The Veterinarian Magazine March 2024

TheVeterinarian

Financial relief for eID implementation

The Queensland Government has announced it will invest $6.344m to support Queensland’s sheep and goat producers, saleyards, processors and stock and station agents to implement mandatory individual electronic identification (eID).

While the application date for rebates has yet to be announced, the Government has announced the rebates will provide:

■ A 50 per cent rebate up to $1600 (per Property Identification Code (PIC) based in Queensland) to sheep and managed goat producers for eID readers and eID devices.

■ A 50 per cent rebate up to $2500 (small saleyards) or $ 65,000 (large saleyards) for eID readers, software and hardware

■ A 50 per cent rebate up to $2500 (small processor), or $10,000 (medium processors), or $85,000 (large processors), for eID readers, software and hardware

■ A 50 per cent rebate up to $1600 to Queensland livestock agents and show society subchambers for eID readers.

From January 1 2025, individualeID for sheep and managed goats will commence implementation in Queensland, as part of an agreed To page 30

More calls to end live export

In the wake of the chaos surrounding the live export ship MV Bahijah that remained at anchor in Fremantle for over a month in temperatures that were sometimes close to 40 degrees, RSPCA Australia has again called for a legislated end date to the live sheep export trade.

Suzanne Fowler the organisation’s Chief Science Officer, said the live export industry faced an increased risk of disruption due to escalating conflict in the Middle East, a circumstance that presented even more unacceptable risks for animal welfare.

“While our most recent concerns centred on the animals on board the MV Bahijah, it’s sadly symptomatic of the disasterplagued live sheep export trade overall and is one of the many reasons why we believe this volatile trade must end,” she said.

In mid-February the animals were finally offloaded and

transferred to a feedlot. Although they remained confined, and received veterinary treatment, most faced being re-transported, a situation Fowler said was recklessly irresponsible, callous, and showed profits were being

prioritised over animal welfare.

Of the 12,000-plus sheep and 2000 cattle believed to be on board the ship, at least five cattle and 60 sheep died either on board or shortly after being offloaded.

“Live export is extremely stressful for animals. They’ve endured sustained heat and humidity, weeks of living in their own waste, crowding, an unfamiliar environment and the volatile movement of the ship. The lack of concern for the welfare of these animals, the poor contingency planning and the extraordinary avoidance of scrutiny and accountability show exactly why the live sheep trade needs to end as soon as possible.

“A clear way forward from the federal government means they can get on with th

■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT

Elise Spark has been formally appointed to the role of South Australian Chief Veterinary Officer, having acted in the role since October 2023.

Spark previously worked for the Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) for more than a decade, with experience in both terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture, and was instrumental in managing a range of large state and national disease surveillance projects and programs including the Enhanced Abattoir Surveillance Program (EAS).

EAS collected data from the processing floor of Thomas Foods International at

Lobethal, with information on heath conditions or disease then passed on to Biosecurity SA, which provided the inspection results to the primary producers, as well as associated fact sheets on any diseases or conditions identified.

The aim of EAS is to help producers to improve sheep health and welfare and maximise farm productivity to increase profits.

Spark also designed and implemented a state-wide active surveillance program for the early detection of the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) virus, which included information on how to develop a farm biosecurity plan, or strengthen an existing farm biosecurity plan, to assist oyster farmers in identifying the risks associated with each route of disease transmission and implementing on-farm measures to minimise the risk of disease transmission.

“I feel very privileged to play a leading role in animal biosecurity, an area I have been dedicated to over the past decade of my career,” Spark said. To page 30

Elise Spark

Suzanne Fowler. Picture JCSMR

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Celebrating 100 years of vets in NSW Living biobank to preserve Australia’snatural wildlife

This year vets across NSW celebrate 100 years of their profession in the state – that’s100 years ofregistered vets caring for precious pets, priceless wildlife, valuable livestock of every shape and size, and almost every other kind of animal in NSW.

In 1880 there were fewer than 50 overseas qualified vets in all of Australia, and NSW had noregistration system for vets. Registration created the modern veterinary profession as it ensured that only vets who are suitably qualified can call themselves vets and work as vets in NSW.

Since the VeterinarySurgeons Act 1923 came into effect in 1924, more than 13,000 vets have been registered in NSW, initially by the VeterinarySurgeons Board and more recently the Veterinary Practitioners Board. Today more than 4500 vets are in practice in the state.

Paul Canfield, chair of the Centenary Committee for the Veterinary Practitioners Board of NSW, says it’s an awe-inspiring legacy that vets have built over the past 100 years.

“At the start of the 20th Century, vets mainly had expertise with horses, cattle and sheep. but fast-forward to today and we see a profession caring for all animals. The growth in pet practice has been amazing, as has the increasing dedication to native wildlife and zoo animals,” Canfield said.

“But vets have not forgotten their traditional roles of protecting animals from the devastating effects of introduced diseases such as foot and mouth disease and rabies. Today, vets work to safeguard NSW from diseases that could ravage animals and sometimes spread to people,” Canfield said. To page 30

Reportreveals an industry in crisis

The Australian Universities Accord Final Report was released in late February by the Albanese Government.

The Report contains 47 recommendations and targets to reform higher education and set it up for the next decade and beyond. It advises that at least 80 per cent of the workforce will need a VET or university qualification by 2050, afigure currently sitting at 60 per cent.

The report stated there are currently 12,400 veterinarians working in Australia, an inadequate workforce which has led to a severe shortages and clinic closures, especially in rural and regional areas.

Further, the report said the lack of veterinarians has negative effects on biosecurity and animal health and welfare, and that increasing the skilled rural veterinaryworkforce was crucial.

The Australian Veterinary Association welcomed the acknowledgement in the report that it is essential to increase the skilled rural workforce inthe veterinary profession.

Current Australian accreditation standards require veterinary students to undertake 950 hours of placement outside teaching periods, a requirement greater than many other degrees. When combined with the cost of undertaking rural placements, this means many veterinar y students do not have the opportunity to experience rural practices. This has contributed to the shortage of qualified veterinarians in regional and rural areas.

AVA President Diana Barker said the Government needs to assist students access these placements.

“The veterinary profession is a key care profession that is experiencing a skills shortage, and the AVAurges the Government to provide financial support for veterinary students undertaking placements because the profession can not afford to. We know that government subsidies such as those from the Northern Australia Biosecurity Strategy are the only way many students can afford to see the benefits of remote rural practice,” Barker said.

■ JULIAGARDINER

When it comes to protecting and preserving its wildlife Australia’s track record is poor, recording the highest number of mammal extinctions globally, and with predictions of further losses unless steps are taken to improve and strengthen conservation measures.

One strategy under development by the University of Melbourne and Museums Victoria Research Institute is a living biobank. The Australian Wildlife Biobank opened at Museums Victoria in 2016 and is supported by the Ian Potter Foundation. It allows for the long-term storage of Australian wildlife tissue samples for genetic research.

The project involves collection of live cells, including skin, sperm and egg cells, from mammals, reptiles and birds – including endangered and threatened species such as the smoky mouse, grassland earless dragon, and fat-tailed dunnart. These will then be cryogenically frozen to preserve their living genetic material in MV’s collection.

The best-known ‘frozen zoo’ is in San Diego. It holds more than 10,000 specimens making it the most extensive in the world, but Australian animals are either absent or not well represented – as they also are from other facilities throughout Europe.

To establish best practice techniques withinthe museum industry researchers will develop and improve techniques for collecting, culturing and cryopreserving cells from wildlife, and work with wildlife organisations to identify species most at risk so field teams can be trained to collect samples without harming wildlife.

Project leader Andrew Pask, from the University of Melbourne’s School of BioSciences, said a technological revolution was underway that could be an insurance policy to preserve the genetic biodiversity of wildlife for future generations. Topage 30

Neutering rottweilers early may shorten their lifespan

New research suggests that neutering rottweilers before one year of age may shorten their lifespans.

VetCompass Australia collated clinical records of more than 3000 intact and 4000 neutered Rottweilers from July 1994 to June 2021 and found those neutered before one year of age had ashortened lifespan of one-and-a-half years in males and one year in females, when compared to those of their intact counterparts.

Rottweilers are believed to be one of the oldest surviving dog breeds, with origins dating back to Roman times, where they were kept for livestock control. The breed was first introduced into Australia in 1962 by a veterinaryofficer who migrated to Perth from the United Kingdom.

The study’slead author,Carolynne Joone said the results came as a surprise.

“Most other studies have found that neutering dogs increases their longevity but ours is one of the first that went against that,” Joone said.

“It was a bit of a shock when that wasn’t what we found. We were fortunate with the data we had because we could determine when a dog was desexed and when they died.”

The study, published in Nature magazine, states that the reasons behind these findings are currently speculative as several important factors can influence the lifespan of a dog, including genetic predisposition, nutrition, exercise, healthcare and environmental factors. The authors also note that a health-related neutering bias could exist where healthier dogs are selected for breeding and not neutered.

While neutering has an established link to weight gain, Joone said the many benefits of desexing mean dog owners should continue to do so. Topage 30

Diana Barker

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World Wildlife Day 2024 was celebrated in early March, with the theme “Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation”.

World Wildlife Day highlights the need for climate tracking Investment to create jobs and world-class facilities

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared March 3 United Nations World Wildlife Day (WWD) on December 20 2013 at the 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). The date was chosen in part as the date Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) was signed in 1973.

Each year a different theme explores the changing conservation environment. 2024s theme was selected to highlight how digital conservation can drive wildlife conservation, sustainable and legal wildlife trade and human-wildlife coexistence, now and for future generations in an increasingly connected world.

Australia celebrated World Wildlife Day by highlighting a climate change impact guidance tool for wildlife, being developed through the One Health Surveillance Initiative, to assist decision makers in anticipating the role climate change may play in the health and disease in wildlife species.

The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry provides support to the One Health Surveillance Initiative, run by Wildlife Health Australia (WHA), the independent coordinating body for wildlife health in Australia and leads

national action to respond to emerging health issues affecting Australia’s wildlife.

The One Health Investigation Fund boosts support for collaborative field, laboratory, and epidemiological investigations into health issues involving wildlife in Australia.

In2018, an IPBES 2020 Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Pandemics estimated there are approximately 1.7m undiscovered viruses in animal hosts. Many exist in wildlife and feral species and are evolving, posing a growing level of risk which this One Health approach seeks to address.

Areport released by Wildlife Heath Australia in August 2023 identified several exposure pathways specific to climate-associated disease, including rising temperatures resulting in heat-associated illnesses; extreme events, such as bushfires and floods which cause displacement and food and water loss and contamination; the rise in air pollutants causing lung damage in animals, and in increase in vector-borne diseases.

Australian Chief Veterinary Officer Beth Cookson said a healthy environment is the foundation for the health of all living things.

“Wildlife health is important and adopting a true ‘One Health’ approach recognises the link between human, animal, and environmental health, which is essential to preventing future pandemics,” Cookson said.

Women underrepresented in education leadership

Across veterinary schools worldwide, women comprise only a fourth of all deans and athird of their executive teams, according to a recent study published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education.

This is particularly surprising given that women are predominant among young professionals and veterinary student populations, comprising more than 90 per cent of students in some countries. Despite their high numbers in the overall veterinary workforce, women still experience many barriers to obtaining leadership roles, such as pressure to fulfill domestic responsibilities and lack of mentorship.

In wealthier nations and those with higher overall gender equity, women tended to have higher representation in these leadership roles.

“The veterinary profession and the education system supporting it have been expanding rapidlyworldwide,” Neil Vezeau, research project coordinator said. “It’sonly natural that we have efforts to monitor gender composition in a field undergoing substantial demographic shifts.”

“We've been able to build a picture of how far we've come regarding gender equity, but also

how far we have to go. Our results serve as an indicator for what might be occurring in other fields as well,” Julia Silva Seixas, a member of the research team, said.

The research article can be accessed at jvme. utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jvme-20230092?journalCode=jvme

Animal health company Zoetis Australia has committed to an investment valued at up to $ 350m which includes a capital investment to help establish sovereign manufacturing capabilities, the creation of up to 95 jobs and acquisition of the majority of the former CSL site at Poplar Road in Melbourne’s Parkville Precinct.

CSL’s operations in Australia and the region continue to grow, with a major expansion of its Broadmeadows plasma fractionation facility, the establishment of its recently opened Elizabeth Street global head office and innovation labs, and the development of a new purpose-built facility in Melbourne Airport Business Park at Tullamarine.

The Parkville Precinct is the focus of the Victorian Government’s commitment to safeguarding against infectious diseases and pandemics. When complete in 2027 it will be the biggest centre of its kind in the southern hemisphere.

Natalie Hutchins, Minister for Jobs and Security, sees the investment as a major step in achieving the goals of the project.

“This investment by the world’s largest animal health company is a huge win for Victoria, positioning us as a global leader in vaccine production and boosting local jobs and capabilities in R&D, innovation and manufacturing,” Hutchins said.

Founded more than 70 years ago, Zoetis has become a Fortune 500 company. It generated revenue of $8.1b in 2022 and employs more than 13,000 people in its production of vaccines, products and diagnostic tools for the livestock and domestic animal industries.

Zoetis CEO, Kristen Peck said the move will provide the company room to grow further.

“This investment will enable us to meet future demand for essential veterinar y and livestock vaccines in Australia as we look to expand capacity, upgrade our production capabilities, and facilitate exports to new markets,” Peck said.

■ JULIAGARDINER

Proportion of women at executive level in veterinaryeducation leadership, by country

News from across the network

Latest updates from Australia’s largest specialty and emergency vet network

SA

3D printing for enhanced surgical precision at Adelaide Animal Emergency & Referral Centre (AAERC)

Dr Bruce Meyers MMED Vet (Small Animal Surgery) is leveraging 3D technology to enhance surgical planning and accuracy at AAERC. Through 3D CAD modelling and printing, the surgical team is creating accurate bone models with surgical cutting and reduction guides. This innovative approach was recently applied to Jimmy, a 14-monthold Poodle experiencing right forelimb lameness and exercise intolerance due to radius curvus syndrome. Dr Meyers used 3D models to simulate the surgical procedure, allowing for implant planning and contouring prior to entering the OR. Ultimately, helping to streamline surgery and enhance patient outcomes. For enquiries or expressions of interest contact (08) 8371 0333

VIC

Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) at Animal Referral Hospital (ARH) Essendon Fields

FMT involves transplanting faeces from a healthy dog into the intestinal tract of an unwell dog to treat gastrointestinal disease. This procedure can be benefcial for dogs suffering from chronic diarrhoea, parvovirus, or clostridium infection. While already common in human medicine, this procedure has only recently emerged in veterinary medicine. The FMT service is offered by the internal medicine department at ARH Essendon Fields.

For enquiries and referrals contact (03) 9379 0700

NSW

New state-of-the-art ophthalmology equipment at Animal Referral Hospital (ARH) Homebush

ARH Homebush’s ophthalmology service now features cutting-edge equipment, ensuring optimal diagnostics and treatment outcomes for patients. The facility features a Bausch and Lomb Stellaris phacoemulsifcation machine, enabling cataract surgery through smaller incisions than ever before. Additionally, the ABSolu ultrasound from Quantel Medical allows for precise imaging of the iridocorneal angle and posterior segment of the eye.

The ophthalmology service is led by Dr Filipe Espinheira LMV, DACVO, Registered Specialist in Veterinary Ophthalmology.

For enquiries or referrals contact (02) 9758 8666

QLD

Enjoy a working holiday at Animal Emergency Centre (AEC) Gold Coast!

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Extinction risk increasing for migratory species

The first-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report was released in February during a wildlife conference held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Prepared for the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals by conservation scientists at the UN Environmental Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, the report’s focus was on the 1189 animal species recognised by CMS Parties as needing international protection.

The CMS provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats, and since its formation in 1979 membership has grown to include 133 Parties from Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania.

While there have been positive trends for numerous CMS species, the report’sfindings underscored the need for greater action for all migratory species, with the two greatest threats being over-exploita-

tion through unsustainable hunting, overfishing and the capture of non-target animals, and habitat loss due to degradation, and fragmentation from agriculture and industrialisation.

Inger Andersen, Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme, said the report clearly showed unsustainable human activities jeopardised the future of migratoryspecies.

“These are creatures who not only act as indicators of environmental change, they play an integral role in maintaining the function and resilience of our planet’s complex ecosystems. The global community has an opportunity to translate this latest science of the pressures facing migrator y species into concrete conservation action and given the precarious situation of many of these animals, we cannot afford to delay,” she said.

Some of the report’s key findings revealed:

■ More than 22 per cent of CMSlisted species are threatened with extinction.

■ 97 per cent of CMS-listed fish are threatened with extinction.

■ 51 per cent of Key Biodiversity Areas identified as important for CMS-listed migratory animals do not have protected status, and 58 per cent of the monitored sites recognised as being important for CMS-listed species are experiencing unsustainable levels of humancaused pressure.

■ Climate change, pollution and invasive species are having profound impacts on migratory species.

■ Globally, 399 migratory species threatened or near threatened with extinction are not currently listed under the CMS. These include albatrosses and perching birds, ground sharks and stingrays.

Over the past 30 years, 70 CMSlisted migrator y species have become more endangered, contrasting with just 14 listed species that have improved their conservation status. These include blue and humpback whales, the white-tailed sea eagle and the black-faced spoonbill.

While it underscored the concerning situation of many species, the report also showed that population and species-wide recoveries are possible. It highlights instances of successful policy change and positive action, from local to international. Some examples are coordinated local actions that have seen illegal bird netting reduced by 91 per cent in Cyprus, and hugely successful integrated conservation andrestoration work in Kazakhstan, which has brought the saiga antelope back from the brink of extinction.

Among the report’s recommendations for action are:

■ To strengthen and expand efforts to tackle the illegal and unsustainable taking of migratory species and the incidental capture of nontarget species

■ Increase actions to identify, protect, connect and effectively manage important sites for migratory species

■ Improve efforts to tackle climate change, as well as light, noise, chemical and plastic pollution

■ Urgently address those species in most danger of extinction, including nearly all CMS-listed fish species.

Amy Fraenkel, CMS Executive Secretar y said migratory species relied on a variety of specific habitats at different times in their lifecycles and could travel thousands of miles to reach these places.

“They face enormous challenges and threats along the way as well as at their destinations where they breed or feed. When species cross national borders their survival depends on the efforts of all countries in which they’re found. This landmark report will help underpin much-needed policy actions to ensure that migratory species continue to thrive around the world,” she said.

■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT

Inger Andersen

Amy Fraenkel

ADAYINTHELIFE OFMARIANEALE

GENERALMANAGER

OFGAPONLY

This month our column is making its first venture into the corporate world to explore a day in the life of Maria Neale, who is the General Manager of GapOnly.This is an innovative insurance product offering a claims solution that allows pet parents to reduce out-of-pocket expenses at veterinary clinics across Australia, meaning they only pay the gap. Obviously,as with health insurance products for humans, conditions apply – but the main aim of the product is to reduce the impact on pet owners’ hip pockets whenever they visit the vet clinic.

Neale neatly sums up the main aspects of her life by describing herself as a veterinarian, foster parent and partner.She graduated with aBachelor of Science (Veterinary Biology) from Murdoch University in 1994 and followed this up with a Bachelor of VeterinaryMedicine and Surgery in 1996. More recently, given her keen interest in organisational strategy and behaviour,Neale completed a Graduate Certificate in Strategic Human Resource Management from RMIT in 2019.

After working for 15 years in clinical practice and teaching hospitals, Neale moved to corporate roles in 2010. Since then, she has worked in a variety of animal health roles before being appointed GapOnly’s General Manager in 2022.

“In my role, I oversee business strategy and operations and lead a team of 17, including veterinarysupportofficers, relationship managers and an operations manager,” Neale explained. “Every day is different. One day I might be in a team workshop

setting our growth objectives for the year ahead, and another I could be presenting at an industry event or reviewing marketing collateral to distribute to our veterinaryclinics. It’saversatile role, and this is what I love about working for such an innovative and high-growth business.”

So what does a typical day look like for this not so typical vet? As Neale points out, every day is different at GapOnly.That said, it is also quite unlike regular clinical veterinarywork, and allows Neale to apply her veterinary knowledge in a corporate context. Rather than examining or treating animals in a clinic, Neale tends to be occupied by solving business problems, ensuring that she is up to date with industrytrends, monitoring company growth and fostering relationships within the GapOnly vet network.

“My training and experience in the field as a veterinarian provides me with a unique perspective on industrychallenges and how veterinaryclinics operate, which helps me in my current role,” she explained. “My veterinary expertise allows me to guide other stakeholders internally – whether that’sproviding input on aresearch paper or government submission or providing counsel on new strategic relationships. Having worked in clinic also allows me to build strong and authentic relationships with our veterinaryclinics.”

One of the most challenging aspects of Neale’s role is keeping up with demand. “[The] current economic climate means GapOnly is sought out morethan ever,” she said. “We’re always working to improve our offering, and innovation in the fintech space is ever evolving.”

In financial terms, GapOnly also appears to be advancing rapidly which, quite naturally, has apositive impact on the business itself. It also has significant flow-on benefits for pet owners who have insured their pets with GapOnly and the vet clinics who arepartof [our] network. “By the end of 2023, GapOnly had saved pet parents around $12 million in out-of-pocket expenses per month,” Neale said. “This is something I’m really proud of.”

When asked what the most rewarding aspect of her job is, Neale is quick to sing her team’s praises. “I might be biased, but I genuinely believe I work with the best team in the business,” she said. “I really enjoy leading my team and learning about what motivates them personally,so I can set them up for learning opportunities, growth and success.”

And now,to conclude our Day in the Life with Maria Neale, we finish up with our (ever so slightly cheesy) Creature Questions: Do you currently have any pets?

Ihave a mischievous two-year-old mini dachshund, Remy,who often comes into the office with me – she's developed quite a fan base! What is your favourite animal?

Birds are my favourite animals.These fragile creatures are so strong and can fly.

If you could transforminto any animal, what would you be and why?

I would love to transform into a Phoenix!That way I could show my HarryPotter geekiness.

■ JAI HUMEL

Pigeon post from the UK

Ian Neville BA(Hons) BVSc MRCVS reports from Britain.

New discoveries of manmade threats to the natural environment seem to be coming thick and fast as we become increasingly aware of our damaging behaviours on the planet. A recent paper1 authored by academics from several British institutions has suggested that the application of topical parasiticides to pets could be ‘an important source’ of the existing waterway pollution in the UK. Parasiticides are already a prominent topic in the veterinary media because of recent disagreements over the advisability of remote prescribing of parasiticides. The study found that 6% of the fipronil and 9.1 per cent of the imidacloprid administered to 98 dogs was found in the wash off from bathing dogs, their bedding and from owner hand washing. Predictably the findings have been welcomed by groups like Pesticides Action Network UK which is campaigning for a total ban on five pesticides (including fipronil and imidacloprid) and less enthusiastically received by NOAH (National Office of Animal Health) a trade organisation representing the interests of the pharmaceutical industry. However Martin Whitehead, one of the study authors, is satisfied there is now enough evidence for vets to change their prescribing habits and only treat pets that actually have parasites and then to use a product specific to the problem, not a broad-spectrum product. It should be noted that at the present time both fipronil and imidacloprid can be purchased over the counter in the UK, so vets are unable to control their use or abuse by the public. Though whether all the profession is ready or willing to sacrifice an income stream for the sake of the environment is another question.

As discussed in my last Pigeon Post (December 2023) the UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) launched an investigation into the provision of veterinary services last September.Its report into veterinarypricing, accessibility,treatment options and corporate ownership was due to be released early in 2024. As of late February, that initial report had not yet

been published but a leading consumer rights organisation called Which? appears to have jumped the gun claiming it has enough evidence of potential consumer harm to warrant a more detailed examination. Which? had obtained its evidence by canvassing its subscribers for negative experiences of veterinary care. Which? went on to say that if the CMA also found evidence of consumer harm it would expect action would be necessary on pricing

transparency, the purchase of medicines and new guidance being issued to practices with respect to their consumer law obligations. The British Veterinary Association (BVA) accused Which? of pre-empting the outcome of the investigation, providing an inaccurate and unbalanced picture of veterinary care and potentially damaging the morale of veterinaryteams.

Members of the British Veterinary Union (BVU) held their first face-to-face meeting and AGM since 2020 this February in Birmingham.

The BVU was founded in 2009 by Shams Mir and a small group of concerned vets who felt that employed vets did not have any voice in the profession. By 2011 the BVU had affiliated with Unite, the largest trade union in the UK and Ireland, with around 1.25 million members. The BVU is now open to all workers in the veterinary sector and has continued to increase its membership as the rising cost of living and mounting difficulties in the profession have made veterinary employees worry about their working futures. At the meeting vet and chairperson of the BVU, Suzanna Hudson-Cooke, described the general level of concern over the current uncertainties challenging the profession including: the CMA review (above), calls for reform of the Veterinary Surgeons Act, staff retention and the adverse effects of inflation on veterinary employees and their clients alike. She said that no other organisation had the legal powers to protect or had a better history of success in changing workplaces for the good than trade unions do. The BVU is currently campaigning on issues as diverse as: gender pay inequality, hot weather working, wages and the cost of living and reform of extra mural studies (EMS) which all vet undergraduates must undertake during their studies .

Finally, this is my last Pigeon Post column for The Veterinarian After twenty or so years of reporting on the veterinary news in the UK Iwill be retiring and feel it’snow time to stand aside and let a younger colleague with a more contemporary grasp of the profession select and comment upon the issues that matter to vets, veterinary staff and the wider profession. My best wishes to you all for the future.

Reference

1Perkins R et al. (2024) Down-the-drain pathways for fipronil and imidacloprid applied as spot-on parasiticides to dogs: Estimating aquatic pollution. Science of the Total Environment,917. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170175

DO YOU HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY?

Is there a topic you’ve wanted to tell everyone about?

Have you ever thought you would like to write a clinical review but don’t know where to start? Do you have a hobby or history that you think vets everywhere would like to learn more about? Then don’t delay – email The Veterinarian at editor@vetmag.com.au and let us know – because your words could be in the pages of next month’s issue!

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The peripatetic PRACTITIONER

tthe first mention of Argentina, Campbell Costello’s eyes light up.

“Ah, Argentina,” he sighs, gazing dreamily into space.

“I’ve got a romance with that country like no other.” Coming from this most peripatetic of vets, that is really saying something. It is obvious to anyone listening to Campbell Costello BVSc –more commonly known as Cozzy – that his first passion is veterinary science and its community, but a very close second is travel. A boy from the bush, originally hailing from remote north Queensland, Campbell has since ranged far and wide in his capacity as veterinarian. His experiences include riding one thousand kilometres across Mongolia in the world’s longest horse race, the Mongol Derby, trekking across the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, working in the Highveldt of South Africa, living with the nomadic Tsaatan reindeer herders in the Khövsgöl province on the Russian border, working as an airborne veterinarian for the Iditarod Dog Sled Race in Alaska, being stationed in South-Eastern Kazakhstan as the head veterinarian and farm manager of a Angus Beef Cattle farm (where he also had the rare honour of attending the World Nomad Games in Kyrgyzstan as a veterinarian to offer assistance to the local animals and training to local veterinarians and para-veterinarians). He has also worked with several overseas governments importing breeding animals, taking him to countries including Russia, China, Pakistan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kuwait, Oman, Israel, the UAE, and Sri Lanka - to name but a few. But even amongst such a dazzling travelling vet resume, there is one experience that stands out for Campbell - being the mounted veterinarian for the Gaucho Derby recce mission in Argentina. This involved riding across Patagonia for several days, mapping abasic route for the inaugural Gaucho Derby race in 2020, while monitoring the local Criollo horses’ physiological parameters as aresponse to the terrain and conditions.

“There’s just something about Argentina,” continues Campbell, “whether it’swearing the gaucho beret (called a boina), drinking Malbec around an open fire, or cooking an asado steak on the barbeque, horses tethered beside you in amazing landscapes such as Patagonia – there is truly nothing like it.” He goes on to say that while the Aussie and American cowboy culture is culturally familiar,it is the gaucho tradition of Argentina that is still truly respected.

“And there’ssomething verycool about a guy galloping around the countryside on a horse, wearing a beret, knee-high riding boots, bombachas pants and poncho, with an assortment of knives stuck into his belt.” He grins. “It just resonates with a bush kid from Queensland.” But it’s not just gaucho culture and incredible landscapes like the glaciers and the lake district of Bariloche, Campbell says – there is the stylish hub of Buenos Aires, the product of Spanish and Italian colonisation alongside local culture, reflected in its distinctive fashion, language, music, dance, food and approach to life.

Campbell has returned to be based in his home state, but he still travels widely as a locum and more recently, as a tour leader for veterinary study tours with Jon Baines Tours. He’s led two tours to South Africa and Malaysia and is returning to his beloved Argentina for his third tour fromNovember 4–17 2024. He is a keen advocate of this type of travel for veterinary practitioners.

“In Australia, we’reverylucky that we’rean island locked away at the bottom of the globe, which means we can be veryinsulated from things other countries have to face,” Campbell says. “Travelling as a vet can give you a whole new perspective. It’s a great opportunity to see first-hand what other countries have to faceexotic disease, zoonotic disease, sometimes

struggles to get healthcare, let alone veterinary care.” Campbell cites a case study his group learnt about when they were travelling in South Africa last year and visited Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, at the base of the majestic DrakensburgMountains. Poaching has been a big problem in South Africa for decades, with a recent spike partly due to increased demand for rhino horn, which is a coveted ingredient in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Atelltale sign of a carcass in South Africa are aplume of black bodies. Circling vultures always spark an interest in rangers; is it a natural death, or poaching? To prevent attracting attention, poachers learned to steal organophosphates from nearby farms to lace the carcass, killing the vultures. The worst case was 150 vultures down at one time. Moholoholo sent emergency triage out in the field with vets and nursing staffassessing which were dead, which were dying, and which ones could pull through with treatment. Which begs the question – why all this bother about vultures?

“They are the environment’s vacuum cleaner,” Campbell says. “Vultures are immune to anthrax and rabies – vulture saliva disables anthrax spores –which means that they can clean up infected bodies and they don’t get sick. In turn, other animals don’t get infected.” With the mass killing of vultures came disease outbreaks in areas that they hadn’tseen before, all because Mother Nature’s vacuum cleaner could not do its essential job. “Vets are very aware of the symbiotic nature of environments,” Campbell says. “To see the full scope of the problem you need to look at both the causes and knock-on effects. We see this with weather changes causing repercussions in our herds and livestock.”

When COVID kicked off, many of the epidemiologists were vets. “We’re used to looking at things as herds,” Campbell says. “Westep back and look at the whole. I see this pattern over and over again.” He cites a case of Japanese encephalitis which affected southern Australia over the last couple of years. It was the vets that first raised the alarmand let the medical fraternity know.

Another interesting example is a recent outbreak of leptospirosis in companion animals, resulting in human infection, in Sydney. This was traced back to tunnelling work being done at the time. The disturbance to the bedrock caused vermin to flee to the surface, urinating on surfaces and spreading lepto in outbreaks that were unprecedented in their scale.

“Vets have such a variety of skills and fulfil many different roles,” Campbell says. “It’s not just hugging cats on Bondi Vet.” He grins. “We can be very underappreciated for our holistic approach –welook at not only the animals, but society, human health and environmental equilibrium.” Which is another reason that travelling as a vet isparticularly enlightening. Being on tour in another destination allows for immersion and insight into local society and culture, as well as veterinary science.

Campbell sees four major benefits of travelling on a veterinary study tour.

“The first and biggest benefit is the networks you make,” he says. “I love seeing a big mob of mismatched people who have never met before gel into a close group over a few days. We can isolate ourselves in the hustle and bustle of life, so that’s really important. It’s great to see them having a beer at the end of the day, having a chat about what would you have done differently, what are your challenges? Professional mediation and the lifelong friendships are number one for me.”

The second benefit is connected to this.

“We need to be hypervigilant and aware of the importance of mental health in veterinary science,” Campbell says. “Having someone to share experiences with, like having the grievance ofeuthanising an animal or going through the process with an distraught owner. Such things can really take a toll and every time I do a JBT tour I see that this sharing aspect is really important for people.”

Number three is the cultural insight. “I might be a horse practitioner in Australia, but how does that transfer into Argentina? It’s a way of finding common ground with others, bringing us together.”

Finally, this cultural immersion gives a snapshot of other peoples’ lives and the challenges of day-to-day life.

“For example, I would never have considered the challenge of rolling blackouts until I worked in South Africa,” explains Campbell. “How this impacts not only charging your phone, getting mobile reception or internet, trying to keep food cold - but also, what do I do when I need my anaesthetic machine? How do I run a highquality practice when the power grid goes down? These are challenges that most Aussies don’t truly understand.

Even the wet market in in Georgetown in Malaysia was an eye opener, chuckles Campbell. “Newly slaughtered chickens hanging ready to buy was confronting for some – but if you don’t own a fridge, you buy what you need fresh each day,rather than something wrapped in plastic from Coles. It’ssimply the way things are.”

In the same way that he says Patagonia is a bit like the Northern Territory – but colder and with snow-capped mountains, and small ruminants called guanacos running around. It’s both the differences and the connections that bring a journey to life.

■ KAREN GINNANE

Campbell will lead Jon Baines Tours ‘VeterinaryStudy Tour to Argentina’ from Nov 4 –17 2024. To book or find out morecall (03) 9343 6367, email info@jonbainestours.com.au or visit www.jonbainestours.com/vets

One Health: Circadian medicine benefits both non-human animals and humans alike

Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role indisease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadianmedicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.

HeshamI Farag12,Barbara A Murphy3,James R Templeman4, Charlene Hanlon45,Jessica Joshua6,Thomas G Koch1,Lee Niel7, Anna K Shoveller4,Gregoy Y Bedecarrats4,Amy Ellison8,David Wilcockson9,Tami A Martino12

JBiol Rhythms.2024 Feb 20: 7487304241228021.doi: 10.1177/07487304241228021.

1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

2Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

3School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland.

4Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

5Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.

6Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

7Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

8School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK. 9Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK. Free article

'All I do is fight fires': Qualitative exploration of UK veterinarians' attitudes towards and experiences of pre-purchase consultations regarding brachycephalic dogs

Background: Demand for brachycephalic dogs has dramatically increased over the past decade, despite growing evidence of strong associations between brachycephaly and severe, chronic disease. Positive post-purchase attitudes of owners towards brachycephalic dogs are highly intractable, facilitated by normalisation of breedrelated disease and strong dog-owner bonds. Veterinarian-led prepurchase consultations (PPCs) have been promoted as an opportunity to influence acquisition decisions regarding brachycephalic dogs.

Methods: Using reflexive thematic analysis, this qualitative study investigated veterinarians' attitudes towards, and experiences of, engaging in PPCs for brachycephalic dogs.

Results: Veterinarians described significant structural barriers, such as lack of time and staff, and perceptual barriers, such as perceived futility, negative outcomes of PPCs and public distrust in the profession, that combine to inhibit many veterinarians from To page 30

Reported agonistic behaviours in domestic horses cluster according to context

Agonistic behaviours are often directed at other animals for self-defence or to increase distance from valued resources, such as food. Examples include aggression and counter-predator behaviours. Contemporary diets may boost the value of food as a resource and create unanticipated associations with the humans who deliver it. At the same time the domestic horse is asked to carry the weight of riders and perform manoeuvres that, ethologically, are out-of-context and may be associated with instances of pain, confusion, or fear. Agonistic responses can endanger personnel and conspecifics. They are traditionally grouped along with so-called vices as being undesirable and worthy of punishment; a response that can often make horses more dangerous. The current study used data from the validated online Equine Behavioural and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) to explore the agonistic behaviours (as reported by the owners) of 2734 horses. With a focus on ridden horses, the behaviours of interest in the current study ranged from biting and bite threats and kicking and kick threats to tail swishing as an accompaniment to signs of escalating irritation when horses are approached, prepared for ridden work, ridden, and hosed down (e.g., after work). Analysis ofthe responses according to the context in which they arise included a dendrographic analysis that identified five clusters ofagonistic behaviours among certain groups of horses and aprincipal component analysis that revealed six components, strongly related to the five clusters. Taken together, these results highlight the prospect that the motivation to show these responses differs with context. The clusters with common characteristics were those observed in the context of: locomotion under saddle; saddling; reactions in a familiar environment, inter-specific threats, and intra-specific threats. These findings highlight the potential roles of fear and pain in such unwelcome responses and challenge the simplistic view that the problems lie with the nature of the horses themselves rather than historic or current management practices. Improved understanding of agonistic responses in horses will reduce the inclination of owners to label horses that show such context-specific responses as being generally aggressive.

Kate Fenner1,Bethany Jessica Wilson2,Colette Ermers3, Paul Damien McGreevy4

Animals (Basel). 2024 Feb 16;14(4): 629.doi: 10.3390/ani14040629.

1School of Agricultureand Food Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.

2School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW 2006, Australia.

3School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

4Sydney School of VeterinaryScience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

Free PMC article

Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats

Malassezia aremembers of the mycobiome of dogs and cats. In the presence of an underlying disease, these yeasts can proliferate, attach to the skin or mucosa to induce a secondary Malassezia dermatitis, otitis externa or paronychia. Since allergic dermatitis is one of the most common underlying causes, diagnostic investigation for allergy is often indicated. Cats may suffer from various other underlying problems, especially where Malassezia dermatitis is generalised. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats is chronic, relapsing and pruritic. Direct cytology from dermatological lesions and the ear canal, showing "peanutshaped" budding yeasts, facilitates a rapid and reliable diagnosis. Topical treatment includes antiseptic and antifungal azole-based products. Systemic treatment with oral antifungals is indicated only in severe or refractory disease. Identification and treatment of the underlying cause is essential for an optimal response. In this evidence-based narrative review, we discuss the clinical presentation of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats, To page 30

Dilated

cardiomyopathy

(DCM) is the second most common form of acquired heart disease in dogs1

Treating early with VETMEDIN® is proven to delay the onset of clinical signs by 63% and extend life in preclinical DCM.1

To learn more about identifying preclinical DCM in dogs, scan the QR code to visit Boehringer Ingelheim Cardiology Hub. If you do not have an Animal Health Academy account, please register using the access code “myAcademy”.

For more information talk to your Boehringer Ingelheim Territory Manager today or call our Customer Care Team on 1800 808 691.

Diagnostic Imaging for Small Animal and Mixed Practices

Textbook quality images: more clarity, better diagnosis, improved outcomes! That’s what vets, patients and clients deserve. And that’s what these imaging systems from Radincon deliver.

X-Ray: RAD-X DR CX4A 703C

RAD-X DR CX4A In-Clinic DR System

Ideal small animal system for in clinic use, this system captures and displays images in seconds.

Unique RAD-X multi-frequency image processing algorithms create crystal-clear images like those seen in textbooks. The software is quick, easy, and simple to use, and the system is incredibly forgiving.

DICOM 3.0 connectivity mean you can send to any DICOM destination, including the industryleading RocketPACS cloud system.

Here it is in use at Beecroft Vet in northwest Sydney. Vet Karim Chammas found no broken bones, but comparing high quality x-rays of right and left elbows suggested soft tissue swelling. That’s the quality you need to diagnose, reassure and treat.

The imaging capability of a console in a handcarried, lightweight package means you can diagnose patients on premises or remotely as required. Vets love it!

Canon CXDI 703C DR Panel – 35x43cm

Includes the panel, charger and two batteries

‘My

best mate when it comes to vet toys is

our new GE Versana ultrasound. I’d wanted one for some time and it finally arrived a few months back – now I have to fight the other vets to get use of it. The image quality is just so much better than we had before!’

What’sdriving that image quality Paula praises?

■ Colour,Power and PW Doppler included as standard

■ Coded Harmonic Imaging enables high resolution even at deep penetration

■ Real-time Speckle Reduction Imaging (SRIHD) reduces noise and enhance true tissue detail

■ CrossXBeam™ enhances your ability to visualise tissue interfaces and differentiate borders

■ Whizz Real-time Optimization constantly optimises image quality as you scan

Even better, it comes with all the support and service you need to get the most out of your ultrasound imaging.

Here you can see vets Amy Spark and Maddie Garnache of Selwood House Vet and Cat Hotel in Leura getting practical training when their system was installed.

Radincon include an on-site visit with every installation. A GE applications specialist configures your Versana Active and trains you in how to use it. For this visit Andrew Wilmot even brought his dog Ruby along to act as a test patient!

Every system also comes with the following support – at no extra charge:

■ One-year on-site warranty

■ Remote access available for GE service technicians to diagnose issues and fix where possible

■ 24-7-365 support from Radincon’s Australian team

Quality Equipment backed by Quality Service and Support

All equipment wears out and breaks down sometimes – you don’t need that happening to you in a busy vet practice. Using quality systems from Radincon means you may never face this challenge. But if you do, you’ll have friendly, helpful support just a phone call away.

We had equipment from somewhere else originally,but we chose Radincon for the quality of the equipment and because of their reputation. The after sales service is amazing. We call on Sundays or after hours and we always get help. I remember one weekend Alex was on his way out to attend a wedding, but he stopped and took the time to help us out.

Expanding or upgrading your diagnostic imaging capability? Call Radincon on 1300 721 734.

Ultrasound: GE Versana Active

Paula Williams, WestVETS Anstead Small Animal and Equine Hospital

Christine Kidd and Pauline Gaven of Manly Road 24 Hr VeterinaryHospital.

Simon Palmer isthe Managing Director of Practice Sale Search, Australia’s largest vet practice brokerage. If you’d like more information on practice sales or want to have a confidential discussion about your practice’s circumstances, email Simon Palmer at info@practicesalesearch. com.au or call 1300 282 042.

What’s the formula?

One of the most common questions that we receive from people when they hear what we do is: “What’s the formula people use towork out the price of practices nowadays?”

Sometimes, they follow up with a half-remembered formula someone once told them. For example:

■ “30 years ago, when I bought my practice, they used to say that you pay x per cent of turnover for goodwill plus equipment value plus stock … is that still the case?”

■ “Are corporates still paying x multiple of EBITDA?”

■ “Iheard practices are now sold at xper cent turnover. Is that right?”

■ “Do buyers still value practices by adding x to y and taking away z?”

The implication behind these questions is that people like me must possess a secret handshake mathematical equation someone can give you that will be accurate when applied to any vet practice in any circumstance across Australia.

As much as I wish this were true, a simple one-size-fits-all formula like this doesn’t exist. It never did. And when you think about it, it is amazing that people think it would. Noone would believe that there was simple formula to work out the price of every car on the road. Everyone seems to understand that there are simply too many variables

(including age, quality, brand, size, kilometres driven, condition and so on) for this to be the case, and that some cars have value simply due to scarcity, perceived value and supply and demand.

If I told you that someone had asimple formula to work out the price of all real estate across Australia, you would innately know that I must be lying. The value would vary depending upon factors including how urban or remote the location is, how recent the build is, the quality of the building, the number of bedrooms and parking spaces, how desirable the location is,proximity to beaches, views, access to public transport, and so on.

People would also appreciate that, on top of this, there are external market forces such as interest rates that can impact buyer behavior and price fluctuations over time.

■ Valuations of vet practices have even more variables than cars or real estate.

■ No simple formula can be robust enough to be accurate:

■ Regardless of where the practice is: Bondi or Alice Springs

■ Regardless of whether it is well established or in its first year of existence

■ Regardless of whether its revenue is $100k or $10m

■ Regardless of if it has significant profit or none

■ Regardless of how specialised the

clinical work is or how key-person dependent the practice is

■ Regardless of how secure the premises lease is

■ Regardless of how interest rates fluctuate.

To be accurate, the valuer needs to have access to and be able to call on:

■ A deep understanding of the industry

■ Avolume of practice operational data to be able to understand where the expenses, profit and key performance indicators fall within industry benchmarks

■ Aknowledge of the supply and demand for different sizes of practices in different parts of the country. This requires access to comprehensive and accurate market transaction data.

Inconclusion, business valuation is a multifaceted endeavour that transcends the confines of a simple formula. It demands a holistic understanding of the business, industry dynamics, market conditions and regulatory landscape. Expert valuers, equipped with years of experience, analytical prowess and access to comprehensive market data, offer invaluable insights that shape informed investment decisions. While formulas may provide a starting point, entrusting the valuation process to aseasoned professional is essential for unlocking the true value.

Naomi Hansen BVSc MACVSc graduated from Queensland University in 1997. She worked in mixed animal practice in Queensland after graduation, before moving to Canberra to work for John Aspley Davis at Kippax Veterinary Hospital. She has completed aresidency in emergency and critical care at Melbourne University and was a resident in the same field at the Pennsylvania University Veterinary Hospital in the US. She is Veterinary Emergency & Critical Carein Sippy Downs, Qld. Hansen is a member of the Emergency and Critical Care Chapter of the ACVS.

Anaphylaxis in dogs: a review

Firstly, let me assure you that I am not trying to be speciesist by referring only todogs. Anaphylaxis is inherently very species specific in its nature with the pathophysiology directly related to the organ or tissue location of the largest number of mast cells.

The organ(s) containing the largest number of mast cells is termed the ‘shock organ’ and thereby guides the clinical progression of the disease.

■ Humans: The ‘shock organs’ are the lungs and the heart

■ Dogs: The ‘shock organs’ are the liver and gastrointestinal tract

■ Cats: The ‘shock organ’ ispredominantly the lungs

Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially fatal, systemic reaction to an allergen or allergy causing substance. Anaphylaxis is a Type-I immunoglobulin E (IgE) – mediated hypersensitivity reaction involving mast cells (tissue) and basophils (blood).

Traditionally, the term anaphylactic has been reserved for reactions mediated by IgE, those reactions not mediated by IgE (such as reactions that are IgE independent) are termed anaphylactoid. These two types of reactions are clinically indistinguishable so, more recently, the term anaphylactic or anaphylaxis has been adopted to describe both anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions with the reaction then further classified into:

■ Immunologic IgE-mediated: insect stings, reptile venom, food, medication. Prior sensitisation is required (such as the immune system must first become sensitised to the allergen to stimulate production of the IgE antibody by the macrophages and T-cells. This cytotropic antibody is then bound to the surface of the circulating basophils (blood) and mast cells (tissue) by high affinity receptors. This initial phase of sensitisation is clinically benign. In the event of re-exposureto the allergen causes cross-linking of these sensitised cells (mast cells and basophils) inducing the cascade of events known clinically as anaphylaxis (such as histamine release, platelet activating factor production and upregulation of cytokine synthesis).

■ Immunologic non-IgE mediated: immune aggregates, complement system activation, coagulation system activation and autoimmune mechanisms.

Prior sensitisation is not required and involves primarily macrophages.

■ Non-immunologic: physical factors and certain medications or chemotherapy agents.

Degranulation of the mast cells and basophils without immunoglobulins (such as heat, cold, exercise, NSAIDs, opioids, ethanol and contrast agents).

Clinically these three classifications are indistinguishable, and their treatment is the same so moving forward anaphylaxis can be considered to encompass all these classifications.

Chemical mediators of Anaphylaxis

Histamine is the principal mediator of anaphylaxis… <60 seconds…

■ H1 receptor (H1R): incites smooth muscle contraction and interaction with the endothelium resulting in vasodilation and an increase in vascular permeability The result is pruritis, rhinitis, bronchoconstriction, coronary vasoconstriction and cardiac depression.

■ H1R is also involved in the endothelial production of Nitric Oxide (NO: apotent vasodilator) resulting in a reduction in venous return.

■ H2R stimulates gastric acid secretion, coronary and systemic vasodilation, increase in heart rate and ventricular contractility.

■ H3R inhibits endogenous norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nerves which will accentuate the degree of shock during anaphylaxis.

Preformed chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are stored in the granules of the mast cells and basophils and can be released rapidly when the cell is actioned (such as histamine, heparin, proteases (tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A3, proteoglycans)

The process is then perpetuated by the downstream activation of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators (prostaglandin D2, leukotriene B4, cystenyl leukotrienes and platelet activating factor (PAF)… five to 30 minutes.

Cytokines and chemokines are synthesised and released… two to six hours.

The rapid release of potent inflammatory and vasoactive mediators will result in systemic shock due to an increase in vascular permeability, hypovolaemia and vasodilation (such as hypovolemic/ redistributive shock). In addition, there is a direct deleterious effect on cardiac function that will compound on the circulatoryabnormalities.

Activation of the complement system: The generation of C3a leads to basophil and mast cell degranulation as well as enhanced vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction. Activation of the kallikrein-kinin contact system: Production of bradykinin (vasodilator) and activation of factor XII (clot formation as well as clot lysis (through plasmin)

Activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system: Decrease in factor V, VIII and fibrinogen.

The result is cardiovascular collapse, respiratory compromise and circulatory shock = anaphylaxis.

These mediators are not all bad as some will have anti-inflammatory and modulatory effects (such as heparin modulates tryptase activity, opposes complement and inhibits clot formation, plasmin and kallikrein).

Clinical manifestation of anaphylaxis in dogs

The predominant shock organs in dogs are the gastrointestinal tract and liver with the degree of shock directly proportional to the degree of congestion in the liver.

During anaphylaxis, histamine is released from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal vein causing an acute hepatic arterial vasodilation and adramatic increase in hepatic blood flow (<7 seconds).

The histamine also influences the hepatic venous sphincter (located near the junction of the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava), causing constriction and a reduction in flow. The result is a massive rise in hepatic portal vascular resistance (<12 seconds), reported to increase by as much as 220 per cent. The portal blood supply to the liver and the venous return from the liver are compromised resulting in a reduction of cardiac output (CO) due to the reduction in venous return to the heart.

The reduced hepatic perfusion and the influence of inflammatorymediators during anaphylaxis results in hepatic hypoxia and ischemic damage to the hepatocyte. ALT is a cytosolic hepatocellular enzyme that readily leaks from the damaged hepatocyte. ALT elevation is a sensitive marker for hepatic damage and leakage can occur with sublethal injury as more than 70 per cent of functional hepatocytes must be lost before there is a detectable decline in hepatic function. Therefore, the magnitude of the increase in enzymes does not correlate to the severity of hepatic insufficiency. ■ The half-life of ALT in the dog is 60 hours (approximately).

Figure 1. Ultrasound image of gallbladder wall oedema with alternating sonolucent and echogenic layers. This image was taken following an anaphylactic reaction to an intravenous infusion of Ixodes tick anti-serum in a puppy

■ Following an acute insult to the liver, the level of ALT will rise rapidly to a peak at 24-48 hours.

■ It takes a period of 2-3 weeks for ALT levels to return to ‘normal’.

The cytosolic enzyme ALT is a valuable biomarker supporting anaphylaxis in a clinical setting.

The normal canine gallbladder has been reported tomeasure between 2 and 3mm in thickness (such as very thin and poorly visualised). Thickening of the gallbladder wall is generally considered non-specific but the presence of striations (alternating sonolucent and echogenic layers), termed the ‘halo’ sign is supportive of gall bladder wall oedema or inflammation (such as primary liver disease, portal hypertension, blockage oflymphatic/venous drainage of the gallbladder).

The presence of an abnormal gall bladder wall, specifically a halo sign (thickening of the gallbladder wall with striations) has been identified as a significant marker of anaphylaxis in dogs.

The combination of an elevation in ALT and agallbladder halo sign (thickening of the gall bladder wall with striations) have been significantly associated with moderate to severe hypersensitivity reactions and are considered valuable in the support of canine anaphylaxis.

Clinically the symptoms of anaphylaxis in the dog can be categorised as cutaneous, respiratory, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal.

■ Cutaneous: The cutaneous signs (such as erythema, urticaria, pruritis, facial angioedema) that precede anaphylaxis maybe transient and subtle so are not noticed or reported by the owner at the time of presentation.

■ Respiratory: Dyspnoea, bronchospasm, stridor and tachypnea and coughing.

■ Cardiovascular: Hypotension (such as pale mucous membranes, poor pulse quality, hypothermia and depression (mental dullness), tachycardia, arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.

■ Gastronintestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (maybe haemorrhagic and profuse), cranial abdominal pain (associated with portal hypertension).

The cardiovascular component of anaphylaxis is a combination of hypovolaemic and redistributive shock.

■ The increase in vascular permeability results in an acute fluid shift form the intravascular to the extravascular space…<10 minutes…

■ The vasodilatory effects results in an acute redistribution of blood volume

■ The result is an acute and potentially fatal hemodynamic collapse.

The more severe anaphylactic reactions tend to be very rapid in onset and very severe in their clinical presentation.

Rarely anaphylactic reactions can be biphasic with a delay of 1 to 72 hours between consecutive reactions, this is prognostically a bad sign. Anaphylactic reactions have also been reported as persistent with the clinical signs persisting for a period of time. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions can also occur days to weeks post exposure to the antigen. These reactions are classified as type III (immune complex mediated) and serum sickness is an example of this type of delayed reaction and can be associated with anti-venom administration.

Diagnosis of anaphylaxis

Adetailed history is important and remember to ask about recent vaccination and medication events, changes to food and exposure to insects may also be important information when trying to isolate the causative antigen.

There is no single test that is 100 per cent sensitive and specific for anaphylaxis and the suggestion of testing serum histamine and total

tryptase concentrations is not useful clinically. In dogs, the combination of an elevation in ALT (either immediately or delayed) and striated thickening of the gallbladder wall is considered to correlate significantly with anaphylaxis and can be used in conjunction with the acute clinical presentation to guide therapy.

Treatment of anaphylaxis

1. Epinephrine/Adrenaline

Epinephrine is known to have both α and β adrenergic effects but has a short duration of action and narrow therapeutic range with a biphasic nature that is dose dependent.

■ α1adrenergic effects: vasoconstriction (an improvement in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance)

■ β1adrenegric effects: positive ionotrope and chonotrope (improved CO)

■ β2adrenergic effects: bronchodilation and suppression of the release of inflammatory mediators by the mast cells and basophils.

Route of administration of epinephrine:

■ NOT SC (the vasoconstrictor effects will delay absorption resulting in unpredictable results)

■ CRI IV is preferred (0.05ug/min/kg) over bolus IV therapy (0.01mg/kg)

■ IM is recommended initially (0.01mg/kg of 1:1000; 1mg/mL) with a maximum dose 0.3mg in dogs <40kg and 0.5mg in dogs >40kg) with the dose repeated q5-15 minutes as required (In patients that are clinically in shock the IV CRI rate is preferred).

2. Antihistamines

The use of H1 and H2 antihistamines in anaphylaxis is considered controversial.

■ H1-antihistamines: these medications are considered effective in localised and less severe allergic reactions. They are useful to alleviate cutaneous signs but do not prevent ongoing mediator release form mast cells and basophils.

■ Diphenhydramine 1-4mg/kg IM or PO in dogs H2-antihistamines: In combination with H1-antihistamines these maybe useful in attenuation cutaneous signs and will decrease gastric acid secretion but also may cause transient cardiac arrhythmias when administered IV so caution…

■ Ranitidine 0.5-2.5mg/kg IV (diluted and injected slowly over 10 minutes), PO or SC.

3. Glucocorticoids

The onset of glucocorticoid benefits takes at least four to six hours so may be beneficial in the downregulation of late phase inflammatory responses. This drug does not relieve the initial symptoms and signs of anaphylaxis. Dexamethasone 1-4mg/kg IV

4. Fluid therapy

Aggressive intravenous fluid therapy is required in all anaphylaxis patients due to the rapid fluid shift and blood redistribution. Resuscitative crystalloid fluid rates of 90mL/kg dogs and can be combined with colloid support to provide oncotic support (5-6mL/kg).

This fluid therapy needs to be targeted to prevent fluid overload (such as AIM: Systolic BP 100-120mmHg, urine output 0.5-1.5mL/kg/h, PCV >25%, lactate <2.5mmol/l, improved mentation and normothermia).

5. Oxygen support

6. Refractory anaphylaxis may require vasopressor therapy (such as dopamine, norepinephrine, vasopressin) is epinephrine and fluid therapy fail to maintain adequate systolic BP.

NOTE:

Benzold-Jarisch cardiac reflex (Bradycardia) maybe observed as a response to the acute hypovolaemia caused by the fluid shift.

Hemiabdomen and its association with anaphylaxis

Ahaemorrhagic peritoneal effusion has been reported in dogs with anaphylaxis. The pathophysiology behind this effusion is multifactorial and attributed to the increase in vascular permeability (leakage), enhanced fibrinolysis and a reduced ability to form a stable clot due to the effect of anaphylaxis on the kallikrein-kinin contact system, the coagulation system and the fibrinolytic system.

Itis worth considering anaphylaxis in patients that present with a spontaneous hemiabdomen and a history of acute onset collapse, gastrointestinal signs, elevated ALT and gall bladder oedema.

Clinically, how does anaphylaxis appear?

Case One

Afour-year-old Shih Tzu cross (M) presented to the AEC Noosa 27/1/2020 at 2300 with a history of acute vomiting and diarrhoea. The diarrhoea was initially brown in colour but turned bloody during transit to the clinic.

The owner reported noticing the dog ‘groaning’ as if in pain prior to presentation.

There was no history of a change in diet (fed on packet food) and no knowns access to c hemicals/toxins/compost/garbage/drugs/ xylitol/cycads, but the dog had been in the garden during the afternoon.

The owners of this dog are quite elderly and live in a gated retirement home with the dog closely monitored and only walked on leash.

On examination the dog was reported as ‘quite’ and progressing rapidly toward being ‘flat’.

His mucous membranes were pink but progressing to ‘muddy’, he was actively hypersalivating/drooling on presentation and his heart rate was 156bpm with a weak/thready femoral pulse palpated. He was panting with a 3/4 pain score on palpation of the cranial abdomen.

The diarrhoea on presentation was profuse and bloody.

Initial sPO2 was 99 per cent and NIBP was not reading when attempted. The dog was also noted to be bleeding from the venepuncture site when blood sampling was undertaken, and an intravenous catheter placed.

Cranial nerves were intact, but the dog was mentally dull and not wanting to stand when initially examined.

Initial internal laboratory on presentation:

■ PCV 70% and TP 70g/L (serum clear)

■ Lactate 4.79 mmol/L

■ pH 7.168, pCO2 58.7, BE -7.3

■ BUN 9.6 (2.1-9.3) and Creatinine 133 (35-141)

■ GLUCOSE 6.8

■ ALT >1000 (10-88 U/L), AST >1000 (10-50U/L), Amylase 1730 (400-1500 U/L)

■ PT >35 seconds

■ aPTT >200 seconds

Initial problem list:

■ Acute presentation

■ Vomiting/nausea

■ Diarrhoea (haemorrhagic)

■ Cranial abdominal pain

■ Weak peripheral pulses and tachycardia

■ Academia with hyperlactatemia and hypercapnia

■ Hepatopathy (elevation AST and ALT)

■ Coagulopathy

■ Hemoconcentration

■ Elevation BUN

Initial therapy:

■ 10mL/kg bolus therapy (crystalloid) initiated and continued until heart rate responded and NIBP was attained -3 boluses were administered (a total 30mL/kg)

■ Post intravenous fluid resuscitation:

- SAP 95-104mmHg, HR 100bpm and RR 20bpm

temp 36.5, MM pink and CRT2s

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■ 100mL Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) was administered IV to assist with coagulopathy.

■ Analgesia was started alongside antibiotic, gastroprotectant and antiemetic therapy once the patient was hemodynamically stable.

■ AFS 0/4 and AFAST demonstrated gall bladder oedema with the gall bladder wall measuring 28mm in width -serial AFS 0/4 q4h for 12h

2. Ultrasound image of the gallbladder in this patient approximately four hours after admission. Gallbladder wall measured 28mm in thickness and displays striations (alternating echogenic and sonolucent layers)

Urinary catheter was placed and UOP from 4h was > 2mL/kg/h

The initial PCV/TP 70% and 70g/L can be attributed to the rapid fluid shift from intravascular to extravascular space, this deficit was rapidly corrected with appropriate intravenous fluid resuscitation.

The initial tachycardia, hypotension and rapid cardiovascular deterioration can be attributed to the peripheral vasodilation (in combination with hypovolaemia from the acute fluid shift). The resultant poor peripheral perfusion is supported by the marked academia (pH 7.168), hyperlactatemia (4.79) and hypercapnia (pCO2 58.7: venous).

This patient showed no cutaneous signs prior to presentation and the initial presentation

(VICC) when no antivenom has been administered. The elevation in CK was ultimately attributed to the systemic hypoperfusion. This patient taught us the value of AFAST in a clinical setting to help in diagnosing anaphylaxis as it is a disease that is very nonspecific in nature and can mimic several other disease processes.

If you are faced with a patient with gastro-intestinal signs, a marked elevation of ALTand cardiovascular collapse it might just be worth putting the ultrasound very briefly across the cranial abdomen to assess the gallbladder while you are starting your intravenous fluid resuscitation as it may give you some veryuseful information. Then, if you notice gall bladder wall oedema, performan AFAST looking for

This patient was hospitalised for a total five days and was clinically stable from four hours post-admission with a very favourable response to aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation.

This patient was not initially identified as anaphylactic, so adrenaline was not administered but the status of the cardiovascular system dictated a emergent fluid resuscitation regimen and retrospectively (approximately four hours post-admission), this patient was diagnosed with anaphylaxis.

The acute hepatopathy, gall bladder wall oedema and cranial abdominal pain can be attributed to portal hypertension, a result of the histamine release into the portal circulation. Portal hypertension is also known to be associatedwith nausea and ancillary gastrointestinal signs.

was non-specific (such as collapse with haemorrhagic diarrhoea) with a list of differential diagnosis that include snake envenomation, intoxication (hepatotoxin), Addison’s disease, acute haemorrhagic gastroenteritis etc.

Interestingly,despite the marked elevation of ALT and AST, this patient showed no signs of hepatic dysfunction (such as glucose, albumin and TBili remained stable), this allowed us to review our list of potential differentials with an acute hepatotoxin lower down the list. The elevation in CK and PT/aPTT was suggestive of snake envenomation but the acute liver profile did not support snake envenomation, nor did the historybut we cannot definitively state that the anaphylaxis wasn’t due to a non-venomous snake bite. In addition, the coagulopathy was responsive to FFP which is not expected from venom induced consumptive coagulopathy

free abdominal fluid, a TFAST and check there is no pleural or pericardial fluid and aVETBLUE for pulmonaryoedema…. It is amazing what you find when you look.

References

1. Hemoabdomen due to suspected anaphylaxis in four dogs. Birkbeck R, et al. Vet Rec Case Rep 2019;7:e000734.doi:10.1136/vetreccr-2018000734

2.Elevation of alanine transaminase and gallbladder wall abnormalities as biomarkers of anaphylaxis in canine hypersensitivity patients. Quantz JE, et al. JVECC 19(6) 2009, pp 536-544

3. Anaphylaxis in dogs and cats. Shmuel DL and Cortes Y. JVECC 23(4)2013, pp 377-394

4. Survival after anaphylaxis induced by a bumblebee sting in a dog. Thomas E et al. JAAHA 2013 49:210-215 (May/June 2013)

Figure

Four-year-old Shih Tzu cross

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Preventing burnout: strategies for veterinary professionals

In the dynamic and demanding world of veterinary practice, the risk of burnout looms large. Burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and a reduced sense of accomplishment, is a prevalent issue among veterinary professionals. Long hours, high client expectations, and emotional strain contribute to the erosion of well-being and job satisfaction. However, by recognizing the signs and causes of burnout and implementing proactive strategies, veterinarians can safeguard their mental and emotional health while providing quality care to their patients.

Recognising the signs of burnout

Emotional exhaustion

■ Feelings of fatigue and depletion, both physically and emotionally.

■ Reduced capacity to empathize with clients and colleagues.

■ Increased irritability and cynicism toward work-related tasks.

Depersonalisation

■ Developing a detached or cynical attitude toward clients and patients.

■ Treating clients and colleagues with indifference or hostility.

■ Feeling emotionally numb or disconnected from the practice.

Reduced sense of accomplishment

■ Experiencing feelings of incompetence or ineffectiveness.

■ Questioning the value and impact of one's work.

■ Difficulty finding satisfaction or fulfillment in professional accomplishments.

Causes of burnout in veterinary practice

Long hours and high workload

■ Veterinarians often work long hours, including evenings, weekends, and holidays.

■ High caseloads and demanding schedules contribute to chronic stress and fatigue.

High client expectations

■ Veterinarians face pressure to meet client expectations, often balancing competing demands and requests.

■ Dealing with challenging clients or difficult situations can increase stress and frustration.

■ Emotional Strain:

■ The emotional demands of veterinary practice, including euthanasia, difficult diagnoses, and animal suffering, can take a toll on mental health.

■ Compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, and moral distress are common challenges faced by veterinary professionals.

Strategies for preventing burnout

Setting boundaries

■ Establish clear boundaries between work and personal life.

■ Define realistic work hours and prioritize time for rest, relaxation, and leisure activities.

■ Learn to say no to excessive demands or unrealistic expectations.

Prioritising self-care

■ Invest in self-care practices that nourish physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

■ Engage in regular exercise, mindfulness meditation, hobbies, and social activities.

■ Take breaks throughout the workday to recharge and decompress.

Seeking professional help

■ Recognise when additional support is needed and seek assistance from colleagues, mentors, or mental health professionals.

■ Attend workshops, seminars, or counselling sessions focused on stress management and resilience-building.

■ Consider participating in peer support groups or veterinary wellness programs.

Conclusion: embracing resilience in veterinary practice

Preventing burnout requires a proactive and multifaceted approach - one that acknowledges the unique challenges faced by veterinary professionals and prioritises self-care, boundaries, and support. By recognizing the signs and causes of burnout and implementing strategies tomitigate its impact, veterinarians can cultivate resilience and sustain their passion for their work. Let us prioritise our well-being and support one another in creating a culture of compassion, balance, and resilience in veterinary practice.

References

1. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). ‘Job burnout.’ Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev. psych.52.1.397

2. Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2005). ‘The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground and worlds apart.’ Work & Stress, 19(3), 256–262. doi:10.1080/02678370500385913

3. West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2018). ‘Physician burnout: Contributors, consequences and solutions.’ Journal of Internal Medicine, 283(6), 516–529. doi:10.1111/joim.12752

Vetstream and Fear Free join forces for animal wellbeing

Leading provider of digital clinical references and educational content for veterinary professionals, Vetstream, has strategically aligned with Fear Free an organisation dedicated to reducing fear, anxiety, and stress in pets. The companies aim to enhance animal welfare globally.

This collaboration marks a significant milestone in the veterinary industry, bringing together two businesses committed to improving the lives of animals and the professionals who care for them. By combining Vetstream's expertise in providing highquality, evidence-based resources via its Vetlexicon service, with Fear Free's innovative approach to promoting emotional well-being in animals, veterinary teams, and pet owners, the alliance seeks to revolutionize veterinary practice standards.

Through this alliance, Fear Free Certified Veterinary Practices will be able to add access to Vetstream's library of educational materials: firstly, being able to add the extensive range of client factsheets about the health and welfare oftheir animals seamlessly on their practice websites, matching the look and feel of the practice’s branding. Additionally, Fear Free Certified members will have access to discounts for Vetstream’s premier service, Vetlexicon. Fear Free will endorse Vetstream’s behavioural content and will be work with Vetstream to add additional content to

Vetstream’s comprehensive library, while promoting Vetlexicon to its audience.

“At Vetstream, we are dedicated to providing veterinary professionals with the tools they need to deliver the highest standards of care,”

Mark Johnston, CEO of Vetstream said. “We know from usage reports that the client factsheets are very highly used by practices to enable clients to understand more about the health and welfare of their pets. By aligning with Fear Free, we can further support our mission by ensuring that emotional well-being is at the forefront of veterinary practice and enabling Fear Free practices to, not only have

the peer reviewed client factsheets on their practice websites, but also having access to Vetlexicon point of care clinical content of more than 25,000 peer reviewed articles, images, videos, sounds and diagnostic trees on the clinical care of dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets and reptiles.”

“Fear Free is committed to transforming the veterinary experience for pets and their caregivers. Our partnership with Vetstream allows us to leverage cutting-edge resources and reach a wider audience of veterinary professionals, empowering them to prioritize the emotional needs of their patients,” Randy Valpy, CEO of Fear Free said.

The companies are poised to drive positive change in the veterinary industry, fostering a culture of compassion and empathy towards animals. Through collaborative initiatives, educational programs, and innovative solutions, they aim to set new standards for excellence in veterinary care worldwide.

Veterinary or pet professionals can learn more about becoming Fear Free Certified by visiting fearfreepets.com. Pet owners can visit fearfreehappyhomes.com to access free videos, articles, and more that will help improve the physical and emotional health of their pets right at home. Shelter, rescue, and animal welfare employees and volunteers can visit fearfreeshelters.com to enrol in the complimentary program.

Survey highlights desire for growth and recognition

Royal Canin has launched its NurseKind campaign, encouraging pet owners to be aware of and utilise the expertise and training of vet nurses and technicians across Australia, and provide much needed resources and additional education opportunities for vet professionals.

This comes after Royal Canin and the Veterinary Nurses Council of Australia (VNCA) conducted an extensive survey examining the experiences and perspectives of more than 750 vet nurses and technicians in the Australian veterinar y industr y. The survey reveals the profession wants greater recognition of their role caring for our pets, with almost three-quarters of vet nurses and technicians supporting mandatory registration of vet nurses.

The study highlighted over 90 per cent of veterinary nurses across Australia and New Zealand are hungry to keep learning as they support pet owners across both countries. The results showed vet nurses are skilled professionals, with over 95 per cent of Australian vet professionals obtaining (or in the process of obtaining) advanced qualifications in veterinary nursing, with further study mostly spurred by the desire to build on existing knowledge or to expand the in-clinic services they can offer pet owners.

In conjunction with Lincoln Institute of Veterinary Business, Royal Canin will support this growth mindset by jointly sponsoring 150 Australian nurses and technicians to undertake a 12-month pilot with education from a training program called Emerging Leaders, beginning this year.The program will provide tailored non-clinical skills development, providing greater effectiveness in their roles, fostering healthier workplace relationships and enhancing their leadership.

“As a vet professional myself, formal qualifications prepare you well for the clinical aspects of the role, but less so for the complexities of running a clinic, how to handle difficult conversations with pet owners, or help contribute to a strong working culture,” Royal Canin ANZ Chief Health Officer Bronwen Slack said.

“We are so pleased to be coming together with the VNCA and respective education provider, the Lincoln Institute of VeterinaryBusiness, to launch the Emerging Leaders program.

“Vet nurses and technicians are dedicated and have a passion for animal welfare. Without them, the healthcare of our pets will suffer. Pet owners can play a role in supporting vet nurses by demonstrating our appreciation for the skill and commitment they show to the care of our pets,” Slack said.

“This targeted non-technical competency training has proven over the last 11 years to support more wellbeing, satisfaction, and effectiveness for Veterinary Professionals, as well ensuring healthier cultures and enhanced outcomes for the organisations they work within,” Lincoln Institute of Veterinary Business Director Michael Powell said.

“We are delighted to be involved with this initiative aimed at empowering Nurses and technicians to experience more success and fulfilment in the important work they do, as we appreciate the critical role they play in the success and sustainability of the profession. With the support of the VNCA, we want to develop the professionalism of Vet Nurse and Technician specialisation by also advocating for mandatory registration of all Australian vet nurses – something 75 per cent of Australian vet nurses surveyed support.

“With mandatory registration and protection of titles this will provide greater support for the hardworking Vet Professionals in the industry, stronger recognition of the role, standardised education and a more solid career path for those in the industry,” VNCA President Gary Fitzgerald said.

“Weare so excited to be providing the Emerging Leaders program to our VNCA members and look forward to sharing the Express of Interest process in early 2024.

Additional key findings from the survey also showed:

■ More than 95 per cent of Australian vet professionals surveyed that possessed advanced

qualifications in Vet Nursing, or where mid-study,yet there exists a disparity in how their expertise is perceived by pet owners in comparison to veterinarians. This lack of recognition can be detrimental to the health and wellbeing of not only our pets, but the vet nurses themselves.

■ 32 per cent felt their jobs would be made easier with something as simple as being acknowledged and recognised for their work, being made to feel appreciated from pet owners for the hours and multiple roles they are doing.

■ With preventative health at the forefront of discussion vet nurses are having with pet owners, the top four issues discussed were worming and flea prevention, vaccinations, dental/oral health and nutrition. However, only an average of 70 per cent of the time are these topics being brought up, with time being the number one barrier. The survey showed that the lack of staff and acknowledgment from pet owners is impacting on the conversations and ultimately the health of pets.

“For the long-term success of your vet clinic and the vet professionals that work in it, take the time to say thanks and acknowledge the expertise of your local vet nurse and technician for the work they do, to offer the best care to our pets,” Slack said.

Vedi partners with Animal Emergency Australia to deliver progressive milestone for veterinary emergency care

Cloud health platform Vedi has announced a partnership with Animal Emergency Australia (AEA), the leading emergency veterinary hospital group. The partnership marks the alignment between premium emergency care and state-of-the-art health record technology and is an exciting and progressive milestone for the veterinary sector.

Animal Emergency Australia has established itself as a frontrunner in providing critical animal care - with 10 hospitals across the country. AEA’s emergency sites will benefit from enhanced collaboration and communication with general practice clinics, using Vedi. Leveraging the pets’ existing microchips, Vedi will ensure timely access to accurate patient health records and provide tools that bolster the effectiveness of emergency teams in high-pressure situations.

AEA will use the Vedi platform for improved care delivery, quick data transmission and partner integrations, and accurate pet health information when critical decisions need to be made. The value of AEA’s adoption of Vedi will be felt far beyond the walls of the emergency clinics, with veterinary practices and pet owners all set to benefit from efficiencies and data accuracy.

The initial pilot will roll out across several

AEA sites in Western Australia, Victoria, and Queensland. The focus will be on improving the front-of-house patient triage process and facilitating the seamless exchange of health

New silver partner for WSAVA

Boehringer Ingelheim has signed on as a Silver Partner of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) and will support the work of the association’s Global Pain Council (GPC) and Oncology Working Group (OWG).

The GPC, chaired jointly by Jo Murrell and Paulo Steagall, aims to create a global environment for companion animals in which pain is considered as the fourth vital sign and addressed appropriately. It launched an updated set of Global Guidelines for the Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain at the end of 2022. They are available for free download at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/jsap.13566.

The OWG, chaired by Ann Hohenhaus, is working to overcome regional disparities in the treatment of cancers in dogs and cats by providing continuing education (CE) and a range of additional resources, including fact sheets and an Oncology Glossary,to secure advances in the understanding and treatment of oncology globally.

“Pet ownership is on the rise and many people consider their animal companions to be part of the family. As result, they have high expectations of their veterinarians,” Erich Schoett, Head of Global Marketing Pet Therapeutics and Vaccines at Boehringer Ingelheim

data with GP veterinarians and pet owners post-discharge from the emergency room.

Rod Meehan, Chief of Hospitals at AEA, is enthusiastic about the partnership. “This hasn’t been possible before! We’re excited about partnering with Vedi because it will help our patients, our team, and our clients,” he said. “The opportunities for better collaboration between stakeholders and the efficiencies we expect to gain operationally in the hospital are next level.”

“We’re thrilled that our technology is set to enable AEA ER teams to access the vital information they need to care for a patient by simply scanning their microchip on arrival. In a high-stakes emergency,it will be a gamechanger,” Steve Joslyn, CEO of Vedi said.

About Vedi: Vedi is a world-first cloud health platform dedicated to connecting the veterinary world with workflows that eliminate the unnecessary. With a focus on user-friendly apps, robust communications infrastructure, and a comprehensive cloud health record system, Vedi is at the forefront of integrated veterinaryhealth recordtechnology.

About Animal Emergency Australia: Animal Emergency Australia is a national leader in veterinary emergency and referral services, offering the highest standard of care for pets in urgent situations. With a commitment to excellence and acompassionate approach, AEA is at the cutting edge of veterinarymedicine in Australia.

said. “At the same time, small animal medicine is advancing at a staggering pace. Veterinarians face a continuous need to upskill, adapt to new standards of care and to provide tailored health offerings at each stage of a pet’slife.

“We recognise the significant value WSAVA and its committees add to the global veterinary community and are delighted to join with them in fostering standardised, high-quality veterinary care for small animals around in the world.”

The WSAVAworks to advance the health and welfare of companion animals and to advocate on behalf of companion animal veterinarians and the wider veterinary team. Its activities include the development of WSAVAGlobal Guidelines in key areas of veterinarypractice, together with lobbying on important issues affecting companion animal care worldwide.

“It’s thanks to the support of our Industry Partners that we are able to deliver such a wide range of CE to our members and to campaign on the global stage on issues that concern them, such as the global inequity in access to veterinary medicines,” WSAVA President Ellen van Nierop said.

“We’re absolutely delighted to welcome Boehringer Ingelheim as aSilver Partner and thank them very much for their support. We look forward to working with them during 2024 and beyond.”

New SA CVO to focus on biosecurity

From page 1

“With biosecurity threats ever increasing, and the devastating impacts a disease outbreak would have, particularly on the livestock industries and regional communities, the need for industry and government to work in close partnership on our shared biosecurity responsi-

bility has never been greater. “I will be focused on ensuring the delivery of animal biosecurity programs are based on epidemiological and risk-based decisionmaking to support enhanced industry biosecurity, emergency animal disease preparedness and disease surveillance activities.”

Financial relief for eID implementation

From page 1

national initiative to enhance biosecurity by track and track in case of an emergency animal disease (EAD) outbreak.

The eID devices provide a property identification code for each location, a high-frequency electronic device with amicrochip inside to individually identify each animal and requires the necessary movement information for each animal to be logged in the National Livestock Identification System (NILS) database.

eID technology has been used in cattle in Australia since 2005 and sheep and goats in Victoria since 2017.

Sheep and managed goats born on or after January1 2025 will be identified with an NLIS-accredited eID device before leaving their

property of birth. All other sheep and managed goats leaving a property will need to be identified with an NLIS-accredited eID device from January 1 2027.

Minister for Agricultural Industry Development and Fisheries and Minister for Rural Communities Mark Furner supported the move to eID.

“We need a fast and accurate sheep and goat traceability system to protect Queensland’slivestock industry from an emergency animal disease (EAD) outbreak,” Furner said.

“Implementation of an eID system to individually trace sheep and goats will also deliver national and international standards of traceability.”

■ JULIAGARDINER

Celebrating 100 years of vets in NSW

From page 3

To celebrate the centenary year, Her Excellency, the Honourable Margaret Beazley, Governor of NSW and Mr Dennis Wilson held a reception at Government House in NSW on February 26th, attended by veterinarians from around NSW and dignitaries. At the event, the President of the Board, Dr Steven Ferguson, announced the establishment of the inaugural Centenary Awards.

“The Centenary Awards will celebrate and recognise those members of the profession who have gone above and beyond what is asked of them. Those that were inspirational pathfinders orjust plain hard workers will be acknowledged.

The Centenary Committee is excited and privileged to be reviewing and acknowledging this legacy and will be announcing our deserving recipients later this year,” Canfield said.

Neutering rottweilers early may shorten their lifespan

Frompage 3

“There are serious consequences for not neutering a dog, such as the risk of a lifethreatening uterus infection known as Pyometra, mammary tumours and unwanted puppies,” Joone said.

“There’s a strong suspicion that the reduced lifespan is more to do with weight issues than the neutering itself, so I would encourage owners to go ahead and neuter their dog but make sure you keep it at a good, healthy weight.”

The study found further research to establish reasons for its findings is warranted, as well as similar studies on different breeds of dogs which may clarify whether this effect is unique to rottweilers.

■ JULIAGARDINER

Living biobank to preserve Australia’snatural wildlife

From page 1

“Climate change is accelerating the road to extinction for many species, despite the best efforts of conservationists and land managers. Adverse weather events such as bushfires and floods can easily wipe out large numbers of animals, reducing genetic diversity in a population and putting them on a fast track to extinction. Wemust preserve the genetic diversity and habitats we have now in the wild, otherwise we can cause irreparable damage to our unique ecosystem. A living biobank will help ensure we conserve the full diversity of our species,” he said.

Joanna Sumner, Senior Manager of Genetic Resources at MVRI said the project was set to transform the museum industry globally and shift the role of museums from documenting losses of genetic variation in wildlife to preserving that genetic variation in living form.

“Museums play a unique role in recording and preserving the extraordinary and vast biodiversity of our planet. The millions of specimens held in natural history collections such as Museums Victoria are an irreplaceable

resource for researchers and have been central to understanding the impacts of global change on biodiversity.By preserving living cells for biodiversity conservation and research we’re expanding the scope of the work we do as a museum. We’ll be introducing these techniques to our partners at the Australian Museum Research Institute to ensure they’ll have the greatest impact in the conservation of Australia’s irreplaceable wildlife,” she said.

During preliminary work the team cryopreserved cells from 14 species and plan to cryopreserve cells from up to 100 species throughout the life of the three-year project.

“This is our opportunity to prioritise and preserve the living genetic record of our most loved species, and with Australia holding the record for the most mammal extinctions, it’sclear this work is a critical first step in protecting our unique species that don’t exist anywhere else,” Pask said.

■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT

Survey highlights desirefor growth and recognition

From page 27

Bronwen Slack’s NurseKind tips for clients Be Respectful and Courteous: Just like with any healthcare professional, it's important to treat veterinary nurses with respect and courtesy.They play a crucial role in your pet's care, and showing kindness goes a long way.

Provide Clear Information: When discussing your pet's condition or symptoms, be as detailed and clear as possible. This will help the vet nurse understand the situation and relay accurate

information to the rest of the vet team.

Ask Questions: Vet nurses arehighly knowledgeable and can provide valuable insights about your pet's health. Don't hesitate to ask questions about treatments, medications, procedures, and nutrition. They can offer explanations in an accessible language. Communicate any concerns by asking questions on how to best manage the issue.

Update Medical History: If your pet has

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David Vella BSc BVSc (Hons) DABVP

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had any recent medical issues, surgeries, or changes in behaviour, make sure to update the vet nurse. A comprehensive medical historyhelps them provide the best possible care.

Discuss Costs: If cost is a concern, you can discuss it with the vet nurse. They can provide estimates for treatments or procedures and help you explore different options.

Express Gratitude: If the vet nurse has gone above and beyond in caring for your pet, expressing gratitude is always appreciated. Asimple thankyou can make their day.

CREATURE Feature

Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus)

Within Japanese folklore, Japanese raccoon dogs (also called tanuki)have had a significant role since ancient times. They are reputed to be mischievous and jolly,masters of disguise and shapeshifting but somewhat gullible and absent-minded. The animals have also been common in Japanese art, particularly as subjects for statues. Picture: Bru-No

Fight the most common otitis externa pathogens. Just ONE dose. Administered by YOU.

Neptra is not recommended in cases with rod-shaped bacteria present on cytology sample, as these may represent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. C & S testing should be performed when appropriate to determine the identity and susceptibility of the causative organism(s). Read and follow label instructions.

References: 1 Paterson S, 2018. ¨The use of antibiotics and antimycotics in otitis.¨ Companion Animal. 23(11): 608-613

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