The Veterinarian Magazine December 2021 Issue

TheVeterinarian ■ December 2021

■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

Picture Anthony Britt-Lewis

Devils tracked by a whisker

Track and trace are now familiar terms in the new era of COVID-19 but a study published recently in the journal Ecosphere has taken these words to a new level in terms of tracking the diet of Tasmanian devils through their whiskers.

Metabolically inactive tissues that grow progressively over time - hair, scales, feathers, horns, nails/claws, and teeth - are increasingly being used to provide chronological isotopic records of individuals from ancient and modern populations, and devils’ long wiry whiskers hold chemical

imprints from food they have eaten in the past. Researchers have mapped this timescale for the first time and shown that devils’ whiskers tell broader stories about their foraging habits, habitat use and seasonal dietary changes, and how they respond to environmental change over at least nine months and potentially up to a year.

Senior author Tracey Rogers, from the University of New South Wales School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, said whiskers acted like the rings of a tree

trunk, painting a picture of what the animals ate and how they lived up to a year ago.

“We’re using the devils’ whiskers to trace back through time. Up until now tracing a devil’s culinary history with its whiskers was a bit like using an out-of-order time machine – we could see the chemical records but weren’t able to confirm if they were from a week, month or year ago,” Rogers said.

Between September 2010 and March 2012 UNSW researchers fed tablets enriched in heavy stable isotopes to six captive-bred twoyear-old devils – three males and three females – at three-month intervals. The stable isotopes acted as timestamps, marking the whiskers with each season’s passing.

When more than a year had passed, researchers removed the longest whisker from each animal for analysis. They found whiskers grew fast initially but then slowed down, while whiskers on different parts of their muzzle grew to different maximum lengths. On average, a devil’s longest whisker held at least nine months of its ecological history, but potentially with slower growth over time up to a year could be held.

Functional ecologist and evolutionary biologist, and lead author Marie Attard, a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Royal Holloway University of London’s Animal Behaviour Physiology Laboratory, who completed this work during her PhD To page 30

ON THE INSIDE

3 NEWS Reinforcing responsibility

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NEWS Hookworm treatment

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Significant steps for ageing racehorses Deregistration for In the wake of the ABC 7.30 program, broadcast in October 2019, that exposed how many exracing horses were sent to abattoirs and knackeries, the Thoroughbred Aftercare Welfare Working Group was established and tasked with the mission to: ‘review the current welfare landscape in the Australian thoroughbred industry, to look to world’s best practice for guidance, to consult with participants in the industry and also draw upon the learnings from other animal industries.’ The subsequent report that includes practical policy recommendations to enable the industry to improve welfare outcomes for Australia’s horses - was released at the end of November.

TAWWG member, and RSPCA Australia’s chief scientist Bidda Jones, said that although the report had been a long time coming it contained strong, positive and practical recommendations for improving the welfare of thoroughbreds.

“The Australian community knows and understands that horses in the racing industries are more than just ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

commodities. Horses are sentient animals who deserve to be treated well throughout their entire life.

It’s why Australians called on governments and industry in their tens of thousands after the 7.30 program’s revelations, urging action be taken,” Jones said.

Due to the federated structure of Australia’s racing administration, a consistent national response to the issues raised in the program To page 30

Bidda Jones

ketamine-injecting vet

A West Australian veterinarian has been deregistered after injecting herself and two friends with ketamine during a weekend away.

The State Administrative Tribunal (SAT) found former Murray Veterinary Services vet Catherine McGuigan guilty of professional misconduct and removed her from the register of veterinary surgeons.

The incident occurred after Ms McGuigan became friends with a woman and man who were clients of the Coolup clinic, WA Today reported.

McGuigan and the couple would take occasional trips away where they would use illegal drugs.

During a weekend away in October 2020, the friends rented accommodation in Wannanup and were consuming alcohol and drugs when McGuigan retrieved ketamine from a work vehicle.

After inquiring about the weight of her friends to determine the correct dosage, she injected them and herself with the drug.

McGuigan asked her friends to keep her administration of the drug a secret. To page 30

FACE TO FACE Casey Woodward

13 CLINICAL FEATURE Shannon Lee VET ETHICS KIWI POST

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MANAGEMENT

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ABSTRACTS

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News

Dogs Australia launches to reinforce responsibility What major change did you make during Lockdown? Many people embraced the great Australian tradition of home renovation. Some decided a backyard pool was something they could no longer live without. Others took a plunge of a different kind and began writing novels, painting pictures, or creating other artworks. Regardless of what new path you chose to tread during the pandemic, however, one upward trend was astonishingly clear: across the country, Australians decided Lockdown was the perfect time to become dog owners.

Coinciding with the recent surge in dog ownership in Australia, the Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) has launched Dogs Australia, a new not-for-profit organisation aimed at promoting animal welfare, responsible dog ownership and the benefits of buying dogs through registered breeders. As the consumer face of the internationally recognized ANKC, Dogs Australia unites the expertise of around 60,000 members, including 11,000 registered breeders, 350 breed clubs and almost 500 sports-for-dogs clubs around the nation.

“The launch of Dogs Australia draws on the strength and experience of all the state and territorybased member bodies to advocate for dog welfare and responsible dog ownership,” Dogs Australia President, Hugh Gent OAM, said.

“Our registered breeders follow a strict code of ethics, conduct health and DNA tests, provide a certificate of pedigree and give the owner on-going support.”

Rebranding of the 63-year-old ANKC could not have come at a better time, particularly since the rapid increase in dog ownership has also been accompanied by an alarming rise in online puppy scams. Dogs Australia is committed to connecting their national network of registered breeders with prospective dog owners, not only to protect them from scams, but also to help them find the most appropriate animal for them and their circumstances.

To achieve this aim, Dogs Australia is launching a national education campaign early in 2022 to help potential dog owners find the most suitable breed for their family and lifestyle. The campaign includes a video series showcasing

more than 180 dog breeds, categorised into seven distinct groups, including Terriers, Hounds and Working Dogs. “Our breeders are passionate above finding the right homes for their dogs,” Gent said.

Dogs Australia Ambassador and veterinarian, Rob Zammit, agreed.

“A dog is a big commitment.

It should never be an impulse buy,” Zammit said. “We recommend people thoroughly research their dog choice and they can start with our online questionnaire to determine whether it’s the right time to buy a pup, which breed and breeder to choose.”

For veterinarians, the upcoming Dogs Australia education campaign provides access to resources that can be safely recommended to existing

clients and potential dog owners nationwide. “The campaign’s aim is to better educate people on how to research and find the right dog that suits their using Dogs Australia’s 3Rs, which ask is it the right time to get a dog? Which is the right breed to suit your lifestyle? And how do you find the right breeder?”

Zammit said. “Hopefully dogs will be happier and healthier and have fewer potential issues, and it will help vets with their mental health not having to deal with unwanted dogs, resulting in the best experience for everyone involved including the dogs, clients, and vets.”

Dogs Australia’s national education campaign will launch in February 2022.

■ JAI HUMEL

New frog species identified thanks to citizen science In the wake of this year’s FrogID Week, two new amphibian species have been found and described, both from eastern Australia. The discovery is in addition to the tiny pouched or ‘hip-pocket’ frog that was discovered a few weeks beforehand in NSW’s Wollumbin National Park.

FrogID is the only known project of its kind in the world. Co-founder Jodi Rowley, a herpetologist from the University of NSW’s School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, and curator of Amphibian and Reptile Conservation

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Biology at the Australian Museum, said the project represented a seismic shift in the activity of natural history museums and the concepts of ‘collecting’ and public engagement. Launched in 2017, November’s FrogID week highlights the valuable contributions citizen scientists make to better understand and conserve Australia’s frogs.

While the tiny hip-pocket frog is likely to be listed as critically endangered due to its limited population size and specific habitat needs, the male’s hands-on parental role also make it unique, according to

Michael Mahony, Professor of Biology at the University of Newcastle’s School of Environmental and Life Sciences, who discovered the frog.

“The hip-pocket frog isn’t only unique for its amazing breeding biology among Australian frogs, but it’s also unique among frogs of the world since there are only four of the 4000 species worldwide that have male parental care, where the male carries its developing tadpoles in pouches under the skin from hatching until they turn into frogs,” Dr Mahony said.

The newly described species

identified as a result of the FrogID app’s recordings, are the slender bleating frog, found in Queensland, and the screaming tree frog, that can be heard around Taree in NSW down the east coast to just over the border in Victoria.

“Our examination revealed their calls differ slightly in how long, how high-pitched and how rapid-fire they are. The slender bleating tree frog has the shortest, most rapidfire and highest pitched calls, and these noisy frog bachelors are super loud when trying to woo their mates!” Rowley said. To page 30

DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 3

News

Biosecurity key as ag production set for record year The Australian agriculture industry is set to make history this financial year with a forecast to reach $78 billion in value.

According to the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) latest outlook released recently, both crop growers and livestock producers will see record values of $43 billion and $33.4 billion respectively.

These are welcome figures indeed for Australian producers who have been faced with droughts, fires, floods, plagues, and the trade impacts of COVID-19 in recent years.

Animal Health Australia (AHA) and Plant Health Australia (PHA) welcomed this news but warned many animal and plant diseases at our doorstep could rapidly and significantly derail the track toward the record-breaking figures. They said ongoing investment to protect the livelihood of producers and the end-to-end supply chain has never been more important.

CEO of Animal Health Australia, Kathleen Plowman, said the

announcement of a Commonwealth Biosecurity 2030 Roadmap reiterates the importance of maintaining robust biosecurity management practices.

“Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, there is still a risk that new pests and diseases will enter the country. A large multistate Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in Australia could cost an estimated $5 billion per year until its eradication,” Plowman said.

“Biosecurity equals food security.

Without a strong biosecurity system, our economy and our Australian way of life will suffer and diminish.

“Biosecurity enhances our ability to manage the risk of pests and diseases entering, emerging, establishing or spreading in Australia,” she said.

Both AHA and PHA are coordinators for government-industry partnerships and improve national biosecurity outcomes by bringing together stakeholders to share knowledge, experience, and, ultimately, responsibility, by joining forces to address biosecurity threats and prevent their arrival.

CEO of Plant Health Australia, Sarah Corcoran, said our biosecurity system relies on strong partnerships: “Damage to plants caused by pests and disease varies across species, but it’s estimated that 20 - 40 per cent of crops are lost every year,” Corcoran said.

“When considering the impacts of pests and diseases in the context of the invasion curve, the return on investment in prevention at the beginning of the curve is higher than the economic return of ongoing management, making a strong case for continued investment in preparedness activities.

“Farm biosecurity is an example of how good biosecurity practices enable producers to identify and reduce the risks posed by diseases, pests and weeds. Biosecurity is part of the Australian value proposition, adding value to our highly reputable agricultural products both domestically and internationally,” she said.

Identifying exotic pest and disease threats, the ways in which they may enter Australia and prioritising threats according to

Kathleen Plowman

their potential impact allows the most serious risks to be targeted.

Strong investment in biosecurity activities such as surveillance, pathway analysis, border screening, inspection and planning enhances our ability to detect, identify, contain, and manage pests and diseases should they arrive.

Crunchy foods better for captive-reared wildlife Panther meal

We give dogs raw bones, flavoured crunchy biscuits to cats and we encourage our children to munch on apples and raw carrots, all designed to aid in the growth of healthy and strong teeth and bones. An international study published recently in the journal Integrative Organismal Biology has found that a crunchy diet is also important for rescued and captive-reared wildlife to grow strong and healthy bones. Their survival chances were likely to be increased when released back into the wild if their diets more closely imitated their known dietary ecology.

Lead author and team leader Rex Mitchell, Research Associate at Flinders University’s College of Science and Engineering, said the study shed light on the potentially harmful effects of captive diets, that while they might meet nutritional requirements were also likely to consist of softer, processed or pre-portioned foods. Softer foods lack the structural complexity and foraging effort associated with wild foods which can impact on skull development.

“Some scientists have suggested that captive diets may have unintended, negative effects on skull development that could impact the successful reintroduction of animals to the wild. We wanted to know how much growing up on a diet that doesn’t need much biting can impact the ability of an animal to bite effectively in adulthood,” Dr Mitchell said.

Researchers used a large 2012 collection of CT scans of rats, that were fed different diets from the time they finished suckling through to adulthood. From the scans Mitchell created three-dimensional digital models of each rat skull and carried out computer simulations to see which skulls were the weakest.

4 TheVeterinarian DECEMBER 2021

The scientists expected to find rats who worked less for food would have thinner bone growth in their skulls, but while the simulations confirmed the animals fed the softest diets grew up to have the weakest skulls.

The research also showed that those rats whose diet was switched from hard to soft food when they were juveniles, had the weakest skulls.

“This certainly surprised us, so we had some digging in the literature to do, and interestingly we found earlier studies showed that when rats in space experienced sudden and prolonged disuse of bone, the number of cells responsible for depositing more layers deceases,” Mitchell said.

The results suggested that if an animal suddenly stops needing to bite its food during development, it might then lose many of the cells needed for depositing bone while it is still growing, impacting on normal bone growth and resulting in a weaker adult skull.

“It’s likely a best practice initiative to assume that dietary constituents throughout development will play a role in the structure of the adult skull for most animals, so where possible, for those wildlife in care, nutrition should imitate their known dietary ecology so skull bones and jaw muscles are conditioned for future survival in the wild.”

‘More challenging diets sustain feeding performance: applications toward the captive breeding of wildlife’ is at doi.org/10.1093/iob/obab030.

■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT

results in jail time

A Thai construction mogul has been sentenced to three years and two months jail over a series of incidents in a wildlife sanctuary where a rare black panther was shot and cooked over a campfire.

The incident occurred in February 2018 and caused mass indignation, Associated Press reports.

66-year-old Premchai Karnasuta was arrested at a campsite in the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Rangers found guns and carcasses of several animals nearby, including the panther which had been butchered and used as a soup ingredient.

Premchai is president of ItalianThai Development PLC, which has been involved in large projects such as Bangkok’s Skytrain network and Suvarnabhumi international airport.

He was convicted on several charges including carrying weapons without a permit and poaching.

In addition to the custodial time, Premchai was ordered to pay a share of a 2 million baht fine ($83,000).

Two accomplices, driver Yong Dodkruea and hunter Thanee Thummat, also received prison sentences and fines for possession of wildlife carcasses.

■ SAM WORRAD ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

News

Ivermectin an effective hookworm treatment for Australian sea lions As a treatment for COVID-19 the drug ivermectin rightly belongs in the quack treatment basket, but it has long been used by veterinarians as an effective therapy to treat parasitic infections such as the hookworm infection that contributes to up to 40 per cent of Australian sea lion pup deaths.

The population of Australian sea lions is believed to have decreased to fewer than 10,000 animals due to a combination of marine pollution, climate change, competition from fisheries, and hookworm which resulted in a federal government reclassification of the species from ‘vulnerable’ to ‘endangered’. The species is now considered a conservation priority.

All Australian sea lion pups become infected with hookworm through ingesting larvae in their mother’s milk within 48 hours of birth, potentially leading to inflammation, blood loss and diarrhoea. Pups weakened by infection are also more vulnerable to trauma, which is often caused by other sea lions.

Researchers have monitored Australian sea lion populations on two islands off South Australia since 2006. During the pinnipeds’ 2017 breeding season at Dangerous Reef, University of Sydney researchers conducted a trial that administered 85 sea lion pups aged between 10 and 21 days with either topical ivermectin, injected ivermectin, or nothing.

Lead researcher Rachael Gray, senior lecturer in veterinary pathology at the University of Sydney’s Faculty of Science and co-author of the study published recently in the International Journal of Parasitology – parasites and wildlife, said with multiple threats to the species’ recovery the goal was to see if a safe, effective and minimally invasive hookworm treatment could be tested.

“If pups can survive to weaning they should have a greater chance of getting to reproductive age and directly contributing to population recovery.

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Picture Louise Cooper

Each of these little worms attach themselves to the wall of the small intestine, with the average for the Australian sea lion usually being about 2200 worms, although the highest number we found in an individual pup was 8000. They cause haemorrhage, inflammation, and they affect the ability of that intestine wall to absorb nutrients causing bleeding and diarrhoea. Basically, the pups lose blood, lose nutrition and protein and that makes them weaker so they lose weight and their growth slows,” Gray explained.

Based on the success of the topical ivermectin treatment, large scale trials were conducted during 2019 and 2020-21 at Seal Bay Conservation Park on Kangaroo Island. These not only verified the study’s results they also showed the pups’ survival chances were improved if treatment was administered early.

Gray said hookworm eggs and larvae were shed in the pups’ faeces and in the right conditions

could live up to eight years before entering adult sea lions through the skin.

“They localise in the abdominal fat and then just before mum is about to give birth there is some physiological trigger, which is possibly hormonal, that causes the larvae to wake up, migrate to the mammary gland and then transfer their larvae onto the next pup. If we treat the pup early enough, we can reduce the amount of eggs they shed in their faeces and that will hopefully reduce the parasite load on the ground,” she said.

In addition to its high effectiveness in treating hookworm infection, ivermectin was also found to be effective at controlling lice, reducing infestations by over 80 per cent. Although not deadly, the lice that infest Australian sea lions are bloodsuckers and contribute to the blood loss and anaemia caused by hookworm.

■ ANNE LAYTON-BENNETT

DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 5

FACE TO FACE

F

ounder of animal charity, Animal Assist, Casey Woodward is a dynamic and passionate advocate for the Earth’s wild creatures and wild places. A woman with true grit, she leads by example, campaigning tirelessly in her quest to help the planet and inspire others in the process.

With a solid grounding in the conservation and animal fields (her qualifications include a Cert IV in Veterinary Nursing and a Diploma in Conservation and Land Management), Woodward has spent over a decade working, volunteering and advocating for animal welfare and the environment. She is the WA Project Coordinator for Tangaroa Blue Foundation, a national not-for-profit organization that focuses on the health of our oceans and waterways. Her past experiences include working on bush regeneration and revegetation projects in Queensland, leading teams on land management and tree planting projects.

She has volunteered at RSPCA Qld and

Casey Woodward: Animal Assist

Australia Zoo and worked as a vet nurse in animal shelters and small animal clinics.

But it was her wildlife volunteer work in SE Asia that propelled her on her current path.

Woodward’s journey to Animal Assist began on the opposite side of the globe, where her passion for the pristine landscapes of our natural world was ignited during a road trip through Canada and Alaska.

“I was 25 and it was the first time I had experienced real wilderness,” she said. ‘In this breathtaking mountain scenery I saw brown bears, moose and bison. To see grizzly bears catching salmon in the wild ”I was completely hooked.” So hooked she spent many months living in a remote tree planting camp in the Canadian wilderness. She loved the feel of her hands in the earth, of being surrounded by adventurous, like-minded souls in a beautiful environment. ‘They were fun-loving, fit, healthy, ‘live in the moment’ kind of people.”

Canada ignited her passion for the outdoors but Borneo was pivotal to the inception of Animal Assist. On her first trip in 2012 she was captivated by the incredible richness of the forest and its unique species.

■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

In 2014, just two months after marrying her husband, Woodward accepted a 12-month volunteer position with Orangutan Foundation International (OFI). Her role as a Sun Bear Rehabilitator in Indonesian Borneo was a life-changing experience.

Sun bears in SE Asia are hunted for the illegal wildlife trade including bear bile farming and the pet trade. Woodwardís role was to help rehabilitate and prepare suitable orphaned and rescued bears at the centre for release back into the forest. As a young, Western woman living and working (often alone) in the jungle, she found the role physically and emotionally demanding but extremely rewarding. It was here that a young orphaned bear called Koko stole her heart.

“Koko and Okta were around six months old when they came into care so they were considered a good release option.” If bears bond with their human carer it can hamper their release back into the wild. It was hoped these two young bears would form a strong

on the honey then have a long sleep up a shady tree. Even though they likely had no prior learning with their mothers, it was amazing to watch them develop their innate natural behaviours.”

The dynamics between the trio changed when Okta fell out of a tree and sustained a compound fracture to her elbow. She was relocated back to the centre for treatment and recovery, leaving Woodward and Koko to continue the rehabilitation for release process in the jungle.

“Koko was lost without Okta. She craved companionship and turned to me.” As the weeks passed, Woodward and Koko continued their daily walks, Koko learning and developing her natural instincts under Woodward’s protective eye.

Then one day during a storm, Koko ran away.

It wasn’t unusual for the young bear to get overexcited by the regular storms and run off but she was always easy to track and find.

“This time I couldn’t find her. The telemetry didnít work in the rain. I was screaming out her name but I couldnít find her.”

Woodward’s distress was compounded by the thought of the young bear spending the night alone and frightened in the jungle and not in the soft-release cage where she usually slept. “I was up at first light searching for her.

I searched for weeks, hiking over twenty kilometers a day in the rough jungle, climbing trees to see if the telemetry could detect anything. I never found her.”

While searching for Koko, Woodward discovered a number of illegal hunting camps.

At each one she surreptitiously searched the camps for evidence of bear parts or remains.

Thankfully, she found nothing to point to a grisly end. But no sign of Koko was ever found. Nor was Koko’s telemetry device.

The loss of Koko the bear still haunts Woodward. “In my heart I don’t think she survived. We hadnít been in the forest long

“From sunrise to sunset I would walk the bears in the jungle with the purpose of letting them establish their own home range to learn to fend for themselves, find honey, climb trees and to display and practice their natural bear behaviours.”

bond that would override any bond they developed with their carer. “Okta was wild and frightened. She was missing two claws which had likely been hacked off by a machete when her mother was presumably butchered. Koko had been kept as a pet and was less anxious around humans.”

After six months at the care centre gaining the cubs trust and planning for the release site, Woodward and the two bears moved to a remote camp deep in the National Park of Central Kalimantan, a two hour motorbike ride from the closest town.

The bears were fitted with telemetry devices by a veterinarian so they could be tracked if they roamed too far.

“From sunrise to sunset I would walk the bears in the jungle with the purpose of letting them establish their own home range, to learn to fend for themselves, find honey, climb trees and to display and practice their natural bear behaviours.”

Woodward had to be mentally tough to cope with the isolation and physically fit to keep up with the youngsters. “It was incredible to watch them sit up, smell the air then run a kilometer to find wild honey. They would gorge for hours ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

enough for her to learn everything she needed to survive. I was still supplementary feeding her.

And she faced so many dangers including other bears and hunters.”

Through Animal Assist, Woodward has maintained a connection to the transformative experience she underwent in Borneo a connection to Koko’s spirit, to the Bornean jungle and to the frontline conservationists fighting to preserve its wildlife.

“I don’t want the individuals on the frontline to feel like they are forgotten,” she said.

“Their work is selfless. People don’t understand the sacrifices they’ve made and the trauma and tragedies they deal with every single day.

They deserve to be supported.”

Woodward’s experience working and volunteering with NGOs throughout SE Asia has allowed her a unique insight into how the organizations work. “I know how difficult it is

for a grassroots NGO to operate with minimal resources and no money. But I have the skill sets to help.” Her skill sets include fundraising and networking as well as her knowledge and experience in wildlife conservation. As a vet nurse she knows what medications are practical in the field and has developed useful contacts in the pharmaceutical industries. “I get a rush from connecting dots to achieve an outcome.”

In the past twelve months Animal Assist has supported a number of organizations and individuals with funds, equipment and veterinary supplies. Key organizations include Project Borneo, a charity assisting rescued wildlife in Malaysian Borneo, the Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA) in Bali, Jakarta Animal Aid Network which has animal welfare programs throughout Indonesia and the Bornean Sunbear Conservation Centre (BSBCC), a sun bear rescue and rehabilitation centre.

Animal Assist also supports the Conflict Islands Conservation Initiative to protect the natural environment of the Coral Sea and Conflict Islands, the Sumatran Ranger Project and its team of rangers patrolling the Leuser Ecosystem in North Sumatra and Paw Patrol, an animal welfare charity in Cambodia.

Next year, Animal Assist will organize and facilitate an Australian veterinary team to perform much-needed specialist dental surgery on rescued sun bears and orangutans in Borneo.

The project will run alongside a street dog desexing and veterinary outreach program.

While Animal Assistís projects are mainly based in SE Asia, Woodwardís role with Tangaroa Blue allows her to remain active in the conservation sphere within Australia. She recently managed a state-wide beach clean-up in WA and enthusiastically promotes the aims of the organization.

Woodward’s involvement with Animal Assist and Tangaroa Blue is all-consuming, and her compassionate need to help those on the frontline often feels overwhelming. Yet she remembers to appreciate and value the life she has. “I feel blessed. I have a supportive husband and a little girl, Coco (named after Koko the bear), who bring me a lot of joy.”

Despite the challenges ñ or because of them the idealistic young woman who connected with an orphan bear in the jungles of Borneo is today a fearsome warrior dedicated to saving the planet and its wildlife.

For more information, visit www.animal-assist.org.

■ OLIVIA POZZAN DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 7

VET ETHICS

Simon Coghlan has a PhD in philosophy.

His doctorate addressed human and animal ethics and he has published in this field in peer-reviewed journals.

He has a Masters in Bioethics and a Grad. Cert. in Higher Education. Currently he lectures in Health Ethics and Professionalism at the School of Medicine at Deakin University, Geelong.

He is also a Melbourne veterinarian.

COVID-19 and impacts on animals The current pandemic has caused impacts on nonhuman animals as well as human beings. COVID-19 has affected animals in the wild, on farms, in zoos, and in households around the world. Some of these impacts were direct, others more indirect.

Some slaughterhouses were closed due to the easy spread of COVID-19 among meat workers.

The closure of meat plants meant that some animals were subjected to cruel forms of killing. In the US, for example, millions of hens were suffocated by a water-based foam similar to foam used to fight fires.

In Europe and elsewhere, some animals, such as pigs, were culled on farms by inhumane methods such as gassing, electrocution, and blunt force trauma. It was reported that such culling caused mental distress and hardship for farmers.

The transmissibility of COVID-19 to mink, and the risk of transmission back to humans, also result in mass killings. Mink are often kept in packed conditions, making spread of disease more likely.

There were concerns that the virus can mutate in the animals before re-infecting humans.

Due to these risks, Denmark culled millions of mink in late 2020. As one veterinary professor said, “people don’t have the close attachment to minks they might dogs. If the animal isn’t a common pet or an endangered zoo animal, there’s less outrage when it’s killed.”

COVID-19 also led to animal testing and experimentation.

Pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson trialled their vaccines on animal subjects. Some politicians claimed that animal trials were largely not done due to animals dying from the vaccines. However, animal and human trials of the vaccine were sometimes run at the same time.

Other research aimed to find out if various animal species contracted the disease. A significant number of a species were deliberately infected. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advised that: “Recent experimental research shows that many mammals, including cats, dogs, bank voles, ferrets, fruit bats, hamsters, mink, pigs, rabbits, racoon dogs, tree shrews, and white-tailed deer can be infected with the virus.

Cats, ferrets, fruit bats, hamsters, racoon dogs, and white-tailed deer can also spread the infection to other animals of the same species in laboratory settings.”

Various nonhuman primates became ill after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 in laboratories.

A less direct but still real harm occurred when animals in labs were culled due to lack of staff and access to facilities during the pandemic.

One problem for companion animals was difficulty in finding timely medical care given veterinary clinic shutdowns, reductions in work hours, and personnel shortages. Preventative care may have suffered. Many clients also experienced financial disadvantage, which has impacts on animal health and can drive abandonment or economic euthanasia.

It was reported that animals could get entangled in PPE, including masks and gloves.

8 TheVeterinarian DECEMBER 2021

Such animals included penguins, which ingested masks, and fish, which could become trapped in plastic gloves. Dogs were also found to have swallowed PPE. There was said to be increases in hunting wild animals during the crisis. Poaching also occurred when people who relied on tourism lost sources of income.

On the more positive side, some animals benefited from the pandemic. More than usual numbers of animals were fostered or adopted as companions during lockdowns. They may also have benefited from extra time with human beings in the home and on walks.

Some veterinarians have, however, pointed to an increased risk of separation anxiety or increased isolation when people return to work. Still, new working arrangements are currently being negotiated for many employees.

A greater ability to work from home may benefit humans and animals alike.

One might speculate that at least some animals kept in zoos could have benefited without the constant attention of zoogoers.

Some of the most striking images of the pandemic came from wild animals, like boar, cougars, and deer, who were found to be wandering into zones that they might normally avoid, such as cities and suburbs.

Animals profited at times from a reduction in atmospheric pollution, and also in noise pollution.

Less anthropogenic noise means, for example, that animals can communicate much better with each other. Birds began to sing more quietly without traffic noises to contend with. And without the constant din in the ocean from shipping and drilling, whales became less stressed.

We have learned many things from the pandemic, one of which is the substantial and widespread effects on many animals. As some have argued, such lessons could make us better prepared for future pandemics and their impacts on animals and people.

Do you have an ethical conundrum for Simon to ponder?

Email us at editor@vetmag.com.au.

■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

Pigeon post from the UK

Ian Neville BA(Hons) BVSc MRCVS reports from Britain.

The relentless commodification of veterinary healthcare in the UK is becoming ever clearer, as existing large, corporate practice groups coalesce or are acquired by multinational private equity firms. The days of local, privately owned practice seem inevitably to be drawing to a close. Business has seen an opportunity for profit in veterinary care; though investors, it seems to me, will not be concerned with equitable service provision as long as healthy profits are forthcoming from the efforts of already hard-pressed staff.

In October Goddard Veterinary Group, the UK’s largest ‘family’owned practice, was acquired by VetPartners. Goddard’s has been steadily expanding in and around London for the last 69 years, such that it now owns three hospitals and 44 other sites employing 450 staff, including 102 vets and 116 registered veterinary nurses.

Principal Philip Goddard acknowledged that ‘consolidation of the market’ was a major driver in the decision to relinquish control.

In mid-November Goddard Group was advertising vacancies for 23 vets and 20 nurses in permanent roles. VetPartners was only founded in 2015 but already owns 160 practices employing over 6,000 people across 600 sites; it also has interests in pet cremation services, online retailing, veterinary nursing schools, laboratories and a locum agency in the UK, besides expanding into Germany, Italy and France. VetPartners itself was bought by British private equity firm BC Capital in 2018 for £720 million (A$1.275 billion).

CVC Capital (another multinational private equity firm) has announced that it expects to buy out the large Medivet group (already partly owned by Inflexion Private Equity) by the end of this year. The deal is thought to be worth over £1 billion (A$1.7 billion). Medivet has been around for 34 years and currently owns over 350 sites in the UK and Europe besides its own laboratory service.

CVC has other service-based healthcare businesses across Europe and described Medivet as ‘a fast growing and attractive business.’ In 2020 Corporate Financier magazine ranked Medivet ninth of the UK’s the top ten most acquisitive companies.

IVC Evidencia (another veterinary corporate) and VetPartners were ranked first and second in that list!

Autumn has seen the first signs of veterinary activity slowly beginning ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

to return to normal following the pandemic. Daily Covid case rates remain stubbornly high (30-40,000 in mid-November), but the UK has so far managed to avoid another national lockdown.

On 21st November, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) called a halt to its temporary dispensation permitting remote prescribing, which has allowed vets to prescribe without making a physical examination since early in 2020. The move was widely welcomed during the period when face-to-face contact with clients and patients was extremely difficult. The return to pre-pandemic prescribing rules has been welcomed by some, including the British Veterinary Association (BVA), as a restoration of good standards, but criticised by others, such as the PDSA pet charity who fear that withdrawing remote prescribing will make it harder for them to meet the growing demand for charitable treatment and harm, rather than benefit animal welfare.

November also saw the first large UK veterinary conference return in physical form after 21 months. The London Vet Show was held over 11-12th November at the ExCel centre in London’s Docklands. The conference offered twenty-one lecture streams delivered by 200 speakers for vets, nurses and managers ranging across pet, equine, farm, business, and career aspects of the profession plus an extensive commercial exhibition featuring over 400 exhibitors. It was also the first opportunity for colleagues to socialise en masse since before the pandemic.

The problem of staff shortages continues to occupy the profession.

The situation for veterinary nurses was made clear in the recent VN Futures Interim Report 2021, a joint venture between the RCVS and the British Veterinary Nursing Association (BVNA) representing 5 years of research into veterinary nursing. It found widespread dissatisfaction with low pay, poor work-life balance, being undervalued, a poor/no career structure, unsocial hours and chronic stress.

In fact 24.8 per cent of the surveyed VNs said they intended to leave the veterinary sector within the next five years. The increase in VN registrations seen over recent years (from 13,678 in 2016 to 20,000 now) will be wiped out by the forecast attrition.

The BVA’s newly installed president, Justine Shotton, observed that the opening of new vet schools will not in itself address the workforce shortage if the retention of existing graduates is not confronted. Three new veterinary training establishments have recently opened in the UK (in Lancashire, Staffordshire and Scotland) but when the BVA questioned vets in spring 2021, though 40 per cent of vets described their workplace environment as ‘very good’ a further 10 per cent felt it was ‘not good’. The BVA’s strategy to address retention is a voluntary Good Veterinary Workplaces code which it is hoped can offer support, recognition, fairness, and clear career progression to enhance the working environment and ultimately aid retention.

RCVS Chief Executive Lizzie Lockett also agreed that merely increasing graduate numbers was not going to be sufficient to redress the workforce shortfall, but she revealed that the RCVS was in discussions with European Union vet schools which are over producing graduates with a view to supplying vets to the UK. She also said that the RCVS was in the process of trawling its database in search of non-practising or retired members who might be persuaded to return to the clinical workforce for short spells.

Both initiatives will be considered during the upcoming RCVS Workforce Summit scheduled for the end of November in an attempt to begin addressing staffing shortages.

DO YOU HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY? Is there a topic you’ve wanted to tell everyone about?

Have you ever thought you would like to write a clinical review but don’t know where to start?

Do you have a hobby or history that you think vets everywhere would like to learn more about?

Then don’t delay – email The Veterinarian at editor@vetmag.com.au and let us know – because your words could be in the pages of next month’s issue!

DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 9

Management

Sale disclosure: telling the team When a practice owner is looking to sell their practice, they will often put off telling their staff about the sale for as long as possible. There are many reasons for this. Sometimes (often) they won’t want to tell the staff at all until after a deal has been locked in with a buyer.

When the sale is locked in and it’s time to tell the staff, the conversation

Simon Palmer is the Managing Director of Practice Sale Search, Australia’s largest practice brokerage. If you’d like more information on practice sales or want to have a confidential discussion about your practice’s circumstances, email Simon Palmer at info@practice salesearch.com.au or call 1300 282 042.

is not always an easy one for the vendor to have (especially with long-standing staff). We often get asked for guidance and best practice about how to tell the staff.

We find that this isn’t a conversation that you want to have multiple times with different staff members at different times. News travels fast within a workplace and staff members

talk to each other. Telling them one at a time may mean that the people you tell last have already heard (an unreliable account) of your message.

We find that best practice is to schedule a meeting to let as many staff members know at the same time as possible. Here is an example of how this conversation with your team might be structured.

What to say

How to say it

1. Introduce the meeting

“I have asked you to come here because I have some news that I need to share with you all about some changes that will be happening in the practice in the near future.

I have decided that the time has come for me to sell the practice. I have found a suitable buyer and we have recently come to an agreement.”

2. Telling them the reason you have come to this decision to sell

“This wasn’t an easy decision for me to make, but it is a necessary one due to my fatigue/health issue/desire to retire or relocate in the future.”

3. Tell them about your plans

“Before you ask, don’t worry, I am not leaving the practice any time soon, just cutting down my days for now, and plan on taking some longer than usual holidays in the near future.”

4. Tell them why you didn’t disclose earlier

“I would have told you earlier, but I wasn’t sure that I was definitely selling (it was only if I found the right person) and I didn’t want to worry you all needlessly.”

5. Reassure them about the buyer

“I want you to know that the decision was made with some quality control. This practice and team are something that I am very proud of and that I would never leave it in the wrong hands.

The success criteria for finding a buyer was not just a financial decision; I also needed the buyer to be of a high calibre clinically, professionally and personally.

I feel very lucky to have found such a person.”

6. Tell them specifics about who the buyer is

“His/her name is Dr Pat Jenkins. He/she is 40 years old, lives/is moving close by in Smithville, is married with 3 kids in a local school, loves tennis and skiing”.

7. Tell them their jobs are secure

“I want to reassure you that the buyer wants you all to stay and will be offering you employment on the same/similar terms to your current position.

The buyer and I: - want to show the clients as much continuity as possible, so that their loyalty and trust in the practice continue - will be counting on you all to help make the transition as smooth as possible. “

If you end the meeting here, the staff will leave with all kinds of questions and concerns in their heads about the new owner and what lies ahead.

They are usually concerned that they

won’t like the new boss, that their new boss won’t like them, or that their job will somehow be in jeopardy.

It is not a good idea to let them have these concerns for long. The

best practice is to have a meeting set up for the staff to meet with the new owner for an introductory morning tea or lunch as soon after the above meeting as possible

8. Tell them when they can meet the new owner

“If I was in your shoes, I might be anxious to meet the new buyer and see what they are like. They are keen to meet you too. We will be meeting them for lunch today across the road at XX/we will have a getting-toknow-you morning tea tomorrow”

9. One last thing … patient communication

“When we meet them tomorrow, they will have a strategy for when and how they want to be introduced to the patient base. I am going to ask that you hold off on telling anyone until then.”

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10 TheVeterinarian DECEMBER 2021

© TAFE NSW 2017 CRICOS Provider Name: TAFE NSW – Technical and Further Education Commission CRICOS 00591E | RTO 90003 | Published May 2017

■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

■ EDITED BY JENI HOOD BSc (Hons) BVMS PhD

Abstracts Bone stress injuries and fatigue fractures of the pelvis in endurance horses Background: Bone stress injuries and fatigue fractures of the pelvis are reported in only a small number of endurance horses.

Objectives: To describe bone stress injuries and fatigue fracture of the pelvis in endurance horses trained and competing on the deep sand surfaces.

Study design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: Medical records of horses used for endurance and diagnosed with bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the pelvis by ultrasound were reviewed. The bone stress injuries and fatigue fractures were classified as affecting the iliac wing, the iliac shaft, the tuber ischiadicum, the rest of the ischium or the pubis and subdivided into four fracture configurations: isolated iliac fracture, isolated fracture of the floor of the pelvis, isolated tuber ischiadicum fracture and multiple fractures. Descriptive statistics were performed overall and on fracture configurations for age, sex, breed, level of activity, affected limbs, previous injuries, development of the injury, seasons in the UAE, physical and dynamic findings and outcome. For each fracture configuration and the outcome, multivariable logistic regression models were developed after univariable logistic regression and collinearity analyses. Significance was set at P < .05.

Results: Sixty endurance horses were included; 48 per cent (95 per cent CI: 36–61 per cent) had isolated iliac fracture, 17 per cent (7–26 per cent) isolated fracture of the floor of the pelvis, 15 per cent (6–24 per cent) isolated tuber ischiadicum fracture and 20 per cent (10–30 per cent) had multiple fractures. Breed (OR, 4.42; 95 per cent CI, 1.02-19.57) was significantly associated with isolated iliac fracture and asymmetry of bone landmarks (OR, 7.42; 95 per cent CI, 1.47-37.45) with isolated tuber ischiadicum fracture. Degree of lameness (OR, 3.08; 95 per cent CI, 1.07-8.9) and trotting on three tracks (OR, 8.62; 95 per cent CI, 1.43-51.9) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of isolated fracture of the floor of the pelvis.

Main limitations: Data acquired in a single country.

Conclusions: Bone stress injuries and fatigue fractures of the pelvis can affect endurance horses trained and competing on deep sand.

Isolated bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the ileum were the commonest followed by multiple pelvic bones involvement.

The presence of lameness and trotting on three tracks suggest the presence of bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the floor of the pelvis; asymmetry of bony landmarks is more commonly detected in horses with bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the tuber ischiadicum.

Massimo Puccetti1, Francesca Beccati2, Jean-Marie Denoix3 Equine Vet J. 2021 Nov 5.doi: 10.1111/evj.13536.

Online ahead of print.

Invited review: Freedom from thirst-do dairy cows and calves have sufficient access to drinking water?

The importance of drinking water for production and animal welfare is widely recognized, but surveys and animal welfare assessment schemes suggest that many dairy calves and dairy cows do not have sufficient access. Limit milk-fed calves drink more water than calves fed milk ad libitum, but ad libitum milk-fed calves also require access to drinking water, as milk does not meet the animal's requirement for water. At hot ambient temperatures and when calves are sick, access to water is especially important and should be provided at all times. Many young calves do not have access to water throughout 24 h, and whether healthy young calves require free access to water at all times, or from which age, is not clear and requires further study.

Dairy cow free water intake (FWI) is largely determined by milk yield, and high-yielding dairy cows may drink up 100 L of water per day. Dry matter, crude protein, and salt content of feed, as well as ambient temperature, have considerable effects on dairy cow water intake. Deprivation of water affects meal patterning for the cow, as well as increased subsequent rate of drinking and compensatory water intake. Although dairy cow ad libitum water intake may exceed the water provision necessary to maintain production, offering water for ad libitum intake may be necessary to safeguard animal welfare. Cattle are suction drinkers that prefer to drink from large open water surfaces, and Holstein dairy cows can drink at a rate of up to 24 L/min.

Research on the effect of design and placement of water troughs for indoor-housed dairy cows on their drinking behaviour and water intake is limited. Access to a water source at pasture increases the time cows spend there, and access to shade reduces water requirements during periods of warm weather. In both indoor and pastured cattle, there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of stocking of water troughs on competition, drinking behaviour, and intake in dairy cows. Studies on the effect of available water trough length and placement, and of the number of cows being able to drink from the same trough of a given dimension, are needed to evaluate current recommendations.

Margit Bak Jensen1, Mogens Vestergaard2 J Dairy Sci. 2021 Nov;104(11):11368-11385.doi: 10.3168/jds.

2021-20487.

1Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. Electronic address: MargitBak.Jensen@anis.au.dk.

2Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; SEGES, Livestock Innovation, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.

1Dubai Equine Hospital, Zabeel, Dubai, UAE. 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sport Horse

Research Centre, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

3CIRALE-EnvA NEV, Unité INRAE-EnvA, Goustranville, France.

An analysis of demographic and triage assessment findings in bushfire-affected koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 2019-2020 In the 2019-2020 Australian bushfires, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, experienced catastrophic bushfires that burnt approximately half the island, with an estimated 80 per cent of the koala population lost. During and after the event, rescued koalas were triaged at a designated facility and a range of initial data were recorded including rescue location and date, sex, estimation of age, body condition and hydration, and assessment of burn severity (n = 304 records available). Koalas were presented to the triage facility over a span of 10 weeks, with 50.2 per cent during the first 14 days of the bushfire response, the majority of which were rescued from regions of lower fire severity. Burns were observed in 67.4 per cent of koalas, with the majority (60.9 per cent) classified as superficial burns, primarily affecting the limbs and face. Poor body condition was recorded in 74.6 per cent of burnt koalas To page 30

www.theveterinarian.com.au

Ethics in canine reproduction - a survey among veterinarians who provide canine reproductive services Objective: Several dog breeds suffer from health and welfare problems due to unfavourable anatomies and high prevalence of inherited diseases. Veterinarians should care for animal health and welfare, but they may also be involved in breeding management including the use of reproductive techniques.

Material and methods: An online survey was conducted to find out how veterinarians who are involved in small animal reproduction regard ethical issues, which services they provide, how they discuss and handle ethical concerns and talk about them with breeders.

Results: In total, 83 participants mainly from Europe completed the online survey. Opinions on which interventions are ethical or not were heterogeneous. Most respondents (79.2 per cent) found it ethical to perform artificial insemination (AI) in dogs which did not reproduce naturally before. However, 62.7 per cent of participants stated that surgical insemination is not ethical. Elective caesarean sections are considered not ethical by approximately half of the participants. A closer look at responses to the questions of whether AI is ethical To page 30

DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 11

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Clinical Feature

Oral neoplasia in the horse

Shannon Lee BVSc MANZCVSc. D.ICEVO obtained his veterinary degree from the University of Queensland. He travels widely and is in demand as an international lecturer and educator.

In 2010 Lee became the first veterinarian to obtain Membership of the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists in Equine Dentistry in Victoria.

At the time he was also the youngest veterinarian to have attained the qualification.

Lee has served as a Subject examiner in Equine Dentistry for the College (Australia and New Zealand's peak post graduate Veterinary body) and is a past President of the Dentistry chapter.

In 2015 he successfully completed a Diplomat pathway training program to continue his knowledge and training.

Lee was the first person to identify EOTRH in Australasia.

He is a consultant equine dental veterinarian at Advanced Equine Dentistry, and is available by appointment.

Oral masses both benign and malignant of soft tissue bone or dental tissues are relatively common findings in the horse and related equids.

However diagnostically they can prove challenging, and in many cases are often identified at a stage where they have caused gross change or are clinically advanced thus reducing the therapeutic options early identification might offer depending on the type of mass in question. Because many types of masses appear grossly similar definitive diagnosis is often reliant upon histopathology. Several factors come in to play here, including the variation in the access to the tissue to be biopsied or resected, the quality of those samples or specimens, the clients willingness or otherwise to investigate the problem in pursuit of a diagnosis, the variation in the experience and opinions of pathologists, the sensitivity and specificity of testing, and the limited exposure each individual veterinarian has to these lesions. Furthermore, possibly due to the difficulty in attaining consistent definitive diagnoses and the challenges faced in clinical practice few case reports, papers or texts exist around this topic compared to the number of lesions in clinical practice.

And finally, whilst digital technology has provided massive benefits in addressing all the points referred to above there is still much room left for population study data, database development and reference materials to improve the access to data and the ability for clinicians to definitively diagnose and potentially treat these conditions.

Now I am as the author aware that some reading this may have significant veterinary pathology expertise, I myself am a field practitioner, a generalist equine veterinary dentist. As such I will make the following preamble.

As a clinician I am always interested in a definitive diagnosis both to provide a better clinical picture for the patient and client and to further my knowledge.

I think there are few amongst us who are truly satisfied with just hacking off an unknown mass, or advocating euthanasia, yet I suspect many reading this piece may have experienced these situations in practice.

Further complicating definitive histologic diagnosis when it comes to oral masses are the involvement of granulation tissue and or longstanding infection, and any tumours

of a dental origin require the process of decalcifying the mineralized tissues, a time-consuming process that is difficult and requires both a skilled technical approach and an experienced oral pathologist to interpret.

Furthermore, it is the author’s understanding that dental tissues are indistinguishable histologically based on the process which has initiated the growth. E.g. A cementoma is composed of cementum produced by cementoblasts and as such without the presence of other dental tissues such as enamel it is indistinguishable from a piece of cementum from a tooth.

Furthermore, cementum is difficult to distinguish histologically from bone.1 Oral lesions can be divided or categorized in several ways, including tissue of origin, i.e. soft tissue, bone, dental. Location, size, malignancy, cellular type and behaviour.

As a practitioner when a lesion is identified, primary considerations may include ■ The location, size and appearance of the lesion ■ Any evidence of metastasis (comparison of local lymph nodes etc.)

■ The age and breed of the patient ■ The estimated staging of disease ■ The client’s expectations and budge ■ The prognosis, quality of life and future use of the patient ■ The potential options for collecting tissue samples and the possible effects of any tissue collection on the current mass Other considerations may include ancillary testing relevant to the mass in question, for example haematology or imaging (radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance.

In relation to resection or removal clinicians must also consider all relevant anatomical structures, surgical access, patient restraint, anaesthesia and analgesia. As well as the likelihood of complete resection with clean margins if required, pre-, surgical and post-op care and monitoring.

And here is the part I would suggest many of use as clinicians grapple with.

Although there have been some advances in therapeutic options the low reported incidence and clinical therapeutic trials of these conditions mean it is difficult to predict with confidence the best approach or the clinical outcome.2 Because of the wide variety of lesions, locations and stages at which masses may be identified any discussion

of clinical signs will be at best a broad overview before we discuss specific hoed of mass in more detail.

It is the author’s experience that more often than not these lesions are an incidental finding or at least that the owner presents the horse without an indication of a problem or of being aware of the issue unless we begin to discuss lesions visible on the outside of the skull or causing gross visible distortion. Even in these cases the author has seen many presented where the owners were seemingly unaware until it is identified during the examination.

However a brief list of potential initial clinical signs or reasons for presentation include; ■ The appearance of a mass ■ Gross physical changes such as regional swelling or distortion ■ Oral bleeding ■ Excessive salivation ■ Weight loss ■ Dysphagia ■ Lethargy ■ Temperament change One important diagnostic and prognostic consideration is whether the oral lesion/s are primary or secondary lesions. This is indeed a challenging question to answer in the field in many cases, again the author advocates making detailed notes, images, measurements etc and consulting with a pathologist experienced in equine oral lesions before moving to biopsy in many cases to help provide the most chance of a definitive diagnosis and prognosis.

Briefly, a short list was made above regarding diagnostics steps and equipment and whilst it is not the author’s intent to cover these steps or modalities in great further detail as they are for the most part commonly used and available a brief discussion would appear warranted as part of this article from the view of a practitioner in the field. Depending on the situation a clinical examination may precede or follow on from identification of the mass however either way a detailed examination of the patient should be an important step in any case involving an oral mass.

Most commonly it would be my opinion that for most practitioners the next two most frequently used diagnostic tests would be biopsy, and haematology/biochemistry.

With biopsy the methods available consist of excisional, wedge, trucut and fine needle aspiration.

Before and after images following a resection, as well as appropriate histology. Pictures Kim Bensch www.theveterinarian.com.au

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� � �

Clinical Feature Each has advantages and disadvantages and in some instances a combination approach may be chosen, again a discussion with a knowledgeable equine oral pathologist may further help with biopsy choice and selection of any further testing such as immunochemistry.

With haematology there are few specific findings however anaemia and changes in leukograms may provide suggestive supporting evidence of secondary effects.

Before we discuss specific oral lesions, the author would like to state the following: several papers have been sighted in other publications as evidence of the rarity of oral tumours in the horse3- 10 However in reviewing these publications and combining that with clinical experience it is the author’s stated opinion that the occurrence of such masses maybe far higher than these publications suggest.

Largely for the following reasons: A. It is often difficult to achieve a definitive clinical diagnosis B. Potentially fewer horse owners than owners of animals such as cats and dogs are willing to pursue a definitive diagnosis C. Often the reporting or publication of such cases is difficult to achieve As such it is the author’s opinion that there exists no accurate data on the occurrence across equid populations of occurrence of many types of significant oral masses So, let's look at some more commonly classified and identified tumours and masses in the oral region of equids categorizing them by tissue of origin Soft tissue masses Epulis These are swellings involving the fibrous tissue of the gingiva.

They are benign and it's possible that their origin is in local tissue irritation, however it is likely that in many of the patients affected they cause a degree of discomfort and can present with significant erythema. Both resection and the use of corticosteroids have been discussed for the therapy and control of this condition, as has the removal of environmental irritants where these can be successfully identified.

Nasal fibrosarcoma histopath

Malignant melanoma

Epulis

Papilloma These are thought to be vital in origin, clinically they can present in a number of ways and can be both very localized or largely invasive. They can appear as being verrucose or villus with a grey to pink colour to the papules.

Biopsy can be definitive and treatment options include surgical excision or cryotherapy although as you will see in image B these can spread to be far too invasive for either.

Melanoma Melanomas are commonly found in grey horses, common sites involving or associated with the oral cavity include the lips and their commissures, the parotid and pharyngeal lymph nodes the parotid salivary glands and the tongue.

Whilst mostly benign they can grow to either create a lesion large enough to cause significant discomfort or to develop secondary ulceration and or infection.

Presentation of the patient, clinical examination and or biopsy are usually sufficient for diagnosis.

However as there may be multiple lesions and as the growth rate is difficult to predict prognosis is less certain.

Juvenile ossifying fibroma These are observed in very young animals and are often identified either when they are first handled or from the author’s personal experience at the time of first dental examination.

Grossly they reach considerable size and are often covered in a smooth mucosal layer.

Juvenile ossifying fibromas appear to occur more frequently in the mandible than the premaxilla. www.theveterinarian.com.au

Epulis image A

Papilloma

As the lesion enlarges it can become ulcerated, and local tissue destruction/invasion can lead to tooth mobility, jaw fracture and dysphagia.

Externally there may be visible distortion of the lower lip.

Despite being classified as a mass of soft tissue origin these tumours have a characteristic radiographic appearance.

Histologically these tumours involve the replacement of bone with fibrous tissue or a fibro-osseous mixture. They are often densely mineralized and despite some being fibroosseous there is likely to be a clear margin histologically between fibroblasts and osteoblasts.

Prognosis for these tumours should be guarded however hemimandibulectomy, and surgical debulking in combination with radio therapy have been reported as successful in some cases.11-12 Tumour recurrence following debulking is common.

Sarcoids While very common in the horse, sarcoids are less commonly identified and most likely under reported on the lips. They may also be found across the head and involving the oral mucosa.

They are a fibroblastic tumour and the term is used to describe the types and behaviours which varyingly involve epithelial or connective tissues.

Clinically, the most commonly identified oral presentation involves a circular lesion of the lip with an ulcerated surface.

Consideration needs to be given to the risks biopsy poses with sarcoids given their propensity to to respond to irritation. However, without a biopsy, diagnosis is made on appearance and in some cases it may be necessary to rule out habronema lesions, viral papilloma, melanoma or granuloma.

Traditionally treatment options have involved “benign neglect”, cryotherapy, debulking, radiation, laser excision or the use of heavy astringent agents or cytotoxic chemicals. Intralesional immunotherapy has also been tried.

Prognosis for any sarcoids should always be guarded in part due to the unpredictability of how the lesion will proceed with or without intervention.

Fibro sarcoma A tumour that again appears largely under reported, histologically it has been reported that these can be difficult to distinguish from hyperplastic granulation tissue, however clinical signalment, rate of proliferation and local tissue destruction may help in distinguishing between the two.

They are categorized by variably pleomorphic spindle cells arranged in interlacing bundles and supported by a collagenous stroma. There are varying degrees of anisokaryosis, anisocytosis, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic activity, depending on tumour grade. Clinically they may be identified or presented as either a soft tissue mass or as a tooth with mobility. Because of the second presentation care with diagnosis in distinguishing between this type of tumour and a perioendo lesion affecting a tooth will provide a clearer prognosis.

Diagnosis is made histologically and depending on the location and size of the tumour both excision and cisplatin have been shown to be successful treatment options. However due to the fact that these tumours are generally nonencapsulated with poorly defined borders, tumour recurrence is common.

Squamous cell carcinoma A malignant epithelial tumour that is described as usually slow growing but very destructive, ulcerative and invasive. These carry the potential for metastasis and can involve the lips, cheek mucosa, tongue and palate. Invasion of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity is also common, and patients may present with nasal discharge, airway obstruction or gross facial distortion. Again, as in fibrosarcoma tissue destruction may lead to fistulation and tooth DECEMBER 2021

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The Greencross Growth Scholarship A f irst for the veterinary industry

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Clinical Feature mobility so care with diagnostics is necessary to achieve the correct diagnosis and follow the most appropriate path regarding prognosis as early as possible in the case workup.

Diagnosis may be confirmed histology via biopsy. FNA is not recommended.

These tumours have characteristic irregular cords of downward invading neoplastic keratinocytes. There are also likely to be large amounts of fibrous stromal tissue with plentiful inflammatory cells. It is for this reason that FNA is not recommended as the biopsy sample collection method.

Prognosis for this tumour type is poor however successful excision of small lesions has been reported.13

Group two Mixed odontogenic tumours A. Ameloblastic fibroma B. Ameloblastic fibroodontontoma C. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma D. Odontoameloblastoma E. Compound odontoma F. Complex odontoma

Salivary adenocarcinoma Reported to be highly malignant, these can be difficult to diagnose, one of the key differentials being benign parotid gland enlargement.

Salivary adenocarcinoma will involve only gland.

Diagnosis relies on pathology and the prognosis for these neoplasms is poor.

Group one: tumours of odontogenic epithelium Ameloblastoma As these are derived from odontogenic epithelium true ameloblastomas productive no inductive changes in the connective tissues and as such lack both dentin and enamel.

Cases have been reported in both very young and older patients.14-15 Clinically they can present as either having a structure that is still very tooth like or they may be very amorphous masses without obvious familiar shape or structure. There is often a cystic central region and they lead to associated swelling which maybe the reason for initial presentation of the patient. Secondary infection is also a possible presenting sign.

There are a number of possible differential diagnosis depending on the presentation.

Listed briefly these would include ossifying fibroma, odontogenic myxoma squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, radicular cysts, tooth root infection, supernumerary or dysplastic teeth and jaw fracture.

Diagnosis relies on biopsy, histology and radiography.

Histologically the key feature is the presence of odontogenic epithelium.

Both surgical debulkment and radiation have been used in the treatment of these tumours however the prognosis is poor.

Pituitary adenoma The relevance of this tumour to the oral cavity is that they are responsible for secondary oral disease, predominately non healing ulcers and focal mucosal thickening. The clinical effects on wound healing should also be a consideration for clinicians when dealing with patients with sinusitis or oral pathology requiring surgical intervention. Diagnosis of this tumour and associated disease is based on clinical signs and dynamic endocrinological testing. Medical management of endocrine effects of the tumour are key to managing the secondary oral wounds.

Lymphosarcoma Has been described as the most common neoplasm affecting horses, one study reviewing 203 cases of equine lymphoma found 3 cases (1.5 per cent) involved the oral cavity. Both multicentric and cutaneous forms of lymphoma may involve the oral cavity. Clinical signs may include weight loss, anorexia, and depression, ventral edema, with or without reported hypoproteinemia, pyrexia and anaemia, diarrhea and colic. Clinically the appearance around the muzzle or oral cavity is of ill-defined modular lesions of variable size embedded in the mucosal surface.

Tumours of dental tissue: odontogenic tumours These tumour types are benign; however they are often locally invasive, can be aggressive and frequently present with or develop associated secondary conditions such as infection, fistulation, oral, paranasal or nasal displacement of adjacent tissue. This can lead to secondary complications in dealing with these patients.

They are classified according to which dental tissue is considered to affect others and thus which germinal cell line it develops from.

Using the term odontome to classify any tumour of dental origin was first proposed by Broca in 1869, then in 1946 Thoma and Goldman devised a system of classification dividing odontogenic tumours by germinal cell lines to produce three categories Tumours of ectodermal origin, mesodermal origin and those of mixed origin In 1966 the World health organization developed a centre for the histological classification of dental and associated tumours. Then in the WHO produced its first guide to these lesions.

Group one Beginning with tumours of odontogenic epithelium: A. Meloblastoma, malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastomic carcinoma B. Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma C. Adenatoid ondontogenic tumour D. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour E. Squamous odontogenic tumour www.theveterinarian.com.au

Group three Mesodermal tumours A. Odontogenic fibroma B. Granular cell odontogenic tumour C. Odontogenic myxoma D. Cementoblastoma Let's look at some examples from above

Gross facial distortion

Melanocyte

Juvenile ossifying fibroma. Picture Oliver Liyou

Squamous cell carcinoma. Picture G. Wilson

Group two: mixed origin tumours Complex odontoma This tumour contains all the normal structures (tissues) of a tooth. However, its arrangement is chaotic, by contrast a compound Odontoma whilst similar however the tissues are organized into recognisable tooth like structures.

Horses of any age can be affected, and most will develop/present with from swelling over the root apices of the maxillary cheek teeth or in the region of the premaxilla. If the mass is not causing gross distortion there may be no external sign and oral examinations and radiographs may be required to discover the lesion.

Diagnosis can usually be made from radiographic signs.

Surgical removal of these tumours is possible however because of the variation in their threedimensional shape, there location, there size and the point at which they are presented, much care should be put into any planned surgery and multiple procedures maybe required. There exists a significant potential for postoperative complication. However, prognosis in many cases is good.

Group three: mesenchymal origin Odontogenic Myxoma These tumours are a locally aggressive intraosseous mass, reported to occur in the mandible or maxilla16,17 composed of stellate mesenchymal cells suspended within a glycoaminoglycosan matrix.

Clinically they may present with a large mass and associated dysmastication or increased salivation. There is likely to be large scale tissue displacement and or destruction, and a combination of clinical signs, radiography and histology with immunochemistry will be required for diagnosis Differentials for this tumour include fibromas.

DECEMBER 2021

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Clinical Feature

X-ray of ameloblastoma. Picture G. Wilson

Tumours of bony origin Osteogenic tumours The classification of this group of tumours is based on their histological features.

In these tumours the neoplastic cells are the osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Osseous tumours are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as neoplasms that produce an osseous matrix. These lesions are divided into benign and malignant Lesions that are included are the benign tumours, osteoma, exostosis, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, giant cell tumour and the malignant tumour.

Osteosarcoma Again, let's look at an example from each category.

Osteoma These are usually slow growing and benign; however, they can reach considerable size.

They are commonly identified on the ventral mandible, however also frequently occur on the maxilla and paranasal sinus regions. They are found in all ages of patient.

X-ray of odontoma. Picture G. Wilson

Osteosarcoma These are a malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin in which the neoplastic cells produce a distinctive bone matrix with a haphazard appearance. Although reported as very rare in equids, over 80 per cent of those reported cases involve the head with the majority affecting the mandible. They can occur in any age of patient.

Clinically there is usually progressive swelling of the mandible and radiographically the lesion has a characteristic sunburst appearance as a result of the combination of the bone lysis taking place and the irregular laying down of reactive trabecular new bone.

Differential include infection particularly involving the mandibular canal with severe osteitis or osteomyelitis. If definitive diagnosis is required bone biopsy is required.

Prognosis is dire In finalising this article both radicular bone cysts and temporal teratomas should be briefly mentioned, the latter presenting usually as a swelling or draining tract close the base of the

X-ray of fibrosarcoma from patient with gross facial distortion

www.theveterinarian.com.au

ear pinnae. The mass itself may contain dental material or simply be of a fibrous nature.

It is the author’s intent in producing this field guide to stimulate greater reporting and recording of these oral lesions of all types.

References 1. Oersonal communication with M.McAllister, University of Adelaide.

2. Knottenbelt D.C., Kelly D.F. (2005): ‘Oral and dental tumors’ Equine dentistry second edition Baker & Easley, p127.

3. Jackson C. (1936): ‘The incidence and pathology of tumors of domestic animals in South Africa: A study of the Onderstepoort collection of neoplasms with special reference to their histopathology.’ Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal industries. 6, 1–460.

4. Hagdoost I.S. and Zakarian B. (1985): ‘Neoplasms of equidae in Iran’. Equine Veterinary Journal, 17, 237-239.

5. Pirie R.S. and Tremaine W.H. (1997): ‘Neoplasia of the mouth and surrounding structures’, Current therapy in Equine Medicine, Ed NE Robinson. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 153-155.

6. Sunderberg J.P., Burnstein.-Page E.H., Kirkham W.W. and Robinson F.R. (1977): ‘Neoplasms of equidae’,. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 170, 150-152.

7. Smith P. (1996): Large animal Internal Medicine.

Mosby Philadelphia, p 696 8. Baker G.J. (1999): ‘Oral examination and Diagnosis: Management of Oral Diseases’, Veterinary Dentistry. Ed Harvey C.E., WB Saunders, Philadelphia.pp 217-220.

9. Richardson D.W., Evans L.H. and Tulleners E.P. (1991): ‘Rostral mandibulectomy in five horses’, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 199, 1179-1182.

10. Purdy C.M. (1985): ‘Mandibular aneurismal bone cyst in a horse’, Equine Practice, 7, 22-24 13. Orsini J.A., Nunamaker D.M., Jones C.J. and Acland H.M. (1991): ‘Excision of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a horse’, Veterinary Surgery 20, 264-266.

14. Peter C.P., Myers V.S. and Ramsey F.K. (1968): ‘Ameloblastomic odontoma in a pony’.

American Journal of Veterinary Research, 29 1495.

15. Roberts M.C., Groenendyk S. and Kelly W.R. (1978): ‘Ameloblastomic odontoma in a foal’, Equine Veterinary Journal 10, 91-93.

16. Fjordbakk C.T., Pekarkova M., Dolvik N.I. and Teige J. (2013): ‘Maxillary odontogenic myxoma in young horses: six cases (2003-2011)’, Equine Veterinary Education 27 11 569-573.

17. Chandra AMS, Buergelt CD and Ethell MT (1999): ‘Ondontogenic myxoma of the mandible in a filly’, J Vet Diagn Invest 11:274-277 (1999).

DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 19

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Clinical Review

Anaemia: what is it?

Naomi Hansen BVSc MACVSc graduated from Queensland University in 1997.

She worked in mixed animal practice in Queensland after graduation, before moving to Canberra to work for John Aspley Davis at Kippax Veterinary Hospital. She has completed a residency in emergency and critical care at Melbourne University and was a resident in the same field at the Pennsylvania University Veterinary Hospital in the US. She is veterinary director of North Coast Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (NCVECC) in Sippy Downs, Qld. Hansen is a member of the Emergency and Critical Care Chapter of the ACVS.

Anaemia ● Anaemia is a commonly identified problem in emergency and critically ill patients and is defined as a “reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood resulting from a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell mass” ● Anaemia is not a diagnosis and further investigation is required to ascertain the underlying cause. ● The three primary mechanisms leading to anaemia are blood loss, erythrocyte haemolysis and/or a reduction in erythropoiesis Types of anaemia 1. Regenerative anaemia: Anaemia is considered regenerative if there is haematological evidence that the bone marrow is responding adequately to a decrease in packed cell volume (PCV). o Characteristics of a regenerative anaemia: Anaemia with macrocytosis +/- hypochromasia (high MCV and low MCHC) and polychromasia, reticulocytosis o Aetiology: The underlying cause is generally acute/chronic blood loss or red blood cell destruction (haemolysis) Reticulocytes appear in the blood within 2-4 days of blood loss or haemolysis Peak reticulocyte production occurs within 4-7 days 2. Non regenerative anaemia: Anaemia is considered non regenerative if there is an inadequate bone marrow response to a decrease in PCV. o Characteristics of a non-regenerative anaemia: Anaemia with no or low levels of polychromasia and no or low numbers of reticulocytes. o Aetiology: The underlying cause is generally associated with bone marrow pathology: i Primary bone marrow disease (intramarrow): Lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disease, viral disease (FeLV, FIV, panleukopenia), aplastic pancytopenia (oestrogen, drugs, radiation, FeLV, I-M, idiopathic), pure RBC aplasia, myelofibrosis. ii Secondary bone marrow disease (extra-marrow): renal disease, endocrinopathies (thyroid or adrenal disease), anaemia of chronic disease, lead toxicity, portosystemic shunt, hepatopathy Clinical manifestations of anaemia The clinical signs associated with anaemia are generally attributed to a reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and the associated compensatory mechanisms. The severity of the patientís clinical signs is determined by the rapidity of onset of the anaemia, the magnitude of the decrease in blood volume and the adequacy of cardiopulmonary adaptation. o Exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, lethargy, hypotension, pale mm, tachycardia, and impaired consciousness Compensatory mechanisms ● A decrease in oxygen affinity: there is a decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin

■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

for oxygen in the presence of tissue hypoxia. This result in an increase in the delivery of oxygen to the peripheral tissues. (i.e., A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right due to an increased synthesis of 2,3 DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) in the erythrocytes).

Oxygen delivery to the tissues (DO2) peaks at a PCV of 30-40% ● An increase in tissue perfusion: peripheral vasoconstriction facilitates the redistribution of blood from non vital areas of the body (skin) to organs with the greatest demand for oxygen (heart, brain, muscles). ● An increase in cardiac output: an increase in heart rate results in an increase in cardiac output. This response helps to maintain oxygen delivery to the tissues in the face of a decreased ability to transport oxygen.

Ischemic ECG signs are visible when Hb < 3g/dl ● An increase in RBC production: there is an increase in the synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidney in response to the hypoxaemia.

1. Acute blood loss anaemia Blood volume equates to 6-11% of body weight (approximately 50-110ml/kg) ● The acute loss of 30-40 per cent blood volume results in hypovolemic shock due to stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system which results in:

o a release of vasoactive hormones o redistribution of fluid from the interstitial tissues to the intravascular space o a shift of fluid from the intracellular to extracellular compartment o renal conservation of water and electrolytes o hyperventilation ● The peracute PCV will be normal as red blood cells and plasma are both lost in equal proportions. ● The blood volume is rapidly restored within a few hours of blood loss by the shifting of water from the interstitial fluid compartment to the intravascular

space. This fluid shift effectively dilutes the remaining red blood cells resulting in a more accurate representation of the PCV. ● The PCV decreases 12-24h after blood loss as a result of this fluid shifts that start 2-3h post hemorrhage (lowest 48-72h post hemorrhage) ● The severity of the anaemia may take 1-3 days to be evident ● The PCV may take 2-4 weeks to return to pre-haemorrhage levels. ● Plasma protein levels are usually normal within 5-7 days ● Reticulocyte counts increase 2-3 days after acute blood loss and reach a maximum between 5 and 7 days Anaemia, hypoproteinemia and reticulocytosis (+/- low platelets and increased coagulation profile) Differentials for haemorrhagic anaemia: Trauma, surgery, coagulopathy, neoplasia, vasculitis, gastrointestinal ulceration, parasitism (Ancylostoma caninum, fleas, coccidiosis etc.), hematuria 2. Haemolytic anaemia o Icteric serum o Increased reticulocyte count (unless peracute/acute hemolysis) o RBC morphology changes: spherocytes, autoagglutination, Heinz bodies, parasites, schistocytes, ghosts o +/- elevated bilirubin and positive Coomb’s test Anaemia and normal to elevated protein levels +/- icteric serum Intravascular vs. extravascular haemolytic anemia 1. Extravascular hemolysis: o The RBC are sequested in the liver or spleen and phagocytosed by the mononuclear phagocytic system o The stimulus for phagocytosis includes red blood cell intracellular inclusions (parasitism or Heinz bodies) or IgG/IgM coating RBC membrane and/or complement o Spherocytes: The red blood cell ‘leftovers’ after the mononuclear phagocytic cells have taken a ‘bite’ of the DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 21

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Clinical Review Erythrocyte morphology Erythrocyte morphology

Description

Canine normal

7um diameter, uniform size and central pallor

Feline normal

5.8um diameter, slight central pallor and mild anisocytosis

Rouleaux

Stacking of RBC (disperse on dilution with saline)

Associated with increased fibrinogen content (inflammation)

Agglutination

Grapelike aggregation of RBC

Antibody mediated anemia

Anisocytosis

Variation in cell size

Presence of macrocytes/microcytes

Macrocytes

Large RBC (elevated MCV)

Reticulocytes (polychromasia)

Microcytes

Small RBC (low MCV)

Iron and pyridoxine deficiency Cell remnants (Heinz body and fragmentation anemias) Spherocytes

Polychromasia

Variation in cell colour

Regenerative response to anemia (Bluish RBC have residual RNA)

Hypochromia

Decreased staining intensity and increased central pallor

Insufficient Hb (Fe deficiency)

Poikilocytes

Abnormally shaped erythrocyte • Echinocyte (crenate cell) • Keratocyte (ruptured vesicle) • Schistocyte (fragments) • Acanthocyte (spiculated)

removed prematurely from circulation (hemolytic anemia) • Uremia • RBC trauma • DIC • Hemangiosarcomas

Leptocytes (Target cell)

Thin cells with increased membrane/ volume ratio

Associated with PSS

Spherocytes

Small dark microcytes (no central pallor) Decrease membrane per volume

I-M hemolytic anemia Removed from circulation by splenic macrophages

Stomatocytes

Oval shaped area of central pallor

Hereditary stomatocytosis in Alaskan Malamutes and Schnauzers

Basophilic stippling (Wrights stain)

Punctate aggregation of residual RNA

Regenerative anemia Lead toxicity

Howell-Jolly bodies

Basophilic nuclear remnants

Accelerated erythropoiesis Post splenectomy

Heinz bodies (NMB stain)

Denatured Hb caused by oxidation

Intravascular hemolysis Heinz body may be bitten off by macrophage to leave a spherocyte

Eccentrocytes

Hb concentrated in one portion of the cell leaving a clear areaOxidative injury

Oxidative injury

membrane and cytoplasm (reduced red blood cell surface). Spherocytes are small dense rigid red blood cells with impaired deformability (lodge in microvasculature and are phagocytosed) 2. Intravascular hemolysis: o Direct red blood cell lysis (complement mediated) o IgM is a better complement fixer than IgG o Drugs, toxins, IgM (Antibodies bind to RBC and fix complement), oxidative injury, osmotic lysis, or increased shearing of RBC/traumatic cell injury (microangiopathy, DIC) o Peracute or acute and Hbemia and Hburia (12-24h post hemolysis), hyperbilirubinemia (8-10h post onset) Hyperbilirubinemia occurs when the bilirubin formation is sufficient to exceed the capacity of the liver to remove it (occurs in both intravascular and extravascular hemolysis) ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

Aetiology of haemolytic anaemia: Infectious (bacterial, protozoal, rickettsia, viral) ● Toxin (zinc) ● Immune mediated disease ● Oxidative damage (Heinz body) ● Fragmented hemolysis (schistocytes) o Haemolytic-uremic syndrome, heartworm disease, DIC, Vasculitis, Hemangiosarcoma ● Hypophosphatemia (<1.0 - 1.5 mg/dL) o Following insulin treatment in DKA, hepatic lipidosis (cats) o Phosphorus wasting in DKA patients occurs secondary to osmotic diuresis + reduced reabsorption in the proximal tubule due to low insulin levels + acidosis induced reduced renal absorption of phosphorus (chronic phosphorus depletion) ● Hereditary enzyme deficiency (PK, PFK) ●

Rickettsial and protozoal diseases • Erythrocytes are directly infected by the causative agents of feline infectious anemia or feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis., eperythro-

Aetiology/implications

zoonosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis and cytauxzoonosis • Infections that exceed 0.1% infected erythrocytes are considered detectable by blood smear examination (however the parasitemia in rickettsial and protozoal infection is often undetected on blood smear) • Extravascular hemolysis is the predominant cause of anemia (IgM and IgG mediated), both infected and non infected erythrocytes are phagocytized or sequested by macrophages in the spleen, marrow, liver and lung (exceptions include babesiosis and theileriosis where intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria are evident) Immune mediated (IMHA) • Antibody mediated destruction of RBC (immunoglobulin and/or complement mediated) • 57-70 per cent primary (idiopathic) and 30-43 per cent secondary (virus, bacteria, parasite, neoplasm, drug or vaccine induced) DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 23

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Clinical Review • Characteristics: Spherocytes, ghosts (intravascular hemolysis), autoagglutination (ddx rouleaux), Icterus (extravascular hemolysis), Hbemia and Hburia (intravascular hemolysis), reduced MCHC (intravascular hemolysis) Coombs test (False positive results may occur), Thrombocytopenia (IMT or consumption)

Canine red cells (7 microns) are forced to squeeze through splenic sinusoidal openings measuring 3 microns (Heinz bodies are removed from circulation by the canine spleen)

Red blood cell destruction 1. Class I Intravascular agglutination (positive slide agglutination (DAT), phagocytosis and extravascular hemolysis) 2. Class II Intravascular hemolysis ( IgG or IgM mediated and involves complement fixation) 3. Class III Extravascular hemolysis (insufficient Ab to cause agglutination or to fix complement so RBC undergo phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system)

Cells containing Heinz bodies tend to swell osmotically and may hemolyze or are removed by the mononuclear phagocytic system (primarily in the spleen)

Class I and Class II are acute and rapidly progressive Class III is chronic and slower to progress Macrophages recognise the Fc fragment portion of IgG molecule • IgG binding by the Fc receptors on the macrophage results in complete erythrophagocytosis OR removal of a portion of membrane (a ‘bite’) and spherocyte formation (enhances complement) • Spherocytes are trapped in the spleen and removed from circulation Macrophages do not have receptors for the Fc fragment of IgM molecule so IgM mediated destruction is via complement fixation 80 per cent IMHA are +ve for spherocytes 60-70 per cent IMHA have a reticulocytosis 2/3 IMHA are direct antiglobulin test (DAT) positive IMHA complications 20-30 per cent mortality in IMHA patients (generally attributed to TED (thromboembolic disease) 1. Thrombocytopenia (65 per cent IMHA patients) • Mechanisms: Concurrent IMT (Evans syndrome), DIC (schistocytes, RBC fragmentation and platelet consumption), Vasculitis 2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) • Mechanisms: Patients are predisposed to DIC due to the release of thromboplastic substances from the RBC membrane, tissue ischemic injury and the coaguopathic/BM suppression effects of immunosuppressive drugs • DIC is a process of systemic coagulation and fibrinolysis resulting in consumption of the inhibitors of coagulation (thrombocytopenia, low ATIII, prolonged PT, aPTT, increased FDPs and reduced fibrinogen) • Schistocytes are irregularly fragmented RBC due to the presence of fibrin strands in the vasculature 3. Thromboembolic disease (TED) • Mechanisms: Reduced fibrinolytic factors and increased procoagulant factors (pro/anticoagulant imbalance may be associated with high dose glucocorticoid), vasculitis (secondary to hypoxia or associated with Ab-Ag complexes), DIC, increased platelet reactivity, presence of antiphospholipid antibodies • Increased risk in patients with hyperbilirubinemia, multiple IV catheters (nidus for platelet aggregation), frequent blood transfusions • Glucocorticoids may exacerbate TED due to the alteration in the pro-coagulation/anti-coagulation balance (increased procoagulant factors and reduced anticoagulant or fibrinolytic factors)

Feline spleens do not have the same splenic sinusoidal architecture

Figure 1. Feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis

5. Infarction 6. Renal Failure • Mechanisms: Hypoperfusion and vasoconstriction (glucocorticoid therapy and prostaglandin inhibition) 7. Refractory anemia (10% IMHA cases) • BM biopsy may be indicated if no regeneration after 5-7d of treatment Leucocytosis and IMHA • Generally attributed to the immune mediated reaction BUT may be associated with systemic inflammation/necrosis associated with anemic hypoxia • Leucocytosis may be correlated to the extent of necrosis secondary to anemic hypoxia or thromboembolic disease Heinz body • Heinz bodies are red blood cell inclusions which adhere to the internal aspect of the cell membrane and may been seen protruding from the surface of the erythrocyte (best stained with crystal violet or new methylene blue) • Heinz bodies are commonly recognized in domestic cats (not a common entity in the dog) • Feline hemoglobin is highly susceptible to oxidation because of its high number of sulfhydryl groups (8 sulfhydryl groups compared with 4 in dogs) • The presence of Heinz bodies interferes with normal cell flexibility (less deformable erythrocyte)

• Hemoglobin must be in a reduced state to function effectively as an oxygen transporter (hemoglobin is continually oxidized at a slow rate by the oxygen it carries, as well as by the hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals within the red blood cell) • Erythrocytes are protected from low levels of oxidative damage by a glutathione reducing system and (less importantly) NADPH Glutathione is a sacrificial oxidant (Exposure of red blood cells to mild oxidizing stress results in preferential oxidation of glutathione, sparing hemoglobin. Oxidized glutathione is then reduced by glutathione reductase to complete the cycle) • Glutathione is important in preventing cell injury from oxidizing agents and stabilises the reactive sulfhydryl groups of hemoglobin • Two sites on the hemoglobin molecule are particularly susceptible to oxidation: i Heme group ii Sulfhydryl group (globin chain) Oxidation of the heme group results in conversion Ferrous ion (+2) Ferric ion (+3) (methemoglobin) Oxidation of the sulfhydryl group results in Heinz body formation • Mechanisms for Heinz body formation: 1. Interference with the activity of glutathione reductase or enzymes of the hexose monophosphate shunt (necessary for the production of NADPH) 2. Exposure to oxidizing agents that overwhelm the reducing capacity of the erythrocyte 3. An inherently increased susceptibility of the hemoglobin molecule to oxidizing agents (increased number of sulfhydryl groups) Canine Heinz body anemia 1. Onions • Onions are an oxidizing agent capable of inducing Heinz body formation in the dog • Heinz bodies appear within 1 day, increase to a maximum on day 3 and gradually decline in numbers after 72h • Toxic dose: 0.5 per cent of the animals weight

Figure 2. Sperocytes are commonly seen in patients with IMHA

2. Methylene Blue 3. Acetaminophen • Toxic dose: 200mg/kg in a single dose • Rapidly and nearly completely absorbed from the stomach following oral administration • Biotransformed by 3 competing pathways in the hepatocytes:

IMHA is a hyper coagulable state Pulmonary thromboembolism is believed associated with pulmonary artery endothelial damage 4. GIT hemorrhage • Mechanisms: Thrombocytopenia/DIC, GIT ulceration (use of glucocorticoid and prostaglandin inhibition, ischaemic injury, anorexia and reduced GIT mucosal integrity) ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

Figure 2a and b. Heinz Bodies DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 25

... saliva

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Expert panel addresses the HOT TOPIC

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FIV

Despite the passage of over 30 years since its discovery, the importance of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection on health and longevity still remains a hotly debated topic. However, thanks to the dedicated work of a team of feline and infectious disease experts, Australian veterinarians now have access to part one of the Australian Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines covering FIV. Find out what all the chatter is about - download your copy from Animal Health Academy or use the QR code below.

Dr Mark Westman (Panel Chairperson)

Dr Sally Coggins

Dr Moira van Dorsselaer

Prof Richard Malik

Prof Jacqueline Norris

A/Prof Richard Squires

Scan this code or log in at www.animalhealthacademy.com.au to download part one of the Australian Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines. When registering for Animal Health Academy for the first time, please use the access code: myAcademy Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia Pty. Ltd. Level 1, 78 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113.

Toll Free 1800 808 691. ABN 53 071 187 285. October 2021. AU-FEL-0005-2021. BI1648TA-03/20.

A/Prof Mary Thompson

Clinical Review 1. Glucuronidation (redox reaction) GSH peroxidase GSH (reduced) GSH (reduced)

GSSG reductase GSSG (oxidized)

Blood and Plasma Transfusions

2. Sulfation 3. Cytochrome P-450 mediated oxidation (CYP2E1 metabolite = NAPQI) Glucuronide metabolites predominate as the metabolite excreted in the urine Glucuronidation and sulfation pathways produce non toxic metabolites of acetaminophen BUT both are capacity limited • The liver is the main source of GSH for the body (provides 90 per cent of the plasma GSH) • GSH is also synthesized in red blood cells (RBC have a rapid turnover of GSH as they can both synthesize GSH and transport GSSG (oxidized form) to the plasma) Young erythrocytes contain up to 3x more GSH than aged cells • GSH is transported in the plasma (highly fluctuant levels) and erythrocytes (stable levels) • NAPQI is the offending toxic metabolite (an oxidizing and arylating agent that binds GSH or nucleophiles like hepatocellular proteins, disrupting their availability and function tissue necrosis) • Hepatotoxicity (zone-3 hepatocellular necrosis), methemoglobinemia (reduced oxygen carrying capacity), Heinz body formation (4872h post ingestion), Endothelial toxicity (bruising and swelling) • Principles of treatment: • N-acetylcysteine: Thiol donor increased GSH production (Tx window <16h) • Cimetidine Blockade of NAPQI formation (<16h) >16h oxidation of acetaminophen to NAPQI is complete 4. Zinc 5. Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) • When Vitamin K1 was administered at 4mg/kg/d for 5d Heinz bodies developed in 1/7 dogs Indications for Blood Products Animals with peracute blood loss will benefit from volume resuscitation using blood products but this is not always possible and often initial resuscitation is undertaken with crystalloid fluids administered in measured boluses to a resuscitation end point.

The administration of blood products is initiated when certain ‘transfusion triggers’ have been met. These triggers are clinical indicators that suggest the PCV has dropped to a level which is causing the patient to show signs of tissue hypoxia. In patients with peracute blood loss the PCV will remain normal for minutes to hours so we rely on the physical exam parameters to dictate the need for blood products.

Common transfusion triggers include: a decrease in PCV to 15-20 per cent (depending on the rapidity of the loss), an increase in heart rate and/or respiratory rate, a decrease in blood pressure, a decrease in body temperature and/or the temperature of the extremities, pale mucous membranes, and a delay in capillary refill time.

The most commonly used blood products are whole blood, packed RBC, plasma: Whole Blood: Indicated in any condition that results in a rapid loss of red cells and plasma (i.e. haemorrhage, rodenticide intoxication) Packed RBC: Indicated for the replacement of red blood cells without plasma products: immune medicated disease and in patients where volume overload is of concern ■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

Plasma (fresh or fresh frozen): Indicated for the provision of antithrombin III (ATIII), alpha-macroglobulins, proteases, anti-cytokines, fibronectin and coagulation factors Administration of blood or blood products The ideal canine blood donor will have the following blood type: • DEA 1.1, 1.2, 7 negative High risk recipients will include those patients with the following criteria and cross matching in these patients is indicated.

• A prior transfusion within 7-10 days • Unknown transfusion history • IMHA Set up for administration of blood and/or blood products • Collect a range of pre transfusion blood samples from the recipient in case they are needed for testing post transfusion.

• Warm the refrigerated/frozen products to room temperature • Use an in-line filter to remove blood clots and debris • Transfuse alongside 0.9%NaCl (NOT hartmanns due to the presence of calcium or 5% dextrose as it is hypotonic) • Place an IV catheter that is 22G or larger (smaller than 22G may lyse the RBC) Strict asepsis Transfusion volumes: • Whole blood: an approximate guide to volume: 2ml/kg whole blood will rise PCV 1% • pRBC: an approximate guide to volume: 1ml/kg pRBC will rise PCV 1% An alternate calculation that can be used for both pRBC and whole blood: Donor blood (ml) = 80 x recipient weight x (desired PCV-recipient PCV/PCV transfused blood) • FFP: administer 10-20mL/kg Administration Administer all blood products at a rate of 0.25ml/kg for 30 min then a maximum

4ml/kg/hr (unless emergency situation dictates otherwise) with the aim to complete the transfusion within 4 hours.

Blood products must be transfused within 4 hours of thawing Ensure patients are monitored for the duration of their transfusion, especially recipients that are considered ‘high risk’.

Transfusion Reactions Immunological Non immunological Immediate or delayed Immunological • Immediate immunologic reactions • Acute haemolytic destruction of incompatible blood (intravascular) resulting in Hbemia and Hburia. The patient may show signs of restless, nausea, muscle tremors, nausea, vomiting, salivation, apnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, anuria, convulsions, facial oedema.

• Non haemolytic reactions include urticaria/ pruritis, anaphylaxis, fever Delayed immunologic reactions • Hemolysis and PCV drop 2-21d post transfusion • Delayed RBC phagocytosis 7-10 days • Post transfusion purpura (antiplatelet antibodies) Non-Immune Mediated Transfusion reactions • Immediate non immunologic reactions o Vascular overload (cough, dyspnea, vomiting, urticaria) o Fever o Asymptomatic haemolysis (trauma of transfused RBC – freezing, overheating, poor fluid choice) o Hypocalcaemia (EDTA overload) o Hypo/hyperkalaemia o Septicaemia Delayed non immunologic reactions o HWD, Babesia Management/prevention of transfusion reactions • Identify high risk recipients and manage them appropriately • Cross match or DEA 1.1, 1.2, 7 negative donors • Monitor transfusion patient closely • Administration rate and technique DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 27

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BUSINESS

Oxyfresh now available in larger sizes The dental homecare product pets, vets and owners love, is now available in 500ml Dental Water Additive and 113g Dental Gel sizes.

Simply add it to the petís drinking water daily or use the Dental Gel with finger brush or iM3 Bamboo Toothbrush to reduce plaque and tartar, soothe inflammation and eliminate bad breath at the source.

The iM3 Bamboo Toothbrush is 100 per cent biodegradable, organic and specifically designed for use in pets.

Bad Breath: The patented blend of Oxygene and zinc is a safe non-toxic formula that helps clean teeth & eliminate bad breath ■ Effective: Oxyfresh tackles bad breath, plaque and tartar, helping to maintain normal teeth and gums ■ Affordable: a capful per 1L of drinking water costs the owner less than a coffee per week ■ Tasteless and odourless: Even the fussiest pets can’t detect Oxyfresh in their water ■ Non-toxic: Xylitol-, chlorhexidine-, alcoholand dye-free formula ■ Cruelty free: Tested on humans for animals ■

The ultimate eliminator of bad breath is a non-toxic ingredient found in Oxyfresh’s revolutionary dental products - and nowhere else!

Oxygene (stabilised chlorine dioxide) is Oxyfresh’s registered name for the active, exclusive ingredient that safely and effectively neutralises bad breath molecules at the source.

The mechanism of action of Oxygene is through an oxidation-reduction reaction. It acts by oxidising volatile sulphur compounds, the molecules responsible for bad breath.

Oxygene is activated as the pH in the environment is lowered. When Oxygene is introduced into the oral cavity, the acidity of the saliva activates the solution. The lower the pH of the saliva, the more activated the solution becomes. The greater the presence of bacteria, the more acidic the environment.

Additionally, the longer the solution is in contact with the oral tissues, the greater the activation and effectiveness.

A unique and patented formula of Oxygene and zinc acetate has been included in several Oxyfresh dental hygiene products, providing an even more powerful deodorising effect.

Zinc is proven pharmacologically safe and effective in oral health products. The combination of Oxygene and zinc helps to remove more of the different kinds of molecules that cause bad breath, making it extremely effective in fighting even the worst halitosis.

Available now to purchase through iM3 Veterinary Dental and ZebraVet For more information, visit www.im3vet.com.au/ home-care.

A new treatment for canine mast cell tumours Virbac is pleased to announce the launch of Stelfonta, a breakthrough injectable nonsurgical solution for mast cell tumours (MCTs) in dogs.

The solution is a targeted intratumoral treatment for dogs that does not require longterm drug treatment or general anaesthesia.

A single treatment destroys the mast cell tumour completely in 75 per cent of observed cases and 87 per cent of tumours with up to two treatments.

MCTs are the most common form of skin cancer in dogs, accounting for up to 21% of skin cancer cases. Treatment for MCTs options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, however, these treatments may not be appropriate for every dog.

Until now, surgical removal of the tumour has been standard, but surgery can pose challenges, such as accessibility of the tumour making it difficult or impossible to obtain sufficient margins that can lead to amputation to adequately remove the tumour as well as anaesthetic risks, especially in senior or brachycephalic pets. Many dog owners are keen to avoid surgery or anaesthesia for their family members.

Stelfonta is an innovative yet simple treatment which provides a high tumour elimination rate, rapid healing, and a speedy return to a good quality of life for the pet. In the cases studied, the tumour was destroyed in seven days and full wound healing was observed in 96 per cent of cases, with no significant adverse effects on the dog.

The product is an intratumoral injection indicated for the treatment of non-metastatic (WHO staging): ■ Cutaneous mast cell tumours (located anywhere on the body, legs or head in dogs), and ■ Non-metastatic subcutaneous mast cell tumours located at or distal to the elbow or hock in dogs.

Tumours must be less than or equal to 10cm3 in volume and must be accessible to intratumoral injection.

Stelfonta is administered by injection directly into the tumour mass and generally, dogs

■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

do not require sedation or local or general anaesthesia during treatment.

The solution contains tigilanol tiglate, a biologically active pharmaceutical compound extracted from the seed of the native Australian blushwood (Fontainea picrosperma) tree found in the North Queensland rainforest.

Tigilanol tiglate was discovered and developed

by Australian company QBiotics and has been extensively researched over many years.

Tigilanol tiglate works locally by stimulating the immune system, resulting in destruction of the tumour and the tumour’s blood supply, followed by rapid healing of the site with minimal scarring. Complete healing of the resulting wound following tumour destruction

by Stelfonta is typically within six weeks.

The product has a unique mode of action with three interrelated effects that are responsible for its antitumour effectiveness: ■ Oncolysis of tumour cells that are in direct contact with Stelfonta. This occurs within the first hours following treatment and results from disruption of mitochondrial functioning and tumour cell membranes.

■ Stimulation of an acute inflammatory response with swelling and erythema extending to the tumour margins and immediate surroundings. This inflammatory response is normal and contributes to product activity by causing localised hypoxia and recruitment and activation of innate immune cells, which then target the tumour mass and release reactive oxygen species, proteases, and cytokines. This acute inflammatory response generally resolves within 48 to 96 hours.

■ Increased permeability of tumour vasculature leading to tumour vascular destruction due to the productís activation of the protein kinase C. The product has also received approval from regulatory agencies in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States for the treatment of canine mast cell tumours. Since its launch in the UK and Europe, many veterinarians who have used Stelfonta to treat canine MCTs have reported satisfactory experiences and would recommend it to colleagues.

Stelfonta is now available to veterinarians throughout Australia as an alternative to surgical treatment of MCTs. It is available from veterinary wholesalers.

For more information email stelfonta@virbac.com.au References 1. Stelfonta Product Insert APVMA number 88412.

2. McNeil EA, Prink AL, O’Brien TD. Evaluation of risk and clinical outcome of mast cell tumours in pug dogs. Vet Comp Oncol. 2006 Mar;4(1):2-8.

3. Murphy S, Sparkes AH, Blunden AS, et al.

Effects of stage and number of tumours on prognosis of dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Rec. 2006;158(9):287-291.

4. Garrett LD. Canine mast cell tumors: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Vet Med (Auckl). 2014;5:49-58.

5. Lowe R, Gavazza A, Impellizeri JA, Soden DM, Lubas G. The treatment of canine mast cell tumours with electrochemotherapy with or without surgical excision. Vet Comp Oncol.

2017 Sep;15(3):775-784.

6. Kiupel M, Camus M. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.

2019 Sep;49(5):819-836.

7. Monteiro, Beatriz & Boston, Sarah & Monteith, Gabrielle. Factors influencing complete tumor excision of mast cell tumors and soft tissue sarcomas: A retrospective study in 100 dogs. The Canadian Veterinary Journal.

La revue vt rinaire canadienne. 2011 52. 1209-14.

8. Brodbelt D. Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. Vet J. 2009 Nov;182(2):152-161.

DECEMBER 2021 TheVeterinarian 29

News

Devils tracked by a whisker

Abstracts - reproduction

From page 1

under specific consequences suggests that most veterinarians are making ethical and value judgments in terms of what is justifiable or not. However, more than 80 per cent feel at least sometimes compromised by ethical conflicts.

at UNSW, said the study had enabled scientists to create a new whisker analysis model to help track how the species is faring in the wild.

Devils are slowly recovering from the fatal facial tumour disease that scientists initially feared could result in their extinction.

“Tasmanian devil numbers are currently in recovery after the devastating effects of DFTD. Many healthy individuals have been translocated to disease-free areas or are part of captive breeding programs to help boost their numbers. The whisker analysis tool will significantly enhance their

management in pre-existing and translocated populations,” Attard said.

Rogers said a major benefit of this information retrieval method was the minimal disturbance caused to the animal’s habitat.

“One pluck per year potentially can reveal a more in-depth story about Tasmanian devils’ lifestyle than a week-long observation trip,” she said.

‘Whisker growth in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and applications for stable isotope studies’ is available at esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1002/ecs2.3846.

■ ANNE LAYTON BENNETT

Significant steps for ageing racehorses From page 1

had been lacking until the TAWWG was established, and extensive consultation with industry participants, researchers and animal welfare groups could be undertaken.

TAWWG’s report contains 46 recommendations that Jones said should be implemented immediately.

“The report recommends the thoroughbred industry takes responsibility, and all reasonable steps, to ensure its horses have a good life, including after racing. To make this possible, an independent national body should be established to drive improved outcomes for thoroughbreds at all stages of their lives,” she said.

Some of TAWWG’s other recommendations include significant and enforceable reforms to national welfare standards - not only for

thoroughbreds when racing and breeding, but for all horses. This would bring them into line with other species such as cattle and sheep which already have enforceable national welfare standards.

“Crucially, we’re pleased to see a recommendation for a national traceability register for all horses, which identifies each horse individually along with locations and owners.

Such a register is key to having an effective welfare regime. The report’s recommendations have support from across the industry – and the RSPCA – the next step is for them to be adopted as soon as possible.”

Jones said the industry needed to realise that the implementation of the TAWWG reforms were the only way to maintain a social licence.

■ ANNE LAYTON BENNETT

Deregistration for ketamine-injecting vet From page 1

Later in the year McGuigan provided the woman with diazepam to help with sleeping issues.

She also inhaled Airway Gel, an oral bronchodilating substance which contains clenbuterol hydrochloride and is intended for equine use.

The SAT found McGuigan misused her authority to administer or supply drugs to animals at the clinic.

McGuigan was reportedly remorseful and had accepted

responsibility for the incidents.

“The respondent admitted her wrongdoing and reached agreement with the [Veterinary Surgeon’s Board of WA] to resolve these proceedings at the earliest opportunity,” the Tribunal’s finding said.

McGuigan had no prior disciplinary history. She was issued a $1000 fine and ordered to pay $3000 costs.

■ SAM WORRAD

New frog species identified thanks to citizen science From page 3

After analysing many calls submitted to the project from across Queensland and NSW the South Australian Museum’s chief research scientist Steven Donnellan said although there were species differentiations between the newly discovered frogs and those of the better-known bleating tree frog including subtle variations in appearance – it was their genetic differences that provided the first clue there were three species.

“Although similar in appearance and in their piercing calls the frogs are genetically very different. I’m still amazed it’s taken us so long to discover that the loudest frog in Australia isn’t one, but three species!” Donnellan said.

Mahony, who over a long career developed a cryopreservation method -– the first genome bank 30 TheVeterinarian DECEMBER 2021

for Australian frogs - said the three closely related species were relatively common and widespread.

“They’re also all at least somewhat tolerant of modified environments, being recorded as part of the FrogID project relatively often in backyards and paddocks, as well as more natural habitats,” he said.

Rowley said the discoveries bring the total number of known native frog species to 246 and show the value of contributions from citizen scientists in helping to better understand and conserve the nation’s frogs.

More than 20,000 verified frog records were uploaded by the public through this year’s FrogID project.

For more, visit www.frogid.net.au/ frog-id-week.

■ ANNE LAYTON BENNETT

From page 11

Clinical relevance: This research is intended to foster discussion of this topic. International strategies should be developed to support solving conflicts and dilemmas related to ethical issues in dog breeding and assisted reproduction, as well as diminishing physical disabilities and heritable diseases.

Sebastian Parlt1, Helen Øvregaard2 Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere.2021 Nov 2.doi: 10.1055/ a-1661-3053. Online ahead of print.

1Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Free University of Berlin.

2AniCura Askoy Dyreklinikk.

Abstracts - koalas From page 11

dehydration in 77.1 per cent.

Negative final outcomes (death or euthanasia, at triage or at a later date) occurred in 45.6 per cent of koalas and were significantly associated with higher mean burn score, maximum burn severity, number of body regions burnt, poor body condition score, and dehydration severity. The findings of this retrospective study may assist clinicians in the field with decision making when triaging koalas in future fire rescue efforts.

Evie Dunstan1, Oliver Funnell2, Jenny McLelland1 2, Felicity Stoeckeler3, Elisa Nishimoto3, Dana Mitchell4, Sam Mitchell4, David J McLelland1 2,, Jerome Kalvas1 2, Lynley Johnson2, Claire Moore5, Lauren J M Eyre6, Amanda McLune7, Ian Hough8, Ludovica Valenza9, Wayne S J Boardman1, Ian Smith1 2, Natasha Speight1 Animals (Basel). 2021 Nov 12;11 (11):3237.doi: 10.3390/ani11113237.

Open access https://www.mdpi.com/ 2076-2615/11/11/3237 1School

of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia.

2Zoos South Australia, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.

3Kangaroo Island Veterinary Clinic, Kingscote, SA 5223, Australia.

4Kangaroo Island Wildlife Park, Parndana, SA 5220, Australia.

5South Australian Veterinary Emergency Management, Bridgewater, SA 5155, Australia.

6Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals, South Australia (RSPCA SA), Lonsdale, SA 5160, Australia.

7Australian Defence Force, Army Headquarters, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.

8Cleland Wildlife Park, National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia, Department for Environment and Water, South Australian Government, Crafers, SA 5152, Australia.

9Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, QLD 4519, Australia.

Correction In the October issue of The Veterinarian, an out-of-date advertisement for Macquarie Medical was run by error. The magazine regrets the error.

TheVeterinarian Sydney Magazine Publishers Pty Ltd ACN 102752787 ISSN 1447-9768 PO Box 305 Millthorpe NSW 2798 Tel: 02 9487 6627 Director - Clem Martin Email: clem.martin@vetmag.com.au Editorial Advisory Board Thomas Donnelly BVSc DipVP DipACLAM Nicholas Kannegieter BVSc DipVetClinStud PhD FACVSc David Lidbetter BVSc MVS FACVSc DipECVS Dip ACVS Angus Martin BVSc Mary Porter BVSc (Hons) MACVSc Jeffrey Smith BVSc FACVSc Dip ACVO David Vella BSc BVSc (Hons) DABVP Editor - Luke Martin Tel: 0418 698 228 Email: luke.martin@vetmag.com.au National Sales Manager James Martin Tel: 0432 575 877 Email: james.martin@vetmag.com.au Designer - Anne Norrell Email: annenorrelldesign@gmail.com Printed by Newstyle Printing 41 Manchester St, Mile End SA 5031 Post Print Approved PP255003/06488 All material in The Veterinarian is subject to copyright and must not be reproduced wholly or in part without the written permission of the Editor.

Views expressed in The Veterinarian are not necessarily those of The Veterinarian or Sydney Magazine Publishers Pty Ltd. Subscriptions - Clem Martin Tel: 02 9487 6627 Email: clem.martin@vetmag.com.au

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■ www.theveterinarian.com.au

Picture Hakan Svensson

A terrestrial pulmonated gastropod mollusk of the family Ariondae, the Spanish slug is an air-breathing land slug which was spread across much of Europe since the 1950s and is now found in North America.

It is considered among the 100 worst alien species in Europe and is the only land gastropod among them. It has been called the ‘killer slug’ for its tendency to eat dead or weaker individuals of the species.

Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris)

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