Flood Study Executive Summary
Brandywine
Brandywine Flood Study
Executive Summary
April 2025
PREPARED BY Brandywine Conservancy
Chester County Water Resources Authority University of Delaware Water Resources Center
Purpose of the Study
The Brandywine Flood Study assessed impacts during intense storm and flooding events and produced an actionable suite of flood mitigation recommendations. The project report provides a summary of the community outreach, data collection, and analyses conducted, along with recommended strategies to address the longstanding challenges of flooding throughout the watershed.
Overview
Historically, hurricanes, tropical storms, Nor’easters, and other major storm events in the region have impacted Chester County communities, endangering lives, disrupting economic activities, and causing extensive damage. In the 1950s, in response to these storms, state and federal partners collaborated on the development of the Brandywine Watershed Work Plan, which ultimately resulted in the construction of 5 major flood control structures in the upper reaches of the watershed. Together, these facilities (Struble Lake, Marsh Creek Reservoir, Beaver Creek Dam, Barneston Dam, and Hibernia Dam/Chambers Lake)— completed between 1971 and 1996— provide a total of 6 billion gallons of flood storage. This amount of water could fill Lincoln Financial Field 7 times. These facilities have helped protect thousands of lives and properties downstream.
The remnants of Hurricane Ida, which occurred September 1 – 2, 2021, caused nearly $45 million in damage to private property and public infrastructure in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware. Several communities within the watershed are still actively recovering from Ida. The devastation caused by Hurricane Ida brought renewed attention to flood mitigation efforts in the Brandywine watershed.
The Chester County Water Resources Authority (CCWRA), Brandywine Conservancy (BC), University of Delaware Water Resources Center (UDWRC), and Delaware County, PA, conducted a flood study of the Brandywine Creek and its tributaries. The Brandywine Flood Study included the following key elements:
• Flood Working Group: Engaged representatives from public, private, and nonprofit entities to inform and advise on the initiative.
• Flood Identification: Identified and mapped areas of chronic flooding.
• Public Engagement: Solicited public input on flooding through live and pre-recorded presentations, web-based surveys, an interactive flood mapping tool, and community listening sessions.
• Municipal Outreach: Met with municipalities in the watershed to gather feedback on localized flooding challenges and discuss ongoing/ planned efforts.
• Storm Event Analysis: Used historical storm event analysis to develop storm events that represent potential increases in intensity and duration of future events for hydrologic and hydraulic models.
• Hydrologic Model: Utilized hydrologic models to estimate flooding under existing and proposed conditions for 2-, 10-, 50-, 100-, 500-, 1000-year storms, and storm-of-record flood frequency scenarios. The scenarios incorporated projections related to climate change and the potential effects of future development throughout the watershed.
• Hydraulic Model: Utilized existing hydraulic models and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood profiles to evaluate existing and projected future flooding conditions.
• Flood Relief Analysis: Performed analyses using hydrologic/hydraulic models and assessed flood mitigation opportunities for structural and nonstructural mitigation projects.
This study is funded through grants from FEMA, PEMA, and Chester and Delaware Counties in Pennsylvania. Multiple project partners contributed to the study, including the Stroud Water Research Center, West Chester University, and Meliora Design. In addition, a Technical Advisory Committee was convened to include additional government officials, nonprofit organizations, and private entities.
The Brandywine Flood Study is an important component of broader, multi-faceted efforts currently being undertaken by a variety of nonprofit, government, academic, and private organizations to address flooding and its impacts on the communities in the Brandywine Creek watershed.
The Brandywine Watershed
The Brandywine watershed is one of the most historic small watersheds in the nation, as it is connected to the Lenni Lenape, two of the original 13 U.S. colonies, and the agricultural heritage and mills that helped to power the American Industrial Revolution. The watershed covers 325 square miles (sq. mi.), of which 303 sq. mi. (93%) are in Pennsylvania and 23 sq. mi. (7%) are in Delaware.
The Brandywine Creek comprises three main branches: the East Branch in Chester County, PA, from the headwaters in Honey Brook through the Borough of Downingtown to Pocopson Township; the West Branch, from Honey Brook through the City of Coatesville; and the main stem, where the East and West Branches meet, which runs from Chester County to the mouth at Wilmington, Delaware. The watershed also includes several tributaries, defined by 17 distinct subwatersheds that were modeled in the study.
Land use in the Brandywine watershed is almost equally divided among developed, agricultural, and forested areas. Agriculture predominates in the northern portion of the watershed, near the headwaters of the East and West Branches. Urban development is focused in the Great Valley along the Route 30 corridor in PA, and around the City of Wilmington, DE, while less densely mixed residential and commercial development occurs in the suburban areas beyond those urbanized centers.
Following the land use pattern, the population is concentrated in the urbanized central portion of the watershed, particularly surrounding the Borough of West Chester, along the Great Valley corridor, and in the City of Wilmington near the mouth of the Brandywine. The more rural areas, in the headwaters near Honey Brook and the West Branch below Coatesville, are less densely populated. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, there were more than 265,000 residents in the Brandywine watershed, with 222,000 (84%) residing in Pennsylvania, and nearly 43,000 (16%) in Delaware. The population of the watershed has been steadily growing in recent decades, reflecting trends in Chester and Delaware Counties in Pennsylvania and New Castle County in Delaware.
Extensive flooding from Hurricane Ida occurred at Northeast Boulevard in Wilmington, DE.
Photo courtesy of City of Wilmington Department of Public Works
Public and Stakeholder Outreach and Engagement
Robust public and stakeholder engagement was a priority of the study. This was achieved through sustained efforts to engage the public and ensure that its input informed the technical flooding analyses. There were diverse engagement options, including over 35 public meetings, listening sessions, and forums; over 1,500 public interactions; an online public survey; an interactive flood mapper; a media/communications toolkit; and a comprehensive project website (brandywine.org/flood-study).
Through information gathered from the public and stakeholder feedback, the following data points provide a snapshot of the feedback about flood impacts in the Brandywine.
Only 28% report having flood insurance coverage
79% have had flooding greatly affect their ability to travel for work, recreation, and essential services
26% have experienced flood damage to their homes and 37% experienced damage to other private property
51% have experienced property damage due to flooding
More than 66% have experienced some degree of financial losses due to flooding
95% are worried about increased frequency and/or intensity of future flooding
A public meeting is held at the Brandywine Museum of Art to gather public input on the Brandywine Flood Study.
The study’s engagement efforts identified several prominent themes.
Communication and Safety Needs
• Increased local notification systems and frequency of notifications before and during severe precipitation events.
• Uniform, simplified messaging about flood forecasts, risks, etc.
• More tools to make historical and projected flood information available, meaningful, and actionable for the general public.
• Additional support for emergency services, to assist vehicles in unsafe flood situations.
• Additional and more rapid installation of barricades, signage, and communication before and during flood events of blocked or closed roadways.
Structural Improvements
• Green stormwater infrastructure installed to manage areas where impervious surfaces cannot be removed (roadways and existing development), coupled with education, signage, and green stormwater infrastructure and landscaping installation guides for home and business owners.
• Ensuring disadvantaged communities are not left behind in future flood mitigation efforts.
• Evaluation and repair of municipal stormwater and sewer infrastructure systems.
• Evaluation of, repair to, and retrofitting to roadways, bridges, and culverts that experience frequent flooding.
Non-Structural Actions
• Additional municipal comprehensive planning and required review of stormwater management plans with each development application.
• Prioritization of open space preservation in headwater regions, as well as flood-prone areas.
• Addition of flood-specific zoning ordinances and ensuring compliance from proposed and existing development.
The feedback collected throughout the planning process underscores the interconnectedness of individual, community, and systemic responses in addressing flooding challenges. It also highlights the public’s desire for collaborative, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable solutions.
“Notification of roads that are shut down due to flooding. Better support on the highways when flooding is happening to get vehicles off the road as quickly as possible.”
“Storm water management must include adequate, functioning stormwater retention basins.”
“Can we require developer regulations to be more stringent than the current 100year flood maps?”
Flood Mitigation Recommendations
To address the scope and breadth of flooding challenges in the Brandywine watershed, a variety of structural and non-structural improvements are recommended. Potential improvements vary in terms of scale, complexity, capacity, and expense, but each can play a role in mitigating the impacts of flooding in local communities.
Structural Recommendations
Generally, the primary factors that determined the study’s structural recommendations included flood storage capacity, peak flow rate reduction, and water surface elevation reduction, in addition to existing and potential future risk to vulnerable populations and historically marginalized communities. Once in place, these structural improvements typically provide relatively immediate relief from flood risk to both people and property by physically manipulating the way water moves through the landscape. However, it is important to note that many of the structural improvements must be considered in terms of timeframe for implementation and their potential impacts both up- and downstream, as to whether alleviation of flooding in one community may or may not exacerbate flooding in another.
The structural opportunities recommended for further investigation and implementation in this study are identified to be the most likely to have a positive impact on localized and/or regionalized flooding in the Brandywine watershed. However, it is not an exhaustive list of all projects that could potentially provide a public benefit. Several flood mitigation and stormwater studies are ongoing in targeted areas within the watershed, including the cities of Coatesville and Wilmington and the greater Downingtown area. The results of those studies may produce additional structural recommendations beyond this study.
Evaluation of Existing Flood Control Facilities
This study conducted an initial assessment of additional flood storage potential at the 5 existing dams in Chester County. Beaver Creek Dam and Chambers Lake/ Hibernia Dam completed rehabilitation projects to meet current PA Dam Safety standards in 2020 and 2022, respectively. These dams control runoff up to a 100-year storm event; therefore, further modifications to them were not identified as a current priority.
Barneston Dam Rehabilitation - Potential Rehabilitation to Increase Flood Storage
Barneston Dam is located in Wallace Township along the East Branch Brandywine Creek. An initial engineering review and modeling evaluation identified an opportunity to reconstruct the 240-foot-wide spillway with a labyrinth weir, which can provide additional flood storage for the 50-year, 100-year, and 500-year storms, while still meeting state and federal regulations for dam safety.
Review of Other Dams and Reservoirs
Additional review is recommended for dam modification potential and/or operations at the following sites:
• Struble Lake – a dam owned and operated by CCWRA and the lake managed by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.
• Marsh Creek Reservoir – a reservoir owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
• Rock Run Reservoir – a water supply reservoir owned and operated by Pennsylvania American Water Company.
• Icedale Dam – a dam owned by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.
Table 3: Primary Structural Recommendations for Flood Mitigation
Replacement, Rehabilitation, or Removal of Bridges, Culverts, or Dams
This study identifies inadequately sized bridges, culverts, and dams throughout the watershed that raise flood elevations during storms. In many cases, flood levels may back up upstream, overtop bridge decks, and take roads out of service. The replacement of bridges and culverts due to age, natural hazard damage, or other factors can provide opportunities for flood mitigation by reconstructing inadequately sized structures to support flood mitigation. However, existing obstructions may provide downstream flood retention benefits, so projects should be evaluated to minimize any downstream increases in flooding impacts.
Of the 269 structures along the main stem, the East and West Branches of the Brandywine, and Beaver Creek, 122 were reviewed, and 13 (11%) were found to create increased upstream water surface elevations during floods that could result in meaningful risks to nearby residences or infrastructure. An additional 25 structures were found to be hydraulically undersized, but analysis was inconclusive about any impacts on surrounding communities.
Of the 147 structures for which only FEMA Flood Insurance Study (FIS) profiles were available, 81 (54%) were found to be hydraulically undersized. However, without computer modeling capabilities, the study was unable to fully assess the impact of the 147 structures on localized or regional flooding. One exception is the
Rockland Road bridge/Dam No. 11 along the main stem in northern Delaware, for which models are currently being developed and plans are underway to remove the dam.
Floodplain Restoration
Floodplains are nature’s buffer zones between waterways and adjacent lands. They provide space for streams to rise and spread out of their channels, and naturally slow and store flood waters. However, development in and around floodplains has greatly compromised their functionality. Floodplain restoration will often have small wetlands or depressions in the floodplains, which provide additional storage and even shallow groundwater infiltration following storms.
Left: Barneston Dam in Wallace Township on the East Branch Brandywine Creek is a dry dam with a standard weir control on the auxiliary spillway. Right: A labyrinth weir was constructed at Lake Williams Dam in York, PA. (Photo courtesy of Gannett Fleming)
A road culvert along a tributary in the Brandywine Watershed.
Of the numerous sites in the watershed the project team identified and assessed for floodplain restoration potential, those recommended for implementation or further analysis include:
• Brandywine Conservancy & Museum of Art properties (Chadds Ford Township, PA)
• Icedale Lake (Honey Brook and West Brandywine Townships, PA)
• Mary Street Riparian Corridor (Downingtown Borough, PA)
• Wedgewood at Valley Run/Beaver Creek Confluence (Caln Township, PA)
Stormwater Reduction Measures
Stormwater runoff contributes to local flooding during both small and large storms. Local improvements and investments made in each municipality may provide benefits to nearby neighborhoods and downstream communities. Stormwater infrastructure, typically constructed during land development and regulated by local municipalities, includes Best Management Practices (BMPs) like detention basins, wet ponds, infiltration facilities, stormwater inlets, pipes, and outfalls. These features control stormwater runoff before it is released to surface waters. The study recommends stormwater infrastructure improvements that can assist municipalities in localized flood mitigation efforts, including:
• Stormwater Basin Retrofits – While retrofitting existing basins is not likely to have measurable impacts on regional flooding, it may provide meaningful localized flood reductions.
• Reducing Impervious Cover - Removing impervious surfaces and replacing with either natural vegetation or pervious pavement/pavers can help reduce stormwater runoff.
• Drainage Improvement Projects - Inspecting inlets, catch basins, manholes, pipes, and related stormwater infrastructure helps identify malfunctioning components of the stormwater collection system. Useful life estimates and local flood frequency can help prioritize stormwater infrastructure in need of repair or replacement.
• Backflow Prevention Devices - Installing devices such as gates, flaps, or valves at various location points within the stormwater system can help prevent backwater from contributing to flooding.
Non-Structural Recommendations
In urban and suburban areas—where much of the landscape, especially along waterways, may present challenges for implementing larger scale structural projects —non-structural solutions offer communities the opportunity to reduce flood risks more rapidly through policy, planning, public education, and emergency management efforts. The non-structural recommendations are divided into solutions in developed areas and in less-developed ones.
Non-Structural Recommendations in Developed Areas
Many of the study’s recommended non-structural solutions for developed areas are actively utilized by municipalities and may be expanded by incorporating new techniques, best practices, and information.
Emergency Preparedness Planning
For flood hazards, emergency preparedness planning should consider the following:
• Identification of vulnerable bridge crossings and low-lying roads and paying special attention to roadways and access points that may be cut off by flood waters, which could prevent emergency services from reaching those in need.
• Identification of communities bisected by a waterway: They may require two emergency response plans, one for each side of the stream, if first responders are unable to cross from one side to the other.
• Public access to emergency response plans, evacuations routes, and related resources.
• Flood simulation tabletop exercises.
• Proactive closure of flood-prone roads during a storm.
• Participation in county Hazard Mitigation Planning.
Revised Flood Stage Levels for Stream Gages
Within the Brandywine Creek watershed, there are gages that measure water levels, flows, and precipitation that support flood preparedness, water supply management, and water quality monitoring. These stream gages also provide key information for flow rates for bridge and culvert design. This study recommends reviewing existing elevations of flood stage categories or developing elevations for those gages near flood-prone areas that do not have currently have them.
Public Alerts and Readiness
Early warnings ahead of major storms play a critical role in protecting and saving lives. Existing resources that connect the public to flood alerts and preparedness information include:
• ReadyChesCo – Severe weather and flood alerts are sent out by Chester County’s Department of Emergency Services.
• DelCo Alert – This emergency notification system sends alerts before, during, and after a major emergency directly to residents through their mobile devices, email, and/or landline phones.
• Delaware Emergency Notification System (DENS) – DENS is a public warning and emergency protective action system distributed through local 911 centers or emergency managers for those who live and work in the State of Delaware.
• Delaware News Weather Notifications –Delaware residents can sign up for real-time, email-based weather alerts from the state’s news updates website.
• FloodTools – The CCWRA hosts a web-based FloodTools portal (www.chesco.org/floodtools) with current and forecasted flood conditions across the county.
• Ready.gov – The U.S. Department of Homeland Security maintains the www.ready.gov website, which includes information on what to include in an emergency kit and how to develop an emergency plan.
• Reverse 9-1-1 Systems – Reverse 9-1-1 is a tool emergency services can use to call telephone numbers in a specific geographic area to notify residents of an emergency and any actions that they may need to take.
It is recommended that the counties continue to incorporate multiple emergency alert tools to keep the community aware of forecasted and actual conditions, particularly as conditions can change rapidly if rainfall is more intense or centered over a different region than the initial forecast.
Flood Insurance
Flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) can help individuals recover losses and rebuild their lives after flood events. NFIPinsured structures that have at least two paid flood losses of more than $1,000 each in any 10-year period since 1978 are considered repetitive loss properties. Anyone owning or renting property with an elevated risk of flooding should consider getting a policy if their property is located within Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA). Municipal officials and community organizations can help educate the public on the value of flood insurance and dispel common myths.
Enforcing and Enhancing Local Floodplain Regulations
All municipalities in Pennsylvania are required to participate in NFIP and adopt local floodplain ordinances. These ordinances are critical tools to help build safer, more resilient communities through the implementation of the local floodplain management program and enforcement of the ordinance. In addition, communities may choose to implement higher standards to further reduce local flood risk and become eligible to participate in FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) program, which translates to lowered NFIP insurance premiums for residents. Lastly, municipalities may supplement their floodplain ordinances with zoning overlays that can be used to regulate land use in flood-prone areas beyond the official 100-year floodplain, such as riparian areas, known high-water marks, alluvial soils, and the 500-year floodplain.
Structural Elevations, Floodproofing, and Property Buyouts
Structures built in the floodplains include industrial sites, commercial businesses, and residences. The study identified over 1,600 existing structures located in the 100-year floodplain along the main stem Brandywine Creek, East and West Branches, and its tributaries. Many of these structures and the people who rely on them tend to be the most vulnerable to flood events. Structural elevation and floodproofing are two main options for increasing the resilience of buildings already located with the floodplain. Structural elevation can be achieved in several ways, including elevating the building or abandoning the bottom floors. For nonresidential structures, floodproofing is an acceptable strategy through both dry (making the exterior of a building watertight) or wet (using water damage-resistant materials in the lower portion of a structure intentionally allowed to flood) techniques. While structural elevation and floodproofing have numerous benefits, they do not eliminate the risk to life and property.
Municipalities can also choose to pursue voluntary property buyouts to owners of flood-prone properties. However, many residents may be unwilling to participate, and those who do may choose to move out of the municipality, which has potential ramifications for the overall fabric of the community and the tax base. Property buyouts can also impose a financial burden on the municipality or community.
Strengthening Steep Slope Protection Ordinances
Steeper slopes generate more stormwater runoff than flatter areas. Most municipalities in Chester County have protective ordinances that restrict some or all development activities on slopes with a 15% or higher grade. However, less steep slopes can still generate significant runoff, especially during intense storm events. To address this, a model ordinance should be developed for municipalities to consider adopting protection of steep slopes with grades less than 15%.
Public Education and Engagement
Consistent education and outreach are needed on “blue sky” days to help community members prepare for flood events. These include:
• Ready-made campaigns, such as National Weather Service’s “Turn Around, Don’t Drown®” program, which educates the public on the dangers of trying to drive through floodwaters.
• FEMA’s High Water Mark Initiative, aimed at encouraging community awareness of flood risk and mitigation opportunities through historic high water mark signage.
Property owners with a stream running through or adjacent to their property may need to do maintenance in the creek or within the floodplain to clear flood debris, repair a culvert of bridge, or even protect stream banks that are eroding or at risk of collapse. Certain maintenance activities do not require either a permit or a notification to a regulatory agency, while other activities do require a permit or a notification. Activities that do not require state-level approval may require a local floodplain permit. The designated floodplain manager in a municipality should be able to provide guidance on local regulations and requirements.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection published resources to help municipal officials, property owners, and others better understand the regulatory requirements and provide guidance on stream maintenance work.
These online tools published by PADEP: Bridge and culvert permitting requirements (above); Guidebook for stream and floodplain maintenance (left)
Non-Structural Recommendations in Less-Developed Areas
In areas with more limited development, a variety of strategies exist to protect and utilize open space for natural flood reduction to slow, spread, and store floodwater and mitigate flood risk in downstream communities. In the Brandywine watershed, the most impactful opportunities for flood storage and open space conservation are typically found in areas where the floodplain is minimally developed, wide, and mildly sloped. Prime examples include the stretch of stream between Chadds Ford and Lenape Park and along the East Branch below Embreeville.
Fee Simple Acquisition
Fee simple acquisition entails the outright purchase of a parcel of land, preventing certain types of development and protecting sensitive environments. It can also allow for land management techniques that may be prohibited in other forms of land conservation for wetland and floodplain restoration, such as dredging. The long legacy of land preservation in the Brandywine watershed has been achieved primarily through the use of fee simple land and conservation easement acquisitions (see below). When combined with active land management, these acquisitions are extremely effective in mitigating flood risk and creating healthier ecosystems. Fee simple acquisition, while potentially very effective in protecting and managing flood-prone land, is generally more costly in the short term. Over time, however, reducing the impacts of repetitive flooding events through this approach can be relatively cost-effective.
Conservation Easements
A conservation easement is a legal agreement that protects the conservation values of land in perpetuity. Conservation easements can be used to protect many aspects of a landscape, such as its scenic value, a sensitive ecosystem, or agricultural soils, by extinguishing some of the development rights and limiting the allowable activities, uses, and improvements of the landscape. Conservation easements can be written, amended, or restructured to effectively protect floodprone land.
River Corridor Easements
River corridor easements can protect flood-prone lands and have had notable success in Vermont, where flooding has created decades of safety, environmental, and agricultural issues.
Municipal Open Space Funds
Municipal open space funding programs are implemented by local governments through voter referendum. Dedicated open space funds allow municipalities to prioritize their own land conservation goals. Municipalities may use open space funds to protect lands for various public benefits, such as protecting prime agricultural soils, developing recreational spaces, mitigating floods, and stewarding lands acquired with municipal funds.
A public meeting to gather public input on the Brandywine Flood Study.
Key Takeaways and Moving to Implementation
The Brandywine Flood Study provides a robust assessment of historic, current, and future flooding scenarios through modeling combined with intense public engagement and outreach, which results in a suite of structural and non-structural recommendations to mitigate flooding in the Brandywine watershed. Achieving full implementation of this study’s potential will require engagement from individuals, municipalities, and organizations throughout the watershed.
Groups such as the CCWRA, County Departments of Emergency Services/Emergency Management, municipalities, Pennsylvania and Delaware Departments of Transportation, conservation organizations, researchers, community groups, and the public are crucial to successful implementation of these recommendations. The Brandywine Flood Study partners are committed to supporting the implementation of these strategies and to continue evaluating new opportunities to reduce localized and regional flooding.
These structural recommendations form the basis for more detailed analyses of projects and alternatives, through site analyses and engineering designs. Partners for future implementation can access the data and models used in this study through the CCWRA. Currently, analysis of mitigation projects is underway throughout the watershed through ongoing studies in the Cities of Coatesville, Downingtown, and Wilmington. These complementary efforts will likely produce additional approaches and project sites to supplement those identified in this study.
There are a variety of potential funding opportunities that should be tapped for future flood mitigation efforts in the Brandywine watershed. Communities can take advantage of local, state, and federal grants to offset the costs of these efforts. For some non-flood-
related grants, flood protection and mitigation may be incorporated as a secondary or co-benefit to the primary focus of the grant (e.g., habitat restoration or infrastructure repair). The full Brandywine Flood Study report highlights potential grant funding opportunities that may be relevant in the implementation of this study’s recommendations.
The Brandywine Flood Study is one component of a broader and multi-faceted effort to reduce flooding and its impact on communities in the Brandywine watershed. It identifies and engages many of the stakeholders in the region, evaluates the hazards associated with flooding in the watershed, and recommends a series of structural and non-structural solutions. The study serves as a starting point for addressing the needs of the communities in the Brandywine watershed to prepare for, react to, and reduce the long-term impacts of the next and all future floods.
This Executive Summary provides an overview of the efforts of the Brandywine Flood Study project team. More detail on the information presented here is available in the Brandywine Flood Study Report and the full Technical Report. To view these reports, please visit www. brandywine.org/flood-study or scan the below QR code:
Funding for this report is provided by
