basel).2022 Apr 6;12(7): 938.doi: 10.3390/ani12070938.
Naïma Kasbaoui1,Míriam Marcet-Rius1,Cécile Bienboire-Frosini2, Fanny Menuge1,Philippe Monneret3,Estelle Descout4,Alessandro Cozzi5,Patrick Pageat5
The pig as an amplifying host for new and emerging zoonotic viruses
4Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
5Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: storrey@uoguelph.ca.
mucosal vaccines are also strongly recommended by WSAVA for high risk environments such as shelters1 We got the rep in, they sorted out the vaccination protocol and trained our staff. The new protocol worked out to be more cost effective too! Hmmm...if the flu vaccine came out as an oral mucosal form, how many people would still stick with injections?
Adams Dr
Dr Henry Jones
Jones Simply administer 1 mL of Bronchi-Shield Oral in the buccal cavity for 12 months’ protection against Bordetellabronchiseptica. Protects puppies with a single dose from 8 weeks of age. Over 2 million doses sold in Australia2 We all agreed the benefit of increased mucosal immunity to protect against respiratory disease was worth it!
Reference: 1. Day, M., et al (2016) WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract, 57(1), E1-E45. 2. BIAH Data on file. Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty. Ltd. Level 1, 78 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113. Toll Free 1800 808 691. ABN 53 071 187 285. Bronchi-Shield® Oral is a registered trademark of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH – used under license. All rights reserved. BI1547TA-03/20. Dr Claire Adams Online now Yes, we’re using Bronchi-Shield Oral
What prompted the change?
Dr Claire Adams
We considered it but it’s a hassle to change protocols Claire Adams Dr Claire Adams
Dr
Dr Henry Jones
I hear you guys switched to a mucosal vaccine? Dr Henry Jones Claire Henry Henry
We’re also not sure if our clients would like it... Dr
Jones … Dr
BTW,
ROYAL CANIN ® CALM DIETS ARE SCIENTIFICALLY FORMULATED TO HELP RELIEVE STRESS AND ANXIETY IN CATS AND DOGS. Scientifically formulated with the hydrolysed milk protein alpha-casozepine and an adapted ratio of the amino acid L-Tryptophan, CALM helps support pets’ emotional balance in stressful environments and social situations. 1. Yamada R, Kuze-Arata S, Kiyokawa Y, Takeuchi Y. Prevalence of 17 feline behavioral problems and relevant factors of each behavior in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2020;82(3):272-278. doi:10.1292/jvms.19-0519 2. Yamada R, Kuze-Arata S, Kiyokawa Y, Takeuchi Y. Prevalence of 25 canine behavioral problems and relevant factors of each behavior in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2019;81(8):1090-1096. doi:10.1292/jvms.18-0705 FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT YOUR ROYAL CANIN REPRESENTATIVE Available in Feline and Canine UP TO OF CATS & DOGS INA BEHAVIOURAL CONDITIONEXPERIENCETHEIRLIFETIME 80% 1,2 NEW
Live transport of sheep: animal welfare concerns
Stockman, C.A., Bames, A.L., Maloney,S.K., Taylor, E., McCarthy, M., Pethick, D. (2011) Effect of prolonged exposure to continuous heat and humidity similar to long haul live export voyages in Merino wethers. Animal Production Science 51, 135-143.
In the past, young animals have been found to suffer morestress during road transport than others (Broom, 2003). However,Zhong et al. (2011) found variation in different physiological responses to transportbetween the three different age groups, such as higher creatine kinase (CK) concentrations in older sheep (indicative of exhaustion) and yet increased 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (indicative of oxidation stress) in the blood and muscle of six-month old sheep. Abetter understanding of exact responses of different ages of sheep to transportation will facilitate development of specific transport regulations based on age. Transporting sheep separated by age group, rather than with all ages together,may have yielded different results. Further investigation is needed to confirmthis hypothesis and ascertain whether therearewelfarebenefits associated with separating sheep by age (Zhong et al., 2011).
■ LAUREN DRUMMER
Most livestock vehicles arenot designed to reduce vibrations (Peeters et al., 2008), so it is imperative that further research is undertaken to improve vehicle design and reduce the vibrations transmitted to the animals. More emphasis must also be placed on route-planning especially with regards to road condition
Wright, W., Muzzatti, S.L. (2007) Not in my port: The “death ship” of sheep and crimes of agri-food globalisation. Agriculture and Human Values 24, 133-145.
This essay is one of a number selected for The Veterinarian magazine Prize for Written Communication for Sydney University third-year veterinaryscience students.
Ananalysis of recent studies concerned with the live transport (by land and sea) of sheep, and welfare implications.
Conclusions
It is evident that sheep show both behavioural and physiological responses to transport indicative of stress. Conditions such as fluctuating heat and humidity and high vibration levels areadverse to sheep health (Stockman et al., 2011; Miranda-de la lama et al., 2011). To improve welfare standards, further research must focus on determining ideal conditions and maximising stress tolerance. This may be affected by factors such as age, intensity of the stressor and duration of transit (Stockman et al., 2011; Zhong et al., 2011). It is often believed that there is an inverse correlation between profit and improved welfare standards, but these studies help to show that improved animal welfare can translate into better meat quality (i.e., economic gain).
Discussion
Physiological and behavioural responses have been used in many studies to evaluate the adverse effects of transportation on sheep and to gauge the degree of stress imposed. Zhong et al. (2011) have used the term “stress” to imply a reduction in fitness as a result of adisruption to homeostasis. They compared the meat quality and physiological responses of sheep (n=72), aged 6, 12 and 24 months, either transported or non-transported, over an 8-hour period. Transportwas found to have nosignificant effect on blood cortisol concentrations, but these varied among different age groups, suggesting that age may affect asheep’s ability to recover from stress (Zhong et al., 2011). Blood was collected only after transport. Monitoring of blood beforetransport and throughout the trip could be used to confirmaperiod of recoveryand if age affects stress tolerance.
ESSAY TheVeterinarian 15MAY 2022www.theveterinarian.com.au
Thereis further evidence to suggest that sheep tolerance to transportation may be aproduct of the intensity of the potential
Broom, B.M. (2003) Causes of poor welfare in large animals during transport. Veterinary Research Communications 27, 515-518.
Sustained high heat and humidity resulted in significant physiological changes, such as increases in core temperature, respiratory rate and alterations to blood gas concentrations. However, most homeostatic mechanisms, including blood electrolyte concentrations, weremaintained and the wethers recovered quickly (Stockman et al., 2011). Their apparent resilience should not detract from developing strategies to manage the acute physiological changes. Further research in this area should not only focus on how sheep react to intense conditions, but also the effects of prolonged transport and thus the accumulation of heat. It must be noted that sheep are often exposed to more severe environmental conditions during live transportthan those synthesised during this study, hence greater physiological responses may arise.
Miranda-de la lama, G.C., Monge, P., Villarroel, M., Olleta, J.L., Garcia-Belenguer, S., Maria, G.A. (2011) Effects of road type during transport on lamb welfare and meat quality in dry hot climates. Tropical Animal Health Production 43, 915-922.
stressors and the duration of transit. Stockman et al. (2011) investigated the physiological responses of Merino wethers (n=12) to simulated conditions of high heat and humidity that would arise during extended live transport from Australia to the Middle East. Wethers wereplaced in pens and exposed to gradually increasing temperatures and then two exposures of three-four days to sustained high heat and humidity (up to a maximum of 31oCwet bulb temperature). There was one day at thermo-neutral temperatures between heat exposures (Stockman et al., 2011).
Previous studies have shown that the quality of driving affects the welfareof sheep during road transit. Rapid braking and acceleration around curves have been associated with increased stress and injury to sheep (Greger,2007). Recent data place additional emphasis on the importance of route optimisation for improving animal welfare. Miranda-de la lama et al. (2011) compared the physiological responses and meat quality of male Rasa Aragonesa lambs (n=48), transported on either smooth two-lane roads or unpaved rural secondary roads for three hours. Vehicle vibrations over the set limit of 7m/s2 weremeasured, blood samples were collected after slaughter (for plasma analysis), and carcasses wereanalysed (for meat quality). Lambs that weretransported on unpaved roads, wheresheep were exposed to a high frequency of maximum oscillations, displayed physiological responses such as high cortisol and CK concentrations. They also presented some characteristics of dark firmdry (DFD) meat. This shows that increased magnitude and frequency of floor vibrations areassociated with an increased stress response and poorer meat quality (Miranda-de la lama et al., 2011).
and type. The primary incentive to improve welfarestandards may be the associated profit (Miranda-de la lama et al., 2011).
Introduction
References
The Cormo Express incident in 2003 focussed attention on the inadequacies surrounding the live transportof sheep (land and sea) and provided impetus for further research in this area. Animals in transit endure a variety of potential stressors, including variance in temperature, humidity and vibration levels, which can severely reduce their fitness (Stockman et al., 2011; Miranda-de la lama et al., 2011). In light of this, many welfare organisations endorse the slaughtering of animals close to their production site. Religious beliefs preclude this in some jurisdictions, such as Asia and the Middle East, whereanimals must be imported live so that they can be slaughtered in accordance with religious law (Wright & Muzzatti, 2007). Live transport is seen as an important animal husbandrypractice and there is continuous investigation into methods ofimproving welfare standards.
Peeters, E., Deprez, K., Beckers, F., De Baerdemaeker, J., Aubert, A., Geers, R. (2008) Effect of driver and driving style on the stress responses of pigs during a short journey by trailer. Animal Welfare 17, 189-196.
Greger, M. (2007) The long haul: Risks associated with livestock transport. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefence Strategy, Practice and Science 5:4.
Zhong, R.Z., Liu, H.W., Zhou, D.W., Sun, H.X., Zhao, C.S. (2011) The effects of road transportation on physiological responses and meat quality in sheep differing in age. Journal of Animal Science 89, 3742-3751.
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“Attention to behavioural signs and problems is an essential part of veterinary medicine since behavioural signs and change are often the first or only signs of underlying health problems. … the pet’s behaviour can also lead to the dissolution of the bond between [them] and the family. Unacceptable behaviour is one of the more common reasons for abandonment and euthanasia of dogs and cats.” (Landsberg et al., 2013)
■ Time
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■ Reputational risk
Download the grimacescale.comFindid=com.universitedemontreal.felinegrimacescaleAndroid:play.google.com/store/apps/details?scale/id1596750830Apple:apps.apple.com/us/app/feline-grimace-app:outmoreabouttheFGS:www.feline
Additionally, there are many online courses and resources for clinics, veterinarians, nurses and veterinaryprofessionals wanting to develop or accredit their skills in low-stress handling, such as:
Figure 1. “Being friendly to cats... is it worth theFigure2.effort?”“Being friendly to cats... is it worth the effort?”
■ Stress
“.. a frightening experience at the veterinary clinic, for 8–12-week-old animals, whose brain cortices are still developing, can set in motion a chain of neurochemical events that can be detrimental to learning. This is important as many veterinarians mistakenly believe or accept that it is “normal” for dogs and cats to be afraid in the hospital environment” (Overall, 2013)
An example of this is repulsion behaviours in clinic (growling, hissing, striking, biting); unacceptable to humans, however perfectly understandable given the context. Consideration of context (intensity, duration, frequency and/or maladaptive emotional state) is essential when attempting to determine if a behaviour is neurotypical or pathological, interfering with quality of life and requiring support. For example, hissing, biting or striking staff after a dog has approached a cat carrier in the waiting room is understandable and appropriate for the context.
Pere Mercader, reviews research that being a ‘cat- friendly clinic’ is good for business. Economic transactions from 8490 feline patients of ‘cat-friendly’ clinics were compared with 123,674 feline patients of traditional clinics (see figure 2). Results showed that Cat Friendly Clinics are successful at establishing a higherlevel bond with their feline patients. This translates into more cats visiting these clinics, ahigher frequency of visits, a higher spend at each visit, and a higher total spend per year.
The best form of approach for behaviour problems will likely use a combination of Medication, Management and Modification (3 M’s) with follow up. Knowledge of treatment protocols are important, but ultimately a good plan needs to accommodate safety, practicality, lifestyle, budget and capability of the family to adhere to the plan. This may or may not include treating or ruling out of any concurrent disease, especially any required pain management, education of owners and modification of the environment. Patient treatment needs to include behaviour modification training, behaviour management aids, and/or drug therapy, alternative therapies, and dietary considerations.
Many undesirable behaviours in cats and dogs can stem from misunderstanding of a pet’s needs in any given situation. The behaviour may be deemed anti-social by humans, however a perfectly understandable reaction in context.
Did you know that 80 per cent of cats and dogs will experience a behavioural condition in their lifetime? (Yamada et al., 2020, 2019)
■ Staff injuries
Knowledge around cat body language and behavior is essential for meeting their quality of life. The Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) (Université de Montréal 2019) is a valid, fast, reliable and easy-to-use tool that can help with acute pain assessment of cats.
Pets are living longer than ever before thanks to medicalization and optimal nutrition. Pet owners are more diligent in taking their pets to the vet, however attitudes towards pet behaviour within the vet profession can be slow to evolve.
■ ISFM cat-friendly clinic program (catfriendly clinic.org/)
Low stress handling – can you afford not to?
Behaviour is in EVERYTHING a veterinarian does. Being able to read body language and handle pets in a low-stress manner affects our:
and
WSAVA includes pain as a fifth vital sign, but for the longest time this has been neglected in cats. Of cats over 12 years old, >90 per cent have radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, and yet only four per cent had any mention of OA in their clinical records (Lascelles, 2010).
Behaviouris the range of actions made by an individual in response to various stimuli from the environment, which includes other individuals, as well as the physical environment. This response can either be voluntaryorinvoluntary,conscious,or subconscious,involving somatic or visceral systems. Behaviours can be eitherinnateor learned.
Traditional methods of handling patients can lead to
■ Trauma – both pet & client
Equally important also is the veterinaryteam’s safety; injuries from bites & scratches are just as important reasons to implement more low-stress policies in practice.
■ Stress-free pets (AU) (stress-free-pets.com/en)
■ Pathology artefact
■ Ability to perform thorough health screening
■ Improve pet, and owner, compliance
Karen Overall sums it up nicely “There is mounting evidence to suggest that routine veterinary care may be contributing to lifelong patient anxiety, starting with the first puppy or kitten physical examination” (Overall et al., 2005)
In a Vet Focus article (Mercader, 2019)
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
■ Ability to administer best care
Hissing, biting or striking staff from a 12-weekold kitten in a low-stress, feline only clinic may not be neurotypical.
It is a common misconception that reactive, fearful behaviours are ‘normal’ in the clinic context. This author firmly believes that it is the veterinarian’sresponsibility to ensure all measures are explored to avoid triggering fear in their patients. Pets should not be afraid of their doctor.
Royal Canin Calm assists the support of emotional resilience through the inclusion of alphacasozepine and an adapted L-tryptophan amino acid ratio. Royal Canin Calm can improve the emotional balance of adult cats and dogs (<15kgs) in as little as two to four weeks. With highly digestible, quality nutrients, Royal Canin Calm is formulated to support urinary, skin and digestive health, with hairball complex for cats and dental support for dogs.
Mercader, P., 2019. Being friendly to cats, is it worth the effort? Vet. Focus 18–20.
Lascelles, 2010. R E V I E W / DJD-associated pain in cats. Jfms Clin. Pract.
Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., Ackerman, L., 2013. Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat, 3rd Editio. ed. Elsevier Inc., London.
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. Robinson, E., Templeman, J.R., Thornton, E., Croney, C.C., Niel, L., Shoveller, A.K., 2020. Investigating the effects of incremental conditioning and supplemental dietary tryptophan on the voluntary activity and behaviour of middistance training sled dogs. PLoS One 15, 1–16. Vermeire, S., Audenaert, K., Dobbeleir, A., Al, E., 2009. Evaluation of the brain 5-HT2A receptor binding index in dogs with anxiety disorders, measure with 123-I-5I-R91150 and SPECT J. Nucl. Med. 50, 284–289.
Practitioners.fromMitchel,Crowell-Davis,Overall,Veterinary:Medicinbk-Evergreen-Apr0121-PLAnid=MKT-EDR-apac-au-1003227-Med-pla-dium=SEM&utm_campaign=PLA&pcampaig-s9play.google.com/store/books/details?id=HHoKURLPKpqn4C&gl=au&hl=en-AU&source=product-earch&utm_source=HA_Desktop_US&utm_meEbooks_Medical_(accessed6.30.21).K.L.,Rodan,I.,Beaver,B.V.,Carney,H.,S.,Hird,N.,Kudrak,S.,Wexler-H.,2005.FelineBehaviorGuidelinestheAmericanAssociationofFeline
Yamada, R., Kuze-Arata, S., Kiyokawa, Y., Takeuchi, Y., 2019. Prevalence of 25 canine behavioral problems and relevant factors of each behavior in japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 81, 1090–1096.
AdvertorialTheVeterinarianMAY 202218 ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au SUBSCRIBENOWTOTHE No.1 AUSTRALIAN VETERINARYMAGAZINE! PaymentEmail:.........................................................................................................................Telephone:.............................................................Fax:..........................................................................Suburb:..................................................................State:.......................................Postcode:AddrCompany:.......................................................................................................................Name:..........................................................................................................................ess:...........................................................................................................................of$.........................................bychequeormoneyordermadepayableto Sydney Magazine Publishers Pty Ltd Or please charge my Visa Amex Mastercard Card holder’s number:........................................................................................................................... Card holder’s Signature:.......................................................................................Expiryname:...............................................................................................................................Date:.................................... YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR DELIVERY POINT AS OFTEN AS YOU LIKE, HOWEVER NO REFUNDS AVAILABLE. One year: $93.50 (incl GST) Two years: $138.60 (incl GST) Three years: $182.60 (incl GST) Overseas rates (all prices Australian dollars) New$105Zealand(AUD) 1 Year $160 (AUD) 2 Years $210 (AUD) 3 Years Rest of the world: $135 (One year) ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ ❏ Fax +61 2 9475 1441 Phone (02) 9487 6627 Mail POBox 305 Millthorpe NSW www.theveterinarian.com.au2798 The Veterinarian provides product and industry news, expert columnists, clinical articles, practice management, research updates and nursing information together with lifestyle issues affecting your profession globally.
B, R., S, G.-B., M, L., Al, E., 2010. Blood concentrations of serotonin, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in aggressive dogs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 123, 124–30.
■ LowStress Handling (lowstresshandling.com/)
NUTRITION AND BEHAVIOUR
Overall, K., 2013. Manual of Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Dogs and Cats - E-Book by Karen Overall – Books on Google Play [WWW Document]. Elsevier Heal. Sci.
■ Fear Free Pets (fearfreepets.com/veterinaryprofessionals/)
Nutrition can be one of many tools used to help support behavioural disorders.
α-casozepine – milk derived active biopeptide
Alpha-casozepine has selective affinity (Lecouvey M., Miclo L., Biochem J., 1997) for the benzodiazepine-binding site on type A GABA receptors in the brain and potentiates the activity of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter widely known for its inhibitory effects on anxiety and stress-related disorders.
Yamada, R., Kuze-Arata, S., Kiyokawa, Y., Takeuchi, Y., 2020. Prevalence of 17 feline behavioral problems and relevant factors of each behavior in japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci . 82, 272–278.
Bibliography/references
L-tryptophan
Serotonin levels are thought to influence aggression (B et al., 2010)(Robinson et al., 2020), regulate mood, anxiety (Vermeire et al., 2009), appetite and sleep. Specifically, there is much interest around the serotonin precursor L-tryptophan, competing with other amino acids, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine at receptor sites in the blood-brain barrier.
While the long-term efficacy of alternative mulesing methods has not yet been investigated, Evans et al. (2011) found that clips are effective in increasing the bare-breech area. In contrast, Lepherd et al. (2011b) observed that intradermal injection may result in uneven penetration of tissues and dag formation.
Welfare implications of husbandry procedures for lambs in Australia
Lomax, S., Sheil, M., Windsor,P.A. (2009) Use of local anaesthesia for pain management during husbandry procedures in Australian sheep flocks. Small Ruminant Research 86, 56-58.
(Edwards et al., 2011). In the longer term, efforts should be focussed on breeding barebreech sheep to eliminate the need for wrinkle-reduction in Merino sheep in Australia.
Edwards, L.E., Arnold, N.A., Butler, K.L., Hemsworth, P.H. (2011) Acute effects of mulesing and alternative procedures to mulesing on lamb behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 133, Edwards,169-174.N.M.,
of age and sex on pain-sensitivity in young male and female lambs (n=75) by exposing a shaved area on one leg to a laser beam on one day at three 15-minutes intervals between 1 and 12 days after birth. A timer measured the duration of exposure to the heat-source before the lamb responded by pulling the leg away from the thermal stimulus. Neither age nor sex alone had a significant effect on the medial latency to respond. However, age x sex interaction yielded significant differences. At the time of birth, both males and females responded very similarly to the stimulus. While latency to respond increased significantly with age in males, there was no significant difference with age in females. Unfortunately, the sample sizes for each group and sex were low (average n=6.25), thus differences among individuals in thermal tolerance or heat conduction through skin may be overrepresented in this study.
Effects of mulesing and alternative procedures to mulesing on the behaviour and physiology of lambs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, 20-27.
Guesgenet al. (2011) investigated the effects
Discusses whether psychological and physiological stressors alter the acute pain response to routine husbandry procedures, such as docking and mulesing, in lambs
This essay is one of a number selected for The Veterinarian magazine Prize for Written Communication for Sydney University third-year veterinary science students.
Conclusions
■ SABINE E.WILKINS
Evans, I.B., Lawton, P.W., Sergeant, E., Lloyd, J.B. (2011) Effect of plastic occlusive clips used as an alternative to mulesing on breech conformation, body weight and survival of Merino lambs.
Lepherd, M.L., Canfield, P.J., Hunt, G.B., Thomson, P.C., Bosward, K.L. (2011b) Wound healing after mulesing and other options for controlling breech flystrike in Merino lambs. Australian Veterinary Journal 89:1-2, 27-37.
bare-breeched sheep is the most desirable option, because it eliminates the need for the removal of skin folds. Yet, results from these programs are unlikely to be available in the short term (Edwards et al., 2009). Current research concentrates on development and assessment of less welfare-compromising alternatives to mulesing (Evans et al., 2011; Edwards et al., 2011; Lepherd et al., 2011a & b; Hemsworth et al., 2009)., but as there is still no feasible alternative to C&TD, it is important to choose the appropriate time and environment to impose these procedures. Publications reviewed here were selected for their investigation into different aspects of pain in sheep, so we might make an informed choice on the least welfare-compromising timing (Guesgen et al., 2011), technique (Edwards et al., 2011) and working environment (Clark et al., 2011) for husbandry procedures.
Australian Veterinary Journal 90, 88-96.
Discussion
Stressors are factors eliciting a rise in plasma cortisol concentrations (PCC) or in inhibition and/or latency of behaviour expression (Lester et al., 1996; Shutt et al., 1988). Clark et al. (2011) investigated the effect of physiological stressors (PhS) and psychological stressors (PsS) on pain responses due to C&TD. They used bacterial lipopolysaccharide, shown to elicit hyperalgesia (Üçeylor et al., 2009), as PhS, while visual isolation and acoustic isolation of lambs from their dams represented PsS. The sensitivity of lambs (n=50) to stimuli with and without exposureto stressors, and with and without C&TD was assessed by measuring mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT), and recording responses to Semmes Weinstein Filaments (SWF); PCCs were also measured. The results showed that sensitivity to both stimuli was reduced after C&TD in all groups compared with the controls. While stress appeared to have no significant effect on SWF-sensitivity, stressed groups had significantly lower MNTs than unstressed and control groups (Clark et al., 2011). Interestingly,peak PCCs did not significantly differ among any of the treatment groups and returned to the low pre-treatment concentration in all groups within 3 hours. These results indicate that sensitivity to noxious stimuli is heightened in sheep exposed to stressful environments, while the natureof the stressor had no significant effect on sensitivity. PCCs indicate that the lambs had a physiological reaction to the procedures, irrespective of nature or presence of stressors.
Edwards et al. (2011) utilised low-light film footage and PCC measurements collected during a study carried out by Hemsworth et al. (2009) on lambs 10-12 weeks of age, which investigated responses to surgical mulesing (n=11) and two alternative methods, intradermal sodium-lauryl-sulphate injection (n=11) and rigid plastic clips (n=11). Edwards et al. (2011) observed the latency and amount of time lambs spent drinking, feeding, lying, walking, running, kneeling, and standing in anormal position (maintenance behaviour) or standing with heads down. They found that mulesed individuals spent less time in maintenance behaviours than animals in alternative and control groups, but spent most of their time with lowered heads. Lambs treated with alternatives to mulesing and the control group exhibited similar behaviour patterns, but the control group spent less time standing with lowered heads than any other group. The latency to feed was tripled in the mulesed group compared with all other treatments and while there was no difference in the latency to lie, the first lying bout was much shorter in these lambs. These observations followed the PCC trends. Edwards et al. (2011) thus demonstrated that mulesing has a significantly more negative effect on welfareof lambs than the alternatives investigated in this study. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the frequency of behaviours generally attributed to pain, such as tail-wagging, kicking, pawing and wound-licking.
Introduction
Hebart, M., Hynd, P.I. (2009)
Australian Veterinary Journal 65:1, 5-7.
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 38, 134-145.
Üçeylor, N., Schäfers, M., Sommer, C. (2009) Mode of action of cytokines on nociceptive neurons.
Lepherd, M.L., Canfield, P.J., Hunt, G.B., Thomson, P.C., Bosward, K.L. (2011a) Assessment of the short-term systemic effect of and acute phase response to mulesing and other options for controlling breech flystrike in Merino lambs.
ESSAY TheVeterinarian 19MAY 2022www.theveterinarian.com.au
dockingthepsychologicalWaterman-Pearson,Clark,Health_Flystrike-prevention_Management.htm.http://www.wool.com/Grow_Animal-C.,Mendl,M.,Jamieson,J.,Arnone,A.,A.,Murrell,J.(2011)Doandphysiologicalstressorsalteracutepainresponsetocastrationandtailinlambs?
Guesgen, M.J., Beausoleil, N.J., Minot, E.O., Stewart, M., Jones, G., Stafford, K.J. (2011) The effects of age and sex on pain sensitivity in young lambs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135, 51-56.
References
Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Karlen, G.M., Fisher, A.D., Butler, K.L., Arnold, N.A. (2009)
Australian Veterinary Journal 89:1-2, 19-26.
Experimental Brain Research 196, 67-78.
In Australia, lambs undergo several husbandry procedures, such as vaccination, ear-notching, ear-tagging, mulesing, castration and tail-docking (C&TD). Tail-docking and mulesing reduce cutaneous myasis (flystrike) caused by Lucilia cuprina (Lee & Fisher, 2007), but are controversial due to the large wounds created and because they are often imposed without pain relief (Lomax et al., 2009). The commitment by the wool industry to phase out surgical mulesing by 2010 (Evans et al., 2011) has generated research into alternative methods, including selective breeding of wrinkle-free sheep, application of clips and intradermal injections to increase the bare-breech area (AWI,Breeding2009).of
The welfare-compromising effect of husbandry procedures in sheep can be reduced by delaying them until two weeks after birth (Guesgen et al., 2011). Performing the procedures in a clean environment within sight and hearing of the dams would minimise PsS and exposureto infectious agents, which have been shown to increase sensitivity to noxious stimuli. Additionally,increasing the bare-breech are awith plastic clips was shown to be a less welfare-compromising than surgical mulesing
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of a barebreech trait in Merino sheep as a potential replacement for surgical mulesing, Animal Production Science 49, 56-64.
Lester, S.J., Mellor, D.J., Holmes, R.J., Ward, R.N., Stafford, K.J. (1996) Behavioural and cortisol responses of lambs to castration and tailing using different methods. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 44:2, 45-54.
Shutt, D.A., Fell, L.R., Connel, R., Bell, A.K. (1988) Stress responses in lambs docked and castrated surgically or by the application of rubber rings.
AWI (Australian Wool Innovation) (2009) Flystrike prevention in Australian sheep. 2. AWI’s flystrike management approach. Accessed 18th March 2012.
Lee, C., Fisher, A.D. (2007) Welfare consequences of mulesing of sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 85:3, 89-93.
Dr
FIV
...the importance of management and housing conditions on the outcomes of FIV infection... FIV in a clinic or shelter setting is often easier to perform than blood testing...
Scan this code or log in at www.animalhealthacademy.com.au to download part one of the Australian Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines. When registering for Animal Health Academy for the first time, please use the access code: myAcademy
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Despite the passage of over 30 years since its discovery, the importance of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection on health and longevity still remains a hotly debated topic. However, thanks to the dedicated work of a team of feline and infectious disease experts, Australian veterinarians now have access to part one of the Australian Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines covering FIV. Find out what all the chatter is about - download your copy from Animal Health Academy or use the QR code below.
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and/or a persistent arrhythmia interfering with systemic perfusion.
Diagram
■ Respiratory dysfunction: SpO2<95% at FiO2 0.21 and/or ventilatoryfailure
■ Liver dysfunction: hyperbilirubinemia with a total bilirubin > 35mmol/L
■ Acute kidney injury (AKI): Serum creatinine >1.8mg/dl and/or and increase in serum creatinine >0.3mg/dl from baseline and or oliguria (urine output <1mL/kg/h over 6hours) and graded I-V according to the International Renal Interest society (IRIS) staging system
■ Cardiovascular dysfunction: hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90mmHg) in a volume replete patient requiring vasopressor therapy
The Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) Score Scoring systems for illness severity are typically based on a number of clinical variables that predict mortality risk and provide an objective basis for patient triage. There are many scoring systems that have been validated for use in humans and designed to promote early identification of SEPSIS. The diagnostic scoring systems currently in place for humans include:
The current criteria supporting MODS in cats and dogs are as follows:
■ Respiratory dysfunction: SpO2 < 95% at FiO2 0.21
1. APPLE full (10 variables): creatinine, white blood cell count, albumin, SpO2, total bilirubin, mentation score, respiratory rate, age, lactate and the presence of free fluid in a body cavity (detected on ultrasound)
■ Gastrointestinal dysfunction: the presence of ileus, gastrointestinal ulceration, an intolerance of enteral feeding, vomiting and/or diarrhoea
Dogs:
Scoring designed to rule out patients with potential SEPSIS include:
■ Haemostatic dysfunction: >25% prolongation prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and/or platelet count <100,000mm3 in the absence of platelet clumps at blood smear evaluation
Cats:
■ Respiratory dysfunction: arterial hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 <300)
■ Liver dysfunction: Serum bilirubin> 0.7mg/dl in the absence of haemolysis or biliary obstruction
Sepsis is a syndrome that can be considered an continuum from mild to severe with uncomplicated SIRS + infection being the mild end of the spectrum and septic shock being the most severe. Severe sepsis falls inthe middle of this continuum and the prognosis for survival decreases as the patient moves along this line.
■ Acute kidney injury (AKI): An increase in serum creatinine >0.30.5mg/dl from baseline and or oliguria (urine output <1mL/kg/h over 6hours)
■ Haemostatic dysfunction: Prothrombin time (PT) >15s and/or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) >20s and/or platelet count <100,000mm3 in the absence of platelet clumps at blood smear evaluation
Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies and once identified, treatment and resuscitation should be initiated immediately.
■ Cardiovascular dysfunction: hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90mmHg) in a volume replete patient requiring vasopressor therapy
Cats: Temperature <37.8C or >40.0C, Heart rate <140bpm or >225bpm, Respiratory rate >40bpm and white blood cells (x 103/uL) <5 or >19.
Dogs: Temperature <37.2C or >39.2C, Heart rate >140bpm, respirator y rate >30bpm and White blood cells (x 103/uL) <6 or >19.
Scoring systems:
The diagnostic criteria for SIRS in cats and dogs areas follows:
Severe sepsis is accompanied by organSepticdysfunction.shockimplies the presence of acute circulatory failure and persistent arterial hypotension despite volume resuscitation.
Inhuman patients, severe sepsis is quantified by the following parameters which are supportive of concurrent organ dysfunction:
The ‘Surviving Sepsis campaign 2021’ provides the medical world with the international guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock. This information can be extrapolated to our veterinarypatients and will be discussed later but what is pivotal in the management of human sepsis patients is the following: sepsis screening and sepsis bundling (a bundle refer to a group of therapies that are know to improve outcome if used together).
Liver dysfunction: Serum bilirubin >0.5mg/dl in the absence of haemolysis or biliary obstruction
■ PRESEP: prehospoital early sepsis detection
and sepsis/severe sepsis/septic shock.
MODS describes a physiological derangement of the endothelial, cardiopulmonary, renal, nervous endocrine and gastrointestinal systems due to the progression of systemic inflammation.Thecriteria used to define MODS varies between species and is variable between publications so the following isaguide to the criteria supporting MODS in cats and dogs.
SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock
■ NEWS: national early warning score
CriticalMelbourneSheUniversityQueenslandfromin1997.workedinmixedanimalpracticeinQueenslandaftergraduation,beforemovingtoCanberratoworkforJohnAspleyDavisatKippaxVeterinaryHospital.ShehascompletedaresidencyinemergencyandcriticalcareatUniversityandwasaresidentinthesamefieldatthePennsylvaniaUniversityVeterinaryHospitalintheUS.SheisveterinarydirectorofNorthCoastVeterinaryEmergencyandCare(NCVECC)inSippyDowns,Qld.HansenisamemberoftheEmergencyandCriticalCareChapteroftheACVS. Clinical Review TheVeterinarian 21MAY 2022■ www.theveterinarian.com.au
■ Renal dysfunction: acute oliguria (urine output < 0.5mL/kg/h for at least 2 hours) and/or creatinine >2mg/dl
Sepsis implies an infectious aetiology and maybe bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoal in origin.
Multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are sequalae to SIRS
■ SIRS criteria
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a term used to describe patients with clinical signs of systemic inflammation in response to an infectious or non-infectious insult (i.e. trauma, pancreatitis, snake bite, heat stroke).
■ Haemostatic dysfunction: coagulation abnormalities identified by prolongation in prothrombin time (PT) and/or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and/or thrombocytopenia
Naomi Hansen BVSc MACVSc graduated
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I have had many opportunities to network and am building great connections with my colleagues both inside and outside of work. The first opportunity was the Gold Coast new graduate meet and greet, where I met my Regional Clinic Director and other vets, clinical directors, practice managers and grads working at clinics across the Gold Coast. Greencross also flew me to Sydney for the new graduate induction session, involving a dinner meet and greet and team building activities with other new grads from around the country. We also have four online meetings amongst the new grads across Australia where we discuss various case reports and upcoming surgical and dentistry workshops. There is a lot of opportunity to meet new people and make friends.
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What would you say to final year vet students who are looking for a great cultural fit when they begin clinical work?
I would highly recommend the Greencross Graduate Program for final year vet students and believe Greencross has taken the time to make a program that meets the needs of graduate veterinarians. There is a tremendous amount of support, continuing education, and opportunities to network with veterinarians from other General Practice Clinics and Emergency and Specialist Referral Hospitals. The culture is incredible and I have felt so supported and mentored from day one. Choosing Greencross was one of the best decisions I have made in my life.
How does Greencross support your team’s wellbeing?
We promote wellbeing by focusing on it and bringing it to the forefront of our conversations with our teams. The key is finding balance in your life, and for many that doesn’t come easily. We tailor our working week to maximise time off to enjoy things outside of work. We encourage our team members to go home when their shift finishes and don’t do any on-call work. We want our teams to take their lunch break every day and get out of the clinic to refresh and reset. There is no hierarchy, every vet and nurse are a valued member of the team and will always have the support of their leadership team whenever they need it.
The support and connections that come with being a part of the network is unrivalled. Everyone truly cares for each other and will go out of their way to help or listen at every level. With so many clinics, hospitals and our support office, there is always someone to go to with whatever you need, or for when you just need a laugh or a chat. We also have a big focus on education to improve the skills and knowledge of our teams. We encourage completion of further education courses and memberships exams via our scholarship programs, as well as webinars and our very popular practical hands-on workshops. I personally have progressed with my skills and knowledge through the years utilising the current offering to a point where I now present the workshops I previously attended as junior vet.
DR. ADAM JEFFREY Regional Clinical Director Greencross Vets
DR. SHANICE NITIS Graduate Veterinarian Greencross Vets
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Learn more greencrossvets.com.au/careersat: Grow and develop with us. Discover both clinical & management career pathways! Enjoy flexibility. Thrive with work-life balance and a roster that suits you!
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I feel like a very valued member of the team and I am so grateful for everyone’s support. They have always made an effort to check in and listen to my ideas and opinions. My practice manager and vet nurses are always conscious of my needs as a new graduate; they make sure I have enough time to work-up my cases, do consults, type my notes and eat lunch. The veterinarians echo this in the clinical setting; as they are always willing to mentor me even when they are extremely busy with their own cases.
At Greencross we pride ourselves on our supportive culture that is often described as like being part of a family. Our team members all deserve and receive respect, support, flexibility and mentorship. Hear from one of our newest recruits and her Regional Clinical Director who started with us 15 years ago about their perspectives on the Greencross culture.
What is the best part of your job?
I get the pleasure of upskilling our workforce as a Regional Clinical Director, as well as performing urgent, technical surgical procedures for patients in need. I love watching our vets apply new skills and knowledge in clinic decision making and empowering them to be confident in their remarkable abilities. Particularly when I see our more junior vets master a skill they were once nervous about, for me that that really rewarding and I love being able to encourage growth and progression. I’m very proud of my passionate and engaged team of veterinarians and the way they look out for each other.
A culture of difference
Pathogenesis of the septic inflammatory response: Microbial factors:
■ PIRO: predisposition, infection/insult response and organ dysfunction
There is an upregulation of tissue factor (TF) due to the inflammatorycytokine response to bacterial infection. The coagulation cascade is
Clinical
Figure 1. Ultrasound images of severe necrotising pancreatitis and secondary peritonitis, acondition in dogs commonly associated with SIRS
■ Gram positive bacteria (source: skin, soft tissue injury, intravenous catheters)
■ MEDS: mortality in emergency department sepsis
The Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) Score: A severity of Illness Stratification System for Hospitalised Dogs. Hayes et al. JVet Intern Med. Sept-Oct 2010;24(5):1034-47.
SEPSIS: the loss of homeostatic mechanisms
1. Loss of vasomotor tone
The cell wall contains a potent molecule called LPS(lipopolysaccharide). LPSs are endotoxins that are known to be potent activators of a hosts immune response.
■ Gram negative bacteria (source: gastrointestinal and urogenital systems)
Patients with SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock lose the normal homeostatic balance between endogenous vasoconstrictors and vasodilators resulting in a dysregulation of vasomotor tone. There is a higher than normal production of nitric oxide (NO) during sepsis and this results in the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and vasodilation. The resultant clinical picture is a patient with injected mucous membranes, short capillary refill time and tachycardia.
Activation of host macrophages and the generation of pro inflammatory cytokines, most notably tumour necrosis factor - α (TNF-α), is key in the early phase of sepsis. The macrophages are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activated macrophages is known to generate both pro and counter inflammatory mediators.
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PAMPs: Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are endotoxins found in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria, they are considered one of the most potent stimuli of the host immune response and the prototypical class of PAMPs.
The macrophage-derived cytokines activate other inflammatory cells (i.e. neutrophils, monocytes) and chemokines act to attract other cells to the affected area. A controlled inflammatoryresponse is beneficial to the host, this is a localised reaction balanced by pro and counter inflammatorymediators. An excessive inflammator y response results from disproportionate activation of the proinflammatory mediators or a lack of counter inflammatory response (also known as CARS: compensatory anti-inflammatoryresponse syndrome).
■ SPEED: sepsis patient evaluation in the emergency department
The APPLE score has been proposed and validated for use in dogs (validated for parameters recorded within the initial 24 hours of hospitalisation).Scoringsystems, like the APPLE system, can assist in SEPSIS screening during the triage process as it is consistent with the criteria outlined in SIRS, SEPSIS and MODS. The management of SIRS, SEPSIS and MODS hinges on the early identification and implementation of an appropriate treatment regimen
2. Dysregulation of inflammation and coagulation
Scoring systems designed to identify patients with increased mortality risk include:
■ SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment
qSOFA: quick SOFA
Activation of the host inflammatory cascade by gram positive bacteria occurs in response to cell wall components or via bacterial DNA or via elaboration of soluble bacterial endotoxins.
1. Initial resuscitation:
Antimicrobial choice:
■ Septic dogs have lower levels of protein C and antithrombin (AT) activity
● If there is a low likelihood of infection and no sock antimicrobial therapy should be deferred and close monitoring continued.
● Normalisation of abnormal mentation
■ Mean arterial pressure (MAP): SSC recommends a target MAP of 65mmHg. MAP is a determinant of mean systemic filling pressure which drives venous return and cardiac output. This will enhance blood flow and the supply side of tissue perfusion. Some organs (brain and kidneys) have the ability to autoregulate blood flow above a threshold MAP.AMAP below 60mmHg are associated with decreased organ perfusion.
● Restoration of vital signs
■ The target MAP in patients with septic shock is 65-70mmHg (these patients are generally on vasopressor therapy).
Following the initial resuscitation phase, fluid administration is continued at a rate that takes into consideration the potential for fluid overload.
The early administration of antimicrobials is recognised as one of the most effective interventions for reducing mortality in patients with
● (SAP >80-90mmHg and MAP >65mmHg)
■ If there is a high risk of a multidrug resistant (MDR) organism: SSC suggests using two (2) antimicrobials with gram-negative cover.
There are several complex mechanisms that result in alterations in the endothelium during SIRS and sepsis. There is an increase in vascular permeability and derangements to the microcirculation.
● For human adults with possible sepsis without shock rapid assessment of the likelihood of noninfectious causes of acute illness is recommended. This investigation has a 3 hour time limit and ifconcern for infection persists antimicrobial therapy should be initiated.
Diagram 3.
■ SSC suggests using dynamic measures to guide resuscitation in addition to the use of serum lactate and capillaryrefill time (CRT) as adjunct to other measures of perfusion.
● Dogs: 20-90mL/kg
Management of sepsis:
● Normal serum lactate (<2.5mmol/L)
There is emphasis on obtaining a full screen (i.e. body fluid samples for microbiologic culture, including blood) for infectious agents prior to starting antimicrobial therapy. This must be done in a timely manner (i.e. within 45 minutes) so as not to delay the initiation of antimicrobial therapy when indicated.
● Restoration of normal blood pressure
● Pulse oximetry>93% (FiO2 0.21)
■ If there is a low risk of MDR: SSC suggests using one gram-negative agent.
Clinical Review
The shock volume is administered incrementally with one quarter (1/4) of the shock volume administered over 15 minutes (i.e. dogs 5-20mL/kg over 15 minutes and cats 3-10mL/kg over 15 minutes). This is repeated until the end points of resuscitation have been achieved.
The Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2021 (SSC) recommends using a scoring system (i.e. SIRS, NEWS, MEWS) as a screen tool for the early identification of sepsis and/or septic shock.
● Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies and the recommendation is that treatment and resuscitation begin immediately. The use of scoring systems during triage (i.e. applying the SIRS criteria) to all patients will help identify those in need of immediate resuscitation.
● Packed Cell Volume (PCV) >25%
● Cats: 10-50mL/kg
The following points (bullet points with solid colour) are a selection of suggestions and recommendations derived from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) 2021 (The international guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic shock 2021). A complete outline of the SSC guidelines 2021 has been published by Evans et al. in Critical Care Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine.
■ An elevated lactate is part of the Sepsis-3 definition of septic shock as support for refractory hypotension resulting in cellular stress.
● Human patients with sepsis induced hypoperfusion require 30mL/kg (ideal body weight) IV crystalloid fluid to be given in the first 3 hours. This recommendation can be applied judicially to our veterinarypatients with fluid resuscitation applied in a goal directed manner (early goal directed therapy (EGDT)). Afailure to initial early fluid resuscitation (i.e. within 3 hours) has been associated with an increase in mortality,delayed resolution of hypotension and increased length of stay in ICU.
■
3.Endothelial microcirculation
The indented notes (bullet points with no colour) are my extrapolation from the SSC 2021 guidelines with consideration to what we recommend in our veterinary patients.
initiated by the combination of TF and factor VIIa and perpetuated by the inability of the counterregulatory mechanisms to maintain a haemostatic balance. The result is a procoagulant and antifibrinolytic state initially which progresses to a hypocoagulable state.
4.Mitochondrial abnormalities
sepsis or septic shock. The delivery of antimicrobials to these patients is considered urgent, especially in patients with septic shock as these patients benefit the most from the early administration of antimicrobials.
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Diagram 2. APPLE fast (5 variables): glucose, albumin, mentation score, platelet count and lactate
Targetshock.endpoints of resuscitation parameters (EOR) in veterinarypatients should be achieved within 2-3 hours of initiating resuscitation and include:
■ For human adults with suspected sepsis or septic shock with unconfirmed infection, SSC recommend continuously re-evaluating and searching for alternative diagnoses and discontinuing antimicrobials if an alternative cause of illness is demonstrated or strongly suspected.
Prolonged infusions (i.e. the antibiotic is infused over at least half of the dosing interval or as a continuous infusion) of beta-lactams for maintenance (after an initial bolus)is recommended over bolus infusion (i.e. administration in a bolus over a time frame <30 minutes). Administering beta-lactams over a prolonged time frame is considered more appropriate for the pharmacodynamics of these antimicrobials and results in sustained concentrations.
An isotonic crystalloid should be administered at a‘shock rate’ with the EOR achieved within 1-3 hours. Shock volumes typically used in veterinary patients are:
● Urine output (UOP) > 1mL/kg/h
2. Infection:
■ If there is a high likelihood of septic shock or sepsis,antimicrobial administration is recommended immediately/within one (1) hour of recognition.
The measuring of blood lactate in patients suspected of having sepsis is suggested as it can be used to help with screening of patients. Lactate alone is neither specific nor sensitive to sepsis as it is a biomarker of tissue hypoxia and dysfunction so must be used alongside ancillary clinical screening tools.
● Early,aggressive fluid resuscitation is considered the cornerstone of managing both human and veterinary patients with severe sepsis and septic
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The profound inflammation in patients with SIRS and sepsis results in vascular leakage due to a dysfunction of the endothelial system. Fluid therapy is the mainstay for resuscitation in these patients as they generally have a relative and absolute hypovolaemic, hypoperfusion and may have septic shock. These patients are therefore also at high risk of fluid overload so early goal directed therapy (EGDT) is advocated in all patients with SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic Targetshock.
■ Starch solutions (i.e. hydroxyethyl starch (HES)) are not recommended in the resuscitation of patients with sepsis or septic shock. For patients that fail to respond to crystalloid therapy alone, norepi-
● Aratio of < 300 indicates acute lung injury (ALI)
■ The prompt removal of any initial intravascular access devices is advised once an aseptic vascular access point has been established (i.e. remove any catheters placed during triage and resuscitation if they are not placed in an aseptic manner).
The following are considerations for PK/PD para-meters inpatients with sepsis and septic shock: augmented renal clearance, AKI, hypoalbuminemia, RRT and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Abalanced crystalloid rather than saline is suggested as a normal saline solution (0.9% Saline) has the following adverse effects: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, renal vasoconstriction, increased cytokine secretion and concern for acute kidney injur y (AKI).
■ In patients with septic shock and persistent need for vasopressor therapy IV corticosteroids are suggested.
5.Additional Therapies:
■ Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a low tidal volume ventilation strategy (6-8mL/kg) is advised over a high tidal volume (>10mL/kg) ventilation strategy. In addition, the recommended upper limit goal for plateau pressure is 30cmH2O over higher plateau pressures. A higher peak end expiratory pressure (PEEP) over lower PEEP is also suggested.
● Aminoglycosides: use extended interval dosing with consideration to patient weight and kidney function
● Aratio < 200 is diagnostic of ARDS.
● Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria: The PaO2/FiO2 ratio is used to determine the severity of respiratory compromise.
■ Inpatients with sepsis or septic shock, pharmaceutical venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is recommended (unless contraindicated). Low molecular weight heparin is recommended over unfractionated heparin in patients for VTE prophylaxis.
Veterinary doses for vasopressor therapy: Norepinephrine 0.1-2.0 mcg/kg/ min VasopressinIV 0.5-5.0 mU/kg/min IV Dopamine 5-15 mcg/kg/min IV
■ The initiation of enteral nutrition in patients with septic shock is suggested within 72 hours.
● Persistent hypotension in veterinary patients is defined as a MAP <65mmHg after initial fluid resuscitation.
■ For adults with sepsis induced hypoxemic respiratory failure the use of high flow nasal oxygen is suggested over non-invasive ventilation.
■ Dosing strategies should be optimised based on accepted drug(PK/PD)cokinetic/pharmacodynamicpharma-principlesandspecificproperties.
■ The addition of vasopressin in lieu of escalating doses of norepinephrine for patients with inadequate mean arterial pressure levels onasingle vasopressor. Vasopressin is an endogenous peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored/released by the pituitary gland. The mechanism for vasoconstriction involves V1 receptors on the vascular smooth muscle, resulting in an increase in arterial blood pressure. The endogenous levels of vasopressin are believed to be elevated in early septic shock but decrease back to the normal range over 24-48 hours (termed ‘relative vasopressin deficiency’: in the presence of hypotension, vasopressin levels would be expected to be elevated but this is not the case after 24-48 hours of shock).
3. Hemodynamic management:
■ Once the source of the infection has been established, adequate source control is recommended over prolonged antimicrobial administration. Source control may include drainage of an abscess, debriding infected necrotic tissue, removal of a potentially infected device (including intravascular access devices ) or definitive control of a source of ongoing microbial contamination. Source control within 6-12 hours is considered advantageous and should be achieved as soon as possible following the initial resuscitation phase. The least invasive option should be pursued initially with surgical exploration advocated if the source cannot be controlled in a ‘non invasive’ manner.
■ For adults with sepsis or septic shock, crystalloids are recommended as the first line for resuscitation.
● A consensus statement in the human literature (the Berlin definition)
Clinical Review
suggests categorizing ARDS by severity in the following manner: mild: PaO2/FiO2 <300, moderate: PaO2/FiO2 < 200, severe: PaO2/FiO2 <100.
■ For patients with septic shock the following in advised:
● In veterinary patients, it is advised that vasopressors be started within six (6) hours for patients with persistent hypotension despite aggressive initial fluid resuscitation.
■ In patients with a risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, stress ulcer prophylaxis is suggested.
● Beta-Lactams: Use prolonged infusions and consideration to patient weight and kidney function
nephrine is suggested as the first line vasopressor. Norepinephrine is a potent alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptor agonist which results in vasoconstriction and an increase in MAP with little effect onheart rate. Norepinephrine is more potent than dopamine as a vasoconstrictor and has a lower risk of arrhythmias associated with beta-1 activity.
● Note: the inotropic response in patients with sepsis maybe blunted and the preserved chronotropic effects may cause tachycardia without the desired increase in stroke volume (SV).
● Invasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure over non-invasive monitoring (as soon as practical).
MAP 65mmHg
■ Epinephrine is advised as the third line for patients that do not respond to the combination of norepinephrine and vasopressin. Epinephrine is dose dependent with potent beta-1 and moderate beta-2 and alpha-1 adrenergic receptor activity.
4.Ventilation:
■ The use of sodium bicarbonate is not indicated in patients with septic shock and hypoperfusion induced lactic acidemia but it is suggested inpatients with severe metabolic acidemia (pH <7.2) and acute kidney injury (AKI) score 2-3.
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● Starting a vasopressor peripherally to restore arterial blood pressure rather than delaying therapy until a central venous access is secured.
■ For adults with sepsis or septic shock, insulin therapy is recommended in patients with a glucose level >10mmol/L.
■ If cardiac dysfunction is suspected (sepsis induced myocardial dysfunction is recognised as a major contributor to hemodynamic instability)in patients with persistent hypoperfusion despite adequate volume resuscitation and adequate arterial blood pressure the addition of dobutamine is suggested or the use of epinephrine alone. Dobutamine is an inotrope and effective at increasing cardiac output (CO) and oxygen transport as well as increasing splanchnic perfusion and tissue oxygenation to improve intramucosal acidosis and hyperlactatemia.
● Fluoroquinolones: consideration to kidney function
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“Pro-Visual reflects a shared interest of the AVA and regulators to ensure WHS which encompasses mental health and wellbeing is at the forefront through clarity, accessibility and consensus to veterinary practices of all types and the need to include the teaching of personal cognitive and coping skills to undergraduate veterinary students.”
In 2021, Australians owned an estimated 4.9 million pet cats with a staggering 24 per cent obtained during the pandemic.
The two-day festival – headlined by Australia’s beloved TV vet Chris Brown – will offer visitors the chance to meet and interact with over 300 cats representing more than 30 breeds. A wide array of feline-inspired attractions will offer visitors the chance to
In the past 12 months, 41.6 per cent indicated that they had experienced a mental health condition.2Thenewly released AR Interactive –Veterinary Industry Guide to Workplace Safety 2022/23 produced in conjunction with Australian Veterinary Association (AVA), Veterinary Business Group (VBG) and endorsed by the National Safety Council Australia (NSCA) primary focus is the prioritisation of mental health guidelines for the veterinary sector and development of a positive work environment which includes digital access to a range of AVA initiatives –Mental Health First Aid Training Program to assist practice staff in identifying employees who
Despite the many benefits of veterinary work, poor mental health and suicide is an issue affecting the veterinary profession. Veterinarians have almost four times the suicide rate of the Australian population and twice as likely as healthcare professionals. This equates to a veterinarian taking their own life on average every 12 weeks in Australia; 30.6 percent veterinarians suffer stress; 25.6 per cent veterinarians suffer from depression and 26.4 per cent suffer work-related burnout.1
The safety and wellbeing of visitors and cats is the utmost priority to Show organisers who have worked closely with the venue to create a government approved COVID-Safe event. The show takes place on June 4–5 at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre. For further information and to book tickets, visit catloversshow.com.au/melbourne.
This leading-edge digitally interactive Guide is a key resource to support the Veterinary profession and is also available to students, graduates and educators to download tools and resources to engage effectively on matters relating to mental health and wellbeing conversations; supportive discussions that address key strategic actions and procedures which reduce the impact of industry-specific risk factors and promotion of protective factors; identification contributing factorshigh stress levels, mental disorders and burnout; categorisation of factors to identify those with high impact and prevalence.
“Anyone with a deep love for cats or seeking abetter understanding of these curious and enigmatic creatures can celebrate their shared passion at Australia’slargest feline-focused festival, right in the heart of Melbourne,” Show Founder and CEO, Jason Humphris said.
Nails, while kids indulge in free Kitty Face Painting before snapping show memories at the new Glitter Selfie Wall.
Adults can fetch a glass of bubbly and pampering from nail technician Clara H.
Independent research commissioned by AVA has shown veterinarians deal with personal mental health issues at a higher rate that the general population with 66.6 per cent of veterinary respondents have experienced, or are experiencing, a mental health condition in comparison to 61.8 per cent nationally.
Designed to be displayed in the workplace the Veterinary Industry to Guide to Workplace Safety 2022/23 is developed with interactive augmented reality (AR) capabilities for use with a smart device, by simply downloading the free Pro-Vis AR App via the App Store or Google Play.
may be experiencing mental health issues and helps them know how to offer assistance; VetHealth guidance on staying healthy and maintaining a good work-life balance; Mental Health Check-In; and AVA’s confidential counselling service, an HR Advisory service, inclusive of seminars around resilience, wellness and mental health.
Animal experts including Katrina Warren, Kelly Gill, Lara Shannon, Rose Horton, and Alex Hecker will unite to present a weekend of talks on the new PETstock Stage. For the first time, and beaming live via satellite from Los Angeles on the big screen, global cat celebrity and host of Animal Planet's My Cat from Hell, Jackson Galaxy, will present daily talks followed by an interactive Q&A.
learn essential tips on feline behaviour, nutrition, enrichment and breed selection.
■ THRIVE – An AVA initiative to support veterinarians and veterinary staff to lead satisfying, prosperous, and healthy careers.
“Thank you to our Corporate Sponsors andto the AustralianVeterinary Association’s commitment and creation of a National Veterinary Mental Health Strategy encompassing insights on potential future initiatives, interventions, solutions to improve veterinarymental healthand wellbeing; inclusive of graduate mentoring and peer support frameworks,” Pro-Visual CEO John Hutchings said.
Australia’s largest feline festival returns
■ Available via free subscription at www. provisual.com.au free resources also include: AVA Graduate Mentoring Program pairs newly graduating veterinarians with an experienced
References
1. Vet Life Australia (Australian Veterinary Mental Health Awareness and Suicide prevention).
Almost three years since the last event was staged, organisers have landed an all-new home, the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre.
2.AVA Wellness Strategy. Superfriend Stakeholder Report 29 October 2021.
Pro-Visual promotes AVA’s mental health strategy
■ AVA Maintaining Good Mental Health Guide; ■ AVA Strengthening Your Self Esteem;
For free Guides, email marketing@provisual.com.au.
With a new wave of passionate feline families in our midst, the return of the Melbourne Cat Lovers Show couldn’t be better timed.
Australia’s biggest cat retail market will provide close contact with pet products, while the Trouble & Trix Breed Showcase will provide a unique opportunity for guests to learn from more than 30 leading breeders representing rare, pedigree and companion varieties. The PETstock Adoption Zone will host free stalls for up to 40 rescue groups, and crowd favourite Pat-A-Cat will return.
“Recently our vets assisted with a neonate dolphin rescue … we also work closely with Australian Seabird Rescue to treat a range of native birdlife.”Tenclinics are now participating in the program: Adelaide Koala & Wildlife Centre, Bonorong Wildlife
“Many factors may influence dog guardians to choose unconventional diets for their pets, including concerns regarding the environment, the treatment of animals used as food, and the health of their pets, however research into the health effects of conventional versus unconventional dog diets has been limited,” Knight explained, adding that, to date, it was the largest published study to explore health outcomes of dogs fed vegan and meat-based diets. He said the analysis revealed that the healthiest and least hazardous dietary choices for dogs were nutritionally sound vegan diets.Data analysis showed that although dogs on raw meat diets appeared to be healthier than those
In Queanbeyan Local Court, Magistrate Clisdell reflected on summer temperatures in Condo-
“We need to reduce emissions and actively embrace the opportunities of renewable energy for the sake of our children and grandchildren as well as animals,” she said.
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“While this could be a sign of better health, prior research indicated that guardians of dogs on raw meat diets are less likely to seek veterinary advice, but additional research will be needed to confirm if a raw meat or a vegan diet is associated with better dog health outcomes,” Knight said.
“If you suspect animals within your neighbourhood have been left alone with inadequate care, please contact RSPCA NSW immediately, so that we can investigate and help these animals before it is tooThelate.”underweight Bull Arab dog recovered with the help of RSPCA NSW and has been adopted.
Vets acting on climate change
■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT
No bones about this diet
The examining vet said the surviving dog was underweight at 27.2kg, and declared there had been a failure to provide proper nutrition for at least two weeks.
From page 3
Conclusions: Multiple strategies including effective engagement with indigenous communities and organisations will be required to reduce dog-bites and other incidents involving dog aggression. This review provides some evidence that legislated dog control strategies reduce dog bite rates. Available evidence suggests greater restrictions should be made for all dogs, rather than based on breed alone. Due to aburden of child injury, protection of children should be a focus of legislation and further investiga tions. Prevention strategies in children require redirection away from afocus on child-directed education and future research should investigate the effectiveness of engineering barriers and reporting strategies.
■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT
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Wildlife health receives a Byron boost
From page 3 of our more iconic species including koalas, sea turtles and gliders,” Talbot said in a statement.
The dog also received attention for an untreated hookworm infestation.The vet also provided the opinion that all five of the deceased animals had died having not received proper and sufficient food and water for at least four weeks.
RSPCA NSW Chief Inspector Scott Meyers said it was “devastating” to see owners abandoning animals to starve and dehydrate to death.
“No animal should suffer the same tragic fate of these poor dogs,” he said.
■ SAM WORRAD
Natasha Duncan-Sutherland1, Abbey CLissaman2,Michael Shepherd34, Bridget Kool5 Inj Prev. 2022 Apr 7;injuryprev-2021-044477. doi: 54321044477.Online10.1136/injuryprev-2021aheadofprint.AdultEmergencyDepartment,AucklandHospital,Auckland,NewZealandquavernote@hotmail.com.DepartmentofPhysiology,TheUniversityofAuckland,Auckland,NewZealand.StarshipChildren'sEmergencyDepartment,StarshipFoundation,Auckland,NewZealand.DepartmentofPaediatrics:ChildandYouthHealth,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,NewZealand.SectionofEpidemiologyandBiostatistics,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,NewZealand.
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Tel: 02 9487 6627
■ SAM WORRAD
TheVeterinarian MAY 202230 ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au
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on vegan diets, several factors prevented the conclusion raw meats were healthier for the animals. Factors included some nutritional deficiencies such as calcium/phosphorous imbalances, and specific vitamin deficiencies. Dogs on raw meat diets were also found to be significantly younger than dogs on vegan diets, and less likely to be taken to a veterinarian.
From page 12
Frompage 1
Hospital in Tasmania, Boongarry Veterinary Services in Cairns, Broome Veterinary Hospital, Byron Bay Wildlife Hospital, Kimberley Vet Centre in Kununurra, Kingston Animal Hospital in Hobart, Lort Smith Animal Hospital in Melbourne, RSPCA QLD Wildlife Hospital in Brisbane, and WA Wildlife in Perth.
A brindle Bull Arab dog was found alive in the yard and was taken to Forbes Veterinary Clinic for immediate treatment.
From page 1 surgeries and hospitals to reduce their carbon footprint and introduce sustainable practices,” Kessels said.VfCA provides information to everyone who owns or cares for animals, as it recognises that the predicted rising temperatures will affect the health and welfare of livestock as well as wildlife. The spread of diseases, particularly those carried by vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks in areas affected by warmer and wetter climates are also an emerging risk for animals as well
as people, and Kessels is urging the next government to develop a national climate plan.
Further information about VfCA, including how to join and become involved, is available at www.vfca.org.au.
Abstracts - dog bite
‘Vegan versus meat-based dog food: Guardian-reported indicators of health’ isavailable at nal.pone.0265662.doi.org/10.1371/jour-
The study’s results suggest that large-scale, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies of dogs, maintained on different diets, using data
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bolin, having sat as a Magistrate in the area for a period.
He noted that leaving animals to fend for themselves in such conditions calls for serious punishment.
Custodial sentence for animal cruelty
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Results: Forty-three studies met the review criteria, including 15 observational and 27 interventional studies. Fifteen studies investigating dog-control legislation, including leash laws, stray dog control and infringements indicated this can reduce dog bite rates. Breed-specific legislation had less of an effect. Six studies investigating sterilisation, showed while this may reduce dog bites through a reduction in the dog population, the effect on dog aggression was unclear. An alcohol reduction programme showed a significant reduction in dog bite rates in one study. Seven studies assessing educational approaches found that intensive adult-directed education may be effective, with one study showing child-directed education was not effective. Eight studies on dog training (two policedog related), and six evaluating dog medication or diet were generally low quality and inconclusive.
such as the results of veterinary clinical examinations and veterinary medical histories, could yield results of greater reliability, but both these new and prior findings have found a nutritionally sound vegan diet may prove to be the healthiest and least hazardous choice for dogs.
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The remains of three more dogs were found in the front bedroom of the property.
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CREATURE Feature
Margay (Leopardus wiedii) Asmall wild cat native to Central and South America, the margay is a solitary, nocturnal animal which lives mainly in forests. Sometimes called the ‘tree ocelot’, the margay is a skilful climber, and spends most of its time in trees, chasing birds and monkeys. PictureSupreet Sahoo
White outWhite outWhite out White out The most complete parasite protection, all in one tasty chew See product label for full claim details and directions for use. *Based on sales data collected from Animal Medicines Australia (Baron) Audit Report – Canine Parasiticide Category – MAT June 2021. Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty. Ltd. Level 1, 78 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113. ABN 53 071 187 285. ®NEXGARD SPECTRA is a registered trademark of the Boehringer Ingelheim Group. All rights reserved. PET-0041-2021 Australia’s leading parasite protection for dogs*
