Textbook of Practical Zoology : B.Sc Part - II 22-23

Certificate

Name : dejadaee Dhare

Cas:B.Se2nd Yeas, SrouplB2)

Skis ia lo cenla thal the sludent has aatisfaclorily completed the couse o expeeimenla in B.Se na Yeae in the Gooloqy Lakoralory of St. Shomas

Coloe, Bhilai dueinq the academie sesoion 2022-23.

Dale :25/01/2028

|25

Seachen in chasge

MAS COLI B0

DATE..

4ov

27/01/23

eaa o Depacknent

DMeetu Ro Panickas

Da Jayashee Balasubramanian

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Studty of Honey-been:

.gkudy o dierand d59)|9-De- 0 00-on-93

9pecien o haney -bee

.ecyee or Honey C6!) 19-De-v90-Jon-5

-bees CApis indica

3.Ddendipie adon o (6R)|19-bee-14 08-7on-93

honey-6ee lndiuäluah

Th a polymrphie tabny

( 3Budy of ailk-worm

9kudy o Ule yee (66) 19-bee-99 04-3on-3 of Silk-won Combyx mo')

Avoluhon of Horse : (I70) 3-Ja 24 25-0o- 23

SAudy of 2volukon of horse through dieRrent modes :(2J Animal Behauior 07) 0Jon- ?3

photoar ie behauior in eor - h wonmm

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[ f}J Ho.bil 6' H~I /-ft}- .' ~&on ts f'o und ly/1111 r;.11.l~ll'I on Me .f.J!O hoM,m 1 i .r CJ 0fYtf>ivo~ CJ1>d le~d s 0/') !'h)aJ.j /J/f )',u . fJMi tn o II MC a ,

Cf/JJ Com~nh !- (I) ;/rlll}on h C<Jmrron/y CQt/e<t II a//,,J"rf1Y '~ ii- 'Is o uni?,ui • animw c.uiM c/(frfouer,~ PloJl-enc:I /Jo"-'/ , /1'tOl'rlne

c~ J Aodi,, 1°1J rrJorn6o,'<:loJ :wiM ·e/M9o.A. <! c,,,cl /411.

k.Jil wll+, hlor:///.1tl e~udaJ A'r. ~M C1.JI f:t/Jo lJ(

cJiur-ru 1-tM. l,<!nct JI.- lt • 11 ?rry9011 '~

Snsut

Phylun Cheuahla

Subphutu tbruata

Supe Clan Rlaa.

-Elaamsborhii Clam

Regilyoums

Gunuo

Head Spinnde peJvi pin

Phylun Cheudala

Subhutum veudebrot &upe clan pistes

Clam8lasmobnomhi; Rojithpnmo depeda

Genuo

Heerd

9phore

peluie fng Cpain )

Dete ing

Caudal Fin

(2JHditd Hebitaf Dorpedo ir o mnine, Conivones fish found in deep sea & Aeedh on Small Ai*h & Crurkaceons.

(0 ComnenHs () Torpedo comnonly caled "E/echie vay

() Bcy is rounded, dse ike a domo-venhatty Flattend

() Aorfally eyen und Spiratdes or preent

) venha) mouh peonk, sone whes reeangulor.

) peara Aine grcaHy ena/ongel Areol witA heaad, o poiT o pelure Ping, kuo doral Ling onod rald as Sin e.

(6) Hghly ote velope eledhi* egon prerantwhich ore modioo muncde plaks, 6ekueun YRetnal Lin anod head,

( 8/echic rgone ordeanive a give pouonhuu ele -chit shotk, con he umd qguntkprdeehonf Pr paying.

(1Rdenditicokion Bdly ii doroventally flab fome what 90unded

Shoype wih non- 4yening eil huuin9 Prominent

Couda in & all oboue charatkrr, hence i ir

Jo pedo

CJ Hobit & Habita ! Avocoeks is o morine Fish, pe/ogic and cohiv ores, thi are smal Ditheo tiue neor he shores ofen bound skiering ner boak

(0 Commenk_ci) eyoroelur ir Commonly known "Flying Fish"

i) Body is.elongaled si/uery andi dtuirióle Ino head, unt Foil, u has chorackristit wing tike pr/na An,

Ci) Body covered wh yelors seedes with ouer/apping sewence

he head han /akra large eye wih probuding snout hauing nenhilti, r

CU Body Consisk ob pof- o6 Pecne in yenha Pin, dorsal Ajn , onc Fin ond 6i/0bed Caudal in

i ?he modied pectenal Lns, helpe ish in gliding up upk Uomt. Arom over sea surbore, fo escape Predetor Ahu.

(7DdenHAtaio Ah wih e/ongaled body ord (orge modi Pied perloras Pins bence it ir "Erocoekur "

nJHabi ond Habitat phabo1 iu Common Soukh -7ndon Preahwoer Eith, Q con live out ol waker Por /ong periat, 24 i o pedewr Fah Perds on Smul Aishen on Shoimp , male exhibit parentay Co.

(D Comment ti Anaban is commoniy knouon aa "elimbing pereh "

i Bod'y it e/ongakd dork gry o oli'ue in Ca/our, body olieit16 k ino heod, trunk ail,

n Body of his Aith it shun/ined and touered wih cyc/oid Seade» with oueopping sequience.

tiv) operCeu'um pemnt wih edges hauing SmaU spines,

) peir 06 ec/a Fin with: vephal fin preient juo belo f

oi Oa An is diuided ino onewor dortal fin a ponterior dtu) in, simi/ndy vema n i dui1'4/e nto anenvo anal fin and poslerior ona £in.

oi) poskeniory one cauda Symmehitad Fin peank

CD 2denkipicalion Body Covered with p/acoid seale ewith omin

- ent dota/ Pin ond Symmeh/cas Caudal fin.

(97 Hobit&Hebikat Hippocampu swim uprightswaying the foi 8yraling their teils and unks, it shouw! male poentas cam. it monine cnpivoN Found in eeprea,

CDI Commenk o) Hippocompus is tommon/y called."Seo-horre "

C6) Body onfemoty horie shoped uihh posfeior spiral fail.

(o) Body 1s divitibe inko:he trunk ond tail.

Body it Coered 6yiigio.exoske/efon amor aid 6any pladea,

C0) Gil c/elk are redred to Small poen with speicu, upe of gill Covered ith opercu/um,

) Body,comish of single dongad fin, pah g pckorus fin redured on eihe slde o heae pe/uic o cauras Lin ahu,

(91 PemaJevhan smal an/ Pin 1bu mase locleo i4 bu trooo pouehes, they corry eggr tunt/ + Path

CDTIoknti£kaHon Body cosist o head ond tqil renmbling Fo horse, with pos/erdion topering spiras tell ond singe dora Fin hence it 7s iPpocanpu"

Sub Pylum wdbrala

dupex cdas ses

claA Gatuihthyea

xdi aeocephati

Gunua Ethenuis moelitie donas Fina Surlonlal elise

(97Habita Hadat chenei t commonly otithibuhkd south cooo of Eng/ond on ?ndio, fo Common moine Pih, Swims in wahr Peeding on omati Fisheo, 2/ utochen ihels by neanr b dortal czdhoue olisk wih bouk, /orge Athes ,rea udtes ete ko pe Aee ide.

(D7Commens-0) Ecbeneis is Comnonly calied "Svcker Firh"

Body h lange, dork blue e ongaked od diuibe in head hunk ond toll

(8 ) Donaw gde oh-body has prominen moilied otrsa/ Pin Forrning on adhoiue isk r Suchonis disc with seueral, roneuerse lumellae inside.

) Eyen Ore lorge ond lahral body wih pain ob lak -On per-ad Ain, Second ooa Ain, oanal fin od a Caudal Ah

(5) Cudou Pin is homoceeal Cbi/obed wih bo% /obn ob Same 9/2e).

Cn19 den i£ieabian Bodly is /ange ekrgaled durk punple wih moibrod dorta £in as suclorva disk ons au h aboue choraehens,hene e i ir echeneis "

(F)Class:Amphibia

CoJHabit&Habita_Ochhyophis tives in burow ond teods a Aust

-0i Fe in most rounet, 2 is o burrouwirg onimal on Feed on Smal in veebrake

CJComment 0 Ihyophis A eommonly knouw "lim6lem omphbion Coeilion".

C8) Body is cylindital wm like ond divis?6le inlo head, trunk onod tam, Head gion consis/ o Pain oh eye, noshils ond sen.

$oy knta cles.

o) Eye is degeraleo Fuckonlem covertd wih skin Flap.

(e) Cimbn ond imó 9irdles abren,

(P hey shous poenlal cae 0o moher coil orOud e49 411 hey hakeh îno fodpo/ea

CO72denHgitalion _ As body is noow bud long wm ike, pale hit ond coved wih Calubied scalep, gnimd limblen ond culy dbove charaters henee it e thyophis"

Claaohrali

Mlum-Chordata

Sub phutum- adubota

Cloas dmphibia

rde- cdpsda

Ganus khthyephio

hunk

Ceuleited seales

Head Nnhi

Sensny enlerus

Frtterragit

hylum choxdata

Snb phytum - vedbrola

Clo dmphibie

Oudes Lsdua

Cunuo Jeues

Hindlim6

Foneims Neatuwwe

C9J Habit and Habita Neckurut ie on aQucutie Areshuaser salomander, i Crowlig on ima on river botom 4 Peeds on smaw PNhes.

(0J Commenk 9) Necunu i commonly caU " mud puppy "

C6) Body s e/ongaed odius/6le ino heod, unk all,

CC) Forre/imó ond hindtim pent but one shord 0nd w eak, with onty Four digil.

)timbo ort adapkd r crawling only on the botom ob auke od muer

Behinm he head preent pairtd three bushy exenna gu slts through which eahing ?s done,

CP) otl s laerally compnevmed ond provided uwlh tail fin.

() Female shous porent con, 94 s tayedin re»s a hoched indiuidu ally in jetty shalks , undeside shnes

C217 denHicakon Body it /arge Spod with 8 gin cexkenal) on eJher slde of head wih smau 1Imbs conod Flahked tal, Aenne i it"Necturur"

Page

(21 HabiBa Habitat Prokun inhobih wakem o deep cwe in pope

dorknen in undegroun d shene twherx temporahn nw extecds more hon 30P, # Arh on smals conorean

CMI Commenk1-) Qommonly knowo as "6/m" on "Cave sa/amono'er

) Barly i e/ongakd, unpigmented appegr pale whik, ond ovvisle nko head, iik a dall,

C3) Eyen ore degemafed withou eye/td

poody duelopea limbs en wih Anelin% hawing hwo ond hindlims huing 9 digik,.

(4.8po enlenal yie Poen} Cungr teo pmant

(c Doil i /akrally P/ulMend poovided wih Pin.

C) Body i male compack hon Neulurus

(1 Ddenibreabion ompoe pale body uih honf limbn ond exkrnal gNs ond al abovecharaters hente # it "paoku

Pylum Chevdata

oohi' Pene tinnb Heor Hind i'mb whk

(27 Habila Habilek Commonly temiskaiad, Fourd hear Pshwar shens , 0oniu s a Ado on Smail Phen invekebr-aka.

CD Comments ( (ommonly known a"Tigr redomader"

)Body i1 compork, dlonk, 6/atk izonc ike ond diuis -ible ino heal hunk 4 tail,

6 Poy be opoed i6, whik pok and yeWow spoh (lail gion )Peant.

(0 Exknal gills ond tail Pin absent.

) poi*on g/and for ivebense preint.

(6) we deueloped Poralims und hin lins presunk, i.

(71 uedopnon! îr indime wik "AxoloH lenua "

01Ddenibitakion Aody it tonpat, tierd ike r dore. withou exkn

- a git and w develom d Anlimd on, hindlmbs hente i ii Ambys/am

(0jHb a Hobia Neofunic omphibian Prvh uakr Connivon, Feess on sma Pishes ond inuetbrakn.

(DJ Commenh () AroloH it neoknic larval ouge oP Ambysomo

Bady s longe nembles o nechurus bus pale whie, wih 8pain o6 exhrnd gill.

(3) ody diuisi6le n' head; hunk a koil.

( Toil prouide od wit cowda Pin.

1 wooHy. in copiHuihy meJamonphon inlo edul by neokny r pedogen epis,* the odwA is able o eprodute buf ho kn ih loval charaekH.

CDden igjeakion !- _Body longe, spoko 6ul wih exernal gill ond toi Pin am al ubouer charatkrs hentt it ii AxoloH /ow

Fonetims

Phylum chercato

Subphylum ye Cta do Gnenuo

Hindtim

9. Had' and Hoikias- lyle is an amphib/ou toaad e, both te- a an wel a aguakic.

Comment-(0) Alyts * common/y calUed "Midwile toad

() Body is dork brown with severa/ dok pafehen , ir duieible head ond trunk.

(8) Head c on teine Joge Pumponum ond poouding eyeo. tus posteior taili absenk,

(5) ForHlinadion ir exkna a/orua/ okape preount.

Ayle hocus o peculior porenld co, . A male cooMan the e4g inthein Aindlimnbg +}1l hey hakch.

den4zicabian A the ven speumen is on nro " an ha e08 onk poskmon end, ond au he akoye chorochst , hence Aly te

.

D. Habi&&Hadiat Bu territial, hockumal amphision, qpnrally hidtn unden logt or during day ond enkrr wakr only r brwdin.

Commen_0) BuA commoly caded "ur oad ' o "9/ont Poad"

o) Body it 6rood in bui, wi rough ond dy skin haung mom poiron glonde hon mutous glona

8) Body droag noddiuiisle into head u runk,

(v 2ailr abren ih odul .

(5) Wead gian conmt/ eyeo, neals mouh a umpanun

C6) 6ebihd the eye hei * lagu ponoid poiconglansd

foelimb am hindlimbo orn hortwh Doo/y deue-lo/peo ue.

1 Comern2denkib/cadion inre, 4he given gpecimen ir duFnd Anu

i, Anuro wih broad body cwi% lnp parohd Poiton glanos, duetbehind ik eye, hence it Suso"

fo Jim

Hind imb Hind mb Adhesive ditc

9. Habi v Habilat:- Hy/a is orboreal in hubik e, tive on tees amb

D. Comment ) Hy/o it commonly cule od ee Pog "

Aody i ole whik uwith loe praudingeyes ordShen ine, hin ond oubk ino head u unk.

(3) Poil i adren h aoulh

Cuy Areinbo ond bino'limbo: 6oh o* adepkd Ar rdsma 1e, ie. Ane/imba ond hindlimb hun bas prouiud wi adhesive ren or Cuphion, ohfth helA oniial n imbing

(5 yen are wel deueloped ?th drAhed fymponum duo 6ahind tt

(6) Skin ob betty cona ino áugrotop/e glando, which help uninmal in adhenng fo ra eaf Aug or skm

(7 Aer4lisabton exnnal a deudopmenf inret

DdenkEkalion- Adty A pak wik ond 4hin wh ma eyes and adhenive pads in tow hence iA i "Hylo "

G Clae: Rephlia cIASSMAte

|Date: Page: las-Apdilin

Hatuga

9.Hadi#U Habifat D4 ir o Prenhwasen torto/se commonly found in ivert of Dn dio. hein Aod maioly toneisd og ont

. Comnenk-0)2 îr common!y Calleo 2ndia-oojed torkai're "

4i on omoured pe shouwing grodahon de/wean auguahe Qnd terneshiu exhemes.

3 Body ií enclend 6y ovoiod corpaee, omd A dUke nlo head, Deck, unk and hl,

C9) Copore o kahuga ir Unigwe aa, Ltl h u neunaV plaen om backwondy dheoo fo Fom neunas plale pires

6) B o foveir, heaod,tall ond limbn con de compk.

-+ely wih rawn ineide conpace

(6) Cmbo om motii nod into hpor buk Ar orrmth A, web beod Claus poeanf

.OdenfibcaHon-Body encloed i'neide ovo/d covpore olh 3 neure plak pinen an oauie ore wehseo ono notmodijed ino iPpert hen te i/ ir a ortoit o"kachugo

tlt,

Head

Foreli mb

Cloaainualisn

lun Chovdata

Sb PAylam UKiubrala

Clara Ayntilia

vdo Chalonla

Gunws Chulsna

Meuh JVeeril run Cooapaua

Spikoa ey Caspuuu

Mecle maginal platea

SAmd mb

2.Hebit &Habitat 1- hebne r a mgnine rephe, if is conivores kunAle u not torkoire,i tomes to lond an/y to lay 99.

. Commenks- () he/one îr commanly called Gpeen t#e "

(o) Body is moe a hon fat, r oruikk inh head neck, runk ond toil,

g) Corpore t iek wih 3 Pek f dona) spirea app -oning tike idont, i it heont shapeo ond nok ovde,

(o) Aorelimb ond hindtirb ge modibied o Arm FliPRer whic hep 0nimal Ar cuaie tiA hon land.

$ Headi tiHe poinky beale tike oppeoring n -o/echng penboanad shield

() Heaod i only pon Halty wihawn nlo npare.

) Fyes Ore wels deuelopeod ond wih nicHoting mem -6rane, ore very lange în ciae,

.9denh thalionShe the Onimal has Rlipar like Jim6a and i-

- donlke pluk copore qpine dorzatly, wi ene eyes o Keale like mouh ond au aboue chanaers hene 1 it m0

-ine Gren tumHe helone "

clASSMAte

Dato:

Pago:

Hemidailplue

D. Hobit Hobilad, Hemidaeky/un om hoclurnal in hosi4,oduing uinkr they bibormak under woode, ocks ar cootts ot watl, their Aeh ape eu adapkd o wat on wall, ond or inseehuorea

. Commens 0) Hemidackyhug ore tomn onty taed "comnan houn taard

6odsi edangntd ant ir diut%k înh heod, heck, hunk Ond tail.

C8) 7he body coverrd uh very mnuk reades

) liaordo o* tioi /ooling wih /acde dark rey pakhio a7 only gry DakAo on Hejr donad sUrbate, while ven-hal 1urpare ii pale yetow and stcley,

6) Fonelimbs and hind imbs Oe wels deuelopeo and o Prouided wih adhesiue ado ahich help aninal ar wau ciimbing.

(6) Ciaards shouw cauda auo/omy and ih egerafon.

Q1. 2deni £eakion :- 4is uery Common and Famillar animad walltng on ualh, sinre the onimas it li2ard ike wlh non-ulsible body Scaten ond foen hauing elawt ao well a adhesive pado is Common/ hou /i2and or "Wemidocylus

kun Ohondala

Sub hudurn venbbrota Aplilin Clasa der &puomata

wWehil ynpenun Plap oPpundog Hoole ontimb Pentagium

Hind imb

Sail

0, Hoi& Huble oco a ordnreas diaad, n salimeo tves on hua.

9. Commevs-q) doro Comonly tultd ying ad"

( ody cuindhical rànd ila and ditisk mko heaod heate Kunk o ai.

Ca) Weao h iongular connil o mau, nahil, eyt, ympenum.

CY Neak pogsen Alap Iila ayppendege.

An are mooisa h mm ex/ennton e kin Aming ing lile cppemege caltead" pentagiun".

() Anelmó a hindtinb nemal, /aune

Ca Jall dong wip Ju wlh gpitce ite stals.

.oentibicaien Anmal 'a diaok dike with wige pento

-gium and long uhip J'ke spike« tall, ond al Hu ubove cha- raou hence "Wroto

Date: Page:

0.Habiya Webik Woko arbonas oepAYe . tuhg on ank and smal tre a insechuoe cnmas.

,Commenb0) Cala/ea o temmonly kneusn aQ Gorden /laod

) Bodu a eongasesl, cytnhal thod te and A d -uieible ino heud tet neck, trunk a ta

SAin a rough, Staly, ohy cojh apiny pryeona,

(u Choraaenioic mid- dortal spineo presan h shgke pihe ouso peanf on undor sundare o neela.

(6)Heao a diung/or conlan nahi/s, mouh, eye ad s/penine exkaney ear no4 Aunpanun

(c Andin6 a hinlimb noma, at fong ond o no bmalcase ie, aitohny absent

( Comoflage pend

2.2denH6icaAon 8ince the anina lmge 1?aard 1ke wih Scaly

Tough dy okin and pikes nn head rgion an weu a hid- dtl row spres and ull A aboue chanaJees, h

Goden iaond "Cado/es _"

Mowh

&xesuna east openm9

Phylun

Jecle

Heod Jn sal gpine rou

Irunle

fodemb

Hindimb.

Hailde Habibak, hamaekon orbrad, inubiuvoea reptt}, manly ive on trees n rocks and Fe ed on nsect

D.Commente 0) chomatleon Aumouo ptle, due to 1 camoglougng a 6ily and ligh hning o exkndable thcky tongue

) Bady o6 chamaeleon it liaoo like , wh whole baiy Couered in seales

) Body usb/e into hean hetk, hunk onc tat.

Cuy Head wide wih two longe eyeo, mouh, nert ond choracbenishe exndent pryeedon cated hood

c6) Eyes ore longe wih eyelidh being a glandu lar lid Aheu allow hem o work indopurny For bho tudu n Vion,

Co) Jongue * projeek/e ane ih Aip * dub shap wih mutou f casth ine Prey,

(z) Dat prthensile, meank for coilngih ronchea .

Mden4gtodion:- A the animal ir tard tike with longe Projeotle

fongus hauing club shaped tip, ond a aboue charas/ent,hore

AA ehomoeleon

D.Hobit Hobitat voronuo ane burowing onimal which Preds on Smal onmas ?ke Muhne),ubil etc. if fr men autue duning night, ir o onivoes ond Semiagumie anima,

9. Comnent_0) Uoronue t comonly CaWed Monitor llaord

() Body is onge ond l2ord ike with severa/ do black 0o weu hike circeo, body i couerd wih eales.

Body ofongakd cand o'uisto hear, neuk, y-nk und fat.

o Head iongulon and Consis/ ob mouh, eyes, nos, a exkrnad eart.

(S) Fovelmb and hinellimbo weU deveoped Ar emie- Ma fe, clauad digih prenn

() 7all lge hick and senve cus nehoua Am Pes, Food

D.Ddenifiendion i Slnce Ae anima) is longe ieord ike wih ci - culor pakhej ond dok au ove ih bdy, e/ongakd unk au Ahe aboue chanac/ern i * "voranus "

Mylum chondala

Subphylum nwlbola

Caa Reptitia d guamata Ganwa uaanus

Ad gongue exteounal eas openina eed mouL

Claud Ssea

Q. Habil Hebikat Q4 r o 6urrouing onimal tives under ocko r /ogs nd Feedo on Smal inventedraea hence Canuoeo.

D. Commenk 0) Gphiosauru» » commonly Cal/e "ghm nake ".

) Body is eongald cY/idhid snake. Iike wih scale ond lighf tpok.

Ca Body ir oulsiak.ino heat, trunk und tall, te Blunt and not po?nky, por/oriom *gion hicken than anenir

(y) Wead Consis/ o4 mouAh, neahilt, eyen ont ump - anum, eye a hiahty redured due bunaaing nadu.

6 imbo om abrent, oloo Cad in Ald mend.

(6) Patl t PRugile and au/okomy and *genreion prene, preend, he/r ob?1iy o auntomy mne deue/opad hun ti2ard.

() Animal* nof nalee 6u4 t 1imblen tiard .

Q.2denAbicaffon - Dhe animal it timblem 1iaard, wih culinokicas body O cloacal appontu» and al aboue chgravau henee it it, 0phiosauus "

Q. Habit & Habitat- Qu e o moine repfe whth Aeedh on smad Ash- e ond ohr seo inuerk 6rales

D.Comments ) Hydoph commonly caled a snaka4

)Boolur e/orgako, lakratty Compemed ort nof cu-indica a Couertd wth rales.

8 Bdy s Cre16le in head, trunk and ta.

(Y) Body is Pigmenkd with dork blockish olive shpes or ighk 6/uish %pes.

(5) Eyes one smau wh ounded Bupit,

C6) Bocty is limbem od modigod Ar ouali life. ti oh e ogonism is 0or ike hel Ash For suinmirg

.2den Ficad#on:- gice the onimai r limblen, lakraluy Platend hel ghiped bosy wih donk pigmonlation ond a aboue cha-atu hente iF » * ydrophr'"

9, Habita Naba ro/u fo tersania/ epte, 2Atbernaks i wwnkr unden ground, i P (onivor ond noekunal.

commenk- 0) oa/us h conmonly coal/ed " RaHte 9nake

Body h dongaked eyindaital srake /ke covermd wit, rabo hauing broun to dork brown ignentahon

3) Boory h ouirible nto heaol, neak, unk a tai

tuyHeac) angul nd con1/nt s nerY, meuh eye wh dnal cUadave couend by head oeaJeo

7wo ercàAVe Pange pnent n moulh, nake ia know to ba h*thly Dornjoua,

6 ongue. 6/21% ond p-ounible,

a) A end o tay 'Are " o misnt fmad due to 9ag mentiard moulting, il Produes ruHig sound udun usrakd,

2.2den4Prabian Shre the onima anales k, wiA raWe af Ap 1e tail and alu aboue Prakns "notauo"

Anciaodon

, Hab Nablla dneshoodon ao territ hial told booded phte ,is nothunna ond cn'uow.

D, Commeto!-to) dhcisbodon h tom monly called " A upU "

) Bodu i elangakd, cylindbitn tnake Iike cavertd wi Scales hauy d/ack and dnk bnown Pignnon.

) ady fa diuni6le into head,nesk Aunk a uM

Head n lorge , engulo wik norhi, eyes, mou4, head ha ange scale cawed head oA/e/da.

(s) mouHh Conuini erekále ange, snatu known o be highly poionious.

( Dou Pl > taperjng and venhed body hauing 1ighk BlgmentaHan han olanal Prban, .

Ldentbirakfon!-Since the onimas h inake Itke, wiy aporing toil iungulorhead, broun blaele pigm1nal/on ond all abawecAanautne , henre n "Ane/sbodon

Phylur- Orerdata

ib phtun Uerlabrala

ClaAA Cunu Wod

Od Spuamala

enha ncad Sralea

orsa ema ?caey

9,esik eod Hablkat Wajo h diunnu Cday time) epHle, iti1 Coldblo oded yenenally tive in hiek vegeladton, îs cornivoms rep4?/e ons Aibernoe in winkn.

,CommenH0) ejo h common'y Cutled "Codoe " a "Mgra

Sody a e/ongaked , cv/indicas, tmblen, smake he, wih brouwnth to golden o whihth pigmenkon Cgehuwo)

3) oody » divfpible ?nto head neck hunk a te,

t Neek g on han hgr-atknshe diaabe oibo, wtes expono to om h obd, he hood is charakois4e naja.

Hood on ih cvna Uijarohas " B'nreUak monk

C Head /anga, tangular t oa cons/ot oo nohi4 eyes, mouh , m cuh heung Auo PoMon Pirge

) Nojo a kaown to 6e hig4ly poisniatus smak.

, Dden ibital?on As He speimen s tange tnake, roventd w' rownnh scalen und hood huing bin o cetlak mark dooratly od al boue eheratren ,h enre f h " Naja

(H)C/8s :4veo

9. Hebit Hebiles Bubo o o noeburnal brd roriding on weots and rotkiy locea. it o coniur ond keds on amatl inteh, ver/ebrak. alo bimoh ono mall mommal o, iH remajng Aidden oning day.

9.Cormente n Budo a commonly known ag "Greaf homed ou

) 94 o Jarge, buety on'mal with &ht o 6roun odwh'k mohHedPeathot.

B Head /omge wi% Auo coneps uoua eor-uth orhoro wih hwo lange Gulden- orang eY,

( Reak ghnd,horp and Cnved adypld Par teoring pierting

5 Cegr o Aully Featheed onlike mot of Ave.

C6 CWewe toes prerent, uhith art adop/ed far grebbing Pray dning eia hunking.

. den &i£rabion 9he given fujmen lange Ralhetd, busay

bi'rd wih 9hnd beak and tomprured head Aaung wo lona eyes ond all úboue chanraset hanw A "Aub'

-Phylun, horabta

Sub phylum Vedebrod a Clane wder Stralborms

Bubo Ganua

Norh

8haup cwwed beale

Neclc Bnrast wing

Bdnen

dleothea

elauwed eea

Date:

Page:

pum,

2. Habit Heia Din o/piumR diunna 6ind, Diering on book of te ond thunda Brth ned, i/ ao inte/iowru) Aeds on gmau invuh samh a onte, 6eetloo, termid ek,

G 4i q mal dind wih choracterishe, /orge po/nkd Geak 0^ant - 80/den o 6/aek - whik CombinaAion colourt.

8 Head kao dmras Dointy cown red Crimton in mako.

oy Aead tonitf ot eyea, beok, noabil, em openinge.

Beak a very log,Doinky and adophd For piencin9 throug wood oaelas.

CC oos cwith olaug , legc orc RaHen.

.2dendiFieabion he giuen 9pecimen a mal ind wiH krg

Poinky telppooing deak ond head haung dMal erown (nimson ed ond hoody 6/ate d whie Conmáinahon4 au aboue chora-

- ckem kehte a" Binopiu "

9. Habk & Habi at ! povsser Commente on mon, t}uing in human ha-6ah du?ldihg * nen} in shadto od houny on ony uegeaton in huuo, Feeds on ipening rop oed, ceralt ond (op damasing ihrcak.

D. Comment-cn o9en commonty culled "Houe ghonoo"

1 s o tmall 6ind, wi uok body eovesnd in feahn ecep agt.

(3 Jerual dimnph/em s very usel! nnnked, 4he male hoo 6lace onea on i* troad while Ama/e 0ah »hit

Wead beaus Amal! eye, heahil, openioge ond ehnt c0 n/cas beoh.

eae a adupAd seed eeding4.

(y pospen thousn human commenoa/om, an # eeds on Cop nhoying i^peek and Cead vecaying inced f 4 tiamtds,

2.den iSieakionpoere it Common houshold aves, eaity idenkA:

- able ky hunan, #he giuen pesimen h smal 6ind wlH ghord beale nd 3/aue morking on ih throa/ a oul aboue chanuckues henee H

Potre "Hou axo

dbdmun

d4g with clauued dee

PMyum - Chodata

8eb phylum- wdubrata

clasA due amily 4uidinidas

Guru dledo Head

0.Habi Hebia Aleedo a o diunn al bird, / oo hobi o% diggng burroos in cwaer body donka, termh mo und, onobpuridtie hun dor monily Pe edh on Aihen thak , n«br ok.

. Comnenk! 0) ANeedo n Commonly ealled "Aingaher"

9 o smat 6ad, with abnnmally looge head Han hody, wih 8e , ange yeuow towhik comáinak'on plunage.

(B Dhe head a /mp with promihent ont ehanaskerikaly ong, tupiny beak eyen, norhil, eon epniy pe

t1 Beak h long, tepering a daphed b aguuake hun-Hng o Pmall thes ond o Me aguate gonismA,

Cauad feen prennf, fealhor in lege abrenk, legr a ea4Auly do/ounad.

osfen-ia o voraciouo gamnivk, # p ends mot h Ame Pornhing on weod bronck, r ekthic inea, waiing

PrUnrnpiu ous prey,

. dentPcabion ! Dhe given gpeuim en gmal 6ind wi c -atiueyorpe beadpoinhd beals ont due - onange Combinaon glonaf and all aboue chataeloe), hentre *Alcedo"

9. Habit- Psittuuda it aubueal '6ind genexalty lues in hallous drunkohe bird * kneun Ar il destruch've Crop nakua w tr Aruil, ik Povd chisely tonib Pruh and Crop seedh.

. Commenk -t Paikacuda Po eomm en (y catled pean

Aody uuedynamit bird ike, couened wih Aalhe mer peuis hauing 9rn pumage.

9he 6eee a red, hooked,lauga adaphed f Prut pening & Aeedina.

ead a lug whn compaed fo body pro perAton, i censA h oeale, noA¥ eye, eas epenigi.

o Aee au' Couendwih Feadhay and hant oda- pAed far ombth one Aolding 4 arnping kots ceuwd

(0 249 Cammon pe4 - Cage bnd 4 han eb/ly o orpa

Few cwands whey taugh 4 Kained,

denkiFicakon !- 9he gheen geumen h bid Je, Caeued uh gr

Murnag ond ohawachuA¢ lauge ed celoued hoot I*e beate ond

al the ahave ehauarns h tnee ¥ t? "AVouuda

. Was- L * a Janden bid, genexolly seen on d heavad in monpo onshand deedo on banyon ond A Seeda and sone smat intes, gerevally ays ie eg 9 on net o Cowt and throwt ruponti'bily on hem

2. ommen-) evdyoma a Commanty Catead "udynon -koes"

)Body » awwocyn amit,8rd I coveud ws B/etls o ak.th plum ap4

GWead Conain oed oIHhe 4 ChaxaetyhjHt eyes,nea - beak ond ea openrg.

Serya dimnphiam prnt wih mak being cak ed fo 6laete onol Amale dnow wih wt 9pok.

6) Aeat hh Hp poineod odoypkd fr Pru ad ueaeo, mpening on eahhg r Rtding on if

(4) To PeaMox m Chanaclunheatly vey long.

ty he 67rd hon dabhek vound and h eonly eeagnaalk due to beauhkll kukoo-kukoo Song

,Dden ralian Dhe given speenen a targa Aue, uith redeye black pinled 6eak ond veny long ali phunage ond au tha houe chauastowo heneP eudynama ".

9. Habi' Ckis o 8nals mammol generally oun in gramod woe-don, ? 1 know to be Coproohagoup polygamou

D. Commenk!-Ci) oyelo/aqu Comm on/y known a "Ao66ie ".

) Body s coueond with fur, whith may be whik, 8/ock rown Iome com6inafon

(3) odhy is diuisi6/e inko head neck, thorax, abdomen Shot 6ushy 67,

( Hino limbs 0* Shonger /onger than fire/imbo which help onimal to leoping mouement

(5) Areimbr a* moired burro wing,

C6) kot o (ory & hghly sensiive wih exkema audikry mealu, a wetu ay exkoral en Dinnae.

.Idendi £icabionhe given specimen is giont oden ike wih body

Cemslekly Couentd with uhik fr 4 ong v anc all the chnaces, (aboue ) Aene il is "_0aych/agus"

Hind 3all da? Limb

2, Habit Rhinponma is rop/d, ferneshias ond nockumal onima, ge enally Foun d in gost/and d Semi densed- arca

D. Commenk ) Ahinopomg oe Commony caue d " Moure -foiled baks "

cay his 6ak faue black - grty onal sides o ale un-dertide, 6ody is Auy

(3 Body s duisióle inko head, necte thorox, a6domen long tuil.

(4 forelimbr om m od'freod for Aigh wih l'on9 6ons ghong muscleo ond smkehed uroble skin For highi.

6) RhingPorm de notnnal nsechiuorus and eeds on mau inceet, bee Hes, tirqud mo he o.

G Rhinopoma us0 ato-/ocation dechnigue Sor ihno-uighion during nighi.

.9oenhilicakion-_he giuen speeimen is raf ike u wih very obok dorras sursore hauy modilitd oelimt inp win9 Fr Pigh; ond aul the above characos hen ce i i Rhinopomo

0. abit.Surombuluo fa a asubonas mammal olast rurme, IE Feth on his seedo ond nuk and buildo h nead in teus vsng leaes & twig1.

D. Commenke Sronéuwuo commony caved "3quimel "

) Body a/angaded a couo uim goA- euhile to rey*h An

Cs Body o diuiaate into hrord-neck unk a kot.

) Vead Concis oh eye, mauh nnhil. sensow uhbrl:s ae, eon &pinnae on /ong and la»ge.

) Fo a long & 6uthy.

forelimbo ond hindlimbo wih olauwed digik ae odapk4d for Fonl unning.

( Oota/ surjare an chonackerishe shipes.

1.2deniAraion 9he giuen goecimen io "kodons " wlh lang durhu tail, while -Greyith Aur nd choweter >4i dorsal shipes au he aboun chorr otkx1 honre "Junomdutus _"

hylurn chorcatau

Suub-phytun vlkrala

Claaa Mammali

Ovdi Ouritherhychridbe

Ganua unithordyauhuua

9. Wait # is a su6-ouaAie animal bikh hues in burrows nean riuer donk or pondt, 24 i o cnivore eedh on small crtforeor ,Frhs, am ek.

. Commens1 G) nihorhynohus coony atied "oduk.61! plakyauo"

Body is /ange, couend with nof/ oloukbrown An, fon it a caued heauy coad

() Aodhy odiuabe into od, unk ail, neek abrend.

Heod Consied ol eyey wih nickfaking memdrane, Aumpa -num, Doobil, mou/h.

(6) Deeth on modified fo Arm beak couen d wih sensi - U skn

() 9ail oenouenhelty P/atkneod, aeohd Ar ceudnmina.

) mak hao honv qpur conneekd h venam ord, * n Ued f prolecpron .

,2denilicalion;. ho ghen speeimen ta large monmal w bodu coue

-ved in An bul has beok inpkod o mouth ono webbed t/awt a alU

he aboue charackoun henee i " Ornikhorhynchun".

FRAcCTTCAL dtouatiuo to Oiaouctien.i Soliden exanial HOus

ClASSMAte

|Date:

dure Pr disseckion _ake a preresved Pish a Follow llowing protcdie

Riat make o longitudnas incition om peckora An m-| ion upo snout in venhras surhore

) oregur'y remove lop o skin du giuing o hanuerre

Cul a 'w) ok pecAoral Pins,

3 Now remove he Crani) roo in onder o expore he oronia nowes a hote hem Am heir omgln to inervelion, y Pheir on lo po* o cronial noues in oldon, buh

-honally wve efody onhy , r, a ? * Craniad nowes Cexpord Prom gh Cide o Craniay eg/on ).

o 8kudy 9, 1, a& expr Crahiy heryes

A. h CIigermino/ Cranias rerve) -_94 * lorge mived

newe aslng Arom "moedulla oblongaka ", Dh Cronial nerve has 4 brocheo!

9Phalamiuus 9Uperfocialie prronminen t neve , Tuns along wih Dih C£acial oue) ; Da n cranas orue togethun une along uppon brro'on ofP ord,

,-Maxitlois: h-max?l/aNir TUnt in maxit/axy region

Cupper jouo) hao huo bronches morillait inger/on "uheh cove

#e portior pand o uyspor gia; 4 "mxinavi* superior" which * oue he Yoo o mbi#,

Man diby laris OM-mondlib s/anis runs alory louwer

border oP orbik,

T77- Palasine Aud iley

Glosso phanyngeal Buceolis-T pathcic -1Y vo

Brain

oothaleme -ocia Superjociolis

- Lotealis (uagu)

- Branchialis (R

I-ol focoy -Visealis

C-Tigeminad)

Tmeviloy

S-mand1bulan

- Hyomondibulon

Poss-Tacoie Gill slits

Pre emabe

Bonial Neaueg :Slidon

S.No. Name Gigin Natuxe Ineuation

i. olfackoy Nerve -lium of Nose.

oigimkee from olFocen Sensoy Prouide nemue lo epihe. Lobe

oniginales from epkc thalomue

Gptic Nemve Sensoy Prou'ide nenveo to Reina

3. Ocuomokor Nenve

From venhal surjaee of mokor mid-brain

4. Patheie Newe of mid-broin

From doso-(akal side moto

5. Tigemina

t0opthalomiup proRundus

6) ophalamius suponfocialis

c) Maxillait supenior

Cd maxitlaui's inFeior

Mandibuanis

6. Abdueens Nenve

From meduWa oblogoa Mixed

Prouide nenue to eye murcle i:e. reckus& obfique.

Pruide nenve to sup-enmior oblique mustle oF eye

noout

Snout

upper Jau upp ip

Jaw muscles

From medutl a oblongjala moko eyemuscle

.Focial Nenve- Sensory

0) optholomiuuo supenfaialis

b) Ramup bucratis

CC) Ramua hyomondibulonds

d Ramuo palakinua

8.

Auditoy Neue From medusa oblangala Sensory

9 Glossophonyngeal

(o) pre. remaHc

Cb po-tremaic

10. vaguo Neue

Bronchiatis

cb LaeraliA

From medulla oblangaa mo

From medulta oblongada moko

Snout Inra-orbital Cbucal) Laeral-Line ongan -Palake CRoofofbra)

Tntemal Er

mucous memb. ofgill ship mutoun mma. of phoyra.

Catera Gnen

C) uiseeralis uisterad organa

'1/, ®{Jffio/~mUJ:J f»<JNJ"'~ :- PQtJr ~ a./"1! lnrw>- &U'>lflCt! o/:' e.t/P rod<ef

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f} M _ rno,u'/loxlr CrP nd 6'ttlnch ob" ~Ht - ~,9t,r,,',,Q./ cron/al nn-u/ )

~ - ~omM 1JvorntJnd//Ju./<l}(1S ' .- ~Ut'I!' ;,, loWM ~o o~,

J/. ~M ./irwJ.. 6r:-r-<1n (!/)t/l j'.' tnar,d/6wOl>it (Jtlt!A'M.V., ..J ru/J/)11./ /.o ou.t.vt-- mard/.

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c..lA-SS MA-t.e..

I Date : I Page :

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a! p()'t/.,'or, in befl" etfe CJhd ,,1- 9ltt cle~ u~kJ Me ml</ durto.J l ,"ne . l;~mwe

Me mend~ eem1>-~kty so lo ; Q~ -Me (JJ.Jf/,~ ca,.,AAI.I~ .

fthe 01J.d~ ¥W• MotUa 1-kl!J~ "8,m,' -choo.letJ<.

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wltJ, I-Iv.. ?it~ '1]-

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On~eku~•" ./1,'9 f!o,,rxJf ~ ' 80 /.o ~XI~ f!/.A e,, /J(JJ'fe ea-- ,°'J,l-~a/ e_(IJ.( , wAYJ

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(3)30('~ : - tlr?/'hw /J(J)(/ "6 l'n01°t'J &or/.J; ('tJe;,//6ule)

r--tJ (a9em ' - tJU/6'>-owM o/) .racUJl'-vQ .

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C,) f)tJrkvJ M<:lol(!m/Jhah~ : - O'ud- M,'r111 ~row, f>(Ja.JJ/1.,(,d

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-J '' rJI d'), /a.. o'I 1-oJ 9 em, rI~ (V(_ can <tJ ''.

Date:

Page:

ScolideniAHent dbeis

Prrocedue fo d'ssechon

Pr exporing heond ond apfmt brenaha ntres in he proen cu through he euloral gidte om moue ih middde poron, take cor 4o Dod inje he hepr ong gen Ay emoue he poritardium,

APPennt Branehial Arhr's

Ohe heo/ in 9colon io muA culan tube hauing y chomber. namely "ginuo uen o Sue, auwtle, venkrcle Conuo oteiosus ?

he ConA onturoua Cankinuw Aruond whih give to 9

-AFArent Anenthial artroe, ven hetty

he venhes anofa Funt uph brwer phorynx, whonit 6'

Aure aAa h Am two inmaminak orticg , ?he 2" -8ronchial orhy igi

k Aom this inn omin ak omea

9he Dd, , Dh-Ba enehi anhy dinty oiginak

Srom venhel h qt eguw cisanet, pn-ouiding bkod sypply to gin Pai,

Branche of anola

Iépinonkhin Aakeny

T-Epiborchia Ardeny

-Epibronchia Anfeny

&pibronchal

Sub-clauin ntny

Dortol Anoa

EFfount Branchial r

Cill clegt

Spinaula atey

>T- EFFontbronchiod antey

>I-EFrunt bronchiol akny

-Pfntnt bron thiad avny

-econ brorehie ankoy

2FFunl bronchiad onkay

- eFFenal bronhial anky

->D1- FFRken! brenchinl ardeny

>T¬un* bonchiat onky

Tnominsh ankuy

T AFferent Bronchic dhty

T- ACfenent Branthial dhny ITATTTTTT

Giu cluet

-funt Bnon chial ty

>- AFfoaunt Branchial drkay

FRunt Bronchiod Jrtny

Awum

Sinu- vengua ventricl

Procedune Rr dis eckion-

Fon fleent &ronchial orhie Ciereas fte Fith fom oeb o phovynx, Mer ae 9 ePfurnt boanchial otrw onginakirg fon do -sal anoe V Arming loops, ohile ninh ane it ing/e.

Nine eFevent Branchia Aie

hei- ar 9 effortn& Bronchic am he "/38 Forms loop white " Nin h is singk" hi* orhrea m inkrtonnecded.wim eoth ater in gin clebt gion hrough longikudnal vemes,

he 9-2, 2-, D-, D¬EAnkorhres Armt loop

over gila, uh/'le nh one hag only canneckon tArough /ongikana/ vomel, thu /oopt Aon join ogelhonr in "domaaro e"

he loopr AunHer oninues o Arm epióranchial otris

I f , A,.,,{M>,.OK~~ -

A-. ?.<;. #,r'r'{jud!J_ r,«J l,o,d dJ- ~,'rr>t,u .'-

Jt CP rrm~ .' - · c/, ?~ fj/11M Bl,'le :d ?. 9. &rroMMi/4,nq ~rn-r~l'>j M~fi IJiJ

(1)-d/ hoac/,

c,ij ?he a@Ct/rm ,-a ~/,/1,1 1rt'a118ul(JJ( (!)- f!51Jai ,',, "°A o/t wlH,mou/.h 6~e/l/fJ8 M~ /1,khn<! l,'p:i ,6~l1J d~ 'cl- ~d)')

cilij ?he ~G/4:m ~ndt/ ~tni waJJ. mo.Jle co- '' CJ.1/-t'd t '~

&l ·~'rlet>frJ~ c.tll 6.i l°/Jl'IUt wd.lJ "Con~/..,'ue -/.litveo

c.,p,x ,•o a.11~/J~ l:iy o'rJrf'ol ,Nn r,-tJ.1./

('I} '1'~ laitMJ UJo.1..h (J.J<J. ~vrr-/.At/r ;/.,u,11,f/lec/ ~m~ .

(JJi) 91,~ t,~ cm/ CJJ.n /ye ~M , /yt'1J ~Ml- oJoue n~l,a-r/.

(Ill~) f)~ ('MW CA.uil-y 1J l@M rurrou11~Qd ~1/ ~,•11 6~ Mt".r C.t:uJ,'J.v /s tc,J..h. i '1 ~kmctolruurn o,,- ltfY>h'6ule '!

(llit 't'J w:M,~ Me ,9/4,,,~ dat!i..utn rn p~;~ ~Qfo,, 1'6urro/ ei . ,, ·a. ~Ii ft')/ aJ<1 U1 I e_

(,.K) lymph '1~t,('~ cw. cfe.ou.ly v/r/6/e. ci/- Plf>-hM'rr- tr~1°on i/'J iV>n a) Ol i..va.Lva .

> CJ.;Jv).,_, > Ql-tdw-ni..61.

c.. lA-SS M A-t.e

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(i,"J 'The bodv uxttt /.e, o/Ji<l~mic , rul./cle · 4- mun/,- Ia y t/'r (.no -v',J, f>rrol~r_l,or, -,b iNv>/;,.,fJ.l r,-~lo')

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·Ji '

e./)1 ~ •If, cv;, rt.~p tor,r,'r./ (Jo o u/.vtmn-J l'rl:,j/M fJ•ttJ./ul1~J ou.J ol, 'J,,-

-~9utr,MJ CfJU.,/ (Jr./. ,, ' ' II -Ille '''lr,nth /)ulp " orri ./.r,'a,.!J- I , . .r-!J ,n tt. ,

I

-,ulqrr ''&tlo../ , (Jlci 4, ' . ' /Y'K~-ml- In c/eM,,(J../~/io11,

~ta.le (!a.JJ~(/ '' bfft.mo.J /JO/Jill at. •~

,/-/true ~Wed '' f/w,/.(,rr, ~f}onotorum '~ Ond lowttr Co,r,poe/11/

I

e,, 'i' 9 pen. r;n9 #n-otf11, in I MN,,~ on d ./~1-/r of rtoHclon ·: -

c.omrntnk : - (iJ rt,,~ . ~O!ri1J l!Ytw9fi 1 11)~HI)(! 6'howr 6r:dv UJdJJ l(!JJ/~, StJna.J

a!x:rt-<-1, nokd-,o?T1 1 kidneJ.1,,JonQ<b; ond ~~toll va.ltn of ?n~J..,',, ~

di) 7'M 6orh/ w(JJJ Cont/~! (JI;- tJ/•t(J/d «olM1 o'~m ir, f!/J!<rtMr/1 Ond murculoJ.u">-~ ,·

ci,ij mu~wl0.h /CtJlf/r rMtls! o0 m11olcmw Qrr-ron,,J al!nno.lly

I C:Jn<I f'e/'<1/r~k. <I 6</ in 'Io ro mrnak .

• I . . 4 (ic.JJ Sp,nf!I/J cn<nl on:J MMJ~ clund rJ?'t. /.J?'tMl'lf ,,, rned,on a.x,r, f:'o llo~rl !J t/ rlo ">'1' al cn-o ./-e .

l' tuoff votu, '! ·

- ) c~J!?lrt!U.h dt0.. .0f!<'.,oJ f»Jer,.RJ51.).D 'WV f)

/ , <:. !YYJmo..le fYlldcrb:mu.

/ > 01),·,,oJ c.h.srd., rv e>u.u cf, <JYd - > 'L,.Jk~ a.,Joneo.J.,Q 'IJ.JU,.,..,

- -> C'ID<.d.i._aj_ rz,ce;ry - :) &p'noJ ----- ) - Svr,;nle v(Y)ic/,u) - ~ > &.rou val.ut!. > vein

-----;. vmfraj c.lJ.J-on.«w:i, 'l-01)

~~:&Qlids,t :1•S·d~Flutl-tt ----

:, N i.son glor,d

_ , ,§~f(lfum CQ"!rT'eu ,n

> ffc,KJ,.., a~ir,aJ.rvul'r)

' MuU1U);) 81o,..,.J

> Lip;J ,;: poceo

> ~00d i u.bc.u)anewQ ~,.,..,,...., !' inuo ------, mu.,cu.J OJc. l°tJVY

-

'3 Hl~toa ic o.J s lide,, • rJroJ (' .Jlrnph i bla) .'-

,A. V, <J, of ~l<;n C'Jn./,t9umenJ.) oF '1rog : -

C..I ASS/\l'tA-t. ~

Date : Page :

Ct>~n, en k ! - d / tJ, ~ e6 ekin 06 rJ.ro 9 sh~ -l<uo r/ir/.lMJ f'~ionr r' ~ OLJ.H./r ep-

- hlMmt'r one! it,11 ett cMrm :r .

c;,j '1h, ep,·/e,,,m/r conrtr/ ol' · ou~tA-tnfn-1- I C1.J! e/t' ca..JJ e d ' 1ilr-

- Cl..~rr, Ct,"'rf) Wm · ',' f'ollo~d 6 I/ d/t/.,llt! la.Ven Or COt, /./1'/U.-

- 011 ,I~ c{;ur'cfinJ' rolu,r, nevr N.J.Jt ri,..U,cl "f 1-ri!Jk.J,r, {J~in~Jlvum ' 4 ,

ct'ri'J r,-1,f ~IJ','d~Jr an cl r,/G!.'rm/J aftf. fPfJt/'rtJ.4d 6 'I l~Vr

,, t,001111 ~M r,,~11,·6~11e '.' _ :

(itJJ (Jh~ d'-Mflit oonu'rl- a~ U/)/Jfh /oog/y arro~f:I UJ~/,'vf!

Nrru e ..<i.J.J~ d '' 'Jlrl,/..um .S.!Jonr7. / orum': e,nd loCDVt- NY1'1/»-

- ~#y d.rNlt:iJt rl Co1J11@~-h u~ -1./uue t'AJJul u elrfl/.<1111 CDl'l'(J()r1-i

-vum '!

(vJ f'/'J,~;,.,. (ltt r-ov~I qla11d v,ri&I" ;,., <'lenm/r ~J,'or,, ,M/t(JI',,( rnvt tJW 8_/d/ld r,r,r/ /)oitot, qi o/'lh ( r rr,e,..JJtt) ,

(ViJ 7°/)Q rletrmir O.lto r-{!)flki1nr blood ut.melr, f)<Y),VV,, l'flwu.t.1-

-~ p/!:tw:J eh.

~,'i) ,~ ~(Xlth'vum,•r ftJ.lJ.oLJ.>(r/ 61.1 louA/'>-rnf/r/- l~t/r

C4J,l~d " ~u6- cu 1-e,,.,~ ot.11'.J lvrnp J, c;,.,U/) ':

B

?s o~ t!H,a">-1..f or lro9 :•

C.0n,rr)f'f'lk : - ci J ?. C. of r!Worv o/' Pro9 Jhowr ('J roe (,k~ r~ln CMl4in i r&

twtrM OIJtJ i n o'i l'/'U41)/ f1~9M Cl~ dw,lop1r,e1,I,

( i, j '!M o~"rl/ rae t 011r. /r/. d6 Ou.ft/';IY'to,-/- la~ C(}J.)J~d "?he- o "IY"rnt:1 '' di in11v.- lt!f.lJe/r" Ca.JJ~d 11 ?h~ro /n./-tnno '~

(iiiJ 7he. I~ oho fMH:li" · ,, O,~i,,o.J tJ,Oil-Ael/um •:

(;VJ?~ e,u~ dw~lop from JeMn in tl/ epi M el/urn ol'd (leu- e.lopr ;,, /cJ/11Pb o& (J. IJ 11 ry HU. , r, J./11 con11 f'rJ.~ k waJJ

ltt1/ #,"rf) Uil, C.MM.t/../ 1:1@ /.lrrue ,

(u) ('J >, , rte u v o/J/"3 o u,r,r ;r/ i16- yolk !)'taro.lt/J , cqkf;/tv,rn

and nu rl u.i.ta ,

c.v,J o/1,v.- ~h,.uc~ ~-uu, Q4 .6/o~ ueme.n Ond rJo II ; tu/M--

o.w, ore /'o c,r,'ct i f') t.U OJ.J ,~ '{Yl- .

C, T, S. POHini, #n-a~9_h i/-6rr,oc)) ' -

-)r <!.,om,.,.,enf! '. - ch rr.s. of ekmQUi of Prog rhowr ; tJt.Jlvt,r,:n/. l~tA-- ctJ.J.J-d

11 S'erocCJ " o ?- f>t/>; 1-fJ ,, eum .

<ii) Th<! tera:c, is -Allf-,wflt{ b 'I · -lw o rr, 11 sQI.,,- t cu,~ ; • (9 • Ourt/'r' t , lo n<J i ktd,..oJ murc.lt! lt!Uf tYr " and inr,elY" \• c i 'rC..U.lrvrrn u rO~ lo.J./tft '!

(ii,'J rr~" 04.~ f o·n~)kJclnoJ mu~de fOJ./ fvr- COfldf ./ 0 h lof8ikd~ mucc/(9 A ' /jrw:, Co.JJtd lon911-..Adna.J ·un·aM~d A'lrM (i!lvolur,hry J.

ci1.1J 7»t inneh cl~uJavr murde lru/V'r u,n~isl- O P C hc.,uJ(tlr Mu-

-tc Je lrJy.err 0/)- A'/rrtQid.Jro ·-in'volun+ory,

tv1' f'fht lwo rr,u~tlt f~e.rJ tor,h-et+ <l..f+th110..-1-Jy push ,'r,g fooJ

-#,-'W)49 dl9tA-liv~ ~ · vi~. pett-lih,Js,i

(1.Jif1ht musu,.:J cv,- IQ..1.../ert are. kl llo~ d bl./ u gub - f'f'llH.Ot a ,,

(OJ./e/r w>i,'u.. COMt'ri 0,,.. a~o-ftVr tJJt1/'l,~Hve HtW~41 blooc(lJtll?tV.,,

(vi, Soo-rnutoteJ../ t•<J.fltl' f-, ·PoUoUJtd 69 rnutw.fcv>-ls rr,<JCrn-6 wl,icl, afro corui r,I.. or: ron9i~dnoJ and ch..-cuJCJ;?- mu~cl~ t:',' b'>t/J.

c_u;i) rnusw/otrlr mu~o t'a f, AJlfowPd bv inM/r"'°" t lfV./ th of "'IY'I-uto~o '! whic.h ,•s #Irr-or, ;lll-o /:olrk,.

~i,ij r,-1,~ /'r)IJ{O(O toM,'sl or: :- pep~il\ ret.'>'tH"!) ct2t/f"fl09t" (U,,h '!

1-u, ~nrtl-i11~ "Oitt111l-l't ce.tu II Ot muroUIJ r~ueH".J ' 1mutou..,

t e..t.Y.> ''. MWWM co I um nt:th end od ~o,..J r e.u,., .

D. TS.Passing tmou9h kidney oF Amphibion

Commens - d) he kidney of amphibionr (Fog 1 are "opishonephous"

i. adul4 kidrey diCFer Fom embnyanic kidney.

ci .9. of kidney shouws, Jephroslomeo, urini£ferous ubule, cCo/leing duet a malphigian boduy"

iy kidney is somewhat beon Shaywd aN prokekd by oubr

toyerob urceal poitonmum

ciu) Nephrosomes arr Funnel tike shuthe uhith tommui

-cak b with body wel om and veins

tu) he malphig) an body consist oga cup shaped Shuurt cauled Bowmant capsule " surround thu£

ob blood Uene caltd, "glo meuluwn "

uiy he Filterak o malphigian is colleded in a Common dutt caled " colleing duct"

i Collecting dutt /ater pen inko "urer"

Sh-o.ru.rri rrirJ,l_phi~

> .QeMnc,J pop,J}.Pµ_

> 1.;u 1'<, (' ill4

- - > $b'rffl.to t..onn~~ tlwa.. - - -) fiillDi ~f\~

c../A-SSMA-t.e

Date : PagA : I I I I

-<J . H 1°Jfo/og 1'rn.J 21 ,'d~~ '. u,_arrd C fJ.~p/-;/ i <l ) - -A. v. s. of: s>kin of:' <.harwJ · -

Qo~rnenfs : - ct, v .s. ot sk,'n of:' (iQQtrd shoW' (!).I.J/fA- e.p;cf~ii o., 3nn&>- d&?m ir .

ciiJ epidf!/11nls c.t,r, feiru ho'Wly /J ,. d ehm CAJ rca/(Y;) ch. r (ljj.. 1-u~

t!J '""-f)l-,'f ,'o..n i fl k.9urr,Q.ll ./- ,

c]i1) 'jurl bVow #'le. ~Ct!JVJ t ,'VJ Hi e OUM~ fc,J/M Ofy e.pi-de.r,-rn i.s cO.lhd '' S Ira.I.um co 'l-1)~ vn, '!

dv1 The Qp'tdeMri is cif Nt end ttJ,, 1-e,.; " r UM/-,'n u,n~ c/,vidirtJ . <'ill ra..ye/2- c.a.J..led · ,,8~klm 8Vrmi~iuoJ---,'uur, " .

ty J ~tt.m, a,vrmi11iuo../1'vu~ it 6 ,flowt.d b <.f 6M/11 f fl../ /"'r,en'\ b •

,_ frCt" e ,.iJl'lr'Ul rn arr-1-v, ..J.Ji e b~ot1~ GJU--UJ~ e_ fJ 1d eA-f1l is 0t ~Jr>i$,

(ll i1 9he. '?>flW)')iS h lo werr , /Jf!IM-- ut,- 'Jnk8utrt!llf, tJJh1'c.h ,'s

fl OJ- U e.,-l/ IJ.>U.l d fled · i " f-e._p /-i h'a M •

(1Ji1'JTn~ e.JM-m1'c c.C1t1r1's.J- · ot, Io f!Yl,{ , u, ,;.,11u.J..,'ut .J-ltru~, bloo- d UeMtl? I neh\J@ 0,. rr. tJ SC.It. t,' b'><I.> e~. I '\

8, T.9. houg ouory of Garden U2or-d

Commens!- i he given is o elide of ?s. oA ripe ouory Gorden vard or Corerke,

Ci The ouary is irryu/or shaped ond couere 6y ouermnt ayer o " peitoepihe ium

i' The peikoepith elium 1 also germinakve in nakn ond hence 1 Form he "Geminoy epihheliun"

i The geminal epithelium it alho cen kinudy diuktlhng to tovm ou

(u 2nHaully primany 0otuk i Dormed whih undergo shageg oPdeuvepm tnt fAmin9 secondory han tertiany oocyte.

i) The tetioy ooyk makurs to Anm ror Don Aiele ui Dhe grab bion Ao #i'ele maks inko ipen ovary whitk releanes ova 6y bu-sling neur ouiduc.

-> Suminiterouy tubule qeninial epithitiun

> speuma

1onta TS Sstio

c.9.S. of Tnks o£ U'aod

Comments ci he ?.S. o tenhs oP v*ard shows severa/ cut sechions of Seminiferous kubue"

i Phe tubules on held togeher by intertusulor conneciue rsue

o) 9hit interhubular Conn ecue itue ako con4ain ceuk col ed Interishal celn" rezpanti6h r seronobry Sexual ehorater by secoehon o6 male homone.

oyy Phe seminilen aus Aub we coneis o6 Joninas epiMelium whkh itorpons/ble krspenm produehbn.

(u The 9erminal opiMeli' fors he primany speamocyk hich makut to nn eeon dary spermaloute which han Arm tpmahds.

ghe oormuhda maturto to Am tpenm in he /umen ob Aeminiferoue kubule,

5. Hiskologiral ghdes 'Aves CBird)

A. V.S. oPskin of Bird

Commenh- ) v.9. of skin ob biepon shous two moin layer he epiermi*

Ond inner denmis,

i Phe epidemis hao ouormer layer ralled keather gvm " followed 6y /oyor o Cornibied cetlh caded "8hakum Co -neum

Ci Dhe 9hekum coneum is Aollourd dy oibAincl /eyen og& Column and eonnuounty diurdiny ceuo ealed he "Shakumgrminiuauum *

he odermit ond epr dermis art eporakd sy layer baeak4

He 9halum Geminiaivum catted Mu benenant membrane cuy Phe inner layer og ndegunent or oormit s diunible into upper ayer contishing of oote comecljue Asue or "ghakm pangiotum ?

v Phe lowor pond b dermit toneitt ab Conpoetly orranfe d Connes ue Asrue on celain fal lobuts caled He heum comp eucbivum "

(Uri) ?he demis also Contain blood vesrell, nenie i5 mucle Dibr ee.

Pimordum of demad papillos

teshn ppttoe

Teahr gm

Srelum CovneUm Stotum malphigf Teohersowve Geathex Foic

vestica malphiion

Seuno pulp

- Shofum corneun

Sowiele

sraum molphg

Sexnol pulP

8/oad veme

eunia

A.

D.

&. Developmend f Con tour &dewn Aaher in pigeon

Comment

ci Oeueopmen t of eakhor nkork with ormokion Primoridium rajtuion " casled pim ondium of derm a papillae

i The cels og epidermit Hhon a9g*griole to fom lealher popitloe, he b on ob hir feoher popitloe tin ke o form he Feaher £ollitle

ciy from the kalher o/hicle,eabhr grm ores

ciu) 9he bone o e Poahor allie the in shakun jemin ahvon whith hoough tewoo ob diuiion d'lenbiobes o form bansr

he feaher germ than growt o Arm rangpertn sheah onin aking from skakum germinaivum uhith enetoten gro -wing ealher

Ciy 9hn Sheath potun cenhal tosd cone Formirg pulp whith it nuhikoe in Anchon.

(uil) At he AnMer dovelopmen otu Ae tronspann Meafh s pealed og Ond 6anbes emerges with emengeno eAaher,

C.S. oPcrop o Gizord & Proven icuwu

Commens i 9hecrop opent ino oetophagua which /eats ko prouenhiuluo di Ohe secion shous hol prouenhduuo thon opens ino giaand Mrough ondior oponin. cin') ?he proueniculup Conains htk mutowo glods whith tu he . . « gieond phow 4btk murtulor layer Asllound by homey tining gia20rd ond lumen o gi2aod, he Hony tining ton tains phrre eh tones whith helo in ginding urd ohuning 6 6od.

(u 9he muculor layor ob g*2end conlainr bols cieulor and tongikrehad mugele Aibeo.

Bd VLS.Poenbiudue

DeADphogLa

Proveni culua

uodnum

> Casdiae openin

Smea

Heny Jining zaad

>Muslau uwall a6 hand

umen ianoud

Pylevk opering

c. Hiselog/ea/ 9/ides : Mamm aio

A.U.S. toug

gkin

og 0yekolagus

Commens i v.s. o skin e6 oryodo/ogup o/eanly diëkinch he inkgumenk ino Awo layen ie, +he uppor p idlermie ond lower dernis,

ci') Phe prenenre hai ond Seueraj qlonla it alto h. Aabun mammalian gkin.

i) he oukrmerd luyer d epicermis coneis og hibnd ces and is caled *ghrakum Conneum"

c) Shakum cwn-neum is bottowed dy mansha cen layen og oetto called "hahum tuudium " owed 6y /ouerogt ranulakd cello eaule *3haum granulrum

)Phe shakum vuiti'um a thok1m grouloum leyert ore ollewed 6y /ayer ConAn undy dividng columnar elh

j.e, hahm gmin abjuum

ui) he 9pidermis is Aollooer 6y denmit which comis of arrolar Hsue ond Several lond such as Surak gota 9ubateots gland,

(uii) Hair o a/fo dormol in omgin , each hair consisf of hoir cha4, hair Atie ond poploe

uiiy 7he dermis ia Ablloused 6y Sub-eukeeous at layer.

B.T.9,though mammalian Panereog oryetolagus)

Commens 7.9. possing through mammalion oonereas shour hal , Ahe pan (R Conta/ eg 6ohh erocrhe Coanerast ocihi) ond A endocine C2eek o longerhons 79ioni. he ceu poncreahie ocini o* cofumnor and nucleakd 9urrounding he cenhal lumen.

iis The pan (e akt ocini secmes digeakue eneyme erok0, amylrn ond vinore fogesher caved Me poncreaie Juite, -he cjpare acf a/ong wih 8iejuce

Ar emulifiralfon o Aad, euy he ale of /angerhane is endocine pop which ne. -/eals 8 major Aupeo cetlb, }e, - cetus B-ceUs Ond undiP£ohakd cela.

Cu Phe - celn secerk " Gluogon" which 's ponsible or gyogen bnakoown ino oimple rug ar, while 8-ceu seetkr " Inau!in " rapont/s/e conuention o 6/ood Sugar ino Skmd glytagen.

ui) 9he -ceto o sed o6 longurhens seerko Somalo -ghein which in hahi/ secahon o 6o g/urugon as wel ao insulhin.

(uid Boud venela ond Conneehive irtue ut alo Ui'ai6le in 7.. 6 porcreanel, oyes/ogua.

C.9.9. hough 4hyroid glord ol oryco/opus

Commens-

d) Phe .9. oP Ahyroid glond showr Aramuork oP Conneciue Weoue enc/oc/ng sueras vsoleg ond blood uenele.

di) ?he venrles or foltnRes very in siseo and contis o reen ehue co/um nor ceup urrounding he cenhal lumen,

ii's Dhe Fo//icu/ar cwr hetk thyroid hotmone 7s and Ty whkh Conss omino otid & 65 fodine,

tiu) 9he lumen ii nok empky but 6tle d wih uitcouo tuid called 4hyroidal cotloid

(u) 9he hormonon secrkd i:e, 73 ano Ty are rapant bk Rer conhling9 overali 6ody mekes ohtm,

i) he inkrbolticubr Conneehve tisve alto cokevin seera oul secvarvm o b/ood vmelt as weu aa nave Piba.

028. poeting hrough mammalion auary

Commenk o7.9. possing through mammalian ovary conek! of o soc

ike Shuchun wih iregular oukline, confoining reueral oocy.

-k ad dpanl developnenal ekapes,.

o 9he ouory hao ou/enna deekie lcuer catled "penkaneum tiiygunf beneah 4he perikoneum lies He "Genmina epikhelium bound.

-d wih e peritoneum fhrough tunico albuginea tonneakiue.

tivy Dhe gemina epitHeltum diuides ond r Primrdin Famcle, whith in corer o6 ovary tndergop devepmental glagus to A

9m primary oocyh, tetondary, tenliory fotJe, hi A

-elen on makuro rma He Grag6ion Aalti e " tanbain ing

"gecondary 00cye r ove

The makim grod6ion ollitle under hih magnib/cakon reue

0ocye urrounded by tranpotnl memó rone cau/ed 2ona puty-

-Cido cohich is q9ain urrounded 6y anoer membrone calkd

"Coro adiafo "

u) he Gurdbion A/ie abler rupkunig wleae retordory oo

- cyk and iselß deuelop ino " conmbus luleum

ui Corpur luheum than unctrpoen degenration Arming "copu al6/cant " 6ekor Comptek degerakon.

(oriiy B/ood venelh supplyieg ouory ir ako tuti6k in ?c. af ommallon aury .

3

TS o Joelia iommalia

Junite albuginea

TntoinHaf cets

Sethoi ce

ápeuns

SpenmaAda

Secora Spexmalbcya

>Paimay spexmatoty

Sper mothen eet

Blob vemeh

minal epiUheuum

Date:

Fage

. .9. poering hrrough tentit Conyeolqgu)

Cormments ci ?S. of teni showr ce ueral veitdes communicahing with eoch oher mough inavericulen Co/mecve Airrue.

di) he venk/es repreh the cu secdions og "seminilerouo tbule with ih oukrmm layer poeded by tunia albugine.

i) he Conneive #stur porse seuena) inkrisha/ teydig'

(w, which reereke fesleokrone, impononj for retandary

Charo cery an wwaa deuepnen of porms,

toy Fach semintnous 4ubue inkrnay t linnd y gernha epithelium uwhich undetgo deuelopmenal olirion hapoo forn

-ing pmory &eendory opennabouyh "

o) he seconebry tpormaocy gou fo Arn tpemak'h uwhih6 hmough pomiogenois Porms he " perms "

vi Seueral pillor ike nuhiHve culo orr alo prran intid

-e ceminiPemo kubule called gertoli euws "

vrh Apon Prom ul peehionn ob teminiseroun tubul and leydig sCw,8/oud vmelh am qhopmant in "0ner vesjic lo Conneckive Hsr ve.

F. L.9. octing 4hr0ugh odne of rychlgo

Comments ?he . f. ag kidney reveals o 6eon thaped ehuckurn wih tuo dtinei rgrone our confe & Inner medulla, ti Cor-ex mainly Coneit o ma/phigion bodu whlle Hhe medula it charathoised 8y prtann oh cConitad porAionr called pyramid

Ci) Phe puramidad shtrckurts s roul oG Combined ehuc boomed óy convnging uses.

ouy he Conuenging tubules thon open inkally ino mine Calya 6ollowed by majr caly*,

The Pltrak it Han pamecd into urtr whih Hon inh arinany bladder.

Cui) kidney ir supplied wih b/ood rough oenas anhis a rena veine, whjch alto enkr kidney Mroug hitum.

Dal septum

white mok

om hn 0*y mollk

Camy matt

Jura mabet

pia mau

Subanthanoid cpnu

Centra cano

motor nawlon

vena tirra

Glocd vem els

Venhal ot

coud uMammalia

9.9.9. po Ping rough spinas cord ol onyeklagug !

Comment

) ?.s. dossing through spinal cmd shovor hod he spina) evd hao tr proteckiue layerr ie, oulr duronmaer" "midle-chanid tayer " ?nnen - iomaker.

Cii) he Rn ir norvous tierte can de distiney idenhgia ble ino while mouHer Svrrourding H- shopd gy mater

ir 9he "cwhik moa ter locka nemve cyon "buk is hieh in nene A6, wbie He "rty malter cenis 4 nouron cyon"

cio Phe cenhas ngion is hallouw and èaled cenhal eanal.gitk with Cenebroepinas !lurd.

y heir or projevars gey mater Caved dorta/ vena oms whieh penehaka od'eep in whik nar, fo& ming hararlonit4e Ashope buhrsty shape % 2t, 6pinad eond.

vhobras ond venhal ypkn peneheles into whik malw to orm epkum.

ul ohur shy ehes can de sen art 8lood vwne, senry and mar neuron A.

PAACTICALQsteslegy : Pederal,Pelui Jodho, &1nbe

A. Pectoma Girdlea o Arog, Varon u, Jow d Oseblagus

2. Pec for a G/dle Jrog-

Date: Pag

c9 peekoral givdle of Frog is faund embedded deep in he thora

- Cie egion& it compoied h kuo eual halves.

(Dhit two egual haue one " Pmonen Hy Avted with efernum"

(yéoch halg bas kuo majo port tapulo "a" corocoid:

(y he Corocoid "ack en o 6ridge bekuween 8kernum Srapu.

andit compertd upper "clauicle "s lowe "Corotoid bore

( The scaputo it turta diuitible inlo eapula d supragrapula

(y Vhe supraeapua it laner broder « Plaf, while the Peopula slen bnoad hus Plal ao wl,

() Dhe Pe opuda a ih lower gon han " Cup tike Glenoid ca-

-uily Rr atachmenk wih * limb bone it, Huneru

(uyDhe thweures regarding gernurn ore epitkonum, xipittnum, Omo?Annum a merotrnum, Pockorral yirdle Vrgnuo C Rephlia )

)peckoral girdle ob Uaronue is ato made o6 tuo equal aHathed wih oath ahur 4hrogh 7-ghaped *Intenlauick done

(0) Mponl Frum /ornum (Inderclo uvele done) eoch Aalg Conp

-iten o Corocold, stapula d Gtnoid cauiky.

(D the Cororoid ir lo calrd auay rom eplskennum and it ohrk

- net du e o Prano og fwo laoge choraeknishe hotes catid

Penerdroe o coracoid"

Peckoe girdle oF o

Episkxaum Omoslexnum

Ctaurtle

Saupra-scopulo

Senpuwa

Gdenod cauy

onacoid

-> Ëpicorcoid

Suscopula

meosenum Epit onacoid

meoroacid

otottoid

Tenetoe in Coraoid

upnocon otuidal foromen (entral viow)

-> Seapulam tubertte

Clenoid >Coracoidcauig

Peclorad ghdle of tanu (Righ halF)

Pecforolahdle of fow

P ConOtold

G/engid cauil

Stopuda Suposeopula

» Spine (Inner view)

Aeromian praen

meloCrumit1n pmorem

Corotod pratm

clau'cle

HIPocle idiam

Juula, ol g-

Clenoid cavily

Pechorad indle of Robbit

Cu) he coTocok 6one is Aurher diuitigle inlo " Anteiorprrooto midd -meaotonocoid " & "Potielor - Corocaid proper"

(1he Scopu/o ir compleely osijed,Flatneo bore cwhikb onheulak wi bot% Supre ceopulo and Conatoie bone,

(D he 9UpT Seapula nod complebely orsigjeed bul omewhatF Cundganouo an uwei is óroder ond Flal Hanetapula.

D) Glenoid tauihy Phe poaBnirdunedson bekueen seopule ond

Corocoid Cup- choyno fming glenoi'd cau'ky, uhith anti cwak wih 104 imó 6one i.e. Humerus o Amlind.

Pecora) qjndle : Powl C4ues )

RPhe pec/or) girdl o foul i ohuitr'6le into coracuid, smpula &lauicle,

DIn Fu claucle is prepened by /-shape d "Pur cule "

-med oue Ao Aunvon o kuo ctaurtlho from boM er'de,

CR Thir U-shoped Aurtula it alco calsed "wishé one "and is gnenu o 6gh adapheh'on in birda.

CPuy Phe Coro coio" 6one itlange ot-ghapeo cuih th ankior regron 8gh 1y prejeehd ouksonds Abrmin9 Aook ike proje

-cion and t called "Aero coro toid proten "

(Phe inner unaee o hir acrocora coid procem atulak s

wfh "Seopula "Arming characenthe inuerk thaped, pulrral girldle o Afo,

O he oukr surjare o acroeoroco id proce a "p-thap.

ed" rming " Glenoid Cauiky " whith anHu/ale wik Humerus o6 6ornlimó, while "Scopula "in fowl it alo rodthopad,

2V.Aelor g'rdle 07ye/o/agua CRu66i4)

0) Pecloral irdle ooryekalog un Contitl o "geopulo-coracod"

9pine a ih pryeodions.

Che teapula & coaro boneo or Antd ming o^aHend rungu/en bone, cy he srepula a/ro possom horkned in complekly ossib'ed

PUpra¢eapula "

9) A e Wo Sropulo-coracoid bone eA Me Cup-ahoped" Cukye. "G/oneid cuuiky " whth orAiuslakswith hu

96one o Forelims e. Munerua ,

D A dno yerieal pine d'u obo Stapula tno two egionm

Ahe opine podonorly erminaks inlo Avo pnyjatkona e, Aerom/an procem "metserom/an Prem

B. Pelule irdle of frog, varan uo, fowl 0ryolagu

C0 peluic ird/es 1 Frag-

pelurc girdle o£ frog it compored o 3 6anes "itium" *inhiom, pusit".whrth uniks to orn peluri girdle. ium fong bone with choratorshe *?1ioeerea "

(y Peehium fomeuhas oiie ike thueunt, Clastened lotakd ob0Ue Ae pu6is bone y Pubh * ou/breo cankilage whith Anmo majon part o

Aee-abuham

(D The dekobusum i* 'Cup-chaped auiy 11 frmed al tik og bunion of hir thou boneo, } oniulalen wim t hind im 6one e. emur

)Delure 9irdle voranue

(9) peluie Gqirdle o6 Uaranu (Aopliiaf is fmed y Anion bekuun thru 6one i.P, Dtium, Drchium & pubit.

(Dgium, Duhiom & pubi att he bono ore hord raleigied bone, togeMer thoy fm rome uh at "Hommer like hue r "

() "2lhtm " is rod ke with cbrtine arewbur pproen *

(°Drehium " t Clotned bore ond languot obauu tme, ih look ike Somewhal handle 06 hamne

C9 "Pubir "* Curuad 6onewi'tA oma projethn catlod prepubit und chanae ennkie hole called "o6uraer Aramen "

() keladulum "i "eup.like rauky " frmed ad sih oh unian e

Jlium schitum pulsi's Acebeibulum 2iar enest Tuun Tsehism pub's Ace Labulum

Petuic gdle of faeg- Preaceabulan poen Ctaton vicw) Prepubis ostural7 Jorome

Pelui pide oy vVananus

2lium 9chium Itium Pubis 2ebium pubi celabulum Acelobulum oblwar Jnamern buraor fromen Prtorelobuka litm

Ani-rohanker sunFacs Prepube prxem Tioschioi Fono men

Feluit girdle of Rabbitt

F:Copeualiwe peluie Rudlu ot Jro.Veanuo, Jovt&Rabbit

aboue he 6ona, il orHeulates with Gne ird timb ie, Femurbone.

Pelu'e Gidle: fowl

P)Peluie ghdle of Aul ato tonssh 4 tra peluie dane he. Plium, ochium a pu6ir. buk or highty moditied thon in oher ueebralos due fo large *g¢ in Avep.

() hium i longe lamellan bone di£Anankiobk into pre ond pard atekubulor porA.

(Dy Dcehium t Rlatened lnge bone wih charasbrihe lange bole Catled Do-thiahe oromen " which oyporates eh -ium und 2iom.

(d) Psthium aho pre anaktor imatu hole ealed *o6k -unuA fonomen " r o4trakr newe. which sepralos n chium and pubir

o) pubr is long cuindrkal bone. wih pra Dubit procen near ace/abu/um, y Aeetobu/um" in oues * intomplerly orrihred and pe6oraded 60med afik og union o6 aboue 3 boneo, or rulahes wih IE hind linb 6one i-e. emur,

, Pebaic ivdle:Oryokalageuo CRobbik)

( pelu girtle monmaia o/co cnsitl 6 8 bones .

Dhium, Dothiun &pubis, 4opeher they srn "Hipbone "

Date Page:

)pliumin momnalie it onloro lorge blode like Rta Hend 6one, whi* Fure wi% sonum vertebnal co/um).

() 9echium " locaed prteriorly t lopeat ond alto Plalind, h ha chorocberisi lange Aole cale "o6kuraor Foron en "An obhurar nmve

() ?he potrion mot urdare d6 rthiun P bro dened Frming o, caled °?oehium ubernity "

CDubir "o enalon locabua labratly pni seperahd om thium by o6kurokr Aanenen.

(9o6turalon Anamen "on ik ontir han hgu pne/ecung

Cup-ghaped " shunum ie, "4cefabuum " ocakd near sik bunion dboue thru bonu, Aeeladu/um" orHuas wih bone hind mb i'e Pemur bone.

.Foehin6 bone : veg,voranu, foyl d 0ye%lagua

9. forelimb boneArg

Forelimk dones of Aog ineludes "Humerun & Aadio-una"

(D) "Humeru " - O! shor , culindital eligHy 4hikned bone oP Uppo onm.

CD 9he proxima ond o Humerun it pwollen ming "Head region o Humerun wh*h aniusao with peluk ginde.

glenaid cauky o6 paetfonas gir dle, Bebow head ies si'ghly preyechd aidge caued he "dolkoid idge " or ohiulahbn wiM skelthn mundea.

Date: Page

() he d's/al end oh Humerun Arma he "condyle " hleh anhi - tuwuko uwih Anetinb donen radio ulng,

(Pn Aadio-ulna 24ir compouno done Romed dy Aunion *7hèker

Tudiu" ond " SighHy hinen clno " doreo, he prokima) end haa conauiky Ar antuloHon with Condyle

Ccapiulum) o6 Humeruo ao well a an disal projeuhon Called S/ecronn on protem'

(rn) he 8rooue diuto ruoiuo. a uthe dihkly, eoch haminaliy into Meir ma puki "fotee " An otiulakon wih carp.

-elbone

folims bonen Varanuo CatrAlia) !-

(9 Dhe At lims 6onea og varenuo contitk oG

Bonen of upper rm : "Humerus ' Bone of Aorarm " Radio- ulna "

DJ Humenrus! D * he 6one b per m, Cylinoheal, heko wih do enda oliphly exponded tike dunbell.

(hy 9he pno xima/ end containg "Head ot Humerus " which on Heuuk with glenoid Cauiky.

CEy Juaf 8eow the head 1ies stiphly rwoen pn 0h done Cawed "delhid on'dga for ariulehon with muaus

CO) untlke in Prqg wiHh diral end hauing tingle tondyle, in phl heir om "wo condyles" euhich otwudak wih ordiun and uha bonen mapechively.

(R) Radiwd ttna unike Frog radius ond ulna in epina on nok Fured, 6ul ore Ja akarded cuperbiialy uih eoch oH».

HumeLa

Head

oluco anon pooenn

>Delaid idge Podiun

Condyla

&hat

Capttulum

rtica Swgae

fulnn

Radio-ulna,

Forclimb bonaa teg-

Haad

Seltotd Pcem

Candyl

Shagt

-> lna epicondyle

Rodial epitondyte

Humuua_

ulna

Jn oove

> miulon gwtote

Fonr capala

-> l onen protn

Radiu

lna

ulna

RadialL

Radio-brna

Joulimb bonva oh Varanua

Olctcn on proCEN - Hcmd Rodiu

Ddtoid ite una Contyle

Nuhient Goromen

Indeundy/an grooe

Fodlimb benso etsaul

Guoder tubensil Epiphysia le tuberosily Heod olurunon protem

Sltoid idge Sigmoid nokh

Jrocklea (cond') Rodiu

Supra-trohlem

Jovamen

Jorelimb bonus og Rabbit

>Wna - epiphjsi'a

HumeuuA Radio ulna

umwwa Radio ulna

Date: Page

Aodiue" AAicker, culinoitas conlaine two eplphyt'. ond sla / fares" r orwulaan wlh Aaret

Cn) "ulna" it sight/y hinner done buk appen brader, # hao diwel "oecranenproce " in proxind end and dha fored Ar ontiul akan wh opd donea, Foelimb bones: ow/ CAveo )-

(Dhe Aorim bro Avn conen o bonee o% uppr Am. " Hum erus " Boneo ob Amam " Radiuu a utna "

ch Mumerua Humerue o6 aueo on "preumahe " Choleuw)

fong, eyhindriral wh onge 6utgin conuex proximal eno ond Awo condybs ak dilal eno.

( 1 he conuex proxima end o Humeruo rm Me *Head of Humeruo wh¢h aniulaks with "G/enoid rauity " of pe horal

girdle,

() The rg/on Junt behouo head h ien sighhy kulgiag gian called oeloid *dge " whit antiudas wih skelebon muntles 0b neomn.

(Dy he dislas en d ob Humerua haa hwo tondiyea Caee rochea' which oweubeo wi% Tadius a ulna npeHuely.

Anoher preuh'or shuh o 4uian humerus is prm ob-Preumahe aamen " on dra view af proximalhead Ngron, wheh communtales wih oin spate in shob/ o 6ora,

(D) Aadiu &ulna ?he rodin ond utna on kwo sepek 6one in vwt, wheh olue ko lighA odeypahon "con" moue

upon eoth sther. 2n aveo Radius is ®hopht, white ulna h Cwued ike bow,

() Aadiu al ik porain a end hoo rauity Ar humeruh tondyleor ontwubnHon while Ahe distal end hon "nob like shuchure " Ar anhwakon wih cou, (&y Ulno urved, wiH " o/ecronon proten "ad proxima/en which adso Arrno Cup-like cocauiky Ar nteutlalon wh Ulnr Condyle o humerua, CR wis keuthy He ulna ho epiphycit r artriuatan wih conpasbona with "Carpo-metecanp"in avea, , Forelimb bones Oryoko/ugu CRa66i1)

CD Dhe Aor)imb 6onen in manmalio amu oA

Uppor Amm bonee . *Mumerus"

louw An senes * Radiun A ulaa "

(RI)t/umerus-Hum@rus in mammalia is /ong- shang rod haped ghuhore wih Conuexiky al pro xinal end Arminy "Head

Humuruo"

(uy Phe he ad o hunenuo nieculalea with glenoid cauity ok eelral gind le.

(v ?he conuexiky os head humeruo ir diutisle no "g ser hemer tulberoaity " band on their iato ond o 6ivipitet aro indekuetn Mi wo Aubrnniy.

(9) 7unl b4low Ins head ien Mu "erbonakd delkoid idpe" ortiulo hon wih tkelebn munea,

(D Dhe dalal end eg humerua han Condyles whith it pulty

ike Consiss eh kwo con dlyles (Proth lea ) fer anmtulaon wi rediuo ulnaeopetliuely,

Dn) Aodiur a Ulna Rodun ond ulna ort kwo toparuk bonen whith wnik kirmly a both end a am mouasde on eath oher,

() Rodiup s carrved oith epiohysh a boh endo whlheha

ulna han o/e cropon proten " whih onHeut akeA wh "'o/eeranon oota os hun erua"

(D) 7u 6e/ow Me o/ksronon prote lies ha omoid nobeh ". whth Armi (o cauiky k artuston wih condy les e6 humerva "

D, Alin d imó 6oneo of Frog, vo-on uo, fowl & Onyebolagun -

0.Hind inb 6one Frog

(39 he binthinb bones o6 Aog coriil oA

upper eg done * Aemur"

Lower eg done " Woio-Rbwa " (eompound bone)

( he Amun or Miph bone t /ong9 cyin thiral wih epiphysir a boh enda,

(D) D' proxinal region Aas Convexiky Pmniy Wead ol mun " whik niutlalh wls "Arelabuln 6 Rluk gindt " while dirlal enotn epijphyral whith ariula kr wlh Ag/o-£ióula.

(o)76/0-Abu/a Dho ikia ond Fibula Aue aguHer o Aarm um -pound 6one o 8/o-Pi6ula y 9 congi o" Arrbiculor Fenh " on 6oh proxi'nal and di' Plal enda, pronimally il anlveualea with "femun "while

(0)Apagal/u-Ca/eomum Ato cad "6ia le d Albulore "ore kuo ankle 6ones Rund al 6oh enda thro ugh praximal ond dira/ osi

6re tork lagunona epiph yn/s

( 9he inner khiner bone (olighMy eunted ) it "b/ale or Arho

-9alun" whi'le He oun thiken bone it "L%ulor or caltone Um agehor Arning *Mehagalun - dalaraun" dhkintk i'n Anphistona, CNindlimb6ona Vorenuo CRepA'io) !

C7) Hindhm6 bonea eh vordnu contin! of Bonen oh ypper leg "Femur " Aenen e ower kg 6/o-£ihula "

(D)Femy Alto calved high bone % long, eylinoriead, kong bone. Dhe proximd mgion it prohitnakd wih kwo conveik'es, . ming h " Head oF femur "

(T Dhe heovd oh lemun anhulako with "Aeebabulsm o peluie gindh 6avd on sioen of kud conuexikeo i ean be diskguithed into " ahr ond ener trothonkr"

(9) he di'a/a/ ngion o6 Amur han condules Ckwo ) whith on pu -tly i'ke a diulaln wi "i6io à Piáu/a 'reaetHrly, (D) Phe 6onn oower pont ob leg u " i3/a and isul

C) 9:6/o ond £ibu/a Di6iaond Ri%ulo On Awo serak donus whih unit supenbtially onty, he ibia is shenjer an kudin i chongen in tam ab lorelimd."

C@m) Nbia is dhongen, slighky curvad wlh epiphysa/surgon on 6oh enda miuwaling prroximatly with anur condyles ond

d'valy wiA 4/6ialeo pó Conpe/ bone

Jemw Sbio-Sibula ioapalo caluanum

Hind 1inb Bersa hog

Jemut

Hind-imb Benin o 1axanua

Hind-limb lbenaol gaul

Creak trochank

Hend

fibulo (heod)

6al ertat

Corye

96uve

Jemw

Greater hhankoe

Head

3d JochanBen

Leme Jrothani

heyt

condylt

ibiokoovu

Dislalgr oove

Cond es

Sibio- Jauoua ibula

Proximal epiphysis

Enemal C st

ibula

Aistol epiphysis

Femu Soio bula

hd Jimb bonuo o Rabbit

( R6wo" it shoren, Ahiner, curued wih two epiphysr on 6o4h endt onheulang with condy/es o6 Ama orozinaly and tv'sy with Pibulore s tarheli.

. Mind limó bane : {dul (Aues )!-

P) Hid lin6 boneo o 6ow/ coneh 4

Pemun 6ane upper leg.

Disio-detu. Fibul%: hwr kg bonen,

(R 9he femr bone in birdo ore ghonler, cylindita/ bu4 shong. whlh proximal reyion Arming tonveily ie, uHead of Au

(D Head o Aem ur oricul eeo wish "*tab ulum 6 pesuie ge "

Dhe tia) egion 6emur two condyee, "Dmer &oukn condylen ' sepenahd dy ntomayla dote "

() 7i6ro-torru-ibu/a;- 6/0-artud is aokulty a eonound bom Anmed eue fo Aurron ob " i6io and Ashagalaus ealcareum " bone a copa

( Pibulok grtody mtured and nem ain an sma selender bou near roimal rrgion o 98ia tarr bone.

(Duy Dio-termur-fióula has epiphys's on bath ende ovHul -alng with Amun pro xim atty and w Cel bonen. olilatty.

,Hindlin& 6oneo oryoelaguo (CAas bi4)

() Mindhd donen oh mamna'e (onsinf ss :

* uPpt g bon " Femur bone" ower ly bones Di6io Bi6ule "

(R) Fenur: Alro cal/ed high bone is tong, cwtindadtal, ghong, Mik wo concauihy af peripheny on pmoximal region, lies o con. Vexik A*ming Head o femu " whith omtiutas wh

4eeabuun h paluie girdle,

CR) wnike Humenuo done uhkh han plenoid /oid tpe, Me

Aemunhao trochonterr" Ar "muoular aHonhnns

() A pruxin a nion duok neor Ma heced 9 proce am pnah

Colled Grealer, e coer 4 87d Jrothon tor "

(0 /sbedly emun hao kwo /akra eondyleo with "2ntrton dylar groove s4prahon ' it condyles ortiulah wi

8i'0-ibuler boanen ob louwer *

(D1)ibio-fibua!- DH is o Conpou bone orned due o Anon

o Disr'o ibula

y Dibio ond ibula banes ane ee proxinally sul Annd dir-Feully,

Chy 9:6i0 it long, Ahitker, cyhinicat bone wih epiph ys/a)

9urgores on dobh enda, analaking proxinalty wiA on. -dyles eb Amur ond diskly wiM earpal donea.

C0R) 6ua ir shork ond proxinally Pre but niuhkdwih i6ia, diiu!ty i tomplek ly funid wih is/a.

C Pnema! eren " t very we wen in proxin a/ gion o

6r'o rbula compo und 6one

PaACTICAL peenkiag Hanyrte2uniatisn,ydhdisdeat

A. 9hudy of di?ferenf spesjeo og Honey-beeg CApis )

Honey beea o sotia/, Rlying inseck which tiue in co/aniea na Arming bee ive, 4 wel vanized honey bee co/ony contirt o around 50 M-ounand indiuidy ae which incbudea "polymonphic " individyah , honey bees collee necfor and pollen Arom plan/s in ordor o prodyce honey, banatly hei o Snayor specioa o "Asmity- Apidae " used in Apicultore , Genu

Apis Can be lomiá/eod ca

Clawaieation

phytum 4hopod

Dnveoka

orden T Hym engpe

Family Apidae en Apis

8fennt 8peien o honey-6eea used or indurhi es we o domert level apiulkurr oe

2, esdovate Alto ealnd "Rock-honey bee " * the lorgent sp ealt o honey bee, knouo Ar i4 999iue nowm, hur ghings om highly toxie Cauoing Aeven r sonebines dea.

Due o #eh o99mive nakr #ey or very hod to domtahcak, bul e mot ebbitiend honey gahens an "eech Aoney dee hive con brodre 8o-vS kg. honey pn yeo "

Apis indico!- 4/to knou aa " 2ndion bee "ore smaller thorn Aot dorsofo be lorger hon, Apls re ore. knouw to have mid mDermen! Ond bulld heir Hues on tree runks ad dak plare Such ao caye, unde water tonk et.

Due o Hheir mild fempevnent,they on eay fo dometiae a eoch 6ee hioe con Brodre "-8kg haney per yerr

. APis P/oreg- Also known aa "Garden beee " ore smaller when compoed to other spesiea 06 honey bees, huy an odmort non-9gnewve, shing ony uwhen povokd intensanty

ue 4o hein non- o90eniue nadre hey orn caoy hdomenkia, bul om nof very esdiei n f, ao Ahey build see hive o very smas seo ond ezuenlty chongu blorea, " eoch Aive eon rodure ypo

G09-1kg haney per yeor "

.Apis melliFero Ako known as "Eurgpean -honey 6ee " o 6igger than Ap's Alorea, knous o have mild aggromive nakure ar ore nar'ue #o Wenten êuryo4.

ue o 4hein mild-90mion ey ean be domerdicahd ond ar aso "nd mrl ebbiient honey produ tvng spewe eath hiue can produte upho *5-3o kg honey Per yea"

9.Apit adomiani'?- *Also knousn ca "Anon-honey bee "on subs/peuien o Apis mettiPere, they 0m medium si* eol honey beea wi% mild tempermend,

8ue o their mild.femperment, tney con be eaaity domeriead

Ond ore known to 6e esb/cjenf ag Apis indito :e, " eoch hive

Can rouce plo g hon ey e yeor ?

6. UFe cy ee o Boney -bee Apis )-

yele o honey bee conpitakt do khey shoo polumorphim bu al a hem emerge From single blore he

Egg loyed 6y ueen hakh to doveho into ouoe, Me b.

-voe e honey -bees o* known as honey bee "rubs " whith wer hon

token cod 6y woter dees,

Cepene'ig on tupe d egg (llh ed n ungerh'liked) he hr

voe or o inkatly Awo kypeo, unfenstiaed eg9 brns strite male droue, whie Pnh'ed e99 Anme sarik Amalk ookers, ie, "ony dimphi* "

Bul o grub-laruo shoge. some femae lanua om Ad wh Aoyal jr " bès leado o Armtion og onew Aue .e, 'Ani'te Amale Ar Fuhun gueen " ie, « Primenphie "

Pully rown gruó-/anuo ronidorm into "pUDoe "with disAent indiudua emerging in diffrnt me spon lrom pupo'on

ICdays- For 9yeen

l day s for 94erile femakwnkers

Y dayeFor 31enile male olrone

1 e

By he 4ime neuw 2ueen emergen, old ween leaves the colony he procen is talled "Swoming"

Nupkia Cli'ght 9he uirgin haney boes o ungin gueen wi few hones goes Ar ikuatikie copulesio FlWlght, duning whith moe drone ejeeh iH sperms in Femak on d female 3fores he sperms ih special reep. -tocle, o6An he copulaon drones die while Aonale ueen Conkinuts tobry by laying abeuf /s/akh e9geo in her ik tpon.

Ldenifieafion 9 Indiuidy as in poly monphi soney-óee co/ony

On o honey dee co/ony a highly aphon4/ta/ed diu'sion o sbou

n &e seen wikh o Cobny consiskng abou 50'00o fndruidual whith in.

-clude one gueen, SYeile females or uwnkem un sfeile males tro - e

9.veen- Queen ae he arger! omong he tol/ony members and lives in ween cete, tMe sole ppm o ueen sAolay e99, Fbr hs o uirgin 2ueen Ank undengo Npkas Pight making wih male do nea ond keeping spums in speiu reptak ond laying upho 5/akh e99 In her iFe tpoun, hir eggs includle Ooh ferktiaed ond unhertitied upeo

funh'ti'ed eggs onm! emale i in larual stagt +his firile Amale i's

Ad with oyul s'tly thon she is dialinc o betome bukur queen, i6 nof

Sed with royul july han fmile larua graw: h 6etome 3hrtle Pmalco

r worker been, 4he unfentllineod e491 farms serile maks or dronta.

Date Page:

.Woo-ke!- Workere on he smaort menber of the colonybut ore md edbiesent ond monags whole ca/ony, wonkers om 4/eite Females deu-

- elopeo fom Atile egg wih gorud larva nok Aed uwis oyal'elty, won

-ker been aken on etmst au duiin 6 calony ond an di+kints in hauing:

o. proximatly they hawe wax glondh whih produre bee uax,

6. venhelly Dolten banke t s prant fr colleding th Dorrally heir wing ane ohongeof omong a. dvsbally hey have eing in eominal 6 abdo men.

due o above orkingau/shing thara th he worker bees take uUpn boh indoar Ond ouldoor aiuits porhming vanioun duties such to "nur gers, bui/dent, eleanes, Aon ners, gugrder, neeben collethors, food seowhers ee."

. Ovonen! Drones or storih maleo, whith devekp from unjer4i

- 7ed e9g3 Prom ue en, theit Sok purpo s fo lh'me imale Queen dunng

Nupia Pligha " imediaely a6r copuleuHon they di'e , thus en temproy me

-m bui a co/ony wih soul pnp An AnHnaing he ueen

they ae ghkutkrally very simple wiHoul ony tand or skhg opp

-aa, they hemselven an unobe h eolleet fAod, ond ank wreer bera f Foo, +heir body it smalleaf, simple 6but 6roador in siae.

Life Gyeleof Silk-Worm (Bomby*mei)_

9he Aemby mori or * mulberny 8itk worm " s moth smau

Sie, hauing Rale whik treomy 6ody colouT he makh i mosf con Comnercially ured sitk-w o-m wis ik lemale being longer in siae han mak, Me malh it nof oble to PAy due to lorpe 6ody ond Aebk win9s in ih shont tie spon 0-3 days,24 s life cyele includes following phase

9Aeklizalion! eopulakion bekween odull-male und odul Fem.

- ale bada o intera/ frtili'aaion. ik lonk r hour, the males mayde oler Conulakon ib nok Seperakd immediakly

C0)E9g aying- er rureogu torlitalion fermah ohorh laying e39in clunkers, i s/aid on abaxial eurgate og mul6erry leaueA , he egg4 re smal pale uwhik, oound. Ahe egg may unain in hibernakion it ik h

-atthing seaoon

) Hekthin he egg hatches in Pauourabe sedson ond a lorvao Sikwor cae colerpilter" comen out, iL is elon9ad segnenkd a green in (ofour wih back. wik spak, he body o cakrpitlon has 8 segrent with 8d, y*,5, * /oh segmenk beoing egr.

bombyn mo lorug ir o voroevous foeder " o may die in lack

o6 Fbod, i han 5 sageo oh meamorphnri Called " Incler " an he lanva

Aed grows in tie Prom to 5th 2ntr sage ,han it stopt Aeding, the 8aluoy gland ik 6ody sanh seurhg and kbrn pupakion age.

Pupalkon When caderpillon rearheo ih maxinun sixe #phoar

Aeding onod gilkg/and 06 ih 6ody seertk sAtky £luid whih wrps upr uroun

ikbody in t0renhie monner, he din ir iregular om outr/seburl re-

Date: Page

- gulor Fom inaide, i# is inhiuly whik but turns brownish-red wih time, the pUpation perioda orewrs uplo 10-15daye,

(Fmergence of Adu4 silk- moh A end e pupoion the pupa inside secreka alkatine cecrkon at ony one end, whkh disolues the ióren ha pupo &reak Me cocoon and on "Adulk sik-moh emeges oul ofH"

,:>:t-,?ettt dJty hcnre.o e.fNU$ O'>-f one II>~ iwn/,- UH6uJ do~toh.d an ;mtJ.I~ , b ul hautt cJ'Wldva.ul./ evolu,d Mom fore~ /JtM'fD -lo 1-1, ;, dQJJ , ./h 9,wyr:wtJ.J i rr,!Jd)k,1'11 cAa119~ o ttu~ ;,, vorwo<J4) />fdt'cJrH.1. 06 ho,,.,w ()I)( aCI ,q,. -/low£' :-

c:1, 9;~, .'- O,rodu oJ • • • , ntf)(O'H , n · th~e , cii, l(l,eM :- {en9M ir, i"8 "6 rN'i>/fl.J /)o,.,.,,.,'r:n 061~ ' - riii1 0if}N relt1tl'on :• a,rod11"I derrw!OIX in Q<'r~ax, r:1/oilt . (ilf J iku/1 :- A,lctl-lv,e ;,, r,.~~ ,•n 4o,,1 pfY>I- ot, rlcu.11 , 11,?'ee.N, d,pH, :• 'lM"OI)( in leeM del))I, ond !r'°nd,'r.9 ptnl- ofJl7JO/rYr.

QJ;J?t,N,dellf!lopm~n/- :- .Af)t,'WJ'l/lbtA/.ion o/; ~ - rnol<YH 1-o n,of4'H

evoluJ-lon ir, hcn-tt r(lr, 6, ikJd,'t" 6y rkJtlv in9 utY'rl' ou,Q l'J'lod -

smal l M rnod8'>n AJJt.,

C-,) ID~,•, d/vlrl!/f lnlc h~rd , ~cl< , lrlvtl( ond k, l/ hul a?-<

c- omprni4 urly s,na.tJ ;,, s i~t ,

c.l A-SSMA-t. e..

Date : Page : I

I

(~) ()hf.A/ 01)-f I i</ -1-oul l,of)-.le!J •

I

(6) Onromple/f. c.etnt>nl 61 no rf'"r?-0./-lon ;,, ·'mo/err 1~~1-1, I

S: mPSohipp~ :-

(IJ 91,~ is lnrf'(:l(YH in ~Joh, MeJ.f t.,tl?/)( ct, ri/,f• •f malwm sl>ef'p ,

(I) (l)o/orr- ./.l'@l/, f>Ov.J nOIJe S'Olrll'! ~errol-lon . .

('iS) 11-.e.q O'W 8 /-oed, ho"t't~S

@</) P.,od'I ;r dlv,"sil,l(J 11'/.o heacl, l)ttk., l-ru11k A -k,i/ . I

<JJ {»t-mofor,t o~ ur, I /l(i. mo /c,"r< • I • I I I ct m er,vcl>ipe._ w;, !- : ' '

r, J l'vrrMy,. iM CttJ ;,, Si!le, ,;k, p,w:,tnl CYfJJ/ donkey. I I

(.)) Ba:4v ,~ dlt11W61e fnlo h~o.d, ntck ,-1-rurik GI -l-o1!.

(.!J Heod conhlin ec,e,,:,, eort-d.. n,oc/thl') ho?-ri / ;/c cJttJJJf.

~) ff l>eJ/ Ollf g Jcecl, buJ-. m,.dcllr 1-o e UJI\HJ in hoof:

C1J l)epM of:' jttd·J, ,•r inrfl!~d.

(SJ 'leeM o~ ceme.nkd, rnolM- /~eM c...utM.I~ .

D. PUoh i pp~ : -

/

(I) ~14,~ /ncM<Y>t ,;., si~,, ~I dQ.J./ rnult 1,·k~ ,

~ fi ~odv ls dlu,Wbl, !nlo lieod, n~r:k , ku11k c1.- -kfl/ , ._/

~) HPod w,•M ho,,u lilu iJrlUJt .

(<,J?I" arw I- -lo<W l)O?-le/;> , oMfh ~v, bt., ""'' 11ull-OtaJ

( ,S) ? ~e'H, wa,?f lon9tfr a,.,d d,eply remMkd GJ111-h rerrvJ/011, {r,t1CJS .' -

~-~=- ?o t;;/.<J<fy (J•o - /t,(t,'c ~u in ~tn.J.l,-wrnm

1fPr~ :- one ~oct1en 60,r wiM por;J...;'1"on, aJ,'ve @o'>'fhwo?m, moitf ~mud, l;9M &v16.

o,. ./.Ae woodM box hav,'r,8 -lwo cl> a,,, btMI -A on c:! 8 , I',~ q

SfrtaJJ 6t1lb in -A ~id~, S'p~od tho/ti- ond mud ;,, &oM cha-mberr , l~aue e<µJa.J num 6th ob ~CV>#, LU~ (', o ,',,J ~oc.>, eA-

- Of)\ betYS -M e pc»),' 1-i o r, c.0M prrt,u id,d wil-h stn<:XJ.J f)ak •

- Ct W dJ/ HY'r Ofl.M W()")"11) -Jo move from one CA.urn 6th- -kJ onoJfieJ>-

c,'91,1- #. 6 tJI 6 and clo<:e Me. 6 ox oncl te!,1- : f fo"t ,/'4

ho Ul)-f , M~ KI- c,/cu, o /Jeri -fJ, e 6ax ond coull-1 numb~ D/J e_o,.. -?,1-+\c.t>O')n) I eoth 6ok, ,,,

m. OQQuit4 :- Numb~ o~ ~O'>M c..ocn-m In <!ham 6e,,. -A = ,. 8 "

Nu~ o~ €0/'t,H,~ ;,., rhorn6v-r I=> i: "J!J. ''.

?liose., !)I ron 6@ cenducl~J J/,CJ. f '' 8o"t1-1, t.00~" al)-t p>,o/.a -

J,.; " - McJCt V~,